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Chapter 3 Diffusion Osmosis Lecture Notes

This document contains notes from a secondary school biology class on diffusion, osmosis, and surface area to volume ratio. It defines diffusion and osmosis, explains how they differ, and gives examples of each. It also defines selectively permeable membranes and explains their role in osmosis. Active transport is defined as the movement of particles against a concentration gradient using energy. The importance of surface area to volume ratio for cellular processes like diffusion and osmosis is discussed.

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144 views7 pages

Chapter 3 Diffusion Osmosis Lecture Notes

This document contains notes from a secondary school biology class on diffusion, osmosis, and surface area to volume ratio. It defines diffusion and osmosis, explains how they differ, and gives examples of each. It also defines selectively permeable membranes and explains their role in osmosis. Active transport is defined as the movement of particles against a concentration gradient using energy. The importance of surface area to volume ratio for cellular processes like diffusion and osmosis is discussed.

Uploaded by

shammah2rashad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Jurongville Secondary School

Secondary 3 Express Biology Notes


Syllabus 5100
Name: _________________________ ( )
Class: Sec 3___ Date: ____________
Chapter 3: i!!usion" #s$osis % Sur!ace &rea: 'olu$e (atio
3)1 i!!usion
Definition: The net movement of ions or molecules of a substance from a region where
they are in a higher concentration to a region where they are in lower concentration,
own a iffusion graient
Diffusion graient: Difference in concentrations of a substance between the two regions
o The stee!er the iffusion graient, the faster will be the rate of iffusion for the
substance
Diffusion may occur with or without the !resence of a membrane
3)1)1 *ypes o! $e$branes
"ermeable membrane: #llows all molecules (solute or solvent) to !ass thorough it
o $%am!le of !ermeable membrane: Cellulose cell wall in !lants
"artially !ermeable (or selectively !ermeable) membrane: #llows certain molecules to
!ass through it but not others
o $%am!le of selectively !ermeable membrane: Cell membrane in all cells
3)+ #s$osis
1
Definition: The net movement of water molecules across a selectively&!ermeable
membrane from a region of higher water !otential to a region of lower water !otential,
own a water !otential graient
'ater !otential: # measure of how much water is !resent in com!arison with solute
molecules in the same volume of solution
o (ow water !otential )igh solute concentration (solution is concentrate)
o )igh water !otential (ow solute concentration (solution is ilute)
*smosis is therefore a s!ecial case of iffusion+
Ta,e note: *smosis occurs only when a selectively !ermeable membrane is use+
$%am!le of Diffusion ("ermeable membrane se!arates ilute an concentrate
solutions)
2
$%am!le of *smosis (Selectively !ermeable membrane se!arates ilute an
concentrate solutions)
S!ecial Definitions of Solutions with res!ect to ,ig +)- above
o Note: *his de!initions only apply to &N./&0 syste$s11
*er$ State o! solution
)y!otonic Solution # (higher water !otential) is hy!otonic with res!ect to
solution - (lower water !otential)
)y!ertonic Solution - (lower water !otential) is hy!ertonic with res!ect to
solution # (higher water !otential)
.sotonic Solutions # an - have the same water !otential an are sai to be
isotonic
3
3)3 #s$osis in living syste$s 2Cells3
Cell surface membrane is selectively !ermeable
.n !lant cells, remember also that the cell wall is tough, slightly&elastic an !ermeable
o .ts cell sa! in the vacuole is highly concentrate as it contains a mi%ture of
substances
4
3)- &ctive *ransport
Definition: "rocess where energy is use to move the !articles of a substance against a
concentration graient from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher
solute concentration
5
Cells carrying out active trans!ort usually
o Contains numerous mitochonria
o )ave high cellular res!iratory rate to !rovie energy neee
3)5 *ransport across the cell sur!ace $e$brane
/aterials move in an out of cells across their cell membranes by the following methos:
o Diffusion: eg0 1!ta,e of o%ygen an e%cretion of carbon io%ie by all living cells
uring res!iration
o *smosis: eg0 1!ta,e of water molecules from the soil by root hair cells an the
flow of water from here to the %ylem vessel of the root
o #ctive trans!ort: eg0 1!ta,e of
(a) /ineral salts (ions) by root hair cells
(b) 2lucose an amino acis by the e!ithelial cells in the villi of the
small intestine
3)4 Sur!ace &rea: 'olu$e (atio
.t is very im!ortant that the rates of movement of substances (o%ygen, carbon io%ie
an nutrients) across cell membranes must be high enough to meet the metabolic nees
of the cells
)ow fast these 3 !rocesses is ta,ing !lace e!ens strongly on the ratio of the surface
area of the cells to its volume
o /athematically, is it efine as
Volume
a SurfaceAre
o Normally e%!resse in ratio form
The greater the surface area: volume ratio The faster the rate at which these
!rocesses (iffusion, osmosis, active trans!ort) ta,e !lace
# smaller cell has a larger surface area: volume ratio than a large cell of the same sha!e
6
o Thus, a large organism is mae u! of many small cells (multicellular)
)aving multifol of cell surface membrane can increase surface area: volume ratio of a
cell0
o This moification is very im!ortant to cells that are concerne with absor!tion of
substances0 $g0 /icrovilli of cells lining the small intestine
7

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