CONCAVITY PROPERTY AND A RECURRENCE RELATION FOR ASSOCIATED LAH NUMBERS
J . C. AHUJA and E . A . ENNEKING
Portland
State
University,
ABSTRACT
Portland,
OR 97207
A recurrence relation is obtained for the associated Lah numbers,
Lk(m,n),
via their generating function. Using this result, it is shown that is a strong logarithmic concave function of n for fixed k and 7 7 7 . 1. The Lah numbers L (m,n) are given by the relation INTRODUCTION Lk(m,n)
(see Riordan [4, p. 44]) with arguments m and n
(1)
L(m,n)
= (-l)B(m!/!)(*" J),
is the same as that of
where L(m,n) = 0 for n > m. Since the sign of L(m,n) (-l)n, we may write (1) in absolute value as (2) \L(m,n)\ = (mi/n!)^"^.
We define the associated Lah numbers Lk(m9n) (3) . Lk(m,n) =
for integral k > 0 as
^/n^ti-ir-r^*^-1)
where Lk(m9n) = 0 for n > m. Using the binomial coefficient identity (12.13) in Feller [2, p. 64], it can. be easily seen that
(4)
Ll(m,n)
= \L(m9n) | .
The use of the associated Lah numbers L^im^n) has recently arisen in a paper by the author [1], where the n-fold convolution of independent random variables having the decapitated negative binomial distribution is derived in terms of the numbers L^(jn9n) . In this paper, we first provide a recurrence relation for the numbers L^irn^n). This result is then utilized to show that Lk(m,n) is a strong logarithmic concave (SLC) function of n for fixed k and ? ? 7 , that is, Lk(m,n) satisfies the inequality
(5)
[Lk(m,n)]2
> Lk(m,n + l)Lk(m9n
- 1)
for k = 1, 2, ...,??7=3,4 S ..., and n = 2, 3, ...,7?7-l. 2. RECURRENCE RELATION FOR Lk(m9n) Lk(m,n)
The author [1] has provided a generating function for the numbers in the form
(6)
[(1 - eyk
- 1]" =
n\Lk(m,n)dm/ml. 158
April 1979
CONCAVITY PROPERTY AND A RECURRENCE RELATION FOR ASSOCIATED LAH NUMBERS
159
Differentiating both sides of (6) with respect to 0, then multiplying both sides by (1 - 9), gives (7) nkld - Q)'k - l] n_1 (l - e)'k = (1 - Q)ZnlLk(m9n)Qm-1/(m - 1)!
which, using (6), becomes (8) nkZnlLk(m9n)Qm/m\ + nkZ(n - l)\Lk(m9n 1)1. l)Qm/ml
= (1 - Q)ln\Lk(m9n)Qm-l/(m
Now, equating the coefficient of 0 m in (8), we obtain the recurrence formula for Lk(m,n) as (9)
L
k(m
^-^
(n^
^)Lk(m,n)
+ kLk(m9n
- 1).
The recurrence relation (9) is used to obtain Table I for the associated Lah numbers Lk(m,n) for n = 1(1)5 and m = 1(1)5. It may be remarked that, for k = 1, Table I reduces to the one for the absolute Lah numbers given in Riordan [4, p. 44]. 3. CONCAVITY OF Lk(m,n)
The proof of the SLC property of the numbers Lk(m9n) is based on the following result of Newton's inequality given in Hardy, Littlewood, and Polya [3, p. 52]: If the polynomial
P(oc) = J2
=1
nxn
has only real roots, then (10) 4 > n+ln-1 To establish the SLC property, we need the follow-
for n = 2, 3, . . . , m - 1. ing: Lmma: If
p
m(%) = X ^
n-l
Lk(m,n)xn are real, distinct, and nonpositive for all m = 1,
then the m roots of Pm (x) 2, ... . PfiOO^'(11)
m
It can be easily seen that Pm (x) , using (9), may be expressed as Pm(x) = Y,
n= l m
Lk(m,n)xn
= J2
n= l
link
+ m - l)Lk(m
- l , n ) + kLk(m
- l,n
l)]xn
= (kx + m - l)Pm_l(x)
kx[dPm_l(x)ldx}9
160
CONCAVITY PROPERTY AND A RECURRENCE RELATION FOR ASSOCIATED LAH NUMBERS
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CONCAVITY PROPERTY AND A RECURRENCE RELATION FOR ASSOCIATED LAH NUMBERS
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By induction, we find that Px(x) and P3(x) = kx[k2x2 + 3k(k + l)x + (k + l)(fc + 2 ] , = kx, P2(x) = kx(kx + k + 1),
so that the statement is true for m = 1, 2, and 3. For m > 3, assume that POT_iC^c) n a s m-1 real, distinct, and nonpositive roots. If we define (12) then, since Pm(O) = 0, Tm(x) Pm (x) (13) has exactly the same finite roots as Pm (x), gives Tm(x) = kx(k
+ l)/k
Tm(x)
exxm/kPm(x),
and the identity (11) for
dTm_l(x)/dx.
By hypothesis, Pm-i(x), and hence ^-^(ar), has m-1 real, distinct, and nonpositive roots. Tm_1(x) also has a root at ->, and, by Rolle T s theorem, between any two roots of Tm_1(x) , dTm_1(x)/dx will have a root. This places m-1 distinct roots of Tm_l(x) on the negative real axis; x - 0 is obviously another one, making m altogether. This proves the result by induction. Thus the above lemma, together with the inequality (10), provides us the following: Tkdonm: For w > _ 3, k = 19 2, ..., and n = 2, 3, . . . , T T ? - 1, the associated Lah numbers Lk(m9n) satisfy the inequality (5). It may be remarked that, as a consequence of the above result and relation (4), we have the following: CotioULaJiy: For m >_3, and n = 2, 3, ..., 7 7 7 - 1 , the Lah numbers L(m9n) isfy the inequality (14) [L(m,n)]2 > L(m,n + l)L(m9n - 1). sat-
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. J. C. Ahuja, "Distribution of the Sum of Independent Decapitated Negative Binomial Variables," Ann. Math. Statist. 42 (1971):383-384. W. Feller, An Intorduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications (New York: Wiley, 1968). G. H. Hardy, J. E. Littlewood, & G. Ploya, Inequalities (Cambridge: The University Press, 1952). J. Riordan, An Introduction to Combinatorial Analysis (New York: Wiley, 1958). #####
