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Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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11

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12

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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vDeif

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14

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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15

vDeif
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16

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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17

vDeif
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18

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

tjym; csufcsif;vkyf&awmhr,fh vufawG@jy\emw&yftjzpf bufaygif;pHk
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19

vDeif
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20

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

Edik af wmhv@kd ygy?J 'Dvt
kd rsm;qdik &f m tcGit
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21

vDeif
tdef*,f OD;wnfxm;wJh pmzwfy&dowfu 19 &mpkaESmif;ydkif;u
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22

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

tJ'v
D t
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wyfawG ppfwu
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kd m ay:xGuv
f mw,f?
txl;tcGit
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k &f w,f? vufeufuikd t
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=u&atmifyg?

23

vDeif
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24

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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25

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26

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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27

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28

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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29

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30

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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31

vDeif
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32

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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H m;rsm;&J@ Edik if H
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f yfwhJ
33

vDeif
jynforl sm;&J@ Edik if aH wmf qdw
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owfrw
S Ef ikd yf gw,f?

34

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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f rd ;f a&;udk
qdv
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yaysmufomG ;r,fh t&mu ypPn;f rJEh ikd if aH wmf od@k r[kwf Edik if aH wmfwydik ;f om
jzpfygw,f?

35

vDeif
'kw,
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kd hJ t&mtjzpf wnf&adS ewJh
Edik if aH wmfukd tqH;k owfapw,f qdw
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36

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

tacsmif0g'Dwa,mufr# 'Doabmudk rpOf;pm;rd=uygbl;? 'Doabm[m
kww
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f rd ;f ypfEikd yf gw,f? tjynfph q
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pwkwt
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37

vDeif
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qdak wmh 'Dau;a=umfox
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kd a&pDorRwEdik if H xlaxmif
a&;udk vdv
k m;ygw,f? 'g[m t&if;&Sipf epfatmuf&dS ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;tzd@k
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kd a&pDtusq;kH "e&SiEf ikd if H
awmfrmS yif jynforl sm;[m vkycf pm;aus;u|et
f jzpf vkyu
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udk rz,f&mS ;Edik b
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tzdEydS cf H vlwef;pm;tay: usio
hf ;kH wJh txl;ESyd u
f yG af &;tiftm; yJ jzpfyg
w,f? 'ga=umifh Edik if aH wmfwikd ;f [m r vGwv
f yf bl;? jynfo@l Eikd if aH wmf
vnf; r[kwb
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f kd olw@kd
&J@ ygww
D iG ;f &Jabmfrsm;tm; xyfwvJvJ &Si;f jycJ=h uw,f?
38

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

yOPrtcsuu
f - tde*f ,fu tJ'pD mtkyx
f rJ mS Edik if aH wmfwrd af um
yaysmufjcif;ta=umif; aqG;aEG;xm;wmudk vlwikd ;f rSwrf ad e=uygvrd rhf ,f? 'Dpmtkyf
rSm tJ't
D a=umif;t&mtjyif t=urf;zufawmfveS af &;&J@ ta&;ygru
_ v
kd nf;
aqG;aEG;xm;wmyg? 'DpmtkyfrSm t=urf;zufawmfvSefa&;&J@ tcef;ueJ@
ywfoufwhJ tde*f ,f&@J ordik ;f qdik &f m cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmcsu[
f m t=urf;zufawmfveS f
a&;tm; ppfreS pf mG *k%f ycsuw
f &yf jzpfvmygw,f? 'gukd b,forl S owdr&=u
ygb;l ? ,ckacwf qd&k ,
S v
f pfygwrD sm;twGi;f rSm t=urf;zufawmfveS af &;&J@
ta&;ygru
_ kd aqG;aEG;&aumif;rSe;f rod=u/ pOf;pm;&aumif;rSe;f awmif rod=uyg?
aemuf+yD; olwdk@wawG&J@ vlxktay: ae@pOf0g'jzef@v_H@aqmfcsuftwGif;rSm
'DtawG;tac:[m b,ftcef;uurS ryg0ifygb;l ? 'gayrJh wu,fawmh 'DtawG;
tac:[m Edik if aH wmf wdraf umyaysmufa&; qdw
k hJ tawG;tac:eJ@ cGcJ mG r&
Edik af tmif wom;wnf;qufpyfaewmyg?
tde*f ,f&@J oH;k oyfcsuu
f =kd unfyh g?
t=urf;zuftiftm;qdw
k m ordik ;f rSm (&ufpuf=urf;wrf;
wJh tiftm;w&yftjzpf tcef;0ifrt
_ jyif) wjcm;tcef;0ifrw
_ &yf
vnf; &Sdygao;w,f? awmfvSefwJhtcef;0ifr_yg? rmhufpf&J@pum;eJ@
ajym&&if 'Dtiftm;[m vl@tzG@J tpnf;opfqw
kd Jh oaE<ukd vG,x
f m;wJh
vl@tzG@J tpnf;a[mif;wdik ;f twGuf 0rf;qGo
J nfyJ jzpfygw,f? vl@tzG@J
tpnf;taeeJ@ a&S@o@kd vrf;xGif csw
D ufvy_ &f mS ;+yD; aoqH;k ykyo
f ;kd ae+yD
jzpfwhJ Edik if aH &;omefrsm;udk zsuq
f ;D &mwGif toH;k ywJh vufeuf
ud&,
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(Herr During) u wcGe;f rS rajymyg? 'l;&if;u aoG;pkyrf p_ ;D yGm;a&;
pepfukd wGe;f vSef zzsuzf @kd t=urf;zuftiftm; vkad umif;vdrk ,fw?hJ
'g[m pdwrf aumif;p&m ygyw
J ?hJ t=urf;zuftiftm;oH;k r_ jzpfymG ;wdik ;f /
39

vDeif
tiftm;oHk;pGJoludk pdwf"mwfysufjym;apvdk@ygyJwJh? olu tJ'Dvdk
wnnf;nnf; wnLnLeJ@yJ 0efcHxm;wmyg? awmfvSefa&;awG
atmifycJG +H yD;wdik ;f ud,
k u
f siw
hf &m;eJ@ pdw"f mwftiftm;awG t}uD;
tus,f jrifrh m;oGm;p+ryJ J r[kwv
f m;? 'ge@J awmif 'l;&if;u 'Dpum;rsKd ;
ajymxGuw
f ,f? 'gawmif *smr%DrmS ajymwmaemf? *smr%Dqw
kd m
jynfov
l x
l u
k rv$rJ a&Smifom t=urf;zuftwdu
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f cHyr_ vkyv
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Edik pf &m&Sw
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pdr0hf ifaewJh aus;pdwu
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ygw,f? 'l;&if;&J@ 'Dvt
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f hJ &[ef;}uD;
tawG;tac:udk ordik ;f rSm yifp&H mS ;wJh awmfveS af &;tusq;kH ygwt
D m;
vufccH ikd ;f aeygyaum? ('l;&if;qef@usiaf &;? pmrsuEf mS 193/ wwd,
t}udrf *smrefbmomjzifh yHEk ydS jf cif;/ tydik ;f 2 tcef; 4 &J@ tqH;k owf
tyd'k )f
tde*f ,ftaeeJ@ 1878 ckEpS rf S 1894 ckEpS t
f xd/ wenf;tm;jzihf ol
aoqH;k onft
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S 'f rD u
kd &ufrsm;tm; rarh
ap&atmif wifjyaecJhwJh tJ'Dt=urf;zufawmfvSefa&;qdkif&m =o0g'udk
Edik if aH wmf wdraf umyaysmufjcif; oabmw&m;eJ@ wckwnf;/ wom;wnf;j
zpfatmif u|eaf wmfw@kd b,fvakd ygi;f pyfv@kd &Edik yf govJ?
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k kd a&mausm0f g'enf;eJ@ aygi;f pyf=uwm rsm;ygw,f? qdv
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tm%mydkifawGtvdkus) qGJxkwfwJhenf;eJ@ aygif;pyf=uwm rsm;ygw,f?
aemuf+yD; t}udrw
f &mrSm tenf;qH;k 99 }udru
f wdraf umyaysmufa&; t,l
tqudk xdyfwef;wifxm;wwf=uw,f? tEkydavmrudk a&mausmf0g'eJ@
tpm;xd;k ae=uwmyg? 'Dtjcif;t&mudk rmhupf 0f g'ta=umif; a&;om;ae=uwJh
40

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

rsuaf rSmufacwf w&m;0if qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufygw&D @J pmayrsm;xJrmS yHrk eS t
f usq;kH
tus,jf yef@q;kH awG@&ygw,f? 'Dvt
kd pm;xd;k wm wu,fawmh topftqef;
r[kwyf g? *&da&S;a[mif; pHwifusr;f tbd"rRmordik ;f rSmawmif awG@Eikd w
f ,f?
rmhupf 0f gukd tacsmif0g'qefqefe@J r[kwrf [wfjzpfatmif vkyw
f ahJ e&mrSmawmh
tEkydavmrudk a&mausmf0g'eJ@ tpm;xdk;wJhenf;u vlxkudk vdrfnmvkd@
tvG,u
f q
l ;kH enf; jzpfw,f? 'Denf;u vlwa,mufukd a,mifa,mif0g;0g; pdwf
auseyfrr_ sKd ; ay;Edik w
f ,f? jzpfpOf&@J rsuEf mS pm buftm;vH;k / jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_&@J
wdr;f !wrf t
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t&mtm;vH;k udk xnfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm;xm;oa,mif yHzk rf;xm;w,f? wu,fwrf;
rSmawmh vl@tzG@J tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_jzpfpOfe@J ywfoufv@kd jynfv
h nf;jynfph /kH
awmfveS af &;vnf;uswhJ tjrifqv
kd @kd bmrSwifjywm r[kwyf g?
rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,fw@kd ajymwJh t=urf;zufawmfveS af &;w&yf vGaJ &Smif
Edik rf nfr[kwq
f w
kd hJ oabmw&m;[m "e&SiEf ikd if aH wmftay: &nf!e ;f ajymqdk
cJw
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kd ao;pdwf
usus &Si;f jyygO;D r,f? "e&SiEf ikd if aH wmfudk ypPn;f rJEh ikd if aH wmf (ypPn;f rJt
h m%m
&Sipf epf) eJ@ tpm;xd;k zd@k qw
kd m wdraf umyaysmufjcif; jzpfpOfe@J r&Edik yf gb;l ?
a,bk,stm;jzifh t=urf;zufawmfveS af &;w&yfe@J om &Edik yf gw,f? tde*f ,f&@J
t=urf;zufawmfveS af &; qdik &f m *k%f ya&;om;csu[
f m rmhupf f t}udr}f udrf y
vkycf w
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k n
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a=unmpmwrf;wdk@&J@ aemufqHk;tydk'frsm;rSm t=urf;zufawmfvSefa&;udk
a&Smifvv
J$ @kd r&Edik af =umif; twdtvif; a=unmxm;wmudk jyefpOf;pm;=unfh
=uyg? aemif tESpf 30 avmuft=um 1875 ckEpS f *do
k mvkyif ef;pOfukd a0zef&m
rSm 'Dvrf;pOf&@J tacsmif0g'vuQ%mudk r!mwmwrf; a0zefcw
hJ mudv
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k f ya&;om;csuu
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h m
41

vDeif
r[kw?f yH}k uD;cs@J a&;om;cJw
h mvnf; r[kw?f pum;ppfx;kd wJt
h aeeJ @ a&;om;
cJw
h mvnf; vH;k 0r[kwyf g? vlxu
k kd 'Da&;om;csuyf g tjrif &&Sv
d matmif/
t=urf;zufawmfveS af &;tjrifukd &&Sv
d matmif pepfwus ynmay;zd@k vdt
k yf
w,fqw
kd hJ tcsu[
f m rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,fw@kd ajymqdo
k eG o
f ifco
hJ r# tm;vH;k &J@
tajccHtcsuf jzpfygw,f? ,cktcgrmS v$r;f rd;k aewJh qd&k ,
S af &SmAf if0g'*d%
k ;f eJ@
aumufpuD;*d%
k ;f wd@k [m 'Dv0kd g'jzef@ynmay;v_@H aqmfru
_ kd vspv
f sL_xm;=u
w,f? 'Dtcsu[
f m rmhupf /f tde*f ,fw@kd &@J =o0g'udk 'D*%
kd ;f 2 *d%
k ;f vH;k u opPm
azmuf=ua=umif; txift&Sm;jyaeygw,f?
"e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;Edik if aH wmfukd ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;Edik if aH wmfe@J tpm;xd;k
a&;qdw
k m t=urf;zufawmfveS af &; ryg&if rjzpfEikd yf g? ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;&J@
Edik if aH wmf/ wenf;tm;jzif; Edik if aH wmfqw
kd t
hJ &mudk zsuo
f rd ;f a&;[m wdraf um
yaysmufa&; jzpfpOfukd jzwfoef;jcif;rSty tjcm;enf;eJ@ rjzpfEikd yf g?
rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,fw@kd [m awmfveS af &;tajctaetoD;oD;udk avhvm
wJt
h cg/ awmfveS af &;wckp&D @J tawG@tuH oifcef;pmrsm;udk cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm&mrSm
txufygtjrifrsm;udk tao;pdwfusus/ tcdkiftrmusus azmfxkwf&&Sd
cJyh gw,f? olw@kd &@J =o0gxJu ta&;t}uD;qH;k tydik ;f udk ,ckaqG;aEG;=uygp@kd ?
tcef; (2)
Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;/ 1848 - 51 ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f tawG@tuH
(1) awmfveS af &;tuumv
tbd"rRmacgi;f yg;r_e@J uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf;wd@k [m rmhupf 0f g'&,f
vd@k yDyjD yifjyif&v
dS m+y;D aemuf xGuv
f mwJh tapmqH;k usr;f rsm; jzpfygw,f? 'Dusr;f
42

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

awG[m 1848 ckEpS af wmfveS af &; jzpfcge;D tuumvrSm xGuaf y:vmcJw
h myg?
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hJ jyif tJ'D
tcsed t
f cgu awmfveS af &;tcdik t
f rm tajctaeudk twdik ;f twmwcktxd
a&mifjyef[yfaewJh pmwrf;awGvnf; jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dusr;f awGukd a&;om;
ol rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,fw@kd taeeJ@ 1848 - 51 umv tawG@turH sm;udk ed*;kH csKyf
ryvkyrf u
D av;rSm Edik if aH wmfe@J pyfvsO;f +y;D bmawGajymcJo
h vJqw
kd mudk qef;ppf
=unfw
h mu yd+k yD;oifah wmfygvrd rhf ,f?
tbd"rRmacgi;f yg;r_ xJrmS rmhupf u
f 'Dvakd &;xm;ygw,f?
tvkyo
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tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfjzifh "e&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;a[mif;udk tpm;xdk;yg
vdrrhf ,f? 'DtcgrmS ,ckacwf ac:ac:aewJh Edik if aH &;tm%mqdw
k m
vnf; &Sad wmhrmS r[kwyf g? bmvd@k vq
J akd wmh Edik if aH &;tm%mqdw
k m
"e&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;xJrSm&SdwJh vlwef;pm;twdkuftcHjzpfr_awGudk
w&m;0ifazmfjywJh omefomjzpfv@kd ygy?J (pmrsuEf mS - 182? *smref
bmomjzifh yHEk ydS jf cif;? 1885 ckEpS )f
vlwef;pm;rsm;udk zsuo
f rd ;f +y;D aemufrmS Edik if aH wmfvnf; uG,af ysmuf
oGm;vdrrhf ,fqw
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f kd
aemifvtenf;i,f=um+yD;aemufrmS (twdtustm;jzifh 1847 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbm
vrSm) rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,fw@kd a&;om;cJw
h hJ uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf;yg atmufyg&iS ;f jy
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43

vDeif
trsm; yke;f v#Kd ;uG,v
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a&; jzpfvmw,f? 'Dtqifrh mS ypPn;f rJv
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l ef;
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tvkyo
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l ef;pm; tjzpfo@kd jrihf
wif&ef/ 'Drdkua&pDt&,l&ef jzpfw,fqdkwm txufrSm zwf_cJh
&w,f?
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"e&Siv
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xkwv
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44

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

b,fwek ;f urS &Si;f rjycJyh gb;l ? 'gwifru 'gukd wrifarhavsmx
h m;=uygw,f?
ta=umif;&if;uawmh 'DziG q
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aemuf+y;D 'Dru
kd a&pD +ird ;f csr;f pGmjzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ qdik &f m tacsmif0g' a,bk,s
tjrifrsm;eJ@ evAde;f wH;k pdwu
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ygy?J
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l ef;pm;[m Edik if aH wmf&zdS @kd vdt
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48

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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49

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51

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uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf;u ordik ;f udk a,bk,stusO;f csKyf azmfjycJh
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h =unf&h if "e&SiEf ikd if aH wmfukd ypPn;f rJEh ikd if aH wmfe@J
52

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

b,fvdktpm;xdk;rvJqdkwJh ar;cGef;udk a=unmpmwrf;rSm wifjyrxm;ao;
ygb;l ?
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f 1852 ckEpS rf mS usrS wifjy+yD; tajzay;cJyh gw,f?
rmhupf u
f ol@&@J tEkydavmrky0f g' tbd"rRmtay: opPmapmifo
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hJ mvjzpfwhJ 1848 ckEpS rf S 1851 ckEpS t
f xd
tcsed &f @J ordik ;f tawG@tuHukd tajccH+yD; wifjycJw
h ,f? tjcm;ae&mrsm;rSmvdyk J
'Dae&mrSmvnf; ol@&@J oif=um;csuaf wG[m tawG@tuHe*d ;kH csKyfcsuyf J jzpfyg
w,f? 'De*d ;kH csKyfcsuaf wGrmS eufi_d ;f wJh urBmt
h jriftbd"rRmeJ@ u,f0wJh ordik ;f
A[kow
k wd@k ukd xif[yfaeygw,f?
Edik if aH wmfjy\emudk 'Dvt
kd cdik t
f rmusus wifjyxm;ygw,f? "e&Sif
vlwef;pm;tkyfpdk;r_twGuf r&SdrjzpfwJh EdkifiHawmf,EW&m;/ wenf;qdk&&if
"e&SiEf ikd if aH wmf[m ordik ;f rSm b,fvjkd zpfay:cJo
h vJ? 'DEikd if aH wmf[m b,fvkd
tajymif;tvJawG jzpfay:cJhovJ? "e&Sifvlwef;pm;&J@ awmfvSefa&;awG
twGif;rSmeJ@ tzdESdyfcHvlwef;pm;rsm;&J@ trSDtcdkuif;wJh v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk
&ifqikd &f pOfrmS bmtajymif;tvJawGukd yvkycf o
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tzG@J tpnf;&J@ txl;vdt
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f mvrSm
ay:aygufcJhwm jzpfygw,f? 'DEdkifiHawmf,EW&m;&J@ txl;jcm;qHk;t*Fg&yfudk
azmfjywJh taqmufttHk 2 &yfuawmh AsLdu
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&Si;f jyxm;w,f? 'Dqufo,
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53

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tvGef@udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm;eJ@ rSwfavmufom;avmufatmifudk azmfjyaeyg
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kd &ufawGusawmh
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'gayrJh ol[m vl@tzG@J tpnf;&J@ toufaoG;a=umar$;!i;f aygut
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54

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

odr;f oGi;f wm[mvnf; trsm;pktm;jzifh 'D,EW&m;uwqifv
h yk w
f m jzpfygw,f?
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f nfrsm; pwm
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J txufvm$ awGukd tawmftwef Zdrv
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f udik af wG &&So
d al wGukd
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S v
f pf
awmfveS af &; ygw0D ifrsm;twGi;f cGaJ 0,l=uwJh wdu
k &f mygypPn;f rsm; jzpfvm
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pOf;pm;=uwm r[kwb
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v$waf wmfrsm; usi;f ycsed t
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f swhJ &mxl;
ae&mawG cGaJ 0wJu
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jynfyv$waf wmfurkd v
S nf; apmifq
h ikd ;f rae=uawmhygb;l ? tpd;k &&mxl;}uD;awG
cGaJ 0,l=uwJh Zmwfvrf;awGqw
kd mu tESpo
f m&tm;jzifh wdu
k &f mygypPn;f
rsm; cGaJ 0jcif;eJ@ jyefvnfcaJG 0jcif;udk azmfjycsurf #om jzpfygw,f? 'grsKd ;awGu
wwdik ;f jynfv;kH txufe@J atmuf/ A[dak &me,fyg/ tpd;k &Xmewdik ;f rSm jzpfysuf
aewmyg? 1917 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v
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bm0usus csKyfajym&&if) 'DumvtwGi;f rSm yjyifajymif;vJrt
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f csKd @jyefvnfyjyifcaJG 0cJw
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D rsKd ;rsKd ;t=um;rSm (Oyrm
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kd a&pDygw/D qd&k ,
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55

vDeif
ygwaD wGt=um;rSm) AsLdu
k a&pDtaqmufttHu
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H w
l ef;pm;rsm;eJ@ olw@kd &@J a&S@q;kH rSm &Sad ewJh ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm;wd@k [m "e&Siv
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d @kd t=um;rSm rajy+idr;f
Edik w
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dS mavav jzpfvm
ygw,f? 'Dta=umif;a=umifhyJ "e&SifygwDawGtm;vHk;/ tm;vHk;txJrSm 'Drdk
u&ufwpftusqHk;eJ@ awmfvSefwJh'Drdkua&pD ygwDawG twGufawmifrSyJ
awmfveS w
f yhJ pPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;udk qef@usizf @kd twGuf ESyd u
f yG af &;tpDtrHrsm;udk
tm;jznfzh @kd / ESyd u
f yG af &;,EW&m; wenf;tm;jzifh Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udk cdik rf m
atmifvyk zf @kd vdt
k yfvmygw,f? 'Dvv
kd yk w
f mawGa=umifyh J awmfveS af &;taeeJ@
uvnf; rdr&d @J zsuq
f ;D Edik pf rG ;f tiftm;rSeo
f r#ukd pkpnf; +yD; Edik if aH wmftm%m
udk qef@usio
f mG ;zd@k jzpfvmw,f? awmfveS af &;&J@ &nfreS ;f csut
f aeeJ@q&kd ifvnf;
Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udk +y;D jynfph akH tmif rGr;f rHa&;r[kwb
f J 'guzkd suq
f ;D acsre_ ;f a&;udk
OD;wnfz@kd jzpfvmw,f?
jy\emudk tckvkd wifjy&wmu avm*spef nf;eJ@ tusKd ;ta=umif;
qufpyfpOf;pm;r_t& r[kwyf g? wu,fh tjzpftysuaf wGt& 1848 - 51
umv tawG@tuHt& wifjy&wmyg? zsuq
f ;D ypf&r,fh Edik if aH wmfukd bmeJ@
tpm;xdk;rvJqdkwJh ar;cGef;udk rmhufpfu 1852 ckESpfrSm rwifjyao;ygbl;?
rmhupf u
f cdik rf mwJh ordik ;f tawG@tuH tajccHukd b,favmufppJG +JG rJ+rJ qkyu
f ikd f
w,fqw
kd m 'Dtcsuu
f jyaeygw,f? tJ't
D csed u
f 'Dar;cGe;f udk tajzay;Edik f
avmufatmif twG@tuHtcsut
f vuf r&Sad o;ygb;l ? 1871 ckEpS u
f srS ordik ;f
tawG@tuH&Sdvmwmyg? 1852 ckESpfrSm tawG@tuHay:u ody`Henf;us
aumufcsuq
f aJG jymr,fq&kd if ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;[m rdr&d @J zsuq
f ;D Edik pf rG ;f
tiftm;rSeo
f r#upkd pk nf; +yD; Edik if aH wmftm%mudk qef@usiaf &;/ wenf;tm;j

56

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

zifh Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udk zsuq
f ;D a&; wm0efukd xrf;aqmifz@kd eD;uyfvmae+yD
vd@k yJ ajymvd@k &ygao;w,f?
'Dae&mrSm ar;p&may:vmwygw,f? rmhupf &f @J tawG@tuaH vhvm&&Sd
csuaf wGe@J ed*;kH csKyfcsuaf wGukd a,bk,sw&m;xkwv
f u
kd +f yD; jyifopfEikd if &H @J 1848
ckEpS rf S 1851 ckEpS t
f xd oH;k ESpw
f m umvordik ;f xuf us,0f ef;wJeh ,fy,frmS
toH;k csr,fq&kd if rSeu
f efygrh vm;qdw
k hJ ar;cGe;f yg? 'Djy\emqD roGm;cif tde*f ,f
&J@ rSwfcsufwckudk t&ifoHk;oyf+yD; tcsuftvufawGudk qef;ppf=unfh=u
&atmifyg? blar;vf 18 &uf pmapmif&@J wwd,t}urd yf EkH ydS jf cif; trSmpmrSm
tde*f ,fu 'Dvakd &;xm;ygw,f?
jyifopfEikd if rH mS ordik ;f wav#muf vlwef;pm;wdu
k yf aJG wG[m jzpfymG ;
vdu
k +f yDq&kd if wjcm;Edik if aH wGrmS xuf jywfom;w,f? 'ga=umifh ajymif;vJaewJh
Edik if aH &;omefawG[mvnf; xif&mS ;jywfom;vSygw,f? 'DEikd if aH &;omef
awGqw
kd m vlwef;pm;wdu
k yf aJG wG v_y&f mS ;&wJah bmifvnf; jzpfw,f? wdu
k yf JG
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H m tv,f
acwfrmS ya'o&mZfpepf&@J A[dck surf jzpfw,f? ,Ofaus;r_qef;opfa&; umv
aemufyikd ;f vufatmufcjH ynfe,frsm;tay: wvH;k wpnf;wnf; tkycf sKyfwhJ
bk&ifpepfrmS pHuswEhJ ikd if v
H nf; jzpfw,f? jyifopfawmfveS af &;}uD;twGi;f rSm
ya'o&mZfpepfukd zcsc+hJ yD; "e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;csn;f yJ oyfoyftyk pf ;kd wJph epfukd
xlaxmifcw
hJ ,f? tkypf ;kd r_pepfrmS 'Dvpkd w
H ifavmufwhJ oD;oef@usrr_ sKd ;udk wjcm;
b,fOa&myEdkifiHrSmrS rawG@&ygbl;? "rRwmyJ? tkyfpdk;ol"e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk
wGef;vSefwJh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;&J@ wdkufyGJ[mvnf; jyifopfrSm jywfom;vS
ygw,f? 'Dvdk jywfom;r_rsdK;udkvnf; wjcm;b,fae&mrSmrS rawG@&ygbl;?
(pmrsuEf mS 4? 1907 yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0jcif;?)
57

vDeif
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f hJ ae&mrSm pHuswEhJ ikd if H jzpfrvmbl;vd@k awmh ajymvd@k
r&yg?
19 &mpktqH;k ydik ;f eJ@ 20 &mpk tpydik ;f umv a&S@wef;a&muf Edik if rH sm;&J@
ordkif;udk t=urf;zsOf; =unfh=u&atmif? tJ'DEdkifiHawGrSmvnf; tvm;wl
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h mefe@J
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ajym&&if yxrtcsufu (jyifopf/ tar&duef/ qGpfZmvefwdk@vdk) orRw
Edik if rH sm;rSma&m/ (t*Fvef/ twdik ;f twmwckt& *smr%D/ puif'aD eAD,m;
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58

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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59

vDeif
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60

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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61

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62

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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63

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64

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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f zG@J [m Edik if aH wmftpd;k &&J@u&d ,
d m
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72

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

a&;tiftm; wenf;tm;jzifh omoemydik t
f m%m udv
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k zG@J u zsuo
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f hJ Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;ae&mrSm
tpm;xd;k vdu
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f hJ t&muawmh - t+rw
J rf;ppfwyfukd zsuo
f rd ;f jcif;/ tpd;k &0efxrf;
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J ,
S Ef ikd jf cif;pwJh ydrk kd
jynh0f wJh 'Dru
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qdw
k hJ pum;av;[m wu,fwrf;rSm t&if;cHtm;jzifh rwlwhJ ,EW&m; 2 ck&@J
tpm;xd;k r_}uD;udk qdv
k w
kd myg? 'Dae&mrSm ta&twGurf S t&nftcsi;f od@k
ajymif;vJjcif; &J@ erlemwckukd awG@Eikd yf gw,f? Oyrm 'Dru
kd a&pDukd pdwu
f ;l vd@k
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f t
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kd a&pDuae ypPn;f rJ'h rD u
kd a&pDtjzpf ajymif;vJomG ;
w,f? (wpHkw&maom vlwef;pm;tm; ESdyfuGyfa&; txl;tiftm;tjzpf
t"dym` ,f&wJ)h Edik if aH wmf[m wu,fwrf;tm;jzifh e*dt
k "dym` ,ft& Edik if aH wmf
r[kwaf wmhwhJ t&mwcktjzpfo@kd ajymif;vJomG ;w,f?
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k zG@J H;_ edrchf &hJ jcif;
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vufxu
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73

vDeif
ud,
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Edik if aH wmf[m pwifwrd af umyaysmufaeyg+yD? tcGix
hf ;l cHvel nf;pk (tcGix
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74

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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f ef;pwde;f (Eduard
Bernstein) [m a&S;OD; 'Dru
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75

vDeif
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oufqikd w
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76

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

u,f0wJh tcGix
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a';Apfrsm; (Davids)/ vD*si;f rsm; (Legiens)/ qif;bufrsm; (Sembats)/
&Daemh',frsm; (Renaudels)/ [if'gqifrsm; (Hendersons)/ Aef'gAifrsm;
(Vanderveldes)/ pawmeif;rsm; (Staunings)/ A&efwif;rsm; (Brantings)/
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78

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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qd&k ,
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S v
f pf0g'tay: opPm
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wu,fwrf; em;rvnfEikd af wmhb;l ?
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k m "rRwmyJ ud,
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ud,
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f jzpfuae tvkyf tzG@J
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79

vDeif
ygvrD efqefwhJ tzG@J tpnf;rjzpfoif/h tvkyt
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S 'f rD u
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h vkyu
f pd aP wGukd uef@vef@um
aemufu,
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80

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

tm%m&qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;ygw&D @J tmabmfjzpfwhJ *sv
J ekd md'k g;
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D mhtmabmfaqmif;yg;
wyk'rf mS r=umao;cifu 0efcaH &;om;xm;wmudk ajymygr,f? 0efcw
H ahJ voH
uawmh vltm;vH;k Edik if aH &;jynfw
h efqmvkypf m;aewJh aumif;rGew
f v
hJ @l tzG@J
tpnf; xJu vlawG&@J twkr&Sw
d hJ pdwaf pwemrGeaf voHe@J yg 0efcx
H m;wm
uawmh qd&k ,
S v
f pfrsm; ('Dpum;vH;k oH;k &wmudk cGihf yyg?) OD;pD;wJ0h ef}uD;Xme
awGrmS awmif AsLdu
k a&pD ,EW&m;[m wu,fwrf;rSm rajymif;vJyg? ta[mif;
twdik ;f ygy?J enf;vrf;a[mif;twdik ;f vkyu
f ikd af e=uygw,f? awmfveS af &;qefwhJ
pDru
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f w
G v
f yfvyf }uD;udk zsuq
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hf 0efccH suf r&Scd b
hJ ;l qd&k ifawmif qd&k ,
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tJ't
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f m;oihw
f hJ
wckwnf;aomtcsuf &Syd gw,f? a&G;aumufyJG 'Dru
kd a&pDygw0D ifawG (Cadets)
eJ@twl 0ef}uD;XmeawGrmS &Sad e=uwJh csm;aemhArf sm; (Chernovs)/ kqmaemhAf
rsm; (Rusanovs)/ ZifZaD emhArf sm; (Zenzinovs) eJ@ *sv
J ekd md'k gowif;pmu
wjcm;t,f'w
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d v
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k w
f muawmh olw@kd &@J
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qefwhJ 'Dru
kd a&pDpum;vH;k rsm;u aus;vufaevltrsm;udk vSnphf m;zd@k / AsLdk
ua&pDe@J u;eDpepfvyk [
f efrsm;uawmh t&if;&Sirf sm;udk ESv;kH acG@ apzd@k 'g[m d;k om;pGm aygi;f pyfjcif;&J@ tESpo
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k zG@J u
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81

vDeif
qdak wmh trwfrsm;ud,
k w
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f yk &f w,f? olw@kd twnfyvdu
k w
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k w
f ikd f taumiftaxnfazmf&w,f? wu,fv
h ufawG@ &v'fawGukd
ud,
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f ikd pf rf;oyf&w,f? a&G;aumufay;wJh vlxu
k kd wdu
k f u
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f m0efc&H w,f?
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k pf m;vS,t
f aqmufttHpk epfuawmh qufvuf&adS e
ayr,fh ygvrD efpepfvrkd sKd ; txl;pepfwrsKd ;/ Oya'yr_e@J tyk cf sKyfrt
_ vkyf cGaJ 0
wmrsdK;/ udk,fpm;vS,fawGudk tcGifhxl;ay;wmrsdK;uawmh r&Sdawmhygbl;?
ud,
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kd a&pDqw
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yg? ypPn;f rJ'h rD u
kd a&pDuakd wmifrS pOf;pm;vd@k r&yg? 'gayrJh ygvrD efpepfrygbeJ @J
'Dru
kd a&pDukd pOf;pm;Edik yf gw,f? pOf;vnf; pOf;pm;&r,f? "rRwmyJ? "e&Siaf wG&@J
tkyfpdk;r_udk zcsypfa&;[m u|efawmfwdk@&J@ wu,fpdwftm;xufoefwJhqEN
jzpfz@kd awmh vdw
k mayg?h 'Dta&;[m tvkyo
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k mayg?h 'gayrJh rif&ADS pfawGe@J
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f pfawmfveS af &;ygw0D ifawG/ &Sw
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ajymwJt
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82

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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&Si}f uD;rsm; tm;vH;k [m 'Dvykd gy?J tzdEydS cf v
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awGe@J ywfoufv@kd ynmjycsiaf ewJh q&m}u;D awG oGeo
f ifq;kH rpum; ajymwm
rsKd ; (Oyrm yvufcaf emhAu
f olw@kd [m tpuwnf;u vufeufrudik o
f ifch hJ
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AsLdu
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f ;l ,Ofr_ r[kwyf gb;l ?
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d;k pif;vG,u
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83

vDeif
u|eaf wmfw@kd [m pdwu
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h m%m&Sipf epf&@J vkyif ef;wm0efawG
ta=umif; em;rvnfv@kd ruf=uwmyg? rmhupf 0f g'eJ@ bmrSrqdik yf gb;l ? 'Dtyd rf uf
awG rufaevd@k omuawmh wu,fvufawG@rmS tckvkd &Sad ewJh vlawG[m wjcm;
vlwrsdK;tjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;wJhtcsdeftxd apmifh+yD;rS qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSef
a&;udk vkyzf @kd yJ &Sad wmhw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd u 'Dvrkd [kwb
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84

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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f yk af &;tajccH &Sad e+yDq&kd if 'Dwm0efawGukd pwifvyk f
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H rJ mS toif&h +dS yD; jzpfaeyg+yD? u|eaf wmfw@kd [m
t&if;&Sirf sm;udk wGe;f vSeyf pfr,f? 'DaoG;pkyo
f rm;awG&@J ckcrH u
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85

vDeif
tvkyo
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aumif ryg&w
dS /hJ twwfynmwyfqifr_ tqifjh rifrh m;wJh ,EW&m;wckukd u|eaf wmf
wd@k &&Syd gvrd rhf ,f? 'D,EW&m;udk aoG;pnf;nD!w
G af ewJh tvkyo
f rm;rsm;ud,
k w
f ikd f
aumif;aumif;}uD; armif;ESiEf ikd v
f rd rhf ,f? olw@kd [m twwfynmonfawG/
tvky=f uyfawGe@J pm&if;udik af wGukd iSm;&rf;vdrrhf ,f? tm;vH;k twGuf vkycf
uawmh a,bk,s Edik if aH wmf t&m&St
d m;vH;k udk ay;ovdk tvkyo
f rm;vkycf
yJ ay;rSmygy?J tJ'guawmh tcdik t
f rmeJ@ vufawG@uswhJ vkyif ef;wm0ef jzpfyg
w,f? x&yfpt
f m;vH;k eJ@ywfouf+yD; csucf si;f vkyEf ikd w
f hJ tvkyyf g? vkyv
f u
kd &f if
vkyo
f m;jynfoal wGtay: aoG;pkyw
f mawG &Sad wmhrmS r[kwyf g? 'Dvyk if ef;wm0ef
vky&f mrSm yJ&pfbt
kH zG@J u (txl;ojzifh Edik if aH wmfwnfaqmufa&;eJ@ ywfouf
+yD;) pwif taumiftxnf azmfcw
hJ mawGukd xnfo
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vufeufuikd yf pPn;f rJv
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l ef;pm;&J@ }u;D =uyfre_ @J acgi;f aqmifr_ atmuf
rSm twwfynmonfawG/ tvky=f uyfawG/ pm&if;udik af wGe@J t&m&St
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[m tvkyo
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f yk if ef;yHpk rH sKd ; pnf;H;k wnfaqmuf&r,f? 'g[m
u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J vwfwavm&nfreS ;f csuyf ?J 'DvEkd ikd if aH wmfrsKd ;/ txufyguo
hJ @kd
aom pD;yGm;a&;udk tajccHxm;wJh Edik if aH wmfrsKd ;udo
k m u|eaf wmfw@kd vdv
k m;yg
w,f? 'Dvv
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taqmufttHpk epfawGukd "e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;u a&mif;rpm;Edik af tmif vkyEf ikd f
vdrrhf ,f?

86

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

4? trsKd ;om; wpnf;wvH;k wnf;jzpfa&;twGuf pnf;H;k jcif;?
wrsKd ;om;vH;k udk b,fyzkH @JG pnf;r,fqw
kd mudk bHt
k zG@J taeeJ@ tao;
pdwf ra&;qGJjzpfcJhygbl;? 'gayrJh rl=urf;xJrSmawmh tao;i,fqHk;
aus;vuf&Gmuav;awGtxd yJ&pfbHktzGJ@vdkrsdK;/ EdkifiHa&;omef
tzG@J tpnf;awGz@JG z@kd jzpfw,fv@kd &Si;f &Si;f yJ a&;om;xm;ygw,f?
yJ&pf&dS trsKd ;om;ud,
k pf m;vS,t
f pnf;ta0; od@k bHt
k zG@J o;D oD;rS
ud,
k pf m;vS,af wG a&G;cs,af pv$wzf @kd jzpfygw,f?
tJ't
D csed rf mS A[dt
k pd;k &twGuf enf;yg;ayr,fh ta&;}uD;wJh
vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm; usef&SdaevdrfhOD;r,f? 'gawGudk wa,muf
a,mufu vky}f uHzefw;D xm;wJh yHrk sKd ;eJ@ ry,fzsuyf pf&? bHt
k zG@J &@J
t&m&Srd sm;xHo@kd v$t
J yf&r,f? wm0ef,pl w
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tzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkt& pnf;Hk;pkpnf;zdk@ jzpfw,f? EdkifiHawmf
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'Dae&mrSm Edik if aH wmftm%mqdw
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pkpnf;azmfjywJt
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J xGuv
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tm%ma[mif;eJ@ zdEydS af &;twGurf #omjzpfwhJ ,EW&m;udk z,f&mS ;
ypf&r,f? 'gayrJh ol@&@J usKd ;a=umif;qDavsmw
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vDeif
udak wmh vl@tzG@J tpnf;tay: pd;k rd;k aewJh tm%m&J@ vufxu
J vk,l
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kd pf m;vS,rf sm;xH v$t
J yf&r,f?
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yg0ifwJh tm&Srdkif;em;&Sd bk&m;ausmif;udk zsufqD;cJhwJh) [Ddkpx&ufwyf
(Herostratus) vdk emrnfausmw
f phJ mtky/f opPmazmuf bef;pwde;f a&;wJh
pmtky/f qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepftwGuf a&S;OD;vdt
k yfcsurf sm;eJ@ qd&k ,
S v
f pf'rD u
kd a&pD&@J
vkyfief;wm0efrsm; pmtkyfudk=unfh&if tckacwf qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD0g'&J@
tacsmiform;rsm;[m rmhupf &f @J txufyg ajymqdck suaf wGukd b,favmuf
awmif em;rvnf=ubl;vJqdkwm odk@r[kwf ydkwdusatmifajym&&if b,f
avmufawmif em;rvnfcsif=ubl;vJqdkwm t&Sif;vif;qHk; awG@&ygw,f?
bef;pwde;f u rmhupf af &;om;wJh txufazmfjyyg pmyd'k ef @J ywfouf+yD;awmhuykd J
bmajymovJq&kd if 'Dvyk if ef;pOf[m Edik if aH &;twGi;f oabmt&=unf&h if
tESpo
f m&uswhJ tcsut
f m;vH;k rSm ya&muf'eG ;f &J@ jynfaxmifpzk uf'&,fpepfe@J
tvGeu
f kd qifwyl gw,f? rmhupf ef @J "e&Siaf ygupf ya&muf'eG ;f (bef;pwde;f
u "e&Siaf ygupf qdw
k hJ pum;udk rsuaf wmiftrSwt
f om;eJ@ a&;ygw,f?
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J cJG suaf wG &Sad eay
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usaeygw,f? bef;pwdef; qufa&;xm;wmu - a'oudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfr_
taqmufttHak wG[m wae@wjcm; ta&;}uD;vmwmawmh trSeyf gy?J 'gayrJh
'Dru
kd a&pD&@J yxrqH;k vkyif ef;wm0efu rmhupf ef @J ya&muf'eG ;f wd@k pOf;pm;cJw
h hJ
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f rd ;f +y;D (jynfe,fe@J wikd ;f toD;oD; v$waf wmfrS
ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;eJ@ trsKd ;om;v$waf wmfukd zG@J pnf;+y;D jynfe,fe@J wdik ;f toD;oD;
v$waf wmfuakd wmh bHt
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wJeh nf;eJ@) Edik if aH wmf tzG@J tpnf; wnfaqmufru
_ kd vH;k 0ajymif;vJypfr,f? 'Dvekd @J
88

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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k pf m;vS,pf epfwckv;kH vH;k 0aysmufu,
G o
f mG ;apr,fqw
kd hJ
vkyif ef;wm0ef jzpfoifyh g&@J vm;? 'Dtcsuu
f kd u|eaf wmf oHo,jzpfrw
d ,f?
(bef;pwde;f a&; tpcscD surf sm;/ *smrefbmomyHEk ydS jf cif; (1899) pm 134 136?)
rmhupf &f @J uyfyg;ajrmifus;D aygi;f jzpfwhJ Edik if aH wmftm%mudk zsuq
f ;D
a&; tjrifukd ya&muf'eG ;f &J@ jynfaxmifppk epfe@J a&maxG;ajymqdw
k muawmh
wu,fu
h kd wkev
f y_ zf ,
G &f mygy?J 'gayrJh 'g[m a&Smifwcifawmh r[kwyf g? bmvd@k vJ
qdak wmh rmhupf [
f m 'Dae&mrSm A[dck sKyfuikd rf p_ epfe@J qef@usib
f ufjzpfwhJ jynf
axmifppk epfta=umif;udk ajymaewm vH;k 0r[kw?f "e&Siw
f ikd ;f jynftm;vH;k rSm
&Sad ewJ/h a[mif;EGr;f aewJh "e&SiEf ikd if aH wmf,EW&m;udk zsuq
f ;D ypfz@kd ta=umif;udk
ajymaewmom jzpfw,fqw
kd mudk tacsmiform; bef;pwde;f rpOf;pm;rdv@kd ygy?J
tacsmiform; pOf;pm;rdwmuawmh ol@ab;ywfvnfrSm &SdaewJh
"e&Siaf ygupf evAde;f wH;k tusiahf wGe@J yjyifa&;0g' &J@ xdik ;f rdi_ ;f r_tjcif;t&m
awG jynfah ewJh ywf0ef;usix
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ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyrf _ taqmufttHk om jzpfw,f? 'Dtacsmiform;[m ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm;&J@ awmfveS af &;ta=umif;udk pOf;awmifrpOf;pm;wwfawmhygb;l ?
&,fawmh&,fp&myg? 'gayrJh owdyzd@k aumif;wmu tJ't
D csuef @J
ywfoufv@kd bef;pwde;f udk b,forl S apm'uwuf rae=uwmyJ? bef;pwde;f udk
vltawmfrsm;rsm;u acsyajymqdck =hJ uw,f? txl;ojzifh k&mS ;pmaye,fy,frmS
yvufcaf emh/ Oa&mypmaye,frmS aumufpuD;wd@k u acsya&;om;cJ=h uw,f?
'gayrJh olw@kd EpS af ,mufxu
J b,fou
l rS bef;pwde;f tJ'v
D kd rmhupf u
f kd yHyk ef;
zsuw
f mudk bmrSrajymcJ=h uygb;l ?
89

vDeif
'Dtacsmiform;[m awmfveS af &;enf;usus enf;enf;rSrawG;wwf
awmhyg? awmfveS af &;ta=umif;vnf; enf;enf;rS rawG;wwfawmhyg? tJ'D
awmh jynfaxmifppk epf qdw
k m rmhupf u
f pajymcJw
h mvd@k q+kd yD; rmhupf u
f kd
rif;rJ0h g'&J@zcif ya&muf'eG ;f eJ@ a&maxG;ypfygw,f? ud,
k u
hf ,
kd u
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kd f rl&if;rmhupf f
0g'aD wG jzpfw,f/ awmfveS w
f hJ rmhupf 0f g'oabmw&m;awGukd umuG,af eolawG
jzpfw,fqdk+yD; a=unmxm;=uwJh aumufpuD;eJ@yvufcfaemhwdk@uvnf;
'Dtcsuef @J ywfouf+yD; bmrS rajym=uygb;l ? tJ't
D csu[
f m qd&k if rmhupf 0f g'eJ@
rif;rJ0h g't=um; jcm;em;csut
f ay: aumufpuD;0g'rD sm;eJ@ tacsmiform;rsm;
atmufwef;usus =unfjh rifae=uwmawG&@J Zmpfjrpfwck jzpfw,f? 'D=unfh
jrifrt
_ a=umif; aemufyikd ;f rSm aqG;aEG;ygO;D r,f?
bHt
k zG@J &@J tawG@tut
H ay: oH;k oyfxm;wJh rmhupf &f @J txufazmfjyyg
pum;rsm;xJrSm jynfaxmifpkpepfeJ@ qdkifwmqdkvdk@ tpteawmif ryg&Sdyg?
rmhupf ef @J ya&muf'eG ;f wd@k wlnw
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h csuu
f kd tacsmiform; bef;pwde;f
jrifEikd pf rG ;f r&Scd yhJ gb;l ? rmhupf ef @J ya&muf'eG ;f wd@k uGv
J cJG suu
f u
kd sawmh bef;pwde;f
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(ya&muf'eG ;f / bmuleifw@kd &@J ) rif;rJ0h g't=um;&Sd tJ't
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l D
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f ay:rSm rmhupf 0f g'udk ausmcdik ;f cJ=h uvd@k
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jynfaxmifpkpepfjy\emtay:rSmyJ jzpfygw,f? (ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf
90

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

jy\emudak wmh ajymzd@k awmif rvdak wmhyg?) jynfaxmifppk epfqw
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f mG ;wJh tcsuf
&,fv@kd vH;k 0ryg&ydS gb;l ? Edik if aH wmftay: evAde;f wH;k t,lo;D ,H=k unfr_ awGe@J
jynfv
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f ikd rf p_ epf
zsuo
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vufxrJ mS Edik if aH wmftm%mudk qkyu
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91

vDeif
rmhupf [
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Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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104

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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f rm;rsm;u &G&H mS
=urSm rkcsygy?J tde*f ,fajymwm[m qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufawGe@J rwlygb;l ? qd&k ,
S f
vpfawmfveS af &;a=umifh Edik if aH wmfqw
kd t
hJ &m[m yaysmufomG ;vdrrhf ,fqw
kd hJ
tcsuu
f kd qd&k ,
S v
f pf0g't
D m;vH;k vufc=H uw,fv@kd tde*f ,fu tav;xm;
ajymygw,f? tJ'Daemuf olu awmfvSefa&;jy\emudk tcdkiftrmusus
aqG;aEG;ygw,f? qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufawGuawmh tacsmif0g'pGu
J yfaewma=umifh
tJ'jD y\emudyk J a&Smifz,favh &S=d uw,f? 'gukd rif;rJ0h g'rD sm;twGuf okaw
oevkyf zdk@ oD;oef@csefxm;avh&Sd=uw,fvkd@ qdkEdkifygw,f? tdef*,fu 'D
jy\emrsm;udk aqG;aEG;&mrSm wu,ft
h csut
f csmuswmudk aumufuikd yf g
w,f? bHt
k zG@J [m Edik if aH wmf/ wenf;tm;jzifh tkypf ;kd olvw
l ef;pm;tjzpf pnf;
H;k xm;wJh vufeufuikd f ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;&J@ awmfveS af &;tm%mudk 'Dxuf
yd+k yD; toH;k ryoifch ahJ yzl;vm;vd@k tde*f ,fu ar;cGe;f xkwyf gw,f?
,ckacwfrmS v$r;f rd;k aewJh w&m;0ifq&kd ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pDygw[
D m awmf
vSeaf &;twGi;f ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;&J@ tcdik t
f rm vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;eJ@ ywfouf
107

vDeif
&if evAde;f wH;k qefqef ajymifavSmifoa&mfwhJ pum;rsm;/ od@k r[kwf apmif=h unfh
wmaygh qdw
k hJ a00g;0g;/ a&Smifz,fz,f pum;rsm;eJ@ v$zJ ,favh&=dS uygw,f?
'gah =umifh qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pDygw[
D m tvkyo
f rm;rsm;tm; awmfveS af &;eJ@ ywf
ouf+y;D ynmay;&r,fh rdrw
d m0efukd ypfy,fxm;w,fv@kd rif;rJ0h g'aD wGu tjypf
wif=uwm ta=umif;rJah wmh r[kwyf gb;l ? ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;[m b%fawG
tay:eJ@ EdkifiHawmftay: bmawGvkyfoifhovJ/ b,fvdkvkyfoifhovJqdkwJh
jy\emudk tcdik t
f rmtusq;kH cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmzd@k &nf&,
G +f yD;awmhyJ tde*f ,fu
ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;&J@ 'Daemufq;kH awmfveS af &;udk okawoeywm jzpfygw,f?
3? abb,f (Bebel) xHay;pm
1875 ckEpS f rwfv 18 - 28 &ufpeJG @J a&;om;cJw
h hJ tde*f ,fxrH S abb,f
odk@ay;pmrSm EdkifiHawmfeJ@ywfouf+yD; rmhufpfeJ@ tdef*,fwdk@&J@a&;om;csuf
awGxrJ mS tajymifajrmufq;kH vd@k rajymEdik &f ifawmif tajymifajrmufq;kH xJu
wckv@kd ajymvd@k &wJh pum;udk atmufrmS azmfjyr,fh pmyd'k x
f rJ mS awG@&rSm jzpfyg
w,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd od&oavmufq&kd if 'Dpmudak &;yd@k +yD;aemuf 36 ESpt
f =um
1911 ckEpS rf mS rS abb,fu trSww
f &rSww
f rf; (u|eaf wmhb
f 0) tkyw
f JG 2
xJrmS 'Dpmudk yxrqH;k t}udrx
f nfo
h iG ;f yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
rmhupf [
f m ol@&@J ausm=f um;wJah y;pmjzpfwhJ b&dwf (Bracke) xHay;
pmxJrmS *do
k mvkyif ef;pOfr=l urf;udk a0zefcw
hJ ,f? tde*f ,f[mvnf; abb,f
xH ay;pmxJrmS 'Dr=l urf;udyk J a0zefa&;om;cJyh gw,f? 'DpmrSm tde*f ,fu Edik if H
awmfjy\emudk txl;wvnf&nf!e ;f +yD; 'Dvakd &;xm;ygw,f?
vGwv
f yfwhJ jynfo@l Eikd if aH wmf[m vGwv
f yfwhJ Edik if aH wmftjzpf
ajymif;vJoGm;w,f? pum;vHk;t& t"dy`m,faumufajym&&if
vGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHawmfqdkwm wdkif;oljynfom;awGeJ@ ywfouf&if
108

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

vGwv
f w
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f yfvyf vkyaf qmifEikd w
f hJ Edik if aH wmfjzpfw,f? wenf;tm;
jzifh tm%m&Sipf epftpd;k & Edik if aH wmfjzpfw,f? Edik if aH wmfe@J ywfouf
vd@k tJ'v
D kd tajymtqdt
k m;vH;k udk pGe@f ypfoifyh g+yD? txl;ojzifh rlv
t"dym` ,ft& Edik if aH wmfwck r[kwaf wmhwhJ yJ&pfbt
kH zG@J ay:aygu+f yD;
aemufyikd ;f rSm 'gawGukd pGe@f ypfoifyh g+y?D ya&muf'eG ;f udk rmhupf af 0zefw@J
pmtkyx
f rJ mS a&m/ aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf; pmtkyf
xJrmS yg vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepft& wnfaqmuf+yD;wJh
aemufrmS Edik if aH wmf[m ol@tvdv
k kd yuGaJ ysmufu,
G o
f mG ;vdrrhf ,fv@kd
wdu
k f u
kd t
f wdtvif;ajymxm;w,f? 'gayrJh rif;rJ0h g'aD wGuawmh
jynfo@l Eikd if aH wmf qdw
k phJ um;eJ@ u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd em;cg;avmufatmif
oa&mfae=uwke;f ygy?J 'gah =umifh Edik if aH wmfqw
kd m wdu
k yf q
JG ifrt
_ wGi;f /
awmfvSefa&;twGif;rSm &efoludk tiftm;eJ@zdESdyfzdk@twGufoHk;wJh
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f m vH;k 0t"dym` ,fuif;rJyh gw,f? ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;
[m Edik if aH wmfukd qkyu
f ikd t
f oH;k yaeao;wJt
h csed rf mS 'guo
kd ;kH wm[m
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f yfrt
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f m;
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f yfrt
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vmEdkifwJhtcg a&mufwmeJ@ EdkifiHawmfqdkwJht&m[mvnf; r&Sd
awmhygb;l ? bHt
k zG@J tpnf; qdw
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f hJ
a&S;*smrefpum;vH;k yg? jyifopfpum;vH;k bHt
k zG@J eJ@ t"dym` ,fwl
ygw,f? 'ga=umifh EdkifiHawmfqdkwJhpum;vHk;udk ae&mwdkif;rSm bHk
tzGJ@tpnf; qdkwJhpum;vHk;eJ@ tpm;xdk;oHk;zdk@ u|efawmfwdk@
t}uHyvdyk gw,f? (*smrefbmomrl&if; pmrsuEf mS 321 - 322)

109

vDeif
'DrmS owdyoifw
h mu txufygpmxuf &ufowWygwt
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rmhupf u
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D csed rf mS tde*f ,fe@J rmhupf [
f m
vef'efrmS twlwuGaexdik af e=uwm jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh txufygpm&J@
aemufq;kH 0gusrmS u|eaf wmfw@kd qdw
k phJ um;udk tde*f ,fu toH;k yxm;wm
[m ol@taeeJ@a&m/ rmhupf t
f aeeJ@yg *smreftvkyo
f rm;ygwaD cgi;f aqmifrsm;xH
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u|eaf wmfw@kd uawmh ud,
k v
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usvmapzd@k / tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;&J@ rdrw
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k yf u
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rSefuefpGmvrf;!efEdkifapzdk@ jzpfygw,f? aAmf&SDApfawGxJrSmawmh rmhufpfeJ@
110

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

tde*f ,fw@kd &@J tJ't
D }uHycsuu
f kd qef@usiw
f v
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tE_e;f eJ@ywfoufv@kd tcuftcJawmh&EdS ikd yf gw,f? *smrefbmomrSm bHt
k zG@J
tpnf; vd@k t"dym` ,f&wJh pum;vH;k u 2 vH;k &Sad eygw,f? tde*f ,fuawmh
bHt
k zG@J tpnf;wckuykd J &nf!e ;f wJph um;vH;k udk roH;k bJ 'Dvt
kd zG@J tpnf;awG
pkaygif;xm;wJh bHktzGJ@tpnf;pepfudk &nf!ef;wJh pum;vHk;udkyJ toHk;y
xm;ygw,f? 'Dpum;vH;k rsKd ; k&mS ;bmomrSm r&Syd gb;l ? 'ga=umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd
[m jyifopfpum;vH;k bHt
k zG@J udyk J toH;k y&zd@k &Syd gw,f? 'Dpum;vH;k uvnf;
tm;enf;csuaf wG&adS wmh &Sw
d mayg?h
yJ&pfbt
kH zG@J [m rlvt"dym` ,ft& Edik if aH wmfwck r[kwaf wmhyg?
oabmw&m;a&;_axmifhu=unfh&if 'Dpum;[m tdef*,fajymwJhtxJrSm
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vH;k [m vH;k 0&Si;f vif;aeygw,f? bHt
k zG@J [m Edik if aH wmfwck r[kwaf wmhygb;l ?
bmvd@k vq
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f J (aoG;pkyo
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vltenf;pkudk zdESdyfzdk@om jzpfw,f? bHktzGJ@u "e&SifEdkifiHawmf,EW&m;udk
zsuq
f ;D ypfcyhJ g+yD? zdEydS af &; txl;tiftm;wyfz@JG ae&mrSm vltrsm;ud,
k w
f ikd f
tpm;xd;k 0ifa&muf vkyv
f mcJ+h yD? 'gawG[m rlvt"dym` ,ft& Edik if aH wmfr[kwf
awmhwhJ tcsuaf wGygy?J aemuf+yD; yJ&pfbt
kH zG@J om cdik cf ikd rf mrmjzpfvmcJ&h if
bHt
k zG@J pepfxu
J Edik if aH wmfe@J ywfoufwhJ tjcif;t&mawG[m tvdv
k kd wdrf
aumyaysmuf oGm;rSmyg? Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;XmeawGukd zsuq
f ;D p&mudk
rvdak wmhb;l ? 'DXmeawG[m bmrSvyk pf &mr&Sd jzpfvmwmeJ@tr# olw@kd &@J tcef;
uawG[m ukeq
f ;kH oGm;rSmyJ?
rif;rJ0h g'aD wGuawmh jynfo@l Eikd if aH wmf qdw
k phJ um;pke@J u|eaf wmf
wdk@udk oa&mfae=uwkef;ygyJ vdk@ tdef*,fu ajymqdk&mrSm bmuleif
(Bakunin) ta=umif;eJ@ *smrefq&kd ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufawGtay: bmuleifwu
kd cf u
kd f
111

vDeif
wJt
h a=umif;awGukd txl;ojzifh &nf!e ;f ygw,f? 'Dwu
kd cf u
kd rf a_ wGrmS rSeu
f ef
wmawGvnf; &Sw
d ,fv@kd tde*f ,fu ,lqygw,f? bmvd@k vq
J akd wmh jynfo@l
Edik if aH wmf qdw
k m vGwv
f yfwjhJ ynfo@l Eikd if aH wmf vdyk J ,kwrdW +hJ yD; qd&k ,
S v
f pf
0g'eJ@ rudu
k n
f v
D @kd jzpfygw,f? tde*f ,f[m rif;rJ0h g'tay: *smrefq&kd ,
S 'f rD kd
u&ufawG&@J wdu
k yf q
JG ifru
_ kd rSeu
f efwv
hJ rf;a=umif;ay: wifay;zd@k / 'Dwu
kd yf JG
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f efvmapzd@k / Edik if aH wmf eJ@ywfouf+yD; 'DtxJrmS ygaewJh
tacsmif0g'qefwhJ tpGt
J vef;awGukd z,f&mS ;ypfz@kd u;pm;cJyh gw,f? 'gayrJh
0rf;enf;p&mygy?J tde*f ,f&@J pm[m 36 ESpv
f ;kH vH;k acsmifx;kd xm;wm cHc&hJ w,f?
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f w
k af 0cJ+h yD; aemufrmS awmif tde*f ,fu a&Smif=uOfz@kd owday;cJw
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cJw
h ,f? 'Dta=umif;awGukd aemufyikd ;f rSm qufvufa&;om;ygr,f?
1875 ck pufwifbmv 21 &ufpeJG @J abb,fu tde*f ,fxH pmjyefchJ
w,f? pmxJrmS ygwv
D yk if ef;pOfr=l urf;tay: tde*f ,f a0zefxm;wmawGukd
ol tjynft
h 0oabmwl a=umif;/ vpfbcf euf (Liebknecht) &J@ tvG,f
wul tav#mhay;vdkwJh oabmxm;udkvnf; ol_H@csa=umif; a&;om;xm;
ygw,f? (abb,f&@J jyefvnfowd&csurf sm;/ *smrefbmom tkyw
f JG 2 pmrsuf
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awmftjzpfo@kd ajymif;vJypf&r,f? (u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J &nf&,
G cf surf sm;
pmtky/f *smrefbmom/ 1886 ckEpS /f pmrsuEf mS 14?)

112

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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kd &ufygw0D ifawG[m Edik if H
awmfe@J ywfouf+yD; tacsmif0g'oabmw&m;awGukd acgi;f rmrmeJ@ xyfjyef
wvJvJ ajymqdak e=uwm rqef;ygb;l ? txl;ojzifh tde*f ,f&@J awmfveS af &;
usus&iS ;f jycsuaf wG vHv
k kH cHcHe@J acsmifx;kd cHxm;&+yD;/ b0tajctaetm;vH;k
uvnf; 'Dval wGukd awmfveS af &;eJ@ a&&Snf jzwfawmuf xm;wJh tcsed rf mS
'Dvjkd zpfwm rqef;ygb;l ?
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tmzmhvyk if ef;pOfr=l urf;tay: a0zefcsuu
f kd tde*f ,fu aumufpuD;
xH 1891 ck ZGev
f 29 &ufae@rmS ay;yd@k cw
hJ ,f? 'gukd aemuf 10 ESpf =umrS
acwfopfowif;pmrSm azmfjycJw
h ,f? Edik if aH wmfe@J ywfouf+yD; rmhupf 0f g'oif
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113

vDeif
vuQ%mudk yHak zmf&mrSm oH;k xm;wJh pDru
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Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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117

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118

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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125

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126

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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127

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135

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137

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138

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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Edik if aH wmfwrd af umyaysmufa&;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;tajccH

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140

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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141

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142

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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168

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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169

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Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

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f meJ@ trSm;udk
trSex
f ifatmif ajymwmawGukd vky&f yfwck taeeJ@ pkaygi;f =unfv
h u
kd &f if 'Dvyk f
&yfu ol@ukd tacsmif0g'buf vH;k 0a&mufomG ;atmif rvGrJ aoGweG ;f yd@k vu
kd f
wmygy?J 'Dta=umif;udk tck u|eaf wmfw@kd aqG;aEG;ygr,f?
*smrefq&kd ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufygw[
D m aumufpuD;rSwqifh atmufygtwdik ;f
a=unmae[ef&w
dS ,f? u|Eyfk [
f m awmfveS af &; tjrifrsm;udk udik pf x
JG m;w,f
(1899 ckEpS )f ? u|Eyfk [
f m ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;&J@ vlra_ wmfveS af &; rvGrJ aoG
jzpfvmrSmudk todtrSwf yw,f (1902 ckEpS )f ? u|Eyfk [
f m awmfveS af &;acwf
umvopfwck qdu
k af &mufvmwmudk todtrSwf yw,f (1909 ckEpS )f ? 'gayrJh
u|Eyfk [
f m ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;&J@ Edik if aH wmfqikd &f m vkyif ef;wm0efrsm; jy\emeJ@
ywfoufvdk@uawmh 1852 ckESpfuwnf;u rmhufpfajymcJhwJhpum;rsm;udk
ausmcdik ;f um aemufjyefqw
k o
f mG ;aew,f (1912 ckEpS )f ?
aumufpuD;[m yifeaD umhe@J oabmw&m;jiif;cH&k mrSm jy\emudk
tJ'v
D w
kd u
kd f u
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f suse@J yif wifjycJw
h m jzpfw,f?
3? aumufpuD;eJ@ yifeaD umh (Pannekoek) wd@k &@J oabmw&m;jiif;cHrk ?_
yifeaD umh[m vuf0&J ,f'u
D ,f *d%
k ;f &J@ ud,
k pf m;vS,w
f a,muf
tjrife@J aumufpuD;udk qef@usicf w
hJ ,f? 'D*%
kd ;f rSm dZk mvlZifbwf/ um;vf
&m'uf (Karl Radek) eJ@ wjc;olrsm; yg0ifygw,f? olw@kd [m awmfveS af &;
enf;y&d,m,frsm;ukd udik pf =JG uw,f? aumufpuD;[m rmhupf 0f g'eJ@tacsmif0g'
=um;rSm rlrphJ mG ,dr;f ,dik w
f hJ tv,fA[d0k g'*d%
k ;f bufukd ajymif;vJomG ;ae
w,fvkd@ olwdk@tm;vHk;u wnDw!Gwfwnf; jrif=uw,f? 'DtjrifrSefuef
a=umif; ppfy}JG uD;u tjynft
h 0jyvdu
k w
f ,f? ppfyjJG zpfvmwJt
h cgrmS (rmhupf 0f g'
tjzpf wcsKd @u vGrJ mS ;pGmac:aecJ=h uwJ)h tv,fA[d0k g *d%
k ;f / wenf;tm;jzifh
184

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

aumufpuD;0g'*d%
k ;f &J@ pufqyk zf ,
G &f m atmufwef;usrt
_ m;vH;k [m ay:xGuf
vmcJw
h ,f?
yifeDaumhu EdkifiHawmfjy\emta=umif; aqG;aEG;a&;om;wJh
vlxk yrlvy_ &f mS ;r_e@J awmfveS af &; (acwfopfowif;pm/ 1912 ckEpS f twGJ
30/ trSw2f ) aqmif;yg;xJrmS aumufpuD;&J@ &yfwnfcsu[
f m vufO;D r_rw
hJ hJ
a&'Du,f0g &yfwnfcsuw
f ck jzpfw,f? rwufruapmifah r#maf &; oabm
w&m; jzpfw,fv@kd ajymygw,f? aumufpuD;[m awmfveS af &;jzpfpOfukd
r=unfjh rifvb
kd ;l (pmrsuEf mS 616) vd@k a&;om;xm;w,f? yifeaD umh[m
jy\emudk tJ'v
D kd wifjy&if;eJ@ u|eaf wmfw@kd pdw0f ifpm;wJh ta=umif;t&mudk
a&mufvmygw,f? Edik if aH wmfe@J ywfouf+yD; ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;awmfveS af &;&J@
vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;ta=umif;udk a&mufvmygw,f?
olu 'Dvakd &;ygw,f? ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;&J@wu
kd yf [
JG m Edik if aH wmf
tm%m&&Sda&;twGuf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk qef@usifwJhwdkufyGJ
jzpfHkr#omru EdkifiHawmftm%mudk qef@usifwJh wdkufyGJvnf;
jzpfw,f? ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm; awmfveS af &;&J@ twGi;f oabmu
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;&J@ tiftm;ud&d,mudk toHk;+yD; EdkifiHawmf&J@
tiftm;ud&,
d mudk zsuq
f ;D wm/ zsuo
f rd ;f wmyJ jzpfw,f? wdu
k yf q
JG if
r_&@J aemufq;kH &v'ftjzpf Edik if aH wmftzG@J tpnf; vH;k 0zsuq
f ;D +yD;wJh
tcgusrS wdu
k yf +JG yD;qH;k oGm;w,f? vltrsm;pk tzG@J tpnf;&J@ omvGef
aumif;rGefcsufuawmh tkyfpdk;olvlenf;pktzGJ@tpnf;udk zsufqD;
Edik jf cif;yJ jzpfw,f? (pmrsuef mS 548)?
yifeaD umh[m ol@&@J tawG;tac:udk azmfjywJt
h cg pum;toH;k tE_e;f
awGt& tvGe}f uD;rm;wJh csKd @,iG ;f csuaf wG &Syd gw,f? 'gayrJh t"dym` ,fuawmh
185

vDeif
&Si;f vif;ygw,f? tck 'DtawG;tac:udk aumufpuD; b,fvw
kd @kH jyefwu
kd cf u
kd f
w,fqw
kd m =unf=h upd@k ? pdw0f ifpm;zG,f aumif;ygw,f? aumufpuD;u 'Dvkd
a&;xm;w,f?
,cktxd awG@&oavmuf qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufrsm;eJ@ rif;rJ0h g'orm;rsm;
t=um; jcm;em;csufudk ajym&r,fqdk&if/ qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;u
Edik if aH wmftm%mudk &,lv=kd uw,f? rif;rJ0h g'orm;rsm;uawmh 'gukd
zsuq
f ;D ypfv=kd uw,f? yifeaD umhusjyefawmh 'D 2 rsKd ;pvH;k udk vkycf sif
aew,f? (pmrsuEf mS 724)
yifeaD umhwifjyyHrk mS &Si;f vif;wdusre_ @J tcdik t
f rmusrr_ sm; r&Sv
d yS g?
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'gawGuakd wmh tckta=umif;t&meJ@ rqdik v
f @kd rajymawmhyg?) 'gayrJh aumuf
puD;[m yifeaD umh wifjywJh rluswhJ tESpo
f m&udak wmh qkyu
f ikd rf cd w
hJ ,f?
tJ'DtajccHuswJhrleJ@ ywfoufvdk@udkyJ aumufpuD;[m rmhufpf0g'&yfwnf
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f ahH p+yD; yHyk ef;ysuaf pygw,f?
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f 'Dvjkd zpfygw,f?
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kd t
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f rd ;f zd@k &nf&,
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S v
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ay:Edik w
f ,fv@kd rmhupf 0f g'rD sm;u ,lqw,f? rif;rJ0h g'rD sm;uawmh Edik if aH wmfukd
186

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

ae@csif;ncsif; tukeftpif zsufodrf;csif=uw,f? olwdk@[m EdkifiHawmfudk
b,fvt
kd ajctaeatmufrmS rS zsuo
f rd ;f Edik w
f ,fqw
kd mudk em;rvnf=ubl;?
(2) rmhupf 0f g'rD sm;oabmt& ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;taeeJ@ Edik if aH wmftm%mudk
t&,l+yD;aemufrSm EdkifiHawmf,EW&m;a[mif;udk tukeftpifzsufqD;ypf+yD;/
'Dae&mrSm vufeufuikd f tvkyo
f rm;tzG@J tpnf; yg0ifwhJ bHt
k zG@J ypkH rH sKd ; Edik if aH wmf
,EW&m;topfe@J tpm;xd;k &r,f? rif;rJ0h g'rD sm;uawmh Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udk
zsufqD;ypfzdk@ awmif;qdk=uayr,fh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;taeeJ@ 'gudk bmeJ@
tpm;xd;k rvJ/ ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;tm%mudk b,fvt
kd oH;k yrvJqw
kd mawGe@J
ywfoufv@kd bmrS&iS ;f &Si;f vif;vif; em;rvnf=ubl;? olw@kd [m awmfveS w
f hJ
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;taeeJ@ EdkifiHawmftm%mudk toHk;yzdk@vdkw,fqdkwJh
tcsuu
f kd jiif;awmifjiif;y,f=uw,f? olw@kd [m ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;&J@ awmfveS f
wJh tm%m&Sipf epfukd jiif;y,f=uw,f? (3) rmhupf 0f g'rD sm; awmif;qdw
k mu
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;taeeJ@ vuf&SdEdkifiHawmfudk toHk;csum/ awmfvSefa&;
twGuf toifjh zpfatmif jyifqifxm;&r,f? rif;rJ0h g'rD sm;uawmh 'gujkd iif;y,f
=uw,f?
'Djiif;cHkr_rSm rmhufpf0g'udk udk,fpm;yolu aumufpuD;r[kwf?
yifeaD umhom jzpfw,f? bmvd@k vq
J akd wmh ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;[m Edik if aH wmf
tm%mudk tvG,fwulodrf;,lHkeJ@ r+yD;bl;? wenf;tm;jzifh EdkifiHawmf
,EW&m;a[mif;udk vlopfrsm; vufxo
J @kd v$aJ jymif;vdu
k f ekH @J r+yD;bl;? 'gukd
du
k cf sKd ;zsuq
f ;D +yD; ,EW&m;topfe@J tpm;xd;k &r,f pojzifh oif=um;cJo
h [
l m
rmhupf yf J jzpfv@kd ygy?J
aumufpuD;[m rmhupf 0f g'udk ausmcdik ;f um tacsmif0g'orm;rsm;
qD oGm;aeygw,f? bmjzpfv@kd vq
J akd wmh tacsmiform;rsm; vH;k 0vufrcHEikd w
f hJ
tawG;tac:jzpfwhJ Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;zsuo
f rd ;f a&; tawG;tac:udk aumuf
187

vDeif
puD;&J@ acsycsux
f rJ mS vH;k 0rawG@&bl;? aemuf+yD; &,lord ;f ydu
k rf _ qdw
k m
vltrsm;pku d;k d;k pif;pif; tm%m&,lru
_ kd qdv
k w
kd ,fq+kd yD; tacsmiform;
rsm;twGuf olu xGuaf yguaf y;cJw
h ,f?
aumufpuD;[m rmhupf 0f g'udk kyyf suq
f if;ysujf zpfatmif vkycf w
hJ ,f?
ol@vyk &f yfukd zH;k uG,zf @kd twGuf ol[m pmtky}f uD;orm;enf;emudk oH;k w,f?
olu rmhufpfudk,fwdkif ajymcJhwJhpum;w&yfudk udk;um; wifjyw,f?
Edik if aH wmftm%m vufxrJ mS tcGit
hf m%mawGukd tuif;rJph pk nf;xm; zd@k
vdt
k yfw,fv@kd rmhupf u
f 1850 ckEpS rf mS a&;cJw
h ,f? 'gukd aumufpuD;u
udk;um;+yD; A[dkcsKyfudkifr_pepf udk yifeDaumhu zsufqD;csifaeovm;vdk@
atmify&JG avoHe@J ar;cGe;f xkwv
f u
kd w
f ,f?
'gu vSnphf m;r_wckom jzpfw,f? A[dck sKyfuikd rf p_ epfukd jynfaxmifpk
pepfe@J tpm;xd;k a&;jy\emrSm rmhupf 0f g'eJ@ ya&muf'eG ;f 0g'wd@k wloa,mif
a,mif bef;pwde;f u vSnphf m;wJyh pkH rH sKd ;ygy?J
aumufpuD;&J@ ud;k um;csuf [m temwjcm;aq;wjcm; jzpfae
w,f? A[dck sKyfuikd rf p_ epf[m Edik if aH wmf,EW&m; ta[mif;rSma&m/ topfrmS yg
vkyfvdk@&ygw,f? tvkyform;rsm;[m rdrdwdk@. vufeufudkifwyfudk qEN
tavsmuf waygi;f wpnf;wnf;jzpfatmif pkpnf;=uw,fq&kd if 'g[m A[dk
csKyfuikd rf p_ epf jzpfvmvdrrhf ,f? 'gayrJh 'g[m t+rJwrf;ppfwyf/ ykvyd w
f yfz@JG e@J
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k a&pDwnf;[laom A[du
k csKyfuikd x
f m;wJh Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udk vH;k 0
zsuq
f ;D ypfr_ tay: tajccHvrd rhf ,f? aumufpuD;[m yJ&pfbt
kH zG@J e@J ywf
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f hJ ud;k um;csuu
f kd qGx
J w
k w
f ifjyw,f? 'g[m
uvdrf cHqefveG ;f w,f?
188

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

aumufpuD; qufvufa&;om;xm;wmu yifeDaumh[m
t&m&Srd sm; Edik if aH wmfvyk if ef;aqmifwm vkyaf er_ukd zsuo
f rd ;f ypfcsif
ovm; rodb;l ? 'gayrJh Edik if aH wmftyk cf sKyfa&;Xmersm;xJrmS rajymeJ@/
ygwDeJ@ tvkyform; or*~awGxJrSmawmif t&m&Sdrsm; r&Sdvdk@
rjzpfb;l ? u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J vkyif ef;pOfu Edik if aH wmft&m&Srd sm; xm;&Sd
jcif;udk zsuo
f rd ;f zd@k rawmif;qdyk g? 'gayrJh olw@kd ukd jynfov
l x
l u
k
a&G;aumuf&efawmif;qdx
k m;w,f? tck u|eaf wmfw@kd aqG;aEG;ae
wmu tem*wfEikd if aH wmf tkycf sKyaf &;,EW&m;[m b,fvykd o
kH mef
jzpfrvJqw
kd hJ jy\emr[kwyf gb;l ? Edik if aH wmftm%mudk rodr;f ydu
k &f
ao;cifrmS (aumufpuD;&J@ rsO;f om;csu)f u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J Edik if aH &;
wdu
k yf u
JG Edik if aH wmftm%mudk zsuo
f rd ;f rvm; rzsuo
f rd ;f bl;vm;
qdw
k hJ jy\emudo
k m aqG;aEG;aejcif; jzpfw,f? b,f0ef}uD;XmeeJ@
Xmet&m&Srd sm;udk zsuo
f rd ;f ypf&rvJ aumufpuD;u 'Dae&mrSm
ynma&;Xme/ w&m;a&;Xme/ bma&;XmeeJ@ ppfa&;Xmewdk@udk
Oyrmxm;wifjy+y;D 'Dvq
kd ufa&;ygw,f? rzsuo
f rd ;f ygb;l ? tpd;k &udk
qef@usiw
f hJ u|eaf wmfw@kd Edik if aH &;wdu
k yf u
JG vuf&b
dS ,f0ef}uD;Xme
udkrS zsufodrf;ypfrSm r[kwfbl;? em;vnfr_rvGJrSm;apzdk@twGuf
u|efawmfxyfajymygr,f? atmifyGJ& qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwDu
tem*wf Edik if aH wmf udk b,fyo
kH mefe@J vkyrf vJqw
kd jhJ y\emudk
u|eaf wmfw@kd aqG;aEG;aewm r[kwb
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k t
f cH
ygwu
D vuf&EdS ikd if aH wmfukd b,fvakd jymif;vJypfrvJqw
kd hJ jy\emudk
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'g[m wrifvn
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189

vDeif
ud;k um;cJw
h hJ pmyd'k af wGuyg 'Dtcsuu
f kd xif&mS ;pGm jyoaeygw,f? aumufpuD;
u 'Djy\emudk ausmv
f m$ ;+yD; twdu
k t
f cHygwD jy\emudk wifjyw,f?
'g[m awmfveS af &;tjrifae&mrSm tacsmif0g'tjrife@J tpm;xd;k vdu
k w
f myJ?
olajymwJhoabmu rsufarSmufrSm u|efawmfwdk@[m twdkuftcHygwD
jzpfw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd tm%modr;f +yD;&if bmvkyrf ,fqw
kd m tJ't
D cgusrS
ajym=uwmaygq
h w
kd o
hJ abm jzpfw,f? awmfveS af &;qdw
k m aysmufomG ;+yDav/
tacsmiform;rsm;u 'guykd J vdv
k m;ae=uwm jzpfw,f?
u|efawmfw@kd tckajymaewmu twdu
k t
f cHygwt
D a=umif;vnf;
r[kwf? a,bk,sEdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJ ta=umif;vnf; r[kwf/ awmfvSefa&;
ta=umif;om jzpfw,f? awmfveS af &;qdw
k m ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;u tkycf sKyaf &;
,EW&m; eJ@ EdkifiHawmf,EW&m;wckvHk;udk zsufqD;ypf+yD; 'gudk vufeufudkif
tvkyo
f rm;rsm;eJ@ zG@J pnf;xm;wJh ,EW&m;topfe@J tpm;xd;k wmudk qdv
k w
kd ,f?
aumufpuD;[m 0ef}u;D Xmersm; qdw
k mawGtay: t,lonf;pGmud;k uG,f
aewm xif&mS ;w,f? 'gawGukd bmjzpfv@kd tpm;xd;k vd@k r&&rSmvJ? Oyrm tvkyf
orm;eJ@ ppfom;rsm;&J@ udk,fpm;vS,fawGeJ@ zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh qdkAD,uftzGJ@
tpnf;&J@ tuif;rJt
h m%matmufrmS txl;u|r;f usio
f rl sm;aumfrwDrsm;eJ@
tpm;xd;k vd@k bmvd@k r&&rSmvJ?
jy\em&J@ tESpo
f m&u 0ef}uD;Xmersm; udk qufvufxed ;f odr;f
xm;rvm;? txl;u|r;f usio
f rl sm; aumfrwDrsm; od@k r[kwf wjcm; tzG@J
tpnf;rsm;udk xlaxmifrvm;qdw
k t
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f m&u Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;a[mif; ("e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;eJ@
qufo,
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aewJh EdkifiHawmf,EW&m;a[mif;) udk qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;rvm;/ 'gudk
zsuq
f ;D ypf+yD; topfwcke@J tpm;xd;k rvm;qdw
k t
hJ csuyf J jzpfygw,f? awmfveS f
190

Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;

a&;qdw
k m vlwef;pm;topfu Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;a[mif;udo
k ;kH +yD; !e=f um;
tkycf sKyfwmrsKd ; r[kwb
f J vlwef;pm;topfu Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;ta[mif;udk
zsufqD;ypfum EdkifiHawmf,EW&m; topfudkoHk;+yD; !ef=um;tkyfcsKyfwmrsdK;
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198

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aemufxyf tcef;jzpfwhJ tcef; (7) 1905 ESihf 1917 k&mS ;awmfveS af &;rsm;&J@
tawG@tuH twGuf u|eaf wmf aumufa=umif;a&;xm;+yD;om;yg? 'gayrJh
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199

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&nf!e ;f
V. I. Lenins The State and Revolution is a reprint of the text given in
the Selected Works of V. I. Lenin, Eng. ed., Foreign Languages
Publishing House, Moscow, 1952, Vol II, Part I.