AbstractThis paper shows the potential system benefits of

simple tracking solar system using a stepper motor and light sensor.
This method is increasing power collection efficiency by developing
a device that tracks the sun to keep the panel at a right angle to its
rays. A solar tracking system is designed, implemented and
experimentally tested. The design details and the experimental results
are shown.

KeywordsRenewable Energy, Power Optimization.
I. INTRODUCTION
XTRACTING useable electricity from the sun was made
possible by the discovery of the photoelectric mechanism
and subsequent development of the solar cell a semi-
conductive material that converts visible light into a direct
current. By using solar arrays, a series of solar cells
electrically connected, a DC voltage is generated which can be
physically used on a load. Solar arrays or panels are being
used increasingly as efficiencies reach higher levels, and are
especially popular in remote areas where placement of
electricity lines is not economically viable.
This alternative power source is continuously achieving
greater popularity especially since the realisation of fossil
fuels shortcomings. Renewable energy in the form of
electricity has been in use to some degree as long as 75 or 100
years ago. Sources such as Solar, Wind, Hydro and Geo-
thermal have all been utilised with varying levels of success.
The most widely used are hydro and wind power, with solar
power being moderately used worldwide. This can be
attributed to the relatively high cost of solar cells and their
low conversion efficiency. Solar power is being heavily
researched, and solar energy costs have now reached within a
few cents per kW/h of other forms of electricity generation,
and will drop further with new technologies such as titanium-
oxide cells. With a peak laboratory efficiency of 32% and
average efficiency of 15-20%
[1-4]
, it is necessary to recover as
much energy as possible from a solar power system.
This includes reducing inverter losses, storage losses, and
light gathering losses. Light gathering is dependent on the
angle of incidence of the light source providing power (i.e. the
sun) to the solar cells surface, and the closer to perpendicular,
the greater the power [1-7]. If a flat solar panel is mounted on

J . Rizk is with University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith
South DC, NSW 1797, Australia (e-mail: [email protected]).
Y. Chaiko is with Riga Technical University, 1, Kalku Street, LV-1658,
Riga, Latvia (e-mail: [email protected]).
level ground, it is obvious that over the course of the day the
sunlight will have an angle of incidence close to 90in the
morning and the evening. At such an angle, the light
gathering ability of the cell is essentially zero, resulting in no
output. As the day progresses to midday, the angle of
incidence approaches 0, causing an steady increase in power
until at the point where the light incident on the panel is
completely perpendicular, and maximum power is achieved.
As the day continues toward dusk, the reverse happens, and
the increasing angle causes the power to decrease again
toward minimum again.
From this background, we see the need to maintain the
maximum power output from the panel by maintaining an
angle of incidence as close to 0 as possible. By tilting the
solar panel to continuously face the sun, this can be achieved.
This process of sensing and following the position of the sun
is known as Solar Tracking. It was resolved that real-time
tracking would be necessary to follow the sun effectively, so
that no external data would be required in operation.
II. THE SENSING ELEMENT AND SIGNAL PROCESSING
Many different methods have been proposed and used to
track the position of the sun. The simplest of all uses an LDR
a Light Dependent Resistor to detect light intensity changes
on the surface of the resistor. Other methods, such as that
published by J eff Damm in Home Power [8], use two
phototransistors covered with a small plate to act as a shield to
sunlight, as shown in Fig. 1.


Fig. 1 Alternative solar tracking method
When morning arrives, the tracker is in state A from the
previous day. The left phototransistor is turned on, causing a
signal to turn the motor continuously until the shadow from
the plate returns the tracker to state B. As the day slowly
progresses, state C is reached shortly, turning on the right
phototransistor. The motor turns until state B is reached
again, and the cycle continues until the end of the day, or until
the minimum detectable light level is reached.

Solar Tracking System: More Efficient Use of
Solar Panels
J . Rizk, and Y. Chaiko
E
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The problem with a design like this is that phototransistors
have a narrow range of sensitivity, once they have been set up
in a circuit under set bias conditions. It was because of this
fact that solar cells themselves were chosen to be the sensing
devices. They provide an excellent mechanism in light
intensity detection because they are sensitive to varying light
and provide a near-linear voltage range that can be used to an
advantage in determining the present declination or angle to
the sun. As a result, a simple triangular set-up was proposed,
with the two solar cells facing opposite directions, as shown in
Fig. 2.
In its rest position, the solar cells both receive an equal
amount of sunlight, as the angle of incidence, although not
90, is equal in both cases as seen in Fig. 3.

Cell 1 Cell 2

Fig. 2 Set-up of solar reference cells


Fig. 3 Solar reference cells at rest position

It can be seen in Fig. 4 that as the sun moves in the sky,
assuming that the solar tracker has not yet moved, the angle of
incidence of light to the reference panels will cause more light
to fall on one cell than the other.
This will obviously cause a voltage difference, where the
cell that is facing the sun will have higher potential than the
other. This phenomenon will result in a detectable signal at
each cell, which can be processed by a suitable circuit.

III. A PROTOTYPE SOLAR TRACKER
The final stage involved coupling the circuitry to the motor
and mounting it onto the bracket. The final product is seen
complete in Fig. 5. It has a Solarex 9W solar array made of
polycrystalline silicon mounted on the flanges, which was
borrowed from the tech officers.
Quite simply having two test subjects carried out testing.
The first scenario involved removing the panel from the
tracker and laying it in a flat orientation. The output was
connected to a load that would dissipate 9W that would match
the panels rating. 9W at 12V corresponds to a current of
0.75A, so by Ohms law; a load resistance was calculated as
being 16. A 15 50W resistor was the closest value found
and was connected to the panel. The tracking device still
requires power, but a 12V battery that is connected in a
charging arrangement with the solar panel supplies it. The
voltage across and current through the load was monitored
using two separate multimeters, and was recorded every half-
hour on a clear day into an Excel spreadsheet. The readings
were taken on a span of days that possessed similar conditions
including no cloud cover. The readings are shown below in a
graph generated by Excel in Fig. 6.


Fig. 5 A prototype solar tracker

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Fig. 6 Experimental results of power increase for tracked panel


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It is possible to calculate a percentage increase and an
average increase by writing the appropriate calculations in
excel. It was found that in this case, the fixed panel provided
an average of 39% of its 9W, or 3.51W, calculated over a 12-
hour period. By contrast, the tracked solar panel achieved an
overall 71% output, or 6.3W over the same time frame. At the
earlier and later hours, the power increase over the fixed panel
reached up to 400%. This amounts to an average 30%
increase in power simply by maintaining the solar panel as
perpendicular as possible to the sun.
To ensure that power was not being wasted, the device
itself was also monitored for current drawn to power itself.
When the device was at rest, an ammeter was placed in series
with the battery. The total current at 12V was measured as
only 4mA, which corresponded to a power dissipation of
48mW under no load.
IV. DISCUSSION
A solar tracker was proposed, designed and constructed.
The final design was successful, in that it achieved an overall
power collection efficiency increase from only 39% for a
fixed panel to over 70% for the same panel on the tracking
device. In terms of real value, this means that the overall cost
of a system can be reduced significantly, considering that
much more power can be supplied by the solar array coupled
to a solar tracking device. By extracting more power from the
same solar panel, the cost per watt is decreased, thereby
rendering solar power much more cost-effective than
previously achieved using fixed solar panels.
The high outlay in a solar tracking system has been a factor
that discouraged tracking as a means of increasing overall
solar efficiency. Many commercial units cost in excess of
US$2000 for a unit that can track the sun while bearing a
panel of considerable weight. The device presented in this
thesis is capable of supporting a load of at least 8kg, the
average weight of a 75W solar panel, owing to its simple
construction and the high torque capabilities of the motor.
The parts used for this device were also extremely low-cost,
with the total value using parts found from scrap sources
being a total of about A$30, including all electronic
components and solar reference cells. The geared support was
removed from an old security camera, the stepping motor
from an old printer, and all other parts, excluding the 9W solar
panel, were sourced from various scrap items. However, if all
these parts would have to be purchased, the cost would be
projected at no more than A$100.
A single axis tracker such as the one made offers a great
power increase over a fixed solar panel, but a two-axis tracker
would provide more power still. This could be a subject for
further development.
Solar tracking is by far the easiest method to increase
overall efficiency of a solar power system for use by domestic
or commercial users. By utilising this simple design, it is
possible for an individual to construct the device themselves.
V. CONCLUSION
A solar tracker is designed employing the new principle of
using small solar cells to function as self-adjusting light
sensors, providing a variable indication of their relative angle
to the sun by detecting their voltage output. By using this
method, the solar tracker was successful in maintaining a solar
array at a sufficiently perpendicular angle to the sun. The
power increase gained over a fixed horizontal array was in
excess of 30%.
REFERENCES
[1] Fahrenburch, A. and Bube, R. 1983, Fundamentals of solar cells,
Academic Press, New York.
[2] Partain, L.D. 1995, Sollar Cells and their applications, J ohn Wiley &
Sons. New York.
[3] E Weise, R Klockner, R Kniel, Ma Sheng Hong, Qin J ian Ping, Remote
Power Supply Using Wind and Solar energy a Sino-German Technical
Cooperation Project, Beijing International Conference on Wind Energy,
Beijing, 1995
[4] Wichert B, Lawrance W, Friese T, First Experiences with a Novel
Predictive Control Strategy for PV-Diesel Hybrid Energy Systems,
Solar99
[5] Duryea S, Syed I, Lawrence W, An Automated Battery Management
Systemfor Photovoltaic Systems, International J ournal of Renewable
Energy Engineering, Vol 1, No 2, Aug 1999
[6] Twidell J , Weir J , Renewable Energy Systems, Chapman and Hall, 1994
[7] Centre for Resources and Environmental Studies, ANU, Sustainable
Energy Systems Pathways for Australian Energy Reforms, Cambridge
University Press, 1994
[8] Damm, J . Issue #17, J une/J uly 1990. An active solar tracking system,
HomeBrew Magazine.






Fig. 4 Solar reference cells at a significant angle to the sun
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