May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.

11-03/940r43
IEEE P802.11
Wireless LANs
Indoor MIM WLAN!"n #$annel Models
%a&e: January 9May 104, 2004
A'&$ors:
Vinko Erceg
Zyray Wireless; e-Mail: verceg@yray!ireless"co#
$auren% &c'u#ac'er
(a#ur )niversi%y; e-Mail: lauren%"sc'u#ac'er@ieee"org
*erse+oni ,yri%si
&%an+or- )niversi%y; e-Mail: kyri%si@#a%'"s%an+or-"e-u
.n-reas Molisc', Mi%su/is'i Elec%ric
0aniel &" 1au#, E23 )niversi%y
.le4ei 5" 6orok'ov, *'ili7s 8esearc'
9lau-e :es%ges, $ouvain )niversi%y
;ing'ua $i, <n%el
,ai 5u, ,23
(ir 2al, Me%alink
1as 0i=ks%ra, (a#ur )niversi%y
.-i%yakiran Jaganna%'a#, )"9" &an 0iego
9olin $anl, .!are
Valen%ine J" 8'o-es, <n%el
Jonas Me-/o, Ericsson
0ave Mic'elson, )19
Mark We/s%er, <n%ersil
&u/#ission 7age 1 Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
Eric Jaco/sen, <n%el
0avi- 9'eung, <n%el
9li++or- *re%%ie, <n%el
Minnie 3o, <n%el
&%eve 3o!ar-, ;ualco##
1=orn 1=erke, ;ualco##
$ung Jeng4, <n%el
3e#an%' &a#7a%', Marvell
&everine 9a%reu4, Zyray Wireless
&%e+ano Valle, &2 Microelec%ronics
.ngelo *oloni, &2 Microelec%ronics
.n%onio >orena, )niversi%y o+ 2e4as a% .us%in
8o/er% W" 3ea%', )niversi%y o+ 2e4as a% .us%in
A(s&rac&
2'is -ocu#en% 7rovi-es %'e c'annel #o-els %o /e use- +or %'e 3ig' 2'roug'7u% 2ask 6rou7
?26n@"
&u/#ission 7age 2 Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
Lis& o) Par&ici*an&s
Vinko Erceg ?Zyray Wireless@
$auren% &c'u#ac'er ?(a#ur )niversi%y@
*erse+oni ,yri%si ?.al/org )niversi%y@
0aniel 1au# ?E23 )niversi%y@
.n-reas Molisc' ?Mi%su/is'i Elec%ric@
.le4ei 6orok'ov ?*'ili7s 8esearc'@
Valen%ine J" 8'o-es ?<n%el@
&rina%' 3osur ?2e4as <ns%ru#en%s@
&rikan%' 6u##a-i ?2e4as <ns%ru#en%s@
Eil%s 3enry ?2e4as <ns%ru#en%s@
Eric Jaco/sen ?<n%el@
&u#ee% &an-'u ?<n%el@
0avi- 9'eung ?<n%el@
;ing'ua $i ?<n%el@
9li++or- *re%%ie ?<n%el@
3ee=ung 5u ?E28<@
5eong-9'ang Maa ?<n*ro9o##@
8ic'ar- van (ee ?.irgo@
Jonas Me-/o ?Ericsson@
El-a- *era'ia ?9isco &ys%e#s@
1re%% 0ouglas ?9isco &ys%e#s@
3el#u% 1oelcskei ?E23 )niv"@
5ong Je $i# ?&a#sung@
Massi#iliano &i%i ?&2@
&%e+ano Valle ?&2@
&%eve 3o!ar- ?;ualco##@
1=orn 1=erke ?;ualco##@
;in+ang &un ?.%'eros@
Won-Joon 9'oi ?.%'eros@
.r-avan 2e'rani ?.%'eros@
Je++ 6il/er% ?.%'eros@
3e#an%' &a#7a%' ?Marvell@
3" $ou ?Marvell@
8avi (arasi#'an ?Marvell@
*ie%er van 8ooyen ?Zyray Wireless@
*ie%er 8ou4 ?Zyray Wireless@
Ma=i- Malek ?3*@
2i#o%'y Wakeley ?3*@
0ong=un $ee ?&a#sung@
2o#er 1en%ion ?Me%alink@
(ir 2al ?Me%alink@
.#ir $es'e# ?Me%alink, 1ar <<an )niversi%y@
6uy &'oc'e% ?Me%alink@
*a%ric ,elly ?1an-s7ee-@
Va+a 6'ai ?9a-ence@
Me'ul Me'%a ?&yna- 2ec'nologies@
1o//y Jose ?Ma/u'ay (e%!orks@
9'arles >arlo! ?9ali+ornia .#7li+ier@
9lau-e :es%ges ?$ouvain )niversi%y@
8o/er% W" 3ea%' ?)niv" o+ 2e4as a% .us%in@
0ave Mic'elson ?)19@
Mark We/s%er ?<n%ersil@
0ov .n-el#an ?Envara@
9olin $anl ?.!are@
,ai 5u ?,23@
<rina Me-ve-ev ?;ualco##@
Jo'n ,e%c'u# ?;ualco##@
.-rian &%e7'ens ?<n%el@
Jack Win%ers ?Mo%ia@
&u/#ission 7age A Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
+e,ision -is&ory
%a&e .ersion %escri*&ion o) c$an/es
1B9B04 01 *aragra7' a--e- in &ec" 4"1 -escri/ing K-+ac%or si#ula%ion 7roce-ure"
*aragra7' a--e- in &ec" 4"C"1 -escri/ing 'ig' .* an%enna 7lace#en%s"
ABCB04 02 9orrec%ion o+ au%ocorrela%ion +unc%ion an- co'erence %i#e +or#ula in
&ec 4"D"1 ?inclusion o+ f
d
@" EEua%ions ?4@ an- ?D@ !ere u7-a%e-"
CB4B04 0A 2a/le <</ re#ove- an- res%ric%ion on .o.B.o0F4C re#ove- %o
7rovi-e consis%ency !i%' u7-a%e- )M ?0ABG02r1D@; a--e- geo#e%ry %o
sec%ion 4"1 ?>igure 2@, renu#/ere- +igures ?inclu-ing +igures in
a77en-ices@ an- al%ere- re+erences %o 'o! clus%ers cons%ruc%e- %o
e#7'asie %'a% %'ey are ($:&; a--e- %a/le o+ #ean an- s%an-ar-
-evia%ion o+ clus%er r#s -elay s7rea- in sec%ion 4"C"1; renu#/ere-
+igures %o /e consis%en%""
&u/#ission 7age 4 Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
1. In&rod'c&ion
Mul%i7le an%enna %ec'nologies are /eing consi-ere- as a via/le solu%ion +or %'e ne4%
genera%ion o+ #o/ile an- !ireless local area ne%!orks ?W$.(@" 2'e use o+ #ul%i7le an%ennas
o++ers e4%en-e- range, i#7rove- relia/ili%y an- 'ig'er %'roug'7u%s %'an conven%ional single
an%enna co##unica%ion sys%e#s" Mul%i7le an%enna sys%e#s can /e generally se7ara%e- in%o
%!o #ain grou7s: s#ar% an%enna /ase- sys%e#s an- s7a%ial #ul%i7le4ing /ase- #ul%i7le-in7u%
#ul%i7le-ou%7u% ?M<M:@ sys%e#s"
&#ar% an%enna /ase- sys%e#s e47loi% #ul%i7le %rans#i% an-Bor receive an%ennas %o 7rovi-e
-iversi%y gain in a +a-ing environ#en%, an%enna gain an- in%er+erence su77ression" 2'ese
gains %ransla%e in%o i#7rove#en% o+ %'e s7ec%ral e++iciency, range an- relia/ili%y o+ !ireless
ne%!orks" 2'ese sys%e#s #ay 'ave an array o+ #ul%i7le an%ennas only a% one en- o+ %'e
co##unica%ion link ?e"g", a% %'e %rans#i% si-e, suc' as #ul%i7le-in7u% single-ou%7u% ?M<&:@
sys%e#s; or a% %'e receive si-e, suc' as single-in7u% #ul%i7le-ou%7u% ?&<M:@ sys%e#s; or a%
/o%' en-s ?M<M:@ sys%e#s@" <n M<M: sys%e#s, eac' %rans#i% an%enna can /roa-cas% a% %'e
sa#e %i#e an- in %'e sa#e /an-!i-%' an in-e7en-en% signal su/-s%rea#" 2'is corres7on-s %o
%'e secon- ca%egory o+ #ul%i-an%ennas sys%e#s, re+erre- %o as s7a%ial #ul%i7le4ing-/ase-
#ul%i7le-in7u% #ul%i7le-ou%7u% ?M<M:@ sys%e#s" )sing %'is %ec'nology !i%' n %rans#i% an- n
receive an%ennas, +or e4a#7le, an n-+ol- increase in -a%a ra%e can /e ac'ieve- over a single
an%enna sys%e# H1I" 2'is /reak%'roug' %ec'nology a77ears 7ro#ising in +ul+illing %'e gro!ing
-e#an- +or +u%ure 'ig' -a%a ra%e *.(, W$.(, W.(, an- 46 sys%e#s"
<n %'is -ocu#en% !e 7ro7ose a se% o+ c'annel #o-els a77lica/le %o in-oor M<M: W$.(
sys%e#s" &o#e o+ %'e c'annel #o-els are an e4%ension o+ %'e single-in7u% single-ou%7u%
?&<&:@ W$.( c'annel #o-els 7ro7ose- /y Me-/o e% al" H2,AI" 2'e ne!ly -evelo7e-
#ul%i7le an%enna #o-els are /ase- on %'e clus%er #o-el -evelo7e- /y &ale' an- Valenuela
H4I, an- +ur%'er ela/ora%e- u7on /y &7encer e% al" HCI, 9ra#er e% al" HJI, an- *oon an- 3o HDI"
<n-oor &<&: an- M<M: !ireless c'annels !ere +ur%'er analye- in HG-1GI"
. s%e7-!ise -evelo7#en% o+ %'e ne! #o-els +ollo!s: <n eac' o+ %'e %'ree #o-els ?.-9@ in H2I
an- %'ree a--i%ional #o-els -is%inc% clus%ers !ere i-en%i+ie- +irs%" 2'e nu#/er o+ clus%ers
varies +ro# 2 %o J, -e7en-ing on %'e #o-el" 2'is +in-ing is consis%en% !i%' nu#erous
e47eri#en%ally -e%er#ine- resul%s re7or%e- in %'e li%era%ure H4-D,9,10I an- also using ray-
%racing #e%'o-s HGI" 2'e 7o!er o+ eac' %a7 in a 7ar%icular clus%er !as -e%er#ine- so %'a% %'e
su# o+ %'e 7o!ers o+ overla77ing %a7s corres7on-ing %o -i++eren% clus%ers corres7on-s %o %'e
7o!ers o+ %'e original 7o!er -elay 7ro+iles" (e4%, angular s7rea- ?.&@, angle-o+-arrival
?.o.@, an- angle o+ -e7ar%ure ?.o0@ values !ere assigne- %o eac' %a7 an- clus%er ?using
s%a%is%ical #e%'o-s@ %'a% agree !i%' e47eri#en%ally -e%er#ine- values re7or%e- in %'e
li%era%ure" 9lus%er .& !as e47eri#en%ally +oun- %o /e in %'e 20
o
%o 40
o
range HC-10I, an- %'e
#ean .o. !as +oun- %o /e ran-o# !i%' a uni+or# -is%ri/u%ion" Wi%' %'e kno!le-ge o+ eac'
%a7 7o!er, .&, an- .o. ?.o0@, +or a given an%enna con+igura%ion, %'e c'annel #a%ri4 H can
/e -e%er#ine-" 2'e c'annel #a%ri4 H +ully -escri/es %'e 7ro7aga%ion c'annel /e%!een all
%rans#i% an- receive an%ennas" <+ %'e nu#/er o+ receive an%ennas is n an- %rans#i% an%ennas is
m, %'e c'annel #a%ri4 H 'as a -i#ension o+ n 4 m" 2o arrive a% c'annel #a%ri4 H, !e use a
#e%'o- %'a% e#7loys correla%ion #a%ri4 an- i"i"-" #a%ri4 ?ero-#ean uni% variance
in-e7en-en% co#7le4 6aussian ran-o# varia/les@" 2'e correla%ion #a%ri4 +or eac' %a7 is
&u/#ission 7age C Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
/ase- on %'e 7o!er angular s7ec%ru# ?*.&@ !i%' .& /eing %'e secon- #o#en% o+ *.&
H19,20I" 2o veri+y %'e ne!ly -evelo7e- #o-el, !e 'ave calcula%e- %'e c'annel ca7aci%y
assu#ing %'e narro!/an- case an- co#7are- i% %o e47eri#en%ally -e%er#ine- ca7aci%y resul%s
!i%' goo- agree#en%"
2'e #o-el can /e use- +or /o%' 2 63 an- C 63 +reEuency /an-s, since %'e e47eri#en%al
-a%a an- 7u/lis'e- resul%s +or /o%' /an-s !ere use- in -evelo7ing %'e #o-el ?average, ra%'er
%'an +reEuency -e7en-en% #o-el@" 3o!ever, 7a%' loss #o-el is +reEuency -e7en-en%"
2'e 7a7er is organie- as +ollo!s" <n &ec" 2 !e -escri/e &<&: W$.( #o-els" &ec%ion A
+or#ula%es %'e M<M: c'annel #a%ri4" &ec%ion 4 -escri/es %'e clus%ering a77roac' an- %'e
#e%'o- +or #o-el 7ara#e%ers calcula%ion" <n &ec" C !e su##arie %'e #o-el 7ara#e%ers" <n
&ec" J !e /rie+ly -escri/e %'e Ma%la/ 7rogra#" &ec%ion D 7resen%s %'e an%enna correla%ion an-
c'annel ca7aci%y resul%s using %'e #o-els, an- !i%' &ec" G !e conclu-e"
2. 0I0 WLAN Models
. se% o+ W$.( c'annel #o-els !as -evelo7e- /y Me-/o e% al" H2,AI" <n H2I, +ive -elay
7ro+ile #o-els !ere 7ro7ose- +or -i++eren% environ#en%s ?Mo-els .-E@:
Mo-el . +or a %y7ical o++ice environ#en%, non-line-o+-sig'% ?($:&@ con-i%ions, an-
C0 ns r#s -elay s7rea-"
Mo-el 1 +or a %y7ical large o7en s7ace an- o++ice environ#en%s, ($:& con-i%ions,
an- 100 ns r#s -elay s7rea-"
Mo-el 9 +or a large o7en s7ace ?in-oor an- ou%-oor@, ($:& con-i%ions, an- 1C0 ns
r#s -elay s7rea-"
Mo-el 0, sa#e as #o-el 9, line-o+-sig'% ?$:&@ con-i%ions, an- 140 ns r#s -elay
s7rea- ?10 -1 8icean K-+ac%or a% %'e +irs% -elay@"
Mo-el E +or a %y7ical large o7en s7ace ?in-oor an- ou%-oor@, ($:& con-i%ions, an-
2C0 ns r#s -elay s7rea-"
We use #o-els .-9 %oge%'er !i%' %'ree a--i%ional #o-els #ore re7resen%a%ive o+ s#aller
environ#en%s, suc' as resi-en%ial 'o#es an- s#all o++ices, +or our #o-eling 7ur7oses" 2'e
resul%ing #o-els %'a% !e 7ro7ose are as +ollo!s:
Mo-el . ?o7%ional, s'oul- no% /e use- +or sys%e# 7er+or#ance co#7arisons@, +la%
+a-ing #o-el !i%' 0 ns r#s -elay s7rea- ?one %a7 a% 0 ns -elay #o-el@" 2'is #o-el
can /e use- +or s%ressing sys%e# 7er+or#ance, occurs s#all 7ercen%age o+ %i#e
?loca%ions@"
Mo-el 1 !i%' 1C ns r#s -elay s7rea-"
Mo-el 9 !i%' A0 ns r#s -elay s7rea-"
&u/#ission 7age J Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
Mo-el 0 !i%' C0 ns r#s -elay s7rea-"
Mo-el E !i%' 100 ns r#s -elay s7rea-"
Mo-el > !i%' 1C0 ns r#s -elay s7rea-"
Mo-el #a77ing %o a 7ar%icular environ#en% is 7resen%e- in %a/le <</"
2'e %a/les !i%' c'annel coe++icien%s ?%a7 -elays an- corres7on-ing 7o!ers@ can /e +oun- in
.77en-i4 9"
2'e 7a%' loss #o-el %'a% !e 7ro7ose consis%s o+ %'e +ree s7ace loss L
FS
?slo7e o+ 2@ u7 %o a
/reak7oin% -is%ance an- slo7e o+ A"C a+%er %'e /reak7oin% -is%ance H21I" >or eac' o+ %'e
#o-els -i++eren% /reak-7oin% -is%ance d
BP
!as c'osen
L(d) = L
FS
(d) d <= d
BP


L(d) = L
FS
(d
BP
) + 35 log
10
(d / d
BP
) d > d
BP
?1@
!'ere d is %'e %rans#i%-receive se7ara%ion -is%ance in #" 2'e 7a%' loss #o-el 7ara#e%ers are
su##arie- in 2a/le <" <n %'e %a/le, %'e s%an-ar- -evia%ions o+ log-nor#al ?6aussian in -1@
s'a-o! +a-ing are also inclu-e-" 2'e values !ere +oun- %o /e in %'e A-14 -1 range H1JI"
(e! Mo-el d
BP
?#@ &lo7e /e+ore
d
BP
&lo7e a+%er
d
BP
&'a-o!
+a-ing s%-"
-ev" ?-1@
/e+ore d
BP
?$:&@
&'a-o!
+a-ing s%-"
-ev" ?-1@
a+%er d
BP
?($:&@
. ?o7%ional@ C 2 A"C A 4
1 C 2 A"C A 4
9 C 2 A"C A C
0 10 2 A"C A C
E 20 2 A"C A J
> A0 2 A"C A J
2a/le <: *a%' loss #o-el 7ara#e%ers
2'e ero-#ean 6aussian 7ro/a/ili%y -is%ri/u%ion is given /y

,
_

2
2
2
e47
2
1
@ ?


x
x p
?2@
&u/#ission 7age D Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
3. MIM Ma&ri1 2or3'la&ion
We +ollo! %'e M<M: #o-eling a77roac' 7resen%e- in H11,20I %'a% u%ilies receive an-
%rans#i% correla%ion #a%rices" 2'e M<M: c'annel #a%ri4 H +or eac' %a7, a% one ins%ance o+
%i#e, in %'e .-> -elay 7ro+ile #o-els can /e se7ara%e- in%o a +i4e- ?cons%an%, $:&@ #a%ri4
an- a 8ayleig' ?varia/le, ($:&@ #a%ri4 H22I ?4 %rans#i% an- 4 receive an%ennas e4a#7le@

,
_

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+
+
1
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1

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+
+
+

44 4A 42 41
A4 AA A2 A1
24 2A 22 21
14 1A 12 11
1
1
1
1
1
1
44 4A 42 41
A4 AA A2 A1
24 2A 22 21
14 1A 12 11
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
K
e e e e
e e e e
e e e e
e e e e
K
K
P
H
K
H
K
K
P H
j j j j
j j j j
j j j j
j j j j
F




?A@
!'ere X
!j
?!-%' receiving an- j-%' %rans#i%%ing an%enna@ are correla%e- ero-#ean, uni%
variance, co#7le4 6aussian ran-o# varia/les as coe++icien%s o+ %'e varia/le ($:&
?8ayleig'@ #a%ri4 H
"
, e47?j
!j
@ are %'e ele#en%s o+ %'e +i4e- $:& #a%ri4 H
F
, K is %'e 8icean
K-+ac%or, an- P is %'e 7o!er o+ eac' %a7" We assu#e %'a% eac' %a7 consis%s o+ a nu#/er o+
in-ivi-ual rays so %'a% %'e co#7le4 6aussian assu#7%ion is vali-" P in ?A@ re7resen%s %'e su#
o+ %'e +i4e- $:& 7o!er an- %'e varia/le ($:& 7o!er ?su# o+ 7o!ers o+ all %a7s@"
2o correla%e %'e X
!j
ele#en%s o+ %'e #a%ri4 X, %'e +ollo!ing #e%'o- can /e use-

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
( )
1B 2 1B 2
#
$x !!d %x
X & H & [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
' / 1
%x !!d
' / 1
$x
& H & X
?4@
!'ere &
%x
an- &
$x
are %'e receive an- %rans#i% correla%ion #a%rices, res7ec%ively, an- H
!!d
is a
#a%ri4 o+ in-e7en-en% ero #ean, uni% variance, co#7le4 6aussian ran-o# varia/les, an-

[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
$x!j $x
&
%x!j %x
&

?C@
!'ere
%x!j
are %'e co#7le4 correla%ion coe++icien%s /e%!een !-%' an- j-%' %rans#i%%ing
an%ennas, an-
$x!j
are %'e co#7le4 correla%ion coe++icien%s /e%!een !-%' an- j-%' receiving
an%ennas" .n al%erna%ive a77roac' uses %'e K$one()e$ 7ro-uc% o+ %'e %rans#i% an- receive
correla%ion #a%rices ?H
!!d
is an array in %'is case ins%ea- o+ #a%ri4@
&u/#ission 7age G Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43

[ ] [ ] [ ] { } [ ]
1 B 2
X & & H
%x $x !!d

?J@
>ollo!ing is an e4a#7le o+ 4 4 4 M<M: c'annel %rans#i% an- receive correla%ion #a%rices
12 1A 14
21 2A 24
A1 A2 A4
41 42 4A
1
1
1
1
%x %x %x
%x %x %x
%x
%x %x %x
%x %x %x
&




1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
4A 42 41
K
A4
1
A2 A1
K
24
K
2A
1
21
K
14
K
1A
K
12
1
%x %x %x
%x %x %x
%x %x %x
%x %x %x
%x
&




?D@
12 1A 14
21 2A 24
A1 A2 A4
41 42 4A
1
1
1
1
$x $x $x
$x $x $x
$x
$x $x $x
$x $x $x
&




1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
4A 42 41
K
A4
1
A2 A1
K
24
K
2A
1
21
K
14
K
1A
K
12
1
$x $x $x
$x $x $x
$x $x $x
$x $x $x
$x
&




2'e co#7le4 correla%ion coe++icien% values calcula%ion +or eac' %a7 is /ase- on %'e 7o!er
angular s7ec%ru# ?*.&@ !i%' angular s7rea- ?.&@ /eing %'e secon- #o#en% o+ *.& H19,20I"
)sing %'e *.& s'a7e, .&, #ean angle-o+-arrival ?.o.@, an- in-ivi-ual %a7 7o!ers,
correla%ion #a%rices o+ eac' %a7 can /e -e%er#ine- as -escri/e- in H20I" >or %'e uni+or#
linear array ?)$.@ %'e co#7le4 correla%ion coe++icien% a% %'e linear an%enna array is e47resse-
as

@ ? @ ? * j& * &
X+ XX
+

?G@
&u/#ission 7age 9 Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
!'ere B 2 d * , an- &
XX
an- &
X+
are %'e cross-correla%ion +unc%ions /e%!een %'e real 7ar%s
?eEual %o %'e cross-correla%ion +unc%ion /e%!een %'e i#aginary 7ar%s@ an- /e%!een %'e real
7ar% an- i#aginary 7ar%, res7ec%ively, !i%'

d P,S * *
XX
& @ ? @ sin cos? @ ?

?9@
an-

d P,S * *
X+
& @ ? @ sin sin? @ ?

?10@
E47ressions +or correla%ion coe++icien%s assu#ing uni+or#, %runca%e- 6aussian, an- %runca%e-
$a7lacian *.& s'a7es can /e +oun- in H20I" 2o calcula%e %'e nu#erical values o+ correla%ion
#a%rices !e use a Ma%la/ 7rogra# -evelo7e- an- -is%ri/u%e- /y $" &c'u#ac'er H2AI ?see
&ec" J@"
(e4% !e /rie+ly -escri/e %'e various s%e7s in our clus%er #o-eling a77roac'" We
&%ar% !i%' -elay 7ro+iles o+ #o-els 1->"
Manually i-en%i+y clus%ers in eac' o+ %'e +ive #o-els"
E4%en- clus%ers so %'a% %'ey overla7, -e%er#ine %a7 7o!ers ?see .77en-i4 .@"
.ssu#e *.& s'a7e o+ eac' clus%er an- corres7on-ing %a7s ?$a7lacian@"
.ssign .& %o eac' clus%er an- corres7on-ing %a7s"
.ssign #ean .o. ?.o0@ %o eac' clus%er an- corres7on-ing %a7s"
.ssu#e an%enna con+igura%ion"
9alcula%e correla%ion #a%rices +or eac' %a7"
<n %'e ne4% sec%ion !e ela/ora%e on %'e a/ove s%e7s"
4. #l's&er Modelin/ A**roac$
2'e clus%er #o-el !as in%ro-uce- +irs% /y &ale' an- Valenuela H4I an- la%er veri+ie-,
e4%en-e-, an- ela/ora%e- u7on /y #any o%'er researc'ers in HC-10I" 2'e <n %'a% #o-el,
%'e2'e receive- signal a#7li%u-e
)l
is a 8ayleig'--is%ri/u%e- ran-o# varia/le !i%' a #ean-
sEuare value %'a% o/eys a -ou/le e47onen%ial -ecay la!



B B 2 2
@ 0 , 0 ?
)l l
e e
#
)l

?11@
!'ere @ 0 , 0 ?
2
re7resen%s %'e average 7o!er o+ %'e +irs% arrival o+ %'e +irs% clus%er, #
l
re7resen%s %'e arrival %i#e o+ %'e l
%'
clus%er, an-
)l
is %'e arrival %i#e o+ %'e )
%'
arrival !i%'in
%'e l
%'
clus%er, rela%ive %o #
l
" 2'e 7ara#e%ers an- -e%er#ine %'e in%er-clus%er signal level
&u/#ission 7age 10 Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
ra%e o+ -ecay an- %'e in%ra-clus%er ra%e o+ -ecay, res7ec%ively" 2'e ra%es o+ %'e clus%er an- ray
arrivals can /e -e%er#ine- using e47onen%ial ra%e la!s

@ ?
1
1
@ L ?

l l
# #
l l
e # # p
?12@

@ ?
, 1
1
@ L ?

l l
# #
l ) )l
e p



?1A@
!'ere is %'e clus%er arrival ra%e an- is %'e ray arrival ra%e"
>or our #o-eling 7ur7oses !e are no% using %'e eEua%ions ?11@ %'roug' ?1A@ since %'e -elay
7ro+ile c'arac%eris%ics are alrea-y 7re-e%er#ine- /y %'e #o-el 1-> -elay 7ro+iles"
4.1 N'3(er o) cl's&ers
2'e nu#/er o+ clus%ers +oun- in -i++eren% in-oor environ#en%s varies /e%!een 1 an- D" <n HCI,
%'e average nu#/er o+ clus%ers !as +oun- %o /e A +or one /uil-ing, an- D +or ano%'er /uil-ing"
<n HDI %'e nu#/er o+ clus%ers re7or%e- !as +oun- %o /e 2 +or line-o+-sig'% ?$:&@ an- C +or
non-$:& ?($:&@ con-i%ions"
>igure 1 s'o!s Mo-el 0 non-line-o+-sig'% -elay 7ro+ile !i%' clus%ers ou%line- /y e47onen%ial
-ecay ?s%raig'% line on a log-scale@"
&u/#ission 7age 11 Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Delay in Nanoseconds
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

d
B
>igure 1" Mo-el 0 ($:& -elay 7ro+ile !i%' clus%er e4%ension ?overla77ing clus%ers@"
9learly, %'ree clus%ers can /e i-en%i+ie-" >or ($:& Mo-els 1, 9, 0, E, an- > !e i-en%i+ie-
?assigne-@ 2, 2, A, 4 an- J clus%ers, res7ec%ively" 2'e nu#/er o+ clus%ers in eac' o+ %'e ($:&
#o-els 1-> agrees !ell !i%' %'e resul%s re7or%e- in %'e li%era%ure" We recall %'a% %'e #o-el .
consis%s o+ only one %a7"
(e4%, !e e4%en- eac' clus%er in 1-> #o-els so %'a% %'ey overla7 ?see >ig"1@" We use a
s%raig'%-line e4%ra7ola%ion +unc%ion ?in -1@ on %'e +irs% +e! visi/le %a7s o+ eac' clus%er" 2'e
7o!ers o+ overla77ing %a7s !ere calcula%e- so %'a% %'e %o%al su# o+ %'e 7o!ers o+ overla77ing
%a7s corres7on-ing %o -i++eren% clus%ers eEuals %o %'e 7o!ers o+ %'e original 1-> 7o!er -elay
7ro+iles" 2'e 7roce-ure is -escri/e- in -e%ail in .77en-i4 ."
<n 2a/le <<a !e su##arie %'e c'annel #o-el 7ara#e%ers +or /o%' line-o+-sig'% ?$:&@ an-
non-line-o+-sig'% ?($:&@ con-i%ions, an- in 2a/le <</ !e 7rovi-e #o-el %o environ#en%
#a77ing"
Model #ondi&ion 4 5d67 +M0 delay 8 o)
&u/#ission 7age 12 Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
-1
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
L0/NL0 s*read 5ns7
5NL07
cl's&ers
A
5o*&ional7
$:&B($:& 0B - 0 1 %a7
6 $:&B($:&
0 B -
1C 2
# $:&B($:& 0 B - A0 2
% $:&B($:&
A B -
C0 A
E $:&B($:& J B - 100 4
2 $:&B($:&
J B -
1C0 J
2a/le <<a: &u##ary o+ #o-el 7ara#e%ers +or $:&B($:& con-i%ions" K-+ac%or +or $:&
con-i%ions a77lies only %o %'e +irs% %a7, +or all o%'er %a7s KF

-1"
En,iron3en& #ondi&ion Model
8esi-en%ial $:& 1 M $:&
($:& 1 - ($:&
8esi-en%ialB
&#all :++ice
$:& 1 - $:&
($:& 9 - ($:&
2y7ical
:++ice
$:& 9 - $:&
($:& 0 - ($:&
$arge :++ice $:& 0 - $:&
($:& E - ($:&
$arge &7ace
?<n-oors an-
:u%-oors@
$:& E - $:&
($:& > - ($:&
2a/le <</: Mo-el %o environ#en% #a77ing"
K-+ac%or values +or $:& con-i%ions are /ase- on %'e resul%s 7resen%e- in HA9, 41I !'ere i% !as
+oun- %'a% +or $:& con-i%ion, o7en ?larger@ environ#en%s 'ave 'ig'er K-+ac%ors %'an s#aller
environ#en%s !i%' close-in re+lec%ing o/=ec%s ?#ore sca%%ering@" 2'e $:& K-+ac%or is
a77lica/le only %o %'e +irs% %a7 !'ile all %'e o%'er %a7s K-+ac%or re#ain a%

-1" $:&
con-i%ions are assu#e- only u7 %o %'e /reak7oin% -is%ance in 2a/le <" <% !as also +oun- %'a%,
+or %'e $:& con-i%ions, %'e 7o!er o+ %'e +irs% %a7 rela%ive %o %'e o%'er %a7s is larger %'an +or
%'e ($:& con-i%ions HA9I"
2'e $:& co#7onen% o+ %'e +irs% %a7 is a--e- on %o7 o+ %'e ($:& co#7onen% so %'a% %'e %o%al
energy o+ %'e +irs% %a7 +or %'e $:& c'annels /eco#es 'ig'er %'an %'e value -e+ine- in %'e
7o!er -elay 7ro+iles ?*0*@ in .77en-i4 9" 2'e 7roce-ure can /e -escri/e- as +ollo!s:
&%ar% !i%' -elay 7ro+iles ?($:&@ as -e+ine- in %a/les in .77en-i4 9"
&u/#ission 7age 1A Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
.-- $:& co#7onen% %o %'e +irs% %a7 !i%' 7o!er accor-ing %o %'e s7eci+ie- K -+ac%or
an- 4C
o
.o. ?.o0@"
2'e resul%ing 7o!er o+ %'e +irs% %a7 increases -ue %o %'e a--e- $:& co#7onen% ?%'e
7o!er o+ %'e +irs% %a7 s'oul- no% /e scale- /ack %o #a%c' %'e original ($:& *0*s@"
(o%e %'a% %'e a/ove 7roce-ure re-uces ?slig'%ly@ %'e r#s -elay s7rea- +or %'e $:& c'annels
!'en co#7are- %o %'e ($:& c'annels"
4.2 PA0 0$a*e
2'e angle o+ arrival s%a%is%ics !i%'in a clus%er !ere +oun- %o closely #a%c' %'e $a7lacian
-is%ri/u%ion HC,J,10I

B 2
2
1
@ ?

e p

?14@
!'ere is %'e s%an-ar- -evia%ion o+ %'e *.& ?!'ic' corres7on-s %o %'e nu#erical value o+
.&@" 2'e $a7lacian -is%ri/u%ion is s'o!n in >ig" 2 ?a %y7ical si#ula%e- -is%ri/u%ion !i%'in a
clus%er, !i%' .& F A0
o
@"
2'e $:& co#7onen% o+ %'e +irs% %a7 is a--e- on %o7 o+ %'e ($:& co#7onen% so %'a% %'e %o%al
energy o+ %'e +irs% %a7 +or %'e $:& c'annels /eco#es 'ig'er %'an %'e value -e+ine- in %'e
7o!er -elay 7ro+iles ?*0*@ in .77en-i4 9" 2'e 7roce-ure can /e -escri/e- as +ollo!s:
&%ar% !i%' -elay 7ro+iles ?($:&@ as -e+ine- in %a/les in .77en-i4 9"
.-- $:& co#7onen% %o %'e +irs% %a7 !i%' 7o!er accor-ing %o %'e s7eci+ie- K-+ac%or
an- 4C
o
.o. ?.o0@"
2'e resul%ing 7o!er o+ %'e +irs% %a7 increases -ue %o %'e a--e- $:& co#7onen% ?%'e
7o!er o+ %'e +irs% %a7 s'oul- no% /e scale- /ack %o #a%c' %'e original ($:& *0*s@"
(o%e %'a% %'e a/ove 7roce-ure re-uces ?slig'%ly@ %'e r#s -elay s7rea- +or %'e $:& c'annels
!'en co#7are- %o %'e ($:& c'annels"
>or %'e $:& #o-els, %'e $:& co#7onen% o+ %'e +irs% %a7 is a--e- on %o7 o+ %'e ($:&
co#7onen% so %'a% %'e %o%al energy o+ %'e +irs% %a7 +or %'e $:& c'annels /eco#es 'ig'er %'an
%'e value -e+ine- in %'e 7o!er -elay 7ro+iles ?*0*@ in .77en-i4 9" 2'e 7roce-ure can /e
-escri/e- as +ollo!s:
&%ar% !i%' -elay 7ro+iles ?($:&@ as -e%er#ine- using %'e 7roce-ure -escri/e- in %'is
sec%ion ?&ec%ion 4@"
.-- $:& co#7onen% %o %'e +irs% %a7 !i%' 7o!er accor-ing %o %'e s7eci+ie- K -+ac%or
an- %'e .o. ?.o0@ -e%er#ine- +ro# %'e geo#e%ry o+ %'e line +ro# %'e cen%er 7oin% o+
&2.1 an%enna array %o &2.2 an%enna array"
2'e resul%ing 7o!er o+ %'e +irs% %a7 increases -ue %o %'e a--e- $:& co#7onen% ?%'e
7o!er o+ %'e +irs% %a7 s'oul- no% /e scale- /ack %o #a%c' %'e original ($:& 7o!er
-elay 7ro+iles@"
&u/#ission 7age 14 Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
(o%e %'a% %'e a/ove 7roce-ure re-uces ?slig'%ly@ %'e r#s -elay s7rea- +or %'e $:& c'annels
!'en co#7are- %o %'e ($:& c'annels"
2'e receive- signal a% &2.2 consis%s o+ - %i#e--elaye- #ul%i7a%' re7licas o+ %'e %rans#i%%e-
signal" 2'ese - %a7s are -e+ine- /y clus%er 7o!ers an- -elays as s7eci+ie- in %'e 7ar%icular
Mo-el .->"
>igure 2 s'o!s %'e angular 7ara#e%ers use- in %'e #o-el" 2'e +ollo!ing -e+ini%ions are use-:
1

&2.1 an%enna array orien%a%ion, -e+ine- as %'e angle /e%!een %'e /roa-si-e o+
&2.1 array an- %'e a/solu%e (or%' ?(@ re+erence -irec%ion"
1

.o0 +or $:& /e%!een &2.1 an- &2.2 !i%' res7ec% %o &2.1 /roa-si-e"
,o* n,

.o0 +or clus%er n !i%' res7ec% %o &2.1 /roa-si-e"

2

&2.2 an%enna array orien%a%ion, -e+ine- as %'e angle /e%!een %'e /roa-si-e o+
&2.2 array an- %'e a/solu%e (or%' ?(@ re+erence -irec%ion"
2

.o. +or $:& /e%!een &2.1 an- &2.2 !i%' res7ec% %o &2.2 /roa-si-e"
,o, n,

.o. +or clus%er n !i%' res7ec% %o &2.2 /roa-si-e"

2'e angles s'o!n in >igure 2 %'a% are #easure- in a clock!ise -irec%ion are assu#e- %o /e
nega%ive in value"
?(o%es: $:& 7a%' is +ine -o%%e- line /e%!een %'e cen%ers o+ %'e an%enna arrays;
%'e +igure is only +or illus%ra%ion o+ %'e angular values in %'e #o-el"@
>igure 2" &2. angle 7ara#e%ers
&u/#ission 7age 1C Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
4.2 PA0 0$a*e
2'e angle o+ arrival s%a%is%ics !i%'in a clus%er !ere +oun- %o closely #a%c' %'e $a7lacian
-is%ri/u%ion HC,J,10I

B 2
2
1
@ ?

e p

?14@
!'ere is %'e s%an-ar- -evia%ion o+ %'e *.& ?!'ic' corres7on-s %o %'e nu#erical value o+
.&@" 2'e $a7lacian -is%ri/u%ion is s'o!n in >ig" A2 ?a %y7ical si#ula%e- -is%ri/u%ion !i%'in a
clus%er, !i%' .& F A0
o
@"
>igure 2A2" E4a#7le o+ a $a7lacian -is%ri/u%ion, .& F A0
o
"
4.3 Mean AoA 5Ao%7 o) Eac$ #l's&er
<% !as +oun- in HC,JI %'a% %'e rela%ive clus%er #ean .o.s 'ave a ran-o# uni+or# -is%ri/u%ion
over all angles"

&u/#ission 7age 1J Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
<n our #o-el, !e assu#e %'a% %'e rela%ive clus%er #ean .o0s also 'ave a ran-o# uni+or#
-is%ri/u%ion over all angles" We assu#e %'is since +or in-oor W$.(s, %'e #ul%i7a%'
re+lec%ors %en- %o /e si#ilar +or /o%' %'e access 7oin% ?.*@ an- %'e clien% ?&2.@" (o%e, %'is is
usually no% %'e case +or #o/ile 7'one co##unica%ions !'ere %'e /ase s%a%ion ?1&@ is
#oun%e- 'ig' on a %o!er, !'ile %'e #o/ile s%a%ion ?M&@ is o+%en surroun-e- /y local
sca%%erers, or in %'e case o+ in-oor W$.( co##unica%ion !'en .* an- &2. an%enna 'eig'%s
an- surroun-ing environ#en%s are signi+ican%ly -i++eren% HA0I"

>or %'e 2a/les s'o!n in .77en-i4 9, %'e clus%er .o.s an- .o0s !ere -e%er#ine- in %'e
+ollo!ing #anner" )se Mo-el 0 as an e4a#7le, !'ere %'ere are A clus%ers" 2'e A #ean
.o.s !ere se% /y ran-o#ly genera%ing A values +ro# a uni+or# -is%ri/u%ion over H0,2I"
&i#ilarly, %'e A #ean clus%er .o0s !ere se% /y ran-o#ly genera%ing A -i++eren% values +ro#
%'e uni+or# -is%ri/u%ion over H0,2I, uncorrela%e- +ro# %'e %'ree .o. values"
2'ese J #ean values ?A .o. an- A .o0@ are %'en +i4e- an- use- +or all +u%ure c'annel
realia%ions ?e"g", 7acke% error ra%e 7er+or#ance es%i#a%ion@" 1y using +i4e- values, %rans#i%
an- receive correla%ion #a%rices are co#7u%e- only once"
2'e .o.s an- .o0s +or o%'er #o-els !ere si#ilarly co#7u%e-"

4.4 !a* !i3e and An/le %e*endence
We assu#e %'a% %'e c'annel i#7ulse res7onse as a +unc%ion o+ %i#e an- angle is a se7ara/le
+unc%ion, ., HC,JI

@ ? @ ? @ , ? . % . % .

?1C@
!'ere % is %i#e an- is an angle"
4.9 A0 o) Eac$ #l's&er
4.9.1 A:i3'&$ A0
<n HCI %'e #ean clus%er .& values !ere +oun- %o /e 21
o
an- 2C
o
+or %!o /uil-ings #easure-"
<n HJI %'e #ean .& value !as +oun- %o /e AD
o
" 2o /e consis%en% !i%' %'ese +in-ings, !e selec%
%'e #ean clus%er .& values +or #o-els .-> in %'e 20
o
%o 40
o
range" 2o assign an .& value %o
eac' clus%er !i%'in a 7ar%icular #o-el, !e use o/serva%ions +ro# ou%-oor c'annels" >or
ou%-oor environ#en%s, i% !as +oun- %'a% %'e clus%er r#s -elay s7rea- ?0&@ is 'ig'ly correla%e-
?0"D correla%ion coe++icien%@ !i%' %'e .& H24I" <% !as also +oun- %'a% %'e clus%er r#s -elay
s7rea- an- .& can /e #o-ele- as correla%e- log-nor#al ran-o# varia/les" We a77ly %'is
in%ui%ive +in-ing %o #o-els 1-> using %'e +ollo!ing 7roce-ure ?!e no%e %'a% %'e 0& are
calcula%e- +ro# %'e e47eri#en%al -a%a an- .& values are -e%er#ine- +ollo!ing %'e 7roce-ure
-escri/e- /elo!@
&u/#ission 7age 1D Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
9alcula%e r#s 0& o+ eac' clus%er, conver% %o -1 values ?10log
10
n, !'ere n is r#s -elay
s7rea- in nanosecon-s@"
>or eac' #o-el, calcula%e %'e #ean r#s 0& an- corres7on-ing s%an-ar- -evia%ion,
d
?-1@"
0e%er#ine %'e #ean clus%er .& in -1 ?10log
10
m, !'ere m is .& in -egrees@
7ro7or%ionally ?linear -e7en-ence@ %o %'e #ean clus%er r#s 0& values using %'e
+ollo!ing +or#ula ?%'e resul%ing #ean .& is in %'e 20
o
%o 40
o
range@
GG " 9 A2 " 0 + *S ,S ?-1@
?1J@
2'e #o-el--e7en-en% clus%er 0& an- .& can /e re7resen%e- in %'e +ollo!ing +or#

x
d
*S *S +
?-1@ ?1D@

/
0
,S ,S +
?-1@ ?1G@

!'ere x an- / are ero-#ean, uni%-variance 6aussian ran-o# varia/les an-
d
an-
0
are s%an-ar- -evia%ions, res7ec%ively"
We +ur%'er assu#e %'a%
0 =

d
, an- %'a% %'e correla%ion coe++icien% /e%!een %'e
6aussian ran-o# varia/les x an- / is 0"D"
)sing %'e +ollo!ing +or#ula !e can -e%er#ine /, !i%' x kno!n
1 x /
2
1 + ?19@
!'ere is %'e correla%ion coe++icien% an- 1 is an in-e7en-en% ero-#ean uni%-variance
6aussian ran-o# varia/le"
2'e a/ove 7roce-ure resul%s in a lo!er .& +or #o-els !i%' lo!er r#s -elay s7rea- an- larger
.& +or #o-els !i%' larger r#s -elay s7rea-" 2'e resul%ing .& an- 0& a% %'e receive si-e are
s'o!n in >ig" A4A +or all #o-els an- clus%ers" >or %'e %rans#i% si-e, an in-e7en-en% se% o+ .&
!as genera%e- si#ilar %o %'e resul%s in >ig" A ?clus%er .& a% receiver -oes no% 'ave %o
necessarily #a%c' %'e clus%er .& a% %'e %rans#i%%er@" >or %'e #o-el . ?1J@-?19@ !ere no% use-
since i% re7resen%s a one-%a7 +la% +a-ing #o-el !i%' %'e +ollo!ing selec%e- values: 0& F 0,
.o. F 4C
o
, .o0 F 4C
o
, an- .& F 40
o
a% /o%' %rans#i%%er an- receiver"
Mo-el Mean 9lus%er 0& ?-1@ &%-" 0ev" 9lus%er 0& ?-1@
1 9"D49G 1"JGD9
9 12"ACAC 0"2DJD
0 1J"AA92 0"JADA
E 1G"G9G1 0"A00D
> 19"11DA 1"12JD
&u/#ission 7age 1G Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
2a/le <<<: Mean an- &%an-ar- 0evia%ion o+ 9lus%er 8M& 0elay &7rea-s +or eac' #o-el
>igure A4A" 9lus%er .& ?a% %'e receiver@ an- 0& +or all si4 #o-els ?.->@"
>igure A4A -oes no% s'o! %'e #ean 0& an- #ean .& ?a% %'e receiver@ o+ ?1J@" 8a%'er, i%
s'o!s %'e values -e%er#ine- using ?1D@ an- ?1G@, so %'e s'o!n 7oin%s !ere s%oc'as%ically
-e%er#ine-"

.no%'er +igure coul- /e a--e- !'ic' s'o!s %'e s%oc'as%ically--e%er#ine- .& a% %'e
%rans#i%%er, +or eac' clus%erNs 0& +or all %'e #o-els ?.->@" (o%e %'a% %'e #ean 0& +or %'e
%rans#i%%er is assu#e- %o /e eEual %o %'e #ean 0& +or %'e receiver" .lso, %'e #ean .& +or %'e
%rans#i%%er is assu#e- %o /e eEual %o %'e #ean .& +or %'e receiver" <n o%'er !or-s, %'e values
inser%e- in%o ?1J@ are i-en%ical +or /o%' %rans#i% an- receive" 3o!ever, -i++eren% ran-o#
values +or 0& an- .& are use- +or %'e %rans#i%%er versus %'e receiver" EEua%ions ?1D@ an-
?1G@ are e4ecu%e- once +or %'e %rans#i%%er" EEua%ions ?1D@ an- ?1G@ are %'en e4ecu%e- again
+or %'e receiver"
2'e !ork in H40I a--resses %'e cases !'en %'e .* is 7lace- a% -i++eren% 'eig'%s" 1o%' 444
M<M: c'annel ca7aci%ies an- clus%er angular !i-%'s !ere #easure-" 2'e co#7arison resul%s
-e#ons%ra%e %'e +ollo!ing" >irs%ly, %'e c'annel ca7aci%y varies !i%' eleva%ion /y only 1-
11O" 2'is i#7lies %'a% %'e Euali%y ?or con-i%ion@ o+ s7a%ial c'annels is #os%ly -e%er#ine- /y
%'e environ#en% an- -oesnN% c'ange signi+ican%ly !i%' eleva%ion" &econ-ly, %'e clus%er
angular !i-%' ?#easure- a% A -1 -o!n +ro# %'e 7eak@ a% ceiling 'eig'% is only C -egrees less
&u/#ission 7age 19 Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
%'an %'a% a% -esk%o7 'eig'%" >inally, %'e nu#/ers o+ clus%ers seen +ro# ceiling an- -esk%o7
are 1"C an- 2"A, res7ec%ively" 2'ese nu#/ers #a%c' %'ose s7eci+ie- in %'e #o-els"
4.9.2 Ele,a&ion A0
E47eri#en%ally, i% !as +oun- %'a% %'e eleva%ion .& is signi+ican%ly s#aller %'an ai#u%' .&"
2'is is in%ui%ive since #os% /uil-ing -i#ensions in ai#u%' are consi-era/ly larger %'a% %'e
-i#ensions in eleva%ion ?/uil-ing 'eig'%@" <n our #o-el !e -onP% inclu-e eleva%ion .& so %'a%
an%enna array orien%a%ion a77lies only in a 'orion%al 7lane"
4.; !a* A0 and AoA Wi&$in Eac$ #l's&er
We assu#e %'a% eac' %a7Ps .& an- .o. !i%'in a 7ar%icular clus%er 'as %'e sa#e .& an- .o.
as %'e clus%er i%sel+" 2'is assu#7%ion is /ase- on %'e resul%s 7resen%e- in HA2I" 2'e +ollo!ing
'ol-s
Eac' %a7 e4'i/i%s $a7lacian *.&" 2'roug' %'e su##a%ion o+ con%ri/u%ing %a7s %'e
corres7on-ing clus%er also e4'i/i%s a $a7lacian *.&"
2'e .& o+ %'e clus%ers -e%er#ine- in &ec" 4"C s'oul- /e use- +or eac' %a7 !i%'in a
corres7on-ing clus%er"
.ll %'e %a7s o+ a given clus%er s'oul- 'ave %'e sa#e .& an- .o."

4.< %o**ler 0*ec&r'3
4.<.1 Main !e3*oral %o**ler #o3*onen&
2'e +a-ing c'arac%eris%ics o+ %'e in-oor !ireless c'annels are very -i++eren% +ro# %'e one !e
kno! +ro# %'e #o/ile case" <n in-oor !ireless sys%e#s %rans#i%%er an- receiver are s%a%ionary
an- 7eo7le are #oving in /e%!een, !'ile in ou%-oor #o/ile sys%e#s %'e user %er#inal is o+%en
#oving %'roug' an environ#en%" .s a resul%, a ne! +unc%ion
@ ? f S
'as %o /e -e+ine- +or
in-oor environ#en%s in or-er %o +i% %'e 0o77ler 7o!er s7ec%ru# #easure#en%s"
@ ? f S
can
/e e47resse- as ?in linear values, no% -1 values@:

2
1
1
@ ?

,
_

d
f
f
,
f S

?20@
!'ere , is a cons%an%, use- %o -e+ine %'e 0"1
@ ? f S
, a% a given +reEuency
d
f
, /eing %'e
0o77ler &7rea-"

( ) 1 " 0 @ ?

d
f f
f S
, so, 9 , ?21@
&u/#ission 7age 20 Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
2'e 0o77ler s7rea-
d
f
is -e+ine- as

o
d

f ?22@
!'ere
o

is %'e environ#en%al s7ee- -e%er#ine- +ro# #easure#en%s %'a% sa%is+y ?21@, an-
is %'e !aveleng%' -e+ine- /y

(
f
(


?2A@
!'ere
(
is %'e lig'% s7ee- an-
(
f
is %'e carrier +reEuency" 2'e value +or
o

is 7ro7ose-
eEual %o 1"2 k#B'" <n +ac%
d
f
values, e47eri#en%ally -e%er#ine- in in-oor environ#en%s,
!ere +oun- %o /e %o /e u7 %o a77ro4i#a%ely J 3 a% C"2C 63 cen%er +reEuency an- u7 %o
a77ro4i#a%ely A 3 a% 2"4 63 cen%er +reEuency" 8e7resen%e- in -1 values,
@ ? f S
is si#ilar
%o %'e Q1ellR s'a7e s7ec%ru#, as s'o!n on >ig" 4C:
>igure 4C" Q1ellR s'a7e 0o77ler 7o!er s7ec%ru#"
#a4
f
is %'e #a4i#u# +reEuency co#7onen% o+ %'e 0o77ler 7o!er s7ec%ru#" <% li#i%s %'e
range o+ +reEuencies %o an u77er /oun-, an- can /e ar/i%rarily se% %o C %i#es
d
f
" >igure CJ
s'o!s a %y7ical e47eri#en%al -a%a 0o77ler s7ec%ru# a% C"2C 63 o+ a single %a7 ?10 ns
#easure#en% sys%e# resolu%ion@ %oge%'er !i%' %'e +i%%ing +unc%ion o+ ?20@" (o%e %'a% %'e
#easure-
@ ? f S
co#7onen% a% f = 0 3 is rela%e- %o %'e K-+ac%or ?09-co#7onen%@ an- is no%
inclu-e- in %'e +i%%ing +unc%ion"
&u/#ission 7age 21 Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
-10 -1
d
f
#a4
f
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
>igure CJ" Measure- 0o77ler 7o!er s7ec%ru# +or a single -elay %a7 %oge%'er !i%'
%'e Q1ellR s'a7e +i%%ing +unc%ion"
<n #o/ile c'annels, %'e 0o77ler 7o!er s7ec%ru#,
@ ? f S
, o+ %'e receive- signal can /e +oun-
in H2C,2JI, an- is kno!n as %'e Q'orn s7ec%ru#R, Eui%e -i++eren% %'a% %'e one in >igs" 4C an-
CJ"
2'e au%ocorrela%ion +unc%ion o+ %'e 1ell s'a7e s7ec%ru# is given /y
2
e47
d d
f f
& %
, ,
_


,

2
? @ e47 & % %
, ,
_


,
an- %'e co'erence %i#e is given
/y ln?2@
2
d
,
#
f
ln?2@
2
,
#

"
4.<.2 %o**ler #o3*onen& %'e &o a Mo,in/ .e$icle
>or %'e c'annel #o-el >, a 0o77ler co#7onen% !as inclu-e- +or %'e A
r-
%a7 %'a% re7resen%s a
re+lec%ion +ro# a #oving ve'icle" 2'e 7ro7ose- 0o77ler 7o!er s7ec%ru#,
@ ? f S
, can /e
e47resse- as ?in linear values, no% -1 values@:
&u/#ission 7age 22 Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43

2 2
1
1
1
@ ?

,
_

+
+

,
_

2p!)e
2p!)e
d
f
f f
3
B
f
f
,
f S
?24@
!'ere 2p!)e
f
is -e+ine- as

f
2p!)e

?2C@
!'ere
1

is %'e s7ee- o+ a ve'icle in a +ac%ory or ou%-oor 'o%-s7o% environ#en%" 2'e

7ro7ose- value +or
1

is 40 k#B'" 2'e s7ike is 7resen% a% 7osi%ive +reEuencies only"

*ara#e%er , is se% eEual %o 9, sa#e as %'e +or %'e Q1ellR s'a7e 0o77ler s7ec%ru# ?21@" B
re7resen%s %'e ra%io /e%!een %'e s7ike 7eak an- %'e #a4i#u# o+ %'e 1ell &'a7e" B 'as /een
-e%er#ine- suc' %'a% %'e ri77le on %'e narro!/an- c'annel res7onses using Mo-el > is eEual
%o 2-4 -1" 2'e 7ro7ose- value +or B is 0"C" 2'e rea-er s'oul- no%e %'a% suc' ri77le -e7en-s
on %'e rela%ive 7o!er /e%!een %'e A
r-
%a7 an- %'e o%'er %a7s o+ Mo-el > +or !'ic' si#7le 1ell
s'a7es a77ly" 3 -e%er#ines %'e s7ike /an-!i-%'" 2'e /an-!i-%' is se% eEual %o 2p!)e
f
!'ere
%'e a#7li%u-e is 10 -1 /elo! %'e s7ike 7eak" <n %'is !ay

re7resen%s %'e rela%ive /an-!i-%'

o+ %'e s7ike" 2'e 7ro7ose- value +or

is 0"02" &ince d 2p!)e

f f >>
an- 1 << only %'e
secon- %er# o+ ?24@ can /e a-o7%e- %o -e%er#ine 3" )n-er %'is assu#7%ion

( )
1 " 0
2
1

,
_

,
_

t
2p!)e
2p!)e
f S
f S

, so, 90000
AJ
2

3
?2J@
2'e resul%ing 0o77ler 7o!er s7ec%ru# is illus%ra%e- in >ig" JD"
&u/#ission 7age 2A Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
>igure JD" E4a#7le Q1ellR s'a7e 0o77ler s7ec%ru# !i%' a 0o77ler co#7onen% -ue %o a
#oving ve'icle"
We no%e %'a% %'e 0o77ler s7ec%ru# can /e %runca%e- si#ilarly %o %'e %runca%ion in &ec" 4"D"1
?C %i#es
d
f
@" >igure DG s'o!s narro!/an- c'annel res7onses using Mo-el >" 2'e s7ike -ue
%o a #oving car causes a 2-4 -1 signal varia%ion"
&u/#ission 7age 24 Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
>igure DG" (arro!/an- i#7ulse res7onses o+ a 242 M<M: c'annel using Mo-el >"
4.<.3 %o**ler #o3*onen&s %'e &o 2l'orescen& Li/$&s
E++ec%s o+ +luorescen% lig'%s on signal +a-ing c'arac%eris%ics +or in-oor ra-io c'annels !ere
7resen%e- in HAA-ADI" 2'e 7resence o+ +luorescen% la#7s crea%es an environ#en% !'ere
re+lec%ions are /eing in%ro-uce- an- re#ove- a% %!ice %'e 7o!er line +reEuency ?120 3 in
%'e )&, 100 3 in Euro7e@, %'us crea%ing a +as% c'anging elec%ro#agne%ic environ#en%" 2'e
e++ec% #ani+es%s i%sel+ in %'e receive- signal as +reEuency selec%ive a#7li%u-e #o-ula%ion"
2'is is an e++ec% %'a% can yiel- signi+ican% varia%ion o+ receive- signal 7o!er" We inclu-e %'is
e++ec% in #o-els 0 an- E /y #o-ula%ing several %a7s in or-er %o ar%i+icially in%ro-uce an
a#7li%u-e #o-ula%ion" 2'e #o-ula%ing +unc%ion is ran-o#ie- %o yiel- .M -is%or%ion
a#7li%u-es si#ilar %o #easure- resul%s, as !ell as various 7erio- s'a7es cause- /y ran-o#
7'asing o+ i%s s7ec%ral co#7onen%s" >ur%'er#ore, i% see#s a-eEua%e %'a% %'e e++ec% /e
in%ro-uce- in%o #o-els 0 an- E ?%y7ical o++ice, large o++ice@ as %'ese o+%en 'ave o#ni7resen%
+luorescen% lig'%ing, an- are a++ec%e- %'e #os% +ro# +luorescen% e++ec%s"
$e%
( ) { }
2
0
e47 ?4 ?2 1@ @
l m l
l
g % , j l f %

+ +

?2D@
&u/#ission 7age 2C Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
!'ere
? @ g % 2'e #o-ula%ing +unc%ion
l
, 8ela%ive 'ar#onic a#7li%u-es
m
f 2'e #ain .9 +reEuency
l
. series o+ i"i"-" 7'ase 8VNs
S H0, 2 @ 4
% 2i#e
We 'ave c'osen %o #o-el %'e +un-a#en%al %one an- 2 o-- 'ar#onics ?100 3, A00 3, C00
3 in %'e Euro7ean case@, as %'is see#s %o /e a goo- enoug' a77ro4i#a%ion o+ %'e #o-ula%ing
signal" 2'e sugges%e- a#7li%u-es
l
,
are as +ollo!s:
#oe))icien& .al'e =d6>
0
, 0
1
, -1C
2
, -20
2'e in%er+erer %o carrier energy ra%io is selec%e- using %'e +ollo!ing ran-o# varia/le:
2
5
X
3
?2G@
!'ere
2
S ?0"020A,0"010D @ X 6 ?29@
W'erein %'e +irs% +igure is %'e #ean o+ %'e 6aussian, an- %'e secon- is %'e variance ?%'e
s%an-ar- -evia%ion sEuare-@" >igure G9 s'o!s %'e 90> o+ %'e #o-ele- <B9 ?in%er+erence-%o-
carrier ra%ion@ in green, an- %'e #easure- e47eri#en%al resul%s in /lue" 2'is 7lo% s'o!s goo-
agree#en% !i%' %'e #easure- <B9"
&u/#ission 7age 2J Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
>igure G9" 90> o+ #o-ele- <B9 vs" #easure- <B9"
We #o-ula%e A %a7s in eac' #o-el /y %'e #o-ula%ing +unc%ion
? @ g %
in accor-ance !i%' %'e
-ra!n <B9" 2'e %i#e value o+ eac' one o+ %'ese coe++icien%s is as +ollo!s
N? @ ? @?1 ? @@ ( % ( % g % +
?A0@
!'ere
? @ ( % :riginal %a7 value
N? @ ( % Mo-i+ie- %a7 value
? @ g % 2'e #o-ula%ing +unc%ion

(or#alia%ion cons%an%
2'e value o+

is -e%er#ine- suc' %'a% %'e %o%al #o-ula%ion energy ?#o-ula%ion in %'e

#o-ula%e- %a7s, co#7are- %o %'e en%ire c'annel res7onse@ #a%c'es %'e -ra!n ran-o# <B9"
2'e +ollo!ing %a7s are #o-ula%e-
Mo-el 9lus%er 2a7 nu#/ers
0 2 2,4,J
E 1 A,C,D
&u/#ission 7age 2D Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
4.8 An&ennas ?i&$ %i))eren& Polari:a&ions
2'e cross-7olaria%ion -iscri#ina%ion ?T*0@ is -e+ine- as %'e ra%io o+ %'e #ean 7o!er
receive- /y an an%enna !i%' eEual 7olaria%ion orien%a%ion as %'e %rans#i% an%enna %o %'e #ean
7o!er receive- /y an an%enna !i%' cross 7olaria%ion orien%a%ion %o %'e %rans#i% an%enna" <n
H2D, 2GI %'e T*0 values !ere +oun- %o /e in %'e D-1C -1 range +or $:& con-i%ions an- in %'e
A-C -1 range +or ($:& con-i%ions" 1ase- on %'ese e47eri#en%al resul%s, !e 7ro7ose an T*0
#o-el in con=unc%ion !i%' ?A@" We assign an T*0 value o+ 10 -1 %o %'e +i4e- $:& #a%ri4 H
F
,
an- A -1 T*0 value %o %'e varia/le #a%ri4 H

" >or %'e $:& con-i%ions !i%' a 'ig' K-+ac%or,

%'e #a%ri4 H
F
-o#ina%es !i%' 10 -1 T*0" >or ($:& con-i%ions !i%' K F 0, %'e varia/le
#a%ri4 H
"
-o#ina%es !i%' A -1 T*0 value" >ollo!ing is an e4a#7le o+ a 242 M<M: sys%e#
!i%' colloca%e- -ual-7olaria%ion an%ennas a% /o%' %rans#i%%er an- receiver H22I"

,
_

1
1
1
1
]
1

+
+
1
1
1
1
]
1

22 21
2
1
12
2
1
11
1
1
10
1
10
1
1
22 21
12 11
X X
X X
K j
e
j
e
j
e
j
e
K
K
P H


?A1@
(e4%, !e a--ress %'e correla%ion 7ro7er%ies /e%!een %'e an%ennas !i%' %!o -i++eren%
7olaria%ions" 2'e cross-7olaria%ion an%enna correla%ion ?/e%!een %'e ele#en%s o+ %'e
varia/le 7ar% #a%ri4 in ?A1@@ !as +oun- %o /e on %'e average signi+ican%ly lo!er %'a% %'e
correla%ion /e%!een %'e an%enna ele#en%s o+ %'e sa#e 7olaria%ion ?co-7olarie- ele#en%s@"
2'e correla%ion +or %'e co-7olarie- an%enna ele#en%s se7ara%e- /y B2 !as +oun- %o /e in %'e
0"2-0"J range, !'ile %'e correla%ion /e%!een %'e cross-7olarie- an%enna ele#en%s !as +oun-
%o /e in %'e 0"0-0"2 range +or %y7ical in-oor !ireless c'annels a% C"2C 63 HA1I" 2'e -ual
7olaria%ion an%ennas yiel- lo!er an%enna correla%ion an- /e%%er con-i%ion o+ %'e +i4e- $:&
#a%ri4, /u% %'e T*0 loss in ?A1@ can o++se% %'e gains in so#e cases so %'a% %'e sys%e#
7er+or#ance can /e co#7ara/le %o %'e single 7olaria%ion M<M: sys%e#"
<n %'is !ork !e -onP% 7resen% a -e%aile- an%enna correla%ion #o-el +or %'e cross-7olarie-
an%ennas"

9. !a(les o) Model Para3e&ers
<n .77en-i4 9, %a/les s'o! a su##ary o+ all #o-el 7ara#e%ers reEuire- +or %'e co#7le%e
c'annel c'arac%eria%ion, -e%er#ine- using #e%'o-s -escri/e- in &ec" 4" Eac' o+ %'e si4
%a/les re7resen%ing eac' o+ %'e #o-els .-> is clearly se7ara%e- in%o -is%inc% clus%ers" >or eac'
#o-el, %'e +ollo!ing 7ara#e%ers are lis%e-
2a7 *o!er
2a7 .o.
&u/#ission 7age 2G Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
2a7 .o0
2a7 .& ?a% %'e receiver@
2a7 .& ?a% %'e %rans#i%%er@
>or %'e $:& con-i%ions %'e +irs% %a7 con%ains also a +i4e- signal co#7onen%, !i%' %'e 8icean
K-+ac%or eEual %o values s7eci+ie- in 2a/le <<a" .ll o%'er %a7s 'ave K F 0 ?linear value@" We
s7eci+y %'a% %'e +i4e- ?$:&@ signal co#7onen% i#7inges %'e an%enna array a% %'e angle o+ 4C
o
"
;. Ma&la( Pro/ra3
2'e Ma%la/ 7rogra# %'a% genera%es #ul%i7le sna7s'o%s ?in %i#e@ o+ %'e c'annel #a%ri4 H !as
!ri%%en /y $" &c'u#ac'er H2AI ?%oge%'er !i%' ..)-9sys, >)(0-<(>:, an- 7ro=ec% <&2-
2000-A014G <-ME28.@ an- is 7u/licly availa/le ?see H2AI +or -o!nloa-ing ins%ruc%ions@"
<. 0i3'la&ed MIM #$annel Pro*er&ies @sin/ Ma&la( Pro/ra3
<n %'is sec%ion !e -e%er#ine so#e o+ %'e i#7or%an% 7ro7er%ies o+ %'e si#ula%e- c'annel
#a%rices H, s7eci+ically c'annel ca7aci%y" 2o arrive a% %'e resul%s, !e use %'e narro!/an-
assu#7%ion, !'ic' i#7lies %'a% %'e signal seen a% %'e receiver is a su##a%ion o+ all %a7s" 2'is
assu#7%ion is vali-, +or e4a#7le, +or sys%e#s /ase- on %'e or%'ogonal +reEuency -ivision
#ul%i7le4ing ?:>0M@ #o-ula%ion" >or %'e si#ula%ion, !e use %'e +ollo!ing an%enna
con+igura%ion sys%e# ?%'ese 7ara#e%ers can /e use- +or sys%e# si#ula%ions an- 7er+or#ance
co#7arisons@
4 %rans#i% an- 4 receive an%ennas ?444 M<M: sys%e#@
)ni+or# linear array ?)$.@
B2 a-=acen% an%enna s7acing
<so%ro7ic an%ennas
(o an%enna cou7ling e++ec%
.ll an%ennas !i%' sa#e 7olaria%ion ?ver%ical@
9'annel ca7aci%y is -e+ine- as %'e 'ig'es% %rans+er ra%e o+ in+or#a%ion %'a% can /e sen% !i%'
ar/i%rary lo! 7ro/a/ili%y o+ error" We assu#e %'a% %'e c'annel is kno!n only a% %'e receiver
an- %'a% eEual 7o!er is ra-ia%e- +ro# eac' %rans#i%%ing an%enna" >or %'e n
%
%rans#i% an%ennas
!i%' eEual %rans#i% 7o!er an- n
$
receiving an%ennas %'e generalie- +or#ula +or %'e
%'eore%ical ca7aci%y, 3, can /e -erive- H1I:

3 F log
2
-e% H 5 U ?$Bn
%
@ HH
7
I /7sB3 ?A2@

!'ere 5 is an n
$
4 n
$
i-en%i%y #a%ri4, H is an n
$
4 n
%
#a%ri4, H
7
is i%s %rans7ose con=uga%e, an- $
is %'e average signal-%o-noise ra%io ?&(8@"
&u/#ission 7age 29 Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
>igure 910 s'o!s cu#ula%ive -is%ri/u%ion +unc%ions ?90>s@ o+ narro!/an- ca7aci%y +or
Mo-els .-> inclu-ing i"i"-" case ?c'annel #a%ri4 ele#en%s are i"i"-", ero-#ean uni%-variance
co#7le4 6aussian ran-o# varia/les@ assu#ing $ F 10 -1, 2000 c'annel realia%ions, an- 444
M<M: sys%e# an- ($:& con-i%ions"
>igure 910" &i#ula%e- 444 M<M: narro!/an- ca7aci%y 90>s +or %'e ($:& con-i%ions"
2a/le <<< s'o!s #ean 444 M<M: c'annel ca7aci%y values +or eac' #o-el an- corres7on-ing
O o+ %'e #ean i"i"-" ca7aci%y:
Mo-el ?($:&@ Mean ca7aci%y in /BsB3 O o+ i"i"-" #ean ca7aci%y
. ?o7%ional@ 9"1 GA
1 G"9 G1
9 G"J DG
0 10"0 92
&u/#ission 7age A0 Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
E 9"A GC
> 10"4 9C
i"i"-" 10"9 100
2a/le <<<: 444 M<M: c'annel #ean ca7aci%y +or %'e ($:& con-i%ions"
2'ese resul%s #a%c' very !ell !i%' resul%s re7or%e- in HA1,AA,A9I" <n HAAI i% !as +oun-
e47eri#en%ally %'a% %'e #ean ca7aci%y is a77ro4i#a%ely G0O an- 9CO o+ %'e 242 #ean i"i"-"
ca7aci%y +or %'e $:& an- ($:& con-i%ions, res7ec%ively ?a77lica/le %o #o-el 0@" 2'e
#easure#en% an%enna s7acing !as /2" <n HA1, A9I i% !as +oun- e47eri#en%ally ?B2 an%enna
s7acing@ %'a% %'e #ean ca7aci%y +or %'e $:& case is a77ro4i#a%ely D0O o+ %'e #ean 444 ii-
M<M: ca7aci%y, an- +or %'e ($:& ?a77lica/le %o #o-el E@ case %'e #ean ca7aci%y is
a77ro4i#a%ely G0O o+ %'e #ean 444 i"i"-" M<M: ca7aci%y" >or %'e #o-els 0, E an- > i% is
e47ec%e- %'a% %'e ca7aci%y is 'ig'er /ecause o+ %'e #ore clus%ers 7resen% !i%' !i-er .& !'en
co#7are- %o %'e #o-els ., 1, an- 9" We no%e %'a% M<M: sys%e#s !i%' a s#aller nu#/er o+
an%ennas are closer %o %'e i"i"-" ca7aci%y %'an %'e sys%e#s !i%' larger nu#/er an%ennas ?242
vs" 444, +or e4a#7le@" <n a 7ar%icular M<M: c'annel %'ere #ay /e only several signi+ican%
an- -is%inc% eigenvalues availa/le +or e4ci%a%ion" <n HA9I #ore -e%aile- co#7arison o+ %'e
#o-el %o %'e e47eri#en%al -a%a resul%s can /e +oun-"
>or %'e an%enna s7acing o+ , %'e si#ula%e- #ean ca7aci%y values in 2a/le <<< /eco#e closer
%o %'e i"i"-" ca7aci%y ?'ig'er %'an 90O o+ %'e #ean i"i"-" ca7aci%y@"
8. #oncl'sion
<n %'is -ocu#en% !e 7ro7ose a se% o+ c'annel #o-els a77lica/le %o in-oor M<M: W$.(
sys%e#s" 2'e ne!ly -evelo7e- #o-els are /ase- on %'e clus%er #o-eling a77roac', !'ere
%a7--e7en-en% an- clus%er--e7en-en% angular an- 7o!er 7ro7er%ies are c'arac%erie-" 1ase-
on %'ese 7ara#e%ers, an accura%e %i#e--o#ain M<M: c'annel #a%ri4 can /e o/%aine- +ro#
%'e Ma%la/ 7rogra# in H2AI, !i%' 7ro7er an%enna correla%ion 7ro7er%ies"
&u/#ission 7age A1 Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
A**endi1 A A Po?er roll-o)) *ara3e&er e1&rac&ion
2'e o/=ec%ive o+ %'is .77en-i4 is %o -escri/e a #e%'o- %o e4%en- %'e &ingle-<n7u% &ingle-
:u%7u% ?&<&:@ in-oor *o!er 0elay *ro+iles ?*0*@ 7ro7ose- in H2I so as %o enco#7ass
Mul%i7le-<n7u% Mul%i7le-:u%7u% ?M<M:@ scenarios as !ell" 2'is -escri7%ion !ill successively
a--ress %'e i-en%i+ica%ion o+ clus%ers an- %'e e4%rac%ion o+ %'eir 7o!er roll-o++ coe++icien%"
*o!er roll-o++ 7ara#e%er e4%rac%ion is %'e i%era%ive 7rocess %'a% +in-s %'e 7o!er roll-o++
coe++icien%s +or eac' clus%er"
<% s%ar%s !i%' one o+ %'e +ive original #o-els H2I %'a% gives %'e c'annel gain
i
A
a% eac' -elay

i
, i F1, V, (
#a4
" >or %'e Me-/o #o-els, (
#a4
F 1G" 2'e clus%ers are se7ara%e- suc' %'a%
8uleW1: %'e %a7 se7ara%ion ?in %i#e@ is cons%an% !i%'in eac' clus%er" <% is in%eres%ing %o
o/serve %'a% in %'e Me-/o #o-els %'e 7o!er roll-o++ !i%'in eac' clus%er +ollo!s an
e47onen%ial 7o!er -ecay la!"
8uleW2: %'e clus%ers !'ic' are %'e ou%co#e o+ %'e i%era%ive 7rocess ai#e- a%
co#7u%ing %'e 7o!er roll-o++ 7ara#e%ers s'oul- also o/ey %'e e47onen%ial 7o!er
-ecay la!" <% 'as /een o/serve- %'a%, in Me-/o Mo-el 1, a /lin- a77lica%ion o+
8uleW1 coul- lea- %o %'e -e+ini%ion o+ clus%ers !'ose 7o!er roll-o++ !as ac%ually
increasing" 8uleW2 is ai#e- a% avoi-ing %'is si%ua%ion" <%s +ul+ill#en% reEuires in
Me-/o Mo-el 1 %o ga%'er %'e +our las% %a7s, !'ose se7ara%ion in %i#e is no% e4ac%ly
cons%an%, in%o %'e sa#e clus%er"
8uleWA: %'e $ine-o+-&ig'% co#7onen% o+ a 8ician 7ro+ile ?Me-/o Mo-el 0@ is 'an-le-
as /eing a clus%er !i%' a single %a7"

2'is 7rocess 'as /een i#7le#en%e- in Ma%la/, an- !e illus%ra%e i% !i%' +igures as an e4a#7le"
<n %'is e4a#7le %'e original %a7s are given as soli- arro!s !i%' 'eig'% 7ro7or%ional %o %'e %a7
gain, %'e 'orion%al a4is is e4cess -elay, -i++eren% clus%ers are assigne- -i++eren% colors %o
illus%ra%e %'e +ac% %'a% %'ey corres7on- %o -i++eren% -irec%ional c'arac%eris%ics"
(e4% !e -escri/e %'e Ma%la/ 7rogra# +unc%ions:
$e%Ns a++ec% %'e !orking varia/le C !i%' %'e original c'annel gains o+ %'e Me-/o #o-el
A C "
kF1
&%e7 1: 0o a leas% sEuares +i% +or clus%er k"
We a77ro4i#a%e %'e 7o!er roll-o++ la! !i%' an e47onen%ial 7o!er -elay 7ro+ile, i"e" !i%' a
+unc%ion o+ %'e +or#
@ ?
X X
, , , , k k i k k k i
C C
0 0
+
, !'ere k i
C
,
X
is %'e 7o!er o+ %'e i-%' %a7 in
%'e curren% clus%er k, k
C
,
X
0 ,
)

are %'e curve +i%%ing 7ara#e%ers" k i

C
,
X
, k
C
,
X
0 are given in
-1, %'e %i#e -elays are given in nanosecon-s ?nsec@ an- %'e uni%s o+
)

are -1Bnsec"
<+ %'is !as no% %'e las% clus%er 7rocee-" Else, /reak"
&u/#ission 7age A2 Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
&%e7 2: E4%en- %'e clus%er
>ollo!ing %'e 7o!er roll-o++ la! +oun- in &%e7 1, e4%en- %'e 7o!er roll-o++ a% %a7s s7ace-
!i%' %'e sa#e se7ara%ion as %'e one %'a% %'e original clus%er 'a-" We s%o7 in%ro-ucing %'ese
e4%en-e- %a7s !'en %'eir 7o!er !oul- /e lo!er %'an %'e lo!es% allo!a/le %a7 7o!er +or %'a%
7ro+ile" 2'e original %a7s re#ain unal%ere- an- %'e e4%ensions are s'o!n !i%' %'in s'a-e-
arro!s"
&%e7 A: <n%egra%e energy
&ince %'e %a7s o+ %'e original #o-el are given a% s7eci+ic e4cess -elays an- since !e are
!illing %o 7reserve %'is s7acing in %'e -elay -o#ain, !e nee- %o +in- 'o! #uc' energy o+ %'e
e4%en-e- %a7s corres7on-s %o %'e eac' o+ %'e original %a7s o+ %'e +ollo!ing clus%ers" 2'ese are
s'o!n as Y+a%P s'a-e- arro!s /ecause %'ey resul% +ro# %'e in%egra%ion o+ one ?or 7ossi/ly
#ore@ %'in s'a-e- arro!s" $e% %'e +a% arro!s /e -eno%e- as ) l
B
, +or all -elays
l

/eyon-
@ #a4?
,) !

"
&%e7 4: &u/%rac% energy
<+ %'e energy o+ %'e accu#ula%e- %a7s is lo!er %'an %'e energy o+ %'e original #o-el %a7s, %'en
i% is su/%rac%e- ?'ere %'e %er# YenergyP in-ica%es %'a% %'e %a7 7o!ers 'ave /een a77ro7ria%ely
in%egra%e- %o accoun% +or %'e varying %a7 -elay s7acing@" <n %'e angular -o#ain, %'is
corres7on-s %o 'aving energy arriving /o%' +ro# %'e -irec%ion o+ %'e clus%er %o !'ic' %'e
curren% %a7 /elongs, an- +ro# %'e -irec%ion o+ %'e 7revious clus%er?s@" &o
( )
k j l j l j
B C C
, , ,

"
1ecause !e coul- 'ave A or #ore clus%ers overla77ing an- energy #ig'% 'ave %o /e
su/%rac%e- #ore %'an once, !e o7era%e on %'e !orking varia/le 9, ins%ea- o+ %'e ini%ial
c'annel gains ." 2'is 7rocess is re7ea%e- +or all clus%ers in %'e 7ro+ile" (o%e %'a% %'e
su/%rac%ion is -one in linear scale, no% in -1"
2'e su/%rac%e- energy is -eno%e- !i%' arro!s !i%' -as'e- /or-ers, !'ile %'e resul% o+ %'e
su/%rac%ion ?re#aining energy@ is s'o!n !i%' 7a%%erne- arro!s"
)=)+1
8e7ea% s%e7s 1-4 un%il /reak in s%e7 1 ?/ecause las% clus%er reac'e-@"
Le% 82 2ee .o9 %.!2 p$o(ed8$e (0n :e !ll82%$0%ed g$0p.!(0ll/ 82!ng %.e follo9!ng model 02 0n
ex0mple;
&u/#ission 7age AA Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
2i/'re A1: ri/inal 3odel
2i/'re A2: 0&e* 1 5leas& sB'ares )i&7 )or cl's&er 1
&u/#ission 7age A4 Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
.o.
2
.o.
A
.o.
1
.o.
1
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
2i/'re A3: 0&e* 2 5&a* e1&ension7 )or cl's&er 1
2i/'re A4: 0&e* 3 5ener/y in&e/ra&ion7 )or cl's&er 1
2i/'re A9: 0&e* 4 5ener/y s'(&rac&ion7 )or cl's&er 2
&u/#ission 7age AC Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
(o% consi-ere- /ecause lo!er %'an #ini#u#
%a7 7o!er
Mini3'3
&a* *o?er
I
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
2i/'re A;: 0&e* 1 5leas& sB'ares )i&7 )or cl's&er 2
2i/'re A<: 0&e* 2 5&a* e1&ension7 )or cl's&er 2
&u/#ission 7age AJ Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
Mini3'3
&a* *o?er
(o% consi-ere- /ecause
lo!er %'an #ini#u#
%a7 7o!er
<
<<
<<<
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
2i/'re A8: 0&e* 3 5ener/y in&e/ra&ion7 )or cl's&er 2
2i/'re A9: 0&e* 4 5ener/y s'(&rac&ion7 )or cl's&er 3
2i/'re A10: 0&e* 1 5leas& sB'ares )i&7 )or cl's&er 3
&u/#ission 7age AD Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
<
<<
<<<
(o% su/%rac%e- /ecause
'ig'er %'an curren% %a7
7o!er
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
A**endi1 # A Model A 5*&ional Model7
!a*
inde1
1
E1cess
delay
=ns>
0
Po?er
=d6>
0
.o.
AoA
=C>
4C
.&
?receiver@
A0
=C>
40
.o0
Ao%
=C>
4C
.&
?%rans#i%%er@
A0
=C>
40
&u/#ission 7age AG Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
A**endi1 # A Model 6
!a*
inde1
1 2 3 4 9 ; < 8 9
E1cess
delay
=ns>
0 10 20 30 40 90 ;0 <0 80
9lus%er 1
Po?er
=d6>
0 -C"4 -10"G -1J"2 -21"D
.o.
AoA
=C>
4"A 4"A 4"A 4"A 4"A
.&
?receiver@
A0
=C>
14"4 14"4 14"4 14"4 14"4
.o0
Ao%
=C>
22C"1 22C"1 22C"1 22C"1 22C"1
.&
?%rans#i%%er@
A0
=C>
14"4 14"4 14"4 14"4 14"4
9lus%er 2
Po?er
=d6>
-A"2 -J"A -9"4 -12"C -1C"J -1G"D -21"G
.o.
AoA
=C>
11G"4 11G"4 11G"4 11G"4 11G"4 11G"4 11G"4
.&
A0
=C>
2C"2 2C"2 2C"2 2C"2 2C"2 2C"2 2C"2
.o0
Ao%
=C>
10J"C 10J"C 10J"C 10J"C 10J"C 10J"C 10J"C
.&
A0
=C>
2C"4 2C"4 2C"4 2C"4 2C"4 2C"4 2C"4
&u/#ission 7age A9 Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
A**endi1 # A Model #
!a*
inde1
1 2 3 4 9 ; < 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
E1cess
delay
=ns>
0 10 20 30 40 90 ;0 <0 80 90 110 140 1<0 200
9lus%er 1
Po?er
=d6>
0 -2"1 -4"A -J"C -G"J -10"G -1A"0 -1C"2 -1D"A -19"C
.o.

AoA
=C>
290"A 290"A 290"A 290"A 290"A 290"A 290"A 290"A 290"A 290"A
.&
?receiver@
A0
=C>
24"J 24"J 24"J 24"J 24"J 24"J 24"J 24"J 24"J 24"J
.o0
Ao%
=C>
1A"C 1A"C 1A"C 1A"C 1A"C 1A"C 1A"C 1A"C 1A"C 1A"C
.&
?%rans#i%%er@
A0
=C>
24"D 24"D 24"D 24"D 24"D 24"D 24"D 24"D 24"D 24"D
9lus%er 2
Po?er
=d6>
-C"0 -D"2 -9"A -11"C -1A"D -1C"G -1G"0 -20"2
.o.
AoA
=C>
AA2"A AA2"A AA2"A AA2"A AA2"A AA2"A AA2"A AA2"A
.&
A0
=C>
22"4 22"4 22"4 22"4 22"4 22"4 22"4 22"4
.o0
Ao%
=C>
CJ"4 CJ"4 CJ"4 CJ"4 CJ"4 CJ"4 CJ"4 CJ"4
.&
A0
=C>
22"C 22"C 22"C 22"C 22"C 22"C 22"C 22"C
A**endi1 # A Model %
&u/#ission 7age 40 Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
!a*
inde1
1 2 3 4 9 ; < 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 19 1; 1< 18
E1cess
delay
=ns>
0 10 20 30 40 90 ;0 <0 80 90 110 140 1<0 200 240 290 340 390
9lus%er 1
Po?er
=d6>
0 -0"9 -1"D -2"J -A"C -4"A -C"2 -J"1 -J"9 -D"G -9"0 -11"1 -1A"D -1J"A -19"A -2A"2
.o.

AoA
=C>
1CG"9 1CG"9 1CG"9 1CG"9 1CG"9 1CG"9 1CG"9 1CG"9 1CG"9 1CG"9 1CG"9 1CG"9 1CG"9 1CG"9 1CG"9 1CG"9
.&
?receiver@
A0
=C>
2D"D 2D"D 2D"D 2D"D 2D"D 2D"D 2D"D 2D"D 2D"D 2D"D 2D"D 2D"D 2D"D 2D"D 2D"D 2D"D
.o0
Ao%
=C>
AA2"1 AA2"1 AA2"1 AA2"1 AA2"1 AA2"1 AA2"1 AA2"1 AA2"1 AA2"1 AA2"1 AA2"1 AA2"1 AA2"1 AA2"1 AA2"1
.&
?%rans#i%%er@
A0
=C>
2D"4 2D"4 2D"4 2D"4 2D"4 2D"4 2D"4 2D"4 2D"4 2D"4 2D"4 2D"4 2D"4 2D"4 2D"4 2D"4
9lus%er 2
Po?er
=d6>
-J"J -9"C -12"1 -14"D -1D"4 -21"9 -2C"C
.o.
AoA
=C>
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May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
A**endi1 # - Model E 51/27
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May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
A**endi1 # - Model E 52/27
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May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
A**endi1 # A Model 2 51/27
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May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
A**endi1 # A Model 2 52/27
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May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
+e)erences
H1I 6"J" >osc'ini an- M"J" 6ans, Q:n %'e li#i%s o+ !ireless co##unica%ions in a +a-ing
environ#en% !'en using #ul%i7le an%ennas,R <!$ele22 Pe$2on0l 3omm8n!(0%!on2, vol" J,
Marc' 199G, 77" A11-AAC"
H2I J" Me-/o an- *" &c'ra##, Q9'annel #o-els +or 3<*E8$.(B2,R E2&<B18.(
-ocu#en% no" AE8<0GC1"
HAI J" Me-/o an- J-E" 1erg, QMeasure- ra-io!ave 7ro7aga%ion c'arac%eris%ics a% C 63
+or %y7ical 3<*E8$.(B2 scenarios,R E2&<B18.( -ocu#en% no" AE8<0G4."
H4I ."."M" &ale' an- 8"." Valenuela, Q. s%a%is%ical #o-el +or in-oor #ul%i7a%'
7ro7aga%ion,R 5=== >; Sele(%; ,$e02 3omm8n;, vol" C, 19GD, 77" 12G-1AD"
HCI ;"3" &7encer, e% al", QMo-eling %'e s%a%is%ical %i#e an- angle o+ arrival c'arac%eris%ics
o+ an in-oor environ#en%,R 5=== >; Sele(%; ,$e02 3omm8n;, vol" 1G, no" A, Marc' 2000,
77" A4D-AJ0"
HJI 8"J-M" 9ra#er, 8"." &c'ol%, an- M"Z" Win, QEvalua%ion o+ an ul%ra-!i-e-/an-
7ro7aga%ion c'annel,R 5=== #$0n2; ,n%enn02 P$op0g0%;, vol" C0, no"C, May 2002, 77"
CJ1-CD0"
HDI ."&"5" *oon an- M" 3o, Q<n-oor #ul%i7le-an%enna c'annel c'arac%eria%ion +ro# 2 %o
G 63,R 28:m!%%ed %o 533 '003 3onfe$en(e"
HGI 6" 6er#an, ;" &7encer, $" &!in-le'urs%, an- 8" Valenuela, QWireless in-oor
c'annel #o-eling: &%a%is%ical agree#en% o+ ray %racing si#ula%ions an- c'annel soun-ing
#easure#en%s,R !n p$o(; 5=== ,(o82%!(2? Spee(.? 0nd S!gn0l P$o(; 3onf;, vol" 4, 2001,
77" 2C01-2C04"
H9I J-6" Wang, ."&" Mo'an, an- 2"." .u/rey,R .ngles-o+-arrival o+ #ul%i7a%' signals in
in-oor environ#en%s,R !n p$o(; 5=== "e.; #e(.nol; 3onf", 199J, 77" 1CC-1C9"
H10I 9'ia-9'in 9'ong, 0avi- <" $aurenson an- &%e7'en Mc$aug'lin, Q&%a%is%ical
9'arac%eria%ion o+ %'e C"2 63 !i-e/an- -irec%ional in-oor 7ro7aga%ion c'annels !i%'
clus%ering an- correla%ion 7ro7er%ies,R !n p$o(; 5=== "e.; #e(.nol; 3onf;, vol" 1, &e7%"
2002, 77" J29-JAA"
H11I J"*" ,er#oal, $" &c'u#ac'er, *"E" Mogensen an- ,"<" *e-ersen, QE47eri#en%al
inves%iga%ion o+ correla%ion 7ro7er%ies o+ M<M: ra-io c'annels +or in-oor 7icocell
scenario,Q !n P$o(; 5=== "e.; #e(.nol; 3onf;, 1os%on, )&., vol" 1, &e7%" 2000, 77" 14-
21"
&u/#ission 7age 4J Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
H12I *" ,yri%si an- 0"9" 9o4, Q9orrela%ion 7ro7er%ies o+ M<M: ra-io c'annels +or in-oor
scenarios,R !n p$o(; S!gn0l S/2%em2 0nd 3omp8%e$2 35
%.
,2!lom0$ 3onf;, vol" 2, 2001"
H1AI 9" *re%%ie, 0" 9'eung, $" 8usc', an- M" 3o, Q&7a%ial correla%ion o+ )W1 signals in
a 'o#e environ#en%,R !n *!ge2% of P0pe$2? 4l%$0 <!de:0nd S/2%em2 0nd #e(.nolog!e2
3onf;, 2002, 77" JC-J9"
H14I J" ,ivinen, T" Z'ao, an- *" Vainikainen, QE#7irical c'arac%eria%ion o+ !i-e/an-
in-oor ra-io c'annel a% C"A 63,R 5=== #$0n2; ,n%enn02 0nd P$op0g0%!on, vol" 49, no" G,
.ug" 2001, 77" 1192-120A"
H1CI 3" 3as'e#i, Q2'e in-oor ra-io 7ro7aga%ion c'annel,R P$o(eed!ng2 of %.e 5===, vol"
G1, no" D, July 199A, 77" 94A-9JG"
H1JI J"1" .n-ersen, 2"&" 8a77a7or%, an- &" 5os'i-a, Q*ro7aga%ion #easure#en%s an-
#o-els +or !ireless co##unica%ion c'annels,R 5=== 3omm8n; @0g", Jan" 199C, 77" 42-
49"
H1DI 2" Z!ick, 9" >is'er, 0" 0i-ascalou, an- W" Wies/eck, Q. s%oc'as%ic s7a%ial c'annel
#o-el /ase- on !ave-7ro7aga%ion #o-eling,R 5=== >; Sele(%; ,$e02 3omm8n", vol" 1G,
no" 1, Jan" 2000, 77" J-1C"
H1GI 2" Z!ick, 9" >is'er, an- W" Wies/eck, Q. s%oc'as%ic #ul%i7a%' c'annel #o-el
inclu-ing 7a%' -irec%ions +or in-oor environ#en%s,R 5=== >; Sele(%; ,$e02 3omm8n", vol"
20, no" J, .ug" 2002, 77" 11DG-1192"
H19I J" &al an- J"3" Win%ers, QE++ec% o+ +a-ing correla%ion on a-a7%ive arrays in -igi%al
#o/ile ra-io,R 5=== #$0n2; "e.; #e(.nol", vol" 4A, (ov" 1994, 77" 1049-10CD"
H20I $" &c'u#ac'er, ," <" *e-ersen, an- *"E" Mogensen, Q>ro# an%enna s7acings %o
%'eore%ical ca7aci%ies M gui-elines +or si#ula%ing M<M: sys%e#s,R in P$o(; P5@&3
3onf;, vol" 2, &e7%" 2002, 77" CGD-C92"
H21I V"J" 8'o-es, Q*a%' loss 7ro7osal +or %'e <EEE G02"11 32&6 c'annel #o-el .- 3oc
grou7,R .7ril 22, 200A"
H22I *" &o#a, 0"&" 1au#, V" Erceg, 8" ,ris'na#oor%'y, an- ."J" *aulra=, Q .nalysis an-
#o-eling o+ #ul%i7le-in7u% #ul%i7le-ou%7u% ?M<M:@ ra-io c'annel /ase- on ou%-oor
#easure#en%s con-uc%e- a% 2"C 63 +or +i4e- 1W. a77lica%ions,R in P$o(; 5=== 533
3onf;? -e9 +o$)? ,p$!l '00';
H2AI $" &c'u#ac'er QW$.( M<M: 9'annel Ma%la/ 7rogra#,R -o!nloa- in+or#a%ion:
'%%7:BB!!!"in+o"+un-7"ac"/eBSlscB8esearc'B<EEEZG0211Z32&6Z9M&9B-is%ri/u%ionZ%er
#s"'%#l
&u/#ission 7age 4D Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
H24I ,"<" *e-ersen, *"E" Mogensen, an- 1"3" >leury, Q. s%oc'as%ic #o-el o+ %'e %e#7oral
an- ai#u%'al -is7ersion seen a% %'e /ase s%a%ion in ou%-oor 7ro7aga%ion environ#en%s,R
5=== #$0n2; "e.; #e(.nol;, vol" 49, no" 2, Marc' 2000, 77" 4AD-44D"
H2CI Jakes, W"9", @!($o90e @o:!le 3omm8n!(0%!on2, (e! 5ork: Wiley, 19D4"
H2JI 8a77a7or%, 2"&", <!$ele22 3omm8n!(0%!on2; P$!n(!ple2 0nd P$0(%!(e, *ren%ice 3all,
(e! Jersey, 199J"
H2DI *" ,yri%si, Q*ro7aga%ion c'arac%eris%ics o+ 'orion%ally an- ver%ically 7olarie-
elec%ric +iel-s in an in-oor environ#en%: si#7le #o-el an- resul%s,R in P$o(; 5=== "#3
'001 F0ll, vol" A, 77" 1422-142J"
H2GI &" $ore-o, 1" Man%eca, an- 8" 2orres, Q*olaria%ion -iversi%y in in-oor scenarios: an
e47eri#en%al s%u-y a% 1"G an- 2"C 63,R in P$o(; P5@&3 '00'? vol" 2, 77" G9J-900"
H29I J"*" ,er#oal, $" &c'u#ac'er, >" >re-eriksen, an- *"E" Mogensen, Q*olaria%ion
-iversi%y in M<M: ra-io c'annels: e47eri#en%al vali-a%ion o+ a s%oc'as%ic #o-el an-
7er+or#ance assess#en%,R in P$o(; 5=== "#3 '001 F0ll, vol" 1, 77" 22-2J"
HA0I V"J" 8'o-es an- 9" *re%%ie, Q<n%el &<&:BM<M: W$.( c'annel 7ro7aga%ion resul%s,R
5=== G02"11-0ABA1Ar0, May 200A"
HA1I ." Jaganna%'a# an- V" Erceg, Q<n-oor M<M: !ireless c'annel #easure#en%s an-
#o-eling a% C"2C 63,R 0ocu#en% in 7re7ara%ion, January 2004"
HA2I ;" $i, ," 5u, M" 3o, J" $ung, an- 0" 9'eung, an- 9" *re%%ie, Q:n %'e %a7 angular
s7rea- an- ,ronecker s%ruc%ure o+ %'e W$.( c'annel #o-el,R 5=== G02"11-0ABCG4r0,
July 200A"
HAAI (" 2al Q2i#e varia/le 32 M<M: c'annel #easure#en%s,R 5=== G02"11-0ABC1Cr0,
July 200A"
HA4I (" 2al e% al", Q>luorescen% $ig'%-1ul/ <n%erac%ion !i%' Elec%ro#agne%ic
&ignals,R <EEE G02"11-0ABD1Gr4, &e7%e#/er 200A"
HACI J" 6il/er% e% al",
Q;uick-+luorescen%-#easure#en%sR, 5=== G02"11-0ABJA1r0, July 200A"

HAJI *" Melan[on an- J" $e/el, QE++ec%s o+ +luorescen% lig'%s on signal +a-ing
c'arac%eris%ics +or in-oor ra-io c'annels,R 5=== =le(%$on!( Le%%e$2, Vol" 2G (o" 1G,
.ugus% 1992"
HADI W"J" Vogel e% al" Q>luorescen% lig'% in%erac%ion !i%' 7ersonal co##unica%ion
signals,R 5=== #$0n2; on 3omm8n;, vol" 4A, no" 2BAB4, >e/BMarB.7r 199C"
&u/#ission 7age 4G Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"
May 2004 doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/940r43
HAGI )& 9ensus 1eauro, Q>luorescen% la#7 /allas%s: >irs% ;uar%er 200A,R May 200A, an-
Q>luorescen% la#7 /allas%s: &u##ary 199D,R June 199G, 8e7or% (o" M;AACc"
HA9I ;" $i, M" 3o, V" Erceg, ." Jangann%'a#, (" 2al, QG02"11n c'annel #o-el
vali-a%ion,R 5=== G02"11-0ABG94r1, 11-0A-0G94-01-000n-G02-11n-c'annel-#o-el-
vali-a%ion"7-+, (ov" 200A"
H40I ;" $i, J" $ung, 0" 9'eung, 9" *re%%ie, QEleva%ion e++ec% on M<M: c'annel,R 5===
G02"11-0AB9D1r0, 11-0A-09D1-00-000n-eleva%ion-e++ec%-#i#o-c'annel"77%, (ov" 200A"
H41I 0" 9'eung, 9" *re%%ie, ;" $i, J" $ung, Q8icean K-+ac%or in o++ice cu/icle
environ#en%,R 5=== G02"11-0ABG9Cr1, 11-0A-0G9C-01-000n-ricean-k-+ac%or-in-o++ice-
cu/icle-environ#en%"77%, (ov" 200A"
&u/#ission 7age 49 Vinko Erceg, Zyray Wireless; e% al"