Computer Networking Course book:

Computer Networking
Top Down approach 3rd edition

B Jim By Ji kurose k and dk keith ith ross

Reference book:

Computer Networks
B Andrew By A d S S.Tanenbaum T b

3rd edition
Introduction 1-1

Chapter p 1 Computer Networks and the Internet

Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach Featuring the Internet,

3rd edition. edition Jim Kurose, Keith Ross

Introduction

1-2

Chapter 1: 1 Introduction
Our goal:
get feel and

Overview:
whats the Internet whats a protocol? network edge network core access net, net physical media Internet/ISP structure p protocol layers, y service models network modeling

terminology more depth, depth detail later in course approach: use Internet as example

Introduction

1-3

Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1 3 Network core 1.3 1.4 Network access and physical media 1 5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.5 1.6 Protocol layers, service models 1 7 History 1.7

Introduction

1-4

Whats the Internet: nuts and bolts view

millions of connected

= end systems running network apps communication links

computing devices devices: hosts

router server local ISP

workstation mobile

fiber, copper, radio, satellite transmission rate =

regional ISP

routers: forward packets

(chunks of data)
company network
Introduction 1-5

bandwidth

Whats the Internet: nuts and bolts view

protocols control sending,

receiving of msgs

router server local ISP

workstation mobile

Internet: network of
networks

e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP

loosely hierarchical public Internet versus private intranet

regional ISP

Internet standards RFC: Request for comments IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force

company network
Introduction 1-6

Whats the Internet: a service view

communication

infrastructure f enables

distributed applications:
Web, email, games, ecommerce file sharing commerce,

communication services

provided to apps:

Connectionless unreliable connection-oriented reliable

Introduction

1-7

Whats What s a protocol?

human protocols: whats h t the th time? ti ? I have a question introductions specific msgs sent specific actions taken when msgs received, or other events network protocols: machines hi rather th than th humans all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols

protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt
Introduction 1-8

Whats What s a protocol?

a human protocol and a computer network protocol: Hi Hi
Got the time?

TCP connection req TCP connection response

Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross

2:00 time

<file>

Introduction

1-9

Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1 3 Network core 1.3 1.4 Network access and physical media 1 5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.5 1.6 Protocol layers, service models 1 7 History 1.7

Introduction

1-10

A closer look at network structure:

network edge:

applications and hosts network core:

routers network

of networks

access networks, t k

physical media: communication links

Introduction 1-11

The network edge edge:

end systems (hosts):

run application programs e.g. Web, email at edge of network client host requests, receives service from always-on server e.g. Web W b browser/server; b / email l client/server minimal (or no) use of dedicated servers e.g. Gnutella, KaZaA,bit torrent

client/server li t/ model d l

peer-peer model:

Introduction

1-12

Network edge: g connection-oriented service

Goal: data transfer
between end systems handshaking: setup ( (prepare f for) )d data transfer ahead of time

TCP service [RFC 793]

stream data transfer

reliable, in-order byteloss: acknowledgements and retransmissions sender wont overwhelm receiver

H o, h Hello, hello o back ac human protocol set up state in two communicating mmu g hosts

flow control control:

TCP - Transmission

congestion control:

Control Protocol

Internets I connectioni oriented service

senders slow down sending rate when network congested n st d

Introduction 1-13

Network edge: g connectionless service

Goal: data transfer

between end systems

same as before!

Apps App s using TCP:

HTTP (Web), FTP (file

UDP DP - User Datagram D

Protocol [RFC 768]: connectionless unreliable data transfer no flow control no congestion control

transfer), Telnet ( (remote l login), ) SMTP P (email)

Apps using UDP:

streaming media, media

teleconferencing, DNS, Internet telephony

Introduction 1-14

Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1 3 Network core 1.3 1.4 Network access and physical media 1 5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.5 1.6 Protocol layers, service models 1 7 History 1.7

Introduction

1-15

The Network Core

mesh of f interconnected

routers the fundamental question: sti h how is data d t transferred through net? c circuit rcu t switching: sw tch ng dedicated circuit per call: telephone net packet-switching: k t it hi d t data sent thru net in discrete chunks
Introduction 1-16

Network Core: Circuit Switching g

End end resources End-end reserved for call
link bandwidth, switch

capacity dedicated resources: no sharing circuit-like (g (guaranteed) ) performance call setup required

Introduction

1-17

Network Core: Circuit Switching g

network resources ( (e.g., b bandwidth) d idth) divided into pieces
pieces allocated to calls resource piece dividing link bandwidth

not used by y owning g call

idle if

into pieces frequency division time division

(no sharing)

Introduction

1-18

Circuit C rcu t Switching: Sw tch ng FDM and TDM DM

Example: FDM 4 users frequency time TDM

frequency time

Introduction

1-19

Numerical Numer cal example

How long does it take to send a file of

640,000 bits from host A to host B over a circuit-switched network?

All

links are 1.536 Mbps Each link uses TDM with 24 slots 500 msec to establish end-to-end circuit

W k it out! Work t!

Introduction

1-20

Network Core: Packet Switching g

each end-end data stream divided into packets user A, B packets share network resources each packet uses full link bandwidth resources used d as needed d d
Bandwidth division into pieces Dedicated allocation Resource reservation

resource contention: aggregate t resource demand can exceed amount available congestion: packets queue, wait for link use store t and d forward: f d packets move one hop at a time

Node receives complete packet before forwarding

Introduction

1-21

Packet Switching: g Statistical Multiplexing p g

A B
10 Mb/s Ethernet

statistical multiplexing p g
1.5 Mb/s

queue of packets waiting for output link

Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern statistical multiplexing. In TDM each host gets same slot in revolving TDM frame.

Introduction

1-22

Packet switching g versus circuit switching g

Packet switching allows more users to use network!
1 Mb/s link each user: 100 kb/s k / when h active active 10% of time circuit-switching: 10 users packet k t switching: it hi with 35 users, probability > 10 active less than .0004
Introduction 1-23

N users 1 Mbps link

Packet switching g versus circuit switching g

Is packet switching a slam dunk winner?
Great for bursty data

sharing simpler, no call setup Excessive congestion: packet delay and loss protocols pr t c ls needed for f r reli reliable ble d data t tr transfer, nsfer congestion control Q Q: How to p provide circuit-like behavior? bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps still an unsolved problem (chapter 6)
Introduction 1-24

resource

Packet-switching: g store-and-forward f
L R R R

Takes L/R seconds to

transmit (push out) packet of L bits on to link or R bps Entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link: store and

Example: L = 7.5 7 5 Mbits R = 1.5 Mbps delay = 15 sec

forward

delay d l = 3L/R
Introduction 1-25

Packet-switched networks: forwarding g

Goal: move packets through routers from source to

destination

well study several path selection (i.e. routing) algorithms (chapter 4)

d datagram network: k destination address in packet determines next hop routes may change during session analogy: driving, asking directions virtual circuit network: each h packet k carries tag (virtual ( l circuit ID), D) tag determines next hop fixed path determined at call setup time, remains fixed thru h call ll routers maintain per-call state

Introduction

1-26

Network Taxonomy
Telecommunication networks

Circuit-switched networks

Packet-switched networks Networks with VCs Datagram D Networks

FDM

TDM

Datagram network is not either connection-oriented or connectionless. connection-oriented oriented (TCP) and Internet provides both connection connectionless services (UDP) to apps.
Introduction 1-27

Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1 3 Network core 1.3 1.4 Network access and physical media 1 5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.5 1.6 Protocol layers, service models 1 8 History 1.8

Introduction

1-28

Access networks and p physical y media

Q: How to connect end systems to edge router?
residential access nets institutional access

networks (school, company) mobile bil access networks t k

Keep in mind:
bandwidth b d id h (bi (bits per

second) of access network? shared or dedicated?

Introduction 1-29

Residential access: p point to point p access

D Dialup a up via a modem mo m
up

to 56Kbps direct access to router (often less) Cant surf and phone at same time: cant be always on
ADSL: asymmetric digital d l subscriber line l
up

to 1 Mbps upstream (today typically < 256 kbps) up to 8 Mbps downstream (today typically < 1 Mbps) FDM: 50 kHz - 1 MHz for downstream
4 kHz - 50 kHz for upstream p 0 kHz - 4 kHz for ordinary telephone
Introduction 1-30

Residential access: cable modems

HFC: hybrid fiber coax

up to 30Mbps downstream, 2 Mbps upstream network of cable and fiber attaches homes to ISP router homes h m s share sh access ss to t router t deployment: available via cable TV companies

asymmetric:

Introduction

1-31

Residential access: cable modems

Diagram: http://www.cabledatacomnews.com/cmic/diagram.html

Introduction

1-32

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

Typically 500 to 5,000 homes

cable headend cable distribution network (simplified) home

Introduction

1-33

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

cable headend cable distribution network (simplified) home

Introduction

1-34

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

server(s)

cable headend cable distribution network home

Introduction

1-35

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

FDM:
V I D E O 1 V I D E O 2 V I D E O 3 V I D E O 4 V I D E O 5 V I D E O 6 D A T A 7 D A T A 8 C O N T R O L 9

Channels

cable headend cable distribution network home

Introduction

1-36

Company p y access: local area networks

company/univ local area

network (LAN) connects end system to edge router Ethernet: shared or dedicated link connects end system and router 10 Mbs, 100Mbps, Gigabit g Ethernet LANs: chapter 5

Introduction

1-37

Wireless access networks

shared

network connects end system to router

wireless access

via base station aka access p int point

router base station

wireless LANs: 802.11b ( (WiFi): ) 11 Mbps p wider-area wireless access provided by telco operator 3G ~ 384 kbps kb Will it happen?? WAP/GPRS in Europe

mobile hosts
Introduction

1-38

Home networks
Typical home network components: ADSL or cable modem router/firewall/NAT Ethernet wireless access point
to/from cable headend cable modem d router/ f firewall ll Ethernet wireless laptops wireless access point i t
Introduction 1-39

Physical y Media
Bit: p propagates p g between

transmitter/rcvr pairs physical link: what lies b t between t transmitter s itt & receiver gu guided ded media: med a

Twisted Pair (TP) two insulated copper wires

signals propagate in solid media: copper, fiber, coax

Category 3: traditional phone h wires, i 10 Mb Mbps Ethernet Category 5: 100Mb Eth 100Mbps Ethernet t

unguided media: signals propagate freely, e.g., radio

Introduction

1-40

Physical y Media: coax, , fiber

Coaxial cable:
two concentric copper

Fiber optic cable:

glass fiber carrying light

conductors bidirectional baseband:

pulses, each pulse a bit high-speed operation:

single channel on cable legacy Ethernet

high-speed point-to-point transmission (e.g., 5 Gps)

low error rate: repeaters

broadband: multiple channel on cable HFC

spaced far apart ; immune to electromagnetic noise

Introduction

1-41

Physical y media: radio

signal carried in

Radio link types:

terrestrial microwave e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels LAN ( (e.g., g Wifi) ) 2Mbps, 11Mbps wide-area (e.g., cellular) e.g. 3G: 3G h hundreds d d of f kbps kb satellite up p to 50Mbps p channel (or ( multiple smaller channels) 270 msec end-end delay geosynchronous versus low altitude
Introduction 1-42

electromagnetic spectrum no p physical y wire bidirectional propagation environment i t effects: ff t

reflection obstruction by y objects j interference

Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1 3 Network core 1.3 1.4 Network access and physical media 1 5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.5 1.6 Protocol layers, service models 1 7 History 1.7

Introduction

1-43

Internet structure: network of networks

roughly hierarchical at center: tier-1 ISPs (e.g., UUNet, BBN/Genuity,

Sprint, AT&T), national/international coverage treat each other as equals

Tier-1 Ti 1 providers interconnect (peer) (p ) privately

Tier 1 ISP

NAP

Tier-1 providers also interconnect at public network access points (NAPs)

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Introduction

1-44

Tier-1 T er ISP: ISP e.g., Sprint Spr nt

Sprint US backbone network

Introduction

1-45

Internet structure: network of networks

Tier-2 ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs Connect C to one or more tier-1 i 1I ISPs, P possibly ibl other h tier-2 i 2 ISPs I P

Tier-2 ISP pays tier-1 tier 1 ISP for connectivity to rest of Internet tier-2 ISP is customer t of f tier-1 provider

Tier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

NAP

Tier-2 ISPs also peer privately with each other, interconnect at NAP Tier-2 ISP

Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 Tier 2 ISP

Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 Tier 2 ISP

Introduction

1-46

Internet structure: network of networks

Tier-3 ISPs and local ISPs last l hop h (access) ( ) network k (closest ( l to end d systems) )
local ISP Local and tier3 ISPs are customers of higher tier ISPs connecting them to rest of Internet Tier 3 ISP Tier-2 ISP local l l ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP

local ISP

Tier 1 ISP

NAP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP
Tier 2 ISP Tier-2 local ISP

Tier-2 ISP local ISP

Introduction 1-47

Tier-2 Tier 2 ISP local local ISP ISP

Internet structure: network of networks

a packet passes through many networks!

local ISP

Tier 3 ISP Tier-2 ISP

local ISP

local l l ISP Tier-2 ISP

local ISP

Tier 1 ISP

NAP

Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 Tier 2 ISP local local ISP ISP

Tier 1 ISP
Tier 2 ISP Tier-2 local ISP

Tier-2 ISP local ISP

Introduction 1-48

Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1 3 Network core 1.3 1.4 Network access and physical media 1 5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.5 1.6 Protocol layers, service models 1 7 History 1.7

Introduction

1-49

Protocol Layers Layers

Networks are complex! many pieces: i hosts routers links of various media applications protocols hardware, software

Question:
Is there th any h hope of f organizing structure of network? Or at least our discussion f networks? t k ? of

Introduction

1-50

Organization g of f air travel

ticket (purchase) baggage (check) gates t (l (load) d) runway takeoff airplane routing airplane routing ticket (complain) baggage (claim) t ( (unload) l d) gates runway landing airplane routing

a series ser es of steps

Introduction 1-51

Layering of airline functionality

ticket (purchase) baggage (check) gates (load) runway (takeoff) airplane routing
departure airport

ticket (complain) baggage (claim gates (unload) runway (land) airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing
arrival airport

ticket baggage gate takeoff/landing airplane routing

intermediate air-traffic control centers

Layers: each layer implements a service via its own internal-layer actions relying on services provided by layer below
Introduction

1-52

Why layering? layer ng?

Dealing with complex systems:
explicit l structure allows ll identification, d f

relationship of complex systems pieces layered reference model for discussion modularization eases maintenance, updating of system change of implementation of layers service transparent to rest of system e.g., e g change in gate procedure doesn doesnt t affect rest of system layering y g considered harmful?
Introduction 1-53

Internet protocol stack

application: supporting network

applications li ti s

FTP, SMTP, STTP

application transport network link physical

transport: tran p rt h host-host t h t data ata transfer tran f r TCP, UDP network: routing of datagrams from

source to t destination d ti ti

IP, routing protocols

link link: data transfer between

neighboring network elements

PPP, Ethernet

physical: h i l bits bit on th the wire i

Introduction 1-54

source
datagram Hn Ht
Hl Hn Ht

message g segment Ht

M M M M

frame

application pp transport network link physical

Encapsulation

Hl Hn Ht

link physical p y

Hl Hn Ht

switch

destination
M Ht Hn Ht Hl Hn Ht M M M

application pp transport network link physical

Hn Ht Hl Hn Ht

M M

network link physical

Hn Ht Hl Hn Ht

M M

router

Introduction

1-55

Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1 3 Network core 1.3 1.4 Network access and physical media 1 5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.5 1.6 Protocol layers, service models 1 7 History 1.7

Introduction

1-56

Internet History
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
1961: Kleinrock - queueing 1972:

theory shows effectiveness of packetswitching 1964: Baran - packetswitching in military nets 1967: ARPAnet conceived by Advanced Research Projects Agency 1969: first ARPAnet node operational

ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network (N k Control C l Protocol) first hosthost protocol fi first e-mail il program ARPAnet has 15 nodes

Introduction

1-57

Internet History
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets
1970: ALOHAnet satellite

network in Hawaii 1973: Metcalfes PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974: Cerf and Kahn architecture for interconnecting networks late70s: proprietary architectures: DECnet, SNA, XNA late 70s: switching fixed length packets (ATM precursor) 1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes

Cerf and Kahn Kahns s internetworking principles: minimalism, autonomy no internal changes required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized d li d control l define todays Internet architecture
Introduction

1-58

Internet History
1990, 2000s: commercialization, the Web, new apps
Early 1990s: 1990 s: ARPAnet

decommissioned 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use of NSFnet (decommissioned, 1995) early 1990s: Web hypertext h t t [Bush [B h 1945 1945, N Nelson l 1960s] HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee 1994: Mosaic, later Netscape late 1990s: commercialization of the Web

L t 1990s Late 1990 2000s: 2000

more killer apps: instant

messaging, P2P file sharing network security to forefront est. 50 million host, 100 million+ users backbone links running at Gbps p

Introduction

1-59

Introduction: Introduct on Summary

Covered a ton of material! Internet overview whats a protocol? network edge, edge core, core access network packet-switching versus circuit-switching i i i hi Internet/ISP structure performance: loss, loss delay layering and service models history hi t You now have: context, overview, feel of networking more depth, depth detail to

follow!

Introduction

1-60