FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

EEE 111

ELECTRO - TECHNOLOGY


LAB MANUAL FOR SEMESTER I

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (ELECTRONIC)
DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (POWER)
DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (INSTRUMENTATION)
NAME :
UiTM No. :
GROUP :
PROGRAMME :

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS .......................................................................................................... ii
GUIDELINES ......................................................................................................................................... iii
COURSE OUTLINE ............................................................................................................................... iv
1 EXPERIMENT 1 ............................................................................................................................... 1
GENERAL SAFETY, SYMBOLS, SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS, PICTORIAL DIAGRAMS, DATASHEETS, TOOLS AND
TYPES OF EQUIPMENT ............................................................................................................................ 1
2 EXPERIMENT 2 ............................................................................................................................. 16
INTRODUCTION TO RESISTOR COLOUR CODE, BASIC INSTRUMENT AND CIRCUIT CONNECTION................ 16
3 EXPERIMENT 3 ............................................................................................................................. 30
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND DEVICES ................................................................ 30
4 EXPERIMENT 4 ............................................................................................................................. 38
INTRODUCTION TO OHMS LAW, KIRCHOFFS LAW AND CIRCUIT CONNECTION ................................ 38
5 EXPERIMENT 5 ............................................................................................................................. 45
INTRODUCTION TO AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 45
6 EXPERIMENT 6 ............................................................................................................................. 52
INTRODUCTION TO WIRING INSTALLATION SYSTEM ................................................................................ 52
7 EXPERIMENT 7 ............................................................................................................................. 65
INSTALLATION METHOD (CONDUIT) FOR A LIGHTING AND SOCKET OUTLET CIRCUIT............................... 65
8 EXPERIMENT 8 ............................................................................................................................. 70
DIRECT-ON-LINE (D.O.L) STARTER ...................................................................................................... 70
9 EXPERIMENT 9 ............................................................................................................................. 76
INTRODUCTION TO SIMULATION SOFTWARE .......................................................................................... 76
(MINI PROJECT PART A) ...................................................................................................................... 76
10 EXPERIMENT 10 ........................................................................................................................... 80
INTRODUCTION TO PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB) FABRICATION AND COMPONENTS ASSEMBLY ........... 80
(MINI PROJECT PART B) ...................................................................................................................... 80

Ver. 4, June 2008
ii
INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS


1. All experimental results and answers must be recorded in the Lab Manual itself. Attach your
graphs or any separated sheets used in that particular lab session together in your Lab Manual.
2. Show the completed Lab Manual to your instructor at the end of each lab session and get
approval from your instructor.
3. Each group is responsible to submit handwritten lab report to their respective instructors one day
after the experiment has been performed.
4. Use the standard report cover as attached in Appendix A.



A. MINI PROJECT
1. Mini Project is performed by group of 3 students.
2. Each group is compulsory to demonstrate the project to their respective instructors.

B. MINI PROJECT REPORT
1. Each group is responsible to submit only one report and one Project Hardware.
2. Mini Project Report must be typed in proper format.
3. Use the standard report cover as attached in Appendix B.
4. Report must be submitted together with the hardware.
5. Evaluation is made based on both hardware functionality and report.
6. Refer to the next page for report evaluation.



iii
GUIDELINES

MINI PROJECT REPORT ASSESSMENT
Assessment of the report is based on the following criteria:
CRITERIA MAXIMUM SCORE
General Requirements of Report
Cover Page (as attached in Appendix A) with Experiment Title,
Students Names, Group, Instructors Name.

10

General Presentation

Page Numbering 10
Headings and subheadings (e.g:1.0, 1.1, 1.1.1, 1.1.2) 5
Table of Contents 5
List of Figures 5
Font: Arial - size 11 5
Spacing -1.5., Justified paragraphs 5

Technical Presentation

Background Materials 5
Schematic Diagrams and PCB Layout 10
Results 10
Discussion 10
Conclusion 5
References 5

Dateline
On Time Submission


10

PUNISHMENT
1. Full plagiarism of report deserves no mark (exactly the same word by word).
2. Half plagiarism:
i. Theory exactly the same among students 35/100 (maximum)
ii. Theory exactly the same with lab manual 35/100 (maximum)
iv
COURSE OUTLINE

Subject : Electro-Technology
Code : EEE 111
Credit Hours : 2
Laboratory : 4

Assessment:
Lab Work and Report : 30%
Mini Project (3-5 students/group) : 30%
Practical Test : 40%


Course Objective:
Upon completion of this course, the students should be able to deal with component catalogue,
identify the types and values of components, understand basic principles of checking passive and
active components, understand the basic parts of multimeter, oscilloscope, dc power supply and
signal generator and hence the application of these instruments in the circuit measurements. The
students should be able to identify the basic system of generation and distribution of electricity,
identify wiring system and accessories, conductors, cables, protective devices and importance of
earthing. The students should also be able to identify schematic diagram, component layout,
understand the basic concepts of simulation and circuit designs and produce PCB artwork.

Teaching methodology:
Introduction to basic principle/concept/characteristics etc before experiment or practical is to be
performed. Audio visual aids, samples and models will be used when required.


Recommended Text / References:
1. Mitchel F. Schultz, Grobs, Basic Electronics, McGraw Hill, 2007
2. Nigel P. Cook, Introductory DC/AC Electronics, 5
th
Edition, Prentice Hall, 2001

v
GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY PROCEDURES AND RULES
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA


1. Students should come to laboratory session on time, with proper dress/lab coat and
shoes. No slippers are allowed.
2. Students are not allowed to enter the laboratory without permission from the lecturer
or technician. Working alone an unsupervised in laboratories are forbidden.
3. Bags are not allowed in the laboratories. Put them on the shelves provided.
4. Read the instruction carefully and follow the laboratory procedures. Do not touch
anything with which you are not completely familiar.
5. Never eat, drink or smoke while working in the laboratory. Never run the experiments
with wet hands or wet body.
6. Never run the experiments when you are sleepy or when you take drug medicine.
7. Ensure that your circuit and equipment connections are correct before power supply
in ON.
8. Ensure that the switches are OFF and the plugs are unplugged before you leave
the laboratory.
9. Place the equipment, tools and components back to their original place after the
experiment.
10. Notify your lecturer/instructor immediately for any accident.

SAFETY FIRST


1

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA


ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGY
(EEE111)
1 EXPERIMENT 1
GENERAL SAFETY, SYMBOLS, SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS, PICTORIAL DIAGRAMS,
DATASHEETS, TOOLS AND TYPES OF EQUIPMENT

OBJECTIVES
1. To motivate and expose the students to laboratories environment and safety precautions in the
laboratories.
2. To expose the students to equipments/components, electronic and electrical symbols.

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
1. Oscilloscope
2. Multimeter
3. Function generator
4. Power Supply


INTRODUCTION
In this laboratory session, students will expose to the laboratories environment and safety precaution
in the laboratories.

Part A: Safety Rules
Refer to previous page for list of safety rules, lab regulations and precautions. Study these safety
rules and regulations.



2
Part B: Basic Test Instruments
a) Oscilloscope
The oscilloscope provides a two-dimensional visual display of a signal. Most commonly it is
used to show signal amplitude versus time, thus displaying the waveform of the signal being
monitored. Some oscilloscopes have two or even four inputs, all using a common time base, so
the signal amplitude and shape as it progresses through stages of a circuit under test can be
examined and compared.

b) Multimeter
A multimeter is an electrical instrument capable of measuring voltage, current, and resistance.
Digital multimeters have numerical displays, like digital clocks, for indicating the quantity of
voltage, current, or resistance. Analog multimeters indicate these quantities by means of a
moving pointer over a printed scale.

c) Function Generator
This device provides one or more waveforms at various frequencies.Typical waveforms are
sine wave, triangle wave, square wave, and narrow rectangular pulse.

d) Power Supply
The basic purpose of a power supply is to provide a fixed voltage to the working circuit, with
sufficient current-handling capacity to maintain the operating conditions of the circuit.

Part C: Introduction to Electrical Symbols, Schematic Diagrams, Rules of Circuit Drawing and
Pictorial Diagrams.
a) Electrical Symbols
An electronic symbol is a pictogram used to represent various electrical and electronic devices
(such as wires, batteries, resistors, and transistors) in a drawing of an electrical or electronic
circuit. Figure 1.1 shows some of the most common symbols used in a schematic diagram.


3

Component Circuit Symbol Component Circuit Symbol
Battery


Push Switch
(push-to-make)

DC supply

Push-to-Break Switch

AC supply


On-Off Switch
(SPST)

Transformer

Relay

Earth
(Ground)


2-way Switch
(SPDT)

Inductor
(Coil, Solenoid)


Dual On-Off Switch
(DPST)

Resistor

Capacitor

Variable Resistor
(Rheostat)

Capacitor, polarised

Variable Resistor
(Potentiometer)

Trimmer Capacitor

Variable Resistor
(Preset)

NPN Transistor

Diode

PNP Transistor

LED Light Emitting
Diode
Phototransistor

Zener Diode

Voltmeter

Photodiode

Ammeter

Figure 1.1 : List of common symbols


4
b) Schematic Diagram
The schematic diagram consists of idealized circuit elements each of which represents some
property of the actual circuit.

A well-drawn schematic makes it easy to understand how a circuit works and aids in
troubleshooting; a poor schematic only creates confusion. By keeping a few rules and
suggestions in mind, you can draw a good schematic in no more time than it takes to draw a
poor one.

c) Rules of Drawing Circuit Diagrams
Drawing circuit diagrams is not difficult but it takes a little practice to draw neat, clear diagrams.
Follow these tips for best results:
(i) Make sure you use the correct symbol for each component.
(ii) Draw connecting wires as straight lines
(iii) Put a 'blob' ( ) at each junction between wires.
(iv) Label components such as resistors and capacitors with their values. it is best to give
all parts a label, e.g., R7 or IC3
(v) The positive (+) supply should be at the top and the negative (-) supply at the bottom.

If the circuit is complex:
(i) Try to arrange the diagram so that signals flow from left to right: inputs and controls
should be on the left, outputs on the right.
(ii) You may omit the battery or power supply symbols, but you must include (and label)
the supply lines at the top and bottom.

Figure 1.2 : Good and bad schematic diagrams


5
d) Pictorial Diagram
A second type of electronic schematic diagram, the pictorial layout diagram, is actually not so
much an electronic schematic as a pictorial of how the electronic circuit actually looks as in
Figure 1.3. These drawings show the actual layout of the components on the circuit board. This
provides a two dimensional drawing, usually looking down from the top, detailing the
components in their location.

Pictorial Diagram Schematic Diagram

Figure 1.3



Part D: Basic Hand Tools
Common hand tools such as screwdrivers, pliers, long nose and soldering iron are required
when working in the laboratories/project.




6
PROCEDURE

PART A: Safety Rules
List down five safety rules when working with high voltage.
a) ________________________________________________________
b) ________________________________________________________
c) ________________________________________________________
d) ________________________________________________________
e) ________________________________________________________


Part B: Basic Test Instruments
Identify all the basic buttons on equipments below.
a) Oscilloscope
Figure 1.4 shows the front panel of an oscilloscope. Identify all the basic buttons on
equipments listed in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1
Function Button / Connector
Displays the automated measurements menu.
Automatically sets the oscilloscope controls to
produce a usable display of the input signals.

Continuously acquires waveforms or stops the
acquisition.

Input connectors for waveform display.



7

Figure 1.4 : Oscilloscope


8
b) Multimeter
Figure 1.5 shows the front panel of a digital multimeter. Identify all the basic buttons on
equipments listed in Table 1.2.

Figure 1.5:Digital multimeter

Table 1.2
Function Button
To measure DC voltage
To measure AC voltage
To get to the shifted button.i.e: Period,
dB,dBm

To measure DC current SHIFT +
To measure AC current SHIFT +




9

Figure 1.6: Front/Rear input terminal switch of multimeter
Referring to the Front/Rear Input Terminal Switch of a digital multimeter shown in Figure 1.6
above, indicate the connectors combination used for:

c) Function Generator
Table 1.3
Function Button/Connector
Switch between Pk-Pk and rms value
Adjust the amplitude of the waveform
Switch to Offset Voltage
Adjust Offset Voltage
Select the type of waveform
Output terminals
Adjust the frequency
Select the range of frequency

Measuring voltage :
Measuring resistance :
Measuring current :
Testing diode polarity :
Testing breadboard connectivity :


10

Figure 1.7: Function Generator

d) Power Supply
Figure 1.8 shows the front panel of a power supply. Identify all the basic buttons on
equipments listed in Table 1.4.
A B C D

Figure 1.8: Power Supply
Table 1.4
Function Button/Connector
Positive terminal
Negative terminal
Amplitude adjust button
Power switch



11
Part C: Introduction to Electrical Symbols, Schematic Diagrams, Rules of Circuit Drawing and
Pictorial Diagrams.
a) Pictorial Diagram and Schematic Diagram
Draw the appropriate schematic diagrams of the pictorial diagrams shown in Figure 1.9.
Pictorial Diagram Schematic Diagram






Figure 1.9


12
b) Component and Electrical Symbol 1

Figure 1.10
Refer to Figure 1.10, list down all components used.
i. Regulators LM317 and LM337
ii. ___________________________________
iii. ___________________________________
iv. ___________________________________
v. ___________________________________
vi. ___________________________________
vii.
___________________________________
viii.
___________________________________



13
c) Component and Electrical Symbol 2
Figure 1.11 shows a schematic circuit.

Figure 1.11: Schematic circuit
Refer to Figure 1.11 , indicate the component label/number:
Inductor : __________
PNP transistor : __________
Diode : __________
Positive power supply : __________
Capacitor : __________
NPN transistor : __________
Negative power supply : __________
Circuit ground : __________
Potentiometer : __________

Determine the value of the following components including their units:
R1 : _________________
R7 : _________________
C1 : _________________




14
Part D: Basic Hand Tools
Identify the following tools and write their corresponding labels into Table 1.5 below. Refer to Farnell
catalogue for their details.

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I


Table 1.5
Basic Hand Tools
Item Tools Label
Cutting Pliers C
Screwdriver
Trimming Knife
Wire Stripper
Long Nose Pliers
Basic Soldering Tools
Soldering Iron
Soldering Wire/ solder
Desoldering Gun (Solder Sucker)
Desoldering Braid


INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
1. All experimental results and answers must be recorded in the Lab Manual itself.
2. Show the completed Lab Manual to your instructor at the end of each lab session and get
approval from your instructor.
3. Submit this Instructor Approval form to your instructor after the lab session.
4. Write a report to include: Title, objectives, results, questions, discussion, conclusion and
references.


15
TO BE FILLED IN BY STUDENT

Experiment 1

Instructors Name :

Date :
. .
Instructor Signature Approval Stamping





FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGY
(EEE111)

INSTRUCTOR APPROVAL
Experiment 1 :
INTRODUCTION TO COURSE OUTLINE / OBJECTIVES,
MOTIVATION, GENERAL SAFETY, COMPONENTS, SYMBOLS,
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS, PICTORIAL DIAGRAMS,
DATASHEETS, TOOLS AND TYPES OF EQUIPMENT
Students Name :
..
Group :
..
Date
: ..
Signature
: ..

Instructors Name :
..
Date
: ..


.
Signature
...
Approval Stamping



16

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA


ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGY
(EEE111)
2 EXPERIMENT 2
INTRODUCTION TO RESISTOR COLOUR CODE, BASIC INSTRUMENT AND CIRCUIT
CONNECTION

OBJECTIVES
1. To measure voltage and current using multimeter and to study the relationship between voltage
and current.
2. To create waveform using the function generator
3. To understand the functionality and usage of an oscilloscope
4. To understand how electrical/electronic circuits can be prototyped on a breadboard
5. To construct resistive circuit (series, parallel, series parallel) on a breadboard and to be familiar
with resistor colour code.
6. To identify the operating controls and the functions of various laboratories equipments and how to
measure value of resistance, current and voltage by using test instruments.

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
1. Power supply
2. Digital Multimeter (DMM)
3. Analog Multimeter (AMM)
4. Oscilloscope
5. Function generator
6. Breadboard
7. Resistors (at least 6 of any values)
8. Pliers/Long-nose pliers
9. Jumper wire


17
INTRODUCTION
Part A : Resistor Colour Coding Scheme
There are three types of resistor colour coding available. They have different number of colour bands
and hence provide different information. This is illustrated in Figure 2.1.


4-band colour code
2 digits, multiplier, tolerance
5-band colour code
3 digits, multiplier, tolerance
6-band colour code
3 digits, multiplier, tolerance,
thermal coefficient
Figure 2.1: Typical colour coding scheme

Reading 4 band Resistor Colour Codes
Table 2.1: Resistor band colour code
Colour Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Gray White
Code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Multiplier 10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
- -

Table 2.2 : Tolerance band colour code
Colour Gold Silver Brown Red Green Blue Purple
Tolerance 5% 10% 1% 2% 0.5% 0.25% 0.1%

Figure 2.2 shows a common 1 k resistor. From left to right, a 1 k resistor will have brown-black-
red-gold. This decodes respectively to 1 - 0 - 10
2
- 5%.

Figure 2.2: A 4-band colour code resistor
Take the first and second significant digits together to be 10. Then multiply by the multiplier 10
2
. That
gives you 1000 as the resistor value, which is 1 k . The tolerance band tells us that the measured
resistance can be off by plus or minus 5%. So the actual measured resistor value could be anywhere
from 950 to 1050 .


18

Part B : Multimeter Familiarity and Measurements
a) Digital Multimeter (DMM)
A digital multimeter will usually have the following key parts: digital display, function selector
switch, on/off switch.
i. The digital display will display the measured quantity (sometimes the units are given).
The range of the measurement may also be displayed.
ii. Use the function selector switch to make voltage, current, resistance, etc.,
measurements. Additional functions on a given DMM can be identified on the function
selector switch (e.g., continuity, diode testing, etc.)
iii. Make sure that the test leads are connected to the correct connectors.
iv. Get in the habit of turning the hand-held meters off when lab is completed (these are
battery-operated).

b) Analog Multimeter (AMM)
Analog multimeters are instruments that are commonly used to measure electrical quantities
such as voltage, current and resistance. Basic functionality includes measurement of
potential in volts, resistance in ohms, and current in amps. Basic measurements made by
analog multimeters include DC voltage, AC voltage, DC current and AC current. Analog
multimeters that measure current may have a current clamp built-in or configured as a probe.
A current clamp is a sensor that clamps around the wire. An analog multimeter displays
measured values via a dial, typically a moving pointer or needle.

Part C: Connections on Breadboard
a) Breadboard Connections
Breadboards have many tiny sockets (called 'holes') arranged on a 0.1" grid. The leads of
most components can be pushed straight into the holes. ICs are best inserted across the
central gap with their notch or dot to the left.

Wire links can be made with single-core plastic-coated wire of 0.6 mm diameter (the standard
size). Stranded wire is not suitable because it will crumple when pushed into a hole and it
may damage the board if strands break off.

The top and bottom rows are linked horizontally all the way across as shown on the diagram.
The other holes are linked vertically in blocks of 5 with normally no link across the centre as
labelled on the diagram shown in Figure 2.3.


19

Figure 2.3 : The diagram shows the breadboard connections

b) Example of Circuit Construction on Breadboard
Figure 2.4 shows how a schematic diagram on the left is realized on a breadboard. The
connectors on a breadboard allow the formation of voltage nodes with multiple connector
locations.

Parallel circuit




20

Series-parallel circuit


Common emitter amplifier
R
L
R
B

Figure 2.4 : Prototyping a resistive network on a breadboard


21

PROCEDURE

Part A: Resistor Colour Code
Refer to the colour coded resistors given by your lab instructor. Determine the resistor value,
the corresponding tolerance and minimum / maximum resistance for each resistor and record
your results in Table 2.3.
Table 2.3
Resistor Colour Codes
Resistance
and Tolerance
Minimum
resistances
Maximum
Resistance
Examples Brown Black Orange Gold 10k +/- 5% 9.5 k 10.5 k
R
1

R
2

R
3


Part B: Multimeter Familiarity and Measurement
a) Resistance Measurement using DMM and AMM
1. Connect the analog multimeter (AMM) as shown in Figure 2.5 below and select the
resistance function which is denoted by the unit symbol ().
2. Set your multimeter to the highest resistance range and measure the resistance.
3. If the measured value is very close to zero, you need to select a lower resistance range
on the meter and measure the resistance again.
4. Record the results in Table 2.4
5. Repeat the procedure 1) and 2) using digital multimeter (DMM).


Figure 2.5


22
Table 2.4
Analog Multimeter Digital Multimeter
Examples 9.8 k 9.83 k
R
1

R
2

R
3


Reverse the multimeter probe and measure again. What do you observe?



Part C: Connection On Breadboard
a) Breadboard Continuity Test
1. Set your multimeter to the highest resistance range available. The resistance function is
usually denoted by the unit symbol (). Touch the two test probes of your multimeter
together.
What do you observe?
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
2. Test the continuity between the holes on a breadboard as shown in Figure 2.6. What is
your meter-reading? Is there any continuity between the holes?
...............................................................................................................................................
3. Test the continuity between the holes on a breadboard as shown in Figure 2.7. What is
your meter-reading? Is there any continuity between the holes?
...............................................................................................................................................

Figure 2.6

Figure 2.7


23
b) Construct a Series/Parallel Circuit Connection on Breadboard



Figure 2.8: Series connected
resistors


Figure 2.9: Parallel connected resistors

1. Select any three resistors namely R1, R2 and R3.
2. Measure the value of each resistor using a multimeter and record the readings in Table
2.5.
3. Draw the construction of circuit shown in Figure 2.8 above on the virtual breadboard
provided in Figure 2.10.

Figure 2.10: Breadboard

4. By using the resistors R1, R2 and R3, construct the circuit shown in Figure 2.8 on the real
breadboard.
5. Using DMM, measure the total resistance at terminal A-B and record them in Table 2.5.
6. Repeat procedure 2) until 5) using the schematic diagram shown in Figure 2.9. Sketch
your circuit connection in Figure 2.11 .



24

Figure 2.11

Table 2.5
Resistor Measured Resistance ( )
R
1

R
2

R
3

Total resistance of Figure 2.8
Total resistance of Figure 2.9

Part D: Application of Basic Lab Equipment
a) Measuring Voltage by Using a Multimeter
1. Set the digital multimeter to measure the voltage.
2. Set the DC power supply to supply 10 V.
3. Connect the multimeter probe to the power supply as shown in Figure 2.12.
4. Observe the voltage reading. Answer: ..
5. Reverse the probe and measure again. What is the meter reading, including its sign? What
can you conclude from the meter reading?
Answer:
..
..
..
..


25

Figure 2.12
b) Measure Current by Using a Multimeter
1. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 2.13. Use 1 k resistor. Record the resistor value in
Table 2.6.

Figure 2.13
2. Set the multimeter as Ammeter.
3. Observe the current reading with power supply set at 0 V, 10 V, 15 V and 20 V.
4. Record all the data in Table 2.6.
Table 2.6
Resistor =


Voltage (V) Current (mA)
0 V
10 V
15 V
20 V





26
5. Reverse the leads wire connection. What is meter reading? Give your comment.
Answer:
..
..
6. Using the results in Table 2.6, plot V vs. I on a graph paper given in Figure 2.14.
7. Calculate the resistance value from the graph.
Answer:....
8. From your observation in this experiment, how does the current vary with the voltage?
Answer:....


Figure 2.14 : Graph paper to plot V vs I


27
c) Measuring Function Generator Parameters Using an Oscilloscope

Figure 2.15

1. Select sine waveform at frequency of 500 Hz on the function generator. Set peak to peak
voltage at 10 V. Set offset voltage at 0 V.
2. Connect the oscilloscope to the function generator as shown in Figure 2.15.
3. Turn on the oscilloscope and select the following settings: ac coupling,
4. Push the CH1 MENU button and set the PROBE option to 1X.
5. Select the switch on the oscilloscope probe to 1X.
6. Push the Auto Set button on the oscilloscope for automatic display setting.
7. Adjust the setting to 2 V/div, 1 ms/div and measure:
a. The rms voltage ( Vrms ). Answer:..
b. The period of the waveform ( T ) Answer:..
c. The frequency of the waveform ( f ) Answer:..
d. The number of cycle displayed? Answer:..
8. Draw the waveform obtained into Figure 2.16.


28

Figure 2.16 : Oscilloscope display


INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
1. All experimental results and answers must be recorded in the Lab Manual itself.
2. Show the completed Lab Manual to your instructor at the end of each lab session and get
approval from your instructor.
3. Submit this Instructor Approval form to your instructor after the lab session.
4. Write a report to include: Title, objectives, results, questions, discussion, conclusion and
references.



29

TO BE FILLED IN BY STUDENT

Experiment 2

Instructors Name :

Date :
. .
Instructor Signature Approval Stamping




FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGY
(EEE111)

INSTRUCTOR APPROVAL
Experiment 2 :
INTRODUCTION TO RESISTOR COLOUR CODE, BASIC
INSTRUMENT AND CIRCUIT CONNECTION
Students Name :
..
Group :
..
Date
: ..
Signature
: ..

Instructors Name :
..
Date
: ..


.
Signature
...
Approval Stamping



30


FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA


ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGY
(EEE111)
3 EXPERIMENT 3
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND DEVICES

OBJECTIVES
1. To identify electronics components such as resistor, capacitor, semiconductor devices and
transformers
2. To understand the electronics devices characteristics.

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
1. Multimeter ( analog and digital )
2. Diode (any value)
3. Transistor NPN and PNP
4. Transformer voltage step-down. ( 12 0 12 )

INTRODUCTION
Electronic Components And Devices
An electrical circuit consists of various components or devices or elements, which may be active or
passive.

Passive devices
All electrical devices which consume energy are called passive devices, like resistors, inductors and
capacitors.

Active devices
Active devices produce energy that can be used to provide power gain in an electronic circuit . This
means that the power of their output signal may be more than that of their input signal. The most
common active components are transistors. Other active devices are OP-AMP, Transformer, voltage
source and current source.



31

Figure 3.1: Electronics components and devices

a) Introduction to Diode
Diodes are polarised, which means that they must be inserted into the breadboard or PCB the
correct way round. This is because an electric current will only flow through them in one
direction, from anode to cathode.

Diodes have two terminals, an anode and a cathode. The cathode is always identified by a
dot, ring or some other mark.


Figure 3.2: Diode polarity marking

Diodes come in all shapes and sizes. They are often marked with a type number. Detailed
characteristics of a diode can be found by looking up the type number in a data book.

The resistance of a diode can be measured by using a multimeter. A good one has low
resistance in one direction and high in the other. There are also specialised types of diode
available such as the varicap, light emitting diode (LED) and zener diode.

Figure 3.3 : Diode symbols



32
b) Introduction to Transistor

Figure 3.4: Assorted discrete transistors
A transistor is a semiconductor device, commonly used as an amplifier or an electrically
controlled switch. The transistor is the fundamental building block of the circuitry that governs
the operation of computers, cellular phones, and all other modern electronics.

Modern transistors are divided into two main categories: bipolar junction transistors (BJTs)
and field effect transistors (FETs). Injection of current in BJTs and voltage in FETs between
the input and common terminals increases the conductivity between the common and output
terminals, thereby controlling current flow between them.

The transistor characteristics depend on their type. In analog circuits, transistors are used in
amplifiers, (direct current amplifiers, audio amplifiers, radio frequency amplifiers), and linear
regulated power supplies. Transistors are also used in digital circuits where they act as
electronic switches, but rarely as discrete devices, almost always being incorporated in
monolithic Integrated Circuits. Digital circuits include logic gates, random access memory
(RAM), microprocessors, and digital signal processors (DSPs). Figure 3.4 shows a few
assorted discrete transistors.

This section will be mainly concerned with the bipolar junction transistor (BJT). Bipolar
junction transistors are similar to junction diodes, but one more junction is included. As shown
in Figure 3.5, the Ptype region is sandwiched between two N-type regions. When forward
biased, the resistance is low. During reverse bias, the resistance is high.



Figure 3.5: NPN Junction Polarity


33

c) Introduction to Transformer
A basic transformer consists of:
i. A primary coil or winding.
ii. A secondary coil or winding.
iii. A core that supports the coils or windings.

Refer to the transformer circuit in Figure 3.6 the primary winding is connected to a 60 Hz ac
voltage source. The magnetic field (flux) builds up (expands) and collapses (contracts) about
the primary winding. The expanding and contracting magnetic field around the primary
winding cuts the secondary winding and induces an alternating voltage into the winding. This
voltage causes alternating current to flow through the load. The voltage may be stepped up or
down depending on the design of the primary and secondary windings.

Figure 3.6: Basic transformer operation
PROCEDURE

a) Diode Testing
1. Construct the circuit as shown in Figure 3.7 below, set the multimeter as ohmmeter. What is
the meter-reading?
Answer:

2. Reverse the leads and read the meter again. What is the meter-reading?
Answer:

3. What can you conclude from procedure a)1 and a)2?
Answer:

4. Draw the symbol of a diode and label the cathode and the anode.
Answer:



34

Figure 3.7

b) Transistor Testing
1. Refer to Figure 3.8 and identify the pin B, C and E. The pin B is always assumed as the one
in the middle. If you do not know the transistor connection, refer to the data book.
2. Set the multimeter as ohmmeter. Clip the positive meter lead to pin B.
3. Touch the other lead onto the collector pin (C) and read the resistance R
BC
.
4. With the positive meter probe still clipped to B, touch the other prob onto the emitter pin (E) to
read the resistance R
BE
. The readings should both be the same, either both are high
resistance or both are low resistance. Record your readings (either high or low) in Table
3.1.
5. Now reverse the probe and repeat the procedure to find the resistance R
CB
and R
EB
. The
results should be the opposite of those obtained before. Record your readings in Table 3.1.
6. Measure the resistance R
EC
and R
CE
between emitter and collector. It should read high
resistance in both directions. Record your readings in Table 3.1.

Note that NPN transistors have low R
BE
and R
BC
resistances where PNP have high R
BE
and
R
BC
resistances.



35

Figure 3.8


Figure 3.9

Table 3.1
Ohmmeter Readings of Test Transistor
R
BE
R
EB
R
BC
R
CB
R
CE
R
EC

Resistance
(high or low)


Table 3.2
Reference Ohmmeter Readings for Transistors Checking
... R
BE
R
EB
R
BC
R
CB
R
CE
R
EC

pnp high low high low high high
npn low* high** low high high high

* Between 1 and 10 . ** A thousand or more times the low impedance.

Indicate your Transistor type (NPN or PNP) by comparing your result with Table 3.2.
Answer :

c) Testing a step-down Transformer.
1. Identify the primary and secondary terminals of the transformer.

2. Using an ohmmeter, measure the resistance of every primary and secondary lead to the
chassis. This reading should be very high, hundreds of kilo ohms or preferably mega ohms. A
low reading here indicates a short to the transformer core, meaning that the transformer is
dead.
What is your resistance reading? Answer: .



36
3. Measure the resistance of the primary winding. This reading should be low but not 0 . If it is
not, the transformer is dead.
i. Transformer is bad (short circuit) if resistance equal to zero
ii. Transformer is bad (open circuit) if resistance is too high
What is your resistance reading? Answer: .

4. Measure the resistance of the secondary winding. For step-down transformer, this resistance
should be less than the resistance reading at primary winding.
i. Transformer is bad (short circuit) if resistance is too low
ii. Transformer is bad (open circuit) if resistance is too high
What is your resistance reading? Answer: .

5. From your measurement, identify whether your transformer is good or bad.
Answer: .


INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
1. All experimental results and answers must be recorded in the Lab Manual itself.
2. Show the completed Lab Manual to your instructor at the end of each lab session and get
approval from your instructor.
3. Submit this Instructor Approval form to your instructor after the lab session.
4. Write a report to include: Title, objectives, results, questions, discussion, conclusion and
references.



37

TO BE FILLED IN BY STUDENT

Experiment 3

Instructors Name :

Date :
. .
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FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGY
(EEE111)

INSTRUCTOR APPROVAL
Experiment 3 :
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND
DEVICES
Students Name :
..
Group :
..
Date
: ..
Signature
: ..

Instructors Name :
..
Date
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38

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA


ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGY
(EEE111)
4 EXPERIMENT 4
INTRODUCTION TO OHMS LAW, KIRCHOFFS LAW AND CIRCUIT CONNECTION

OBJECTIVES
1. To understand the concepts of Ohms Law and Kirchoffs Law concepts and DC circuit analysis.
2. To understand the concepts of circuit connection in circuit analysis.

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
1. DC power supply
2. Digital multimeter
3. Breadboard
4. Resistor : 1 k , 2.2 k and 6.8 k

INTRODUCTION
In this laboratory session the experiment will be conducted to expose the students to Ohms Law,
Kirchoffs Law and Circuit Connection.

Part A: Circuit Connection
Figure 4.1 shows different type of circuit connections, series, parallel and series parallel combinations.

Series Parallel Series parallel combination


3 2 1
R R R R
T
+ + =

R
1
R
2
R
3
+
V
-

3 2 1
1 1 1 1
R R R R
T
+ + =

1 2 4 3
|| || ) ( R R R R R
T
+ =
Figure 4.1


39
Part B: Ohms Law
Ohm's Law deals with the relationship between voltage and current in an ideal conductor. This
relationship states that: The potential difference (voltage) across an ideal conductor is proportional to
the current through it. The constant of proportionality is called the "resistance", R.
Ohm's Law is given by: IR V =
where V is the potential difference between two points which include a resistance R and I is the
current flowing through the resistance.
Part C: Kirchoffs Law
a) Kirchoff Voltage Law (KVL)
The sum of the voltage drops around a closed loop is equal to the sum of the voltage sources of
that loop.

b) Kirchoff Current Law (KCL)
The total current arriving at any junction point in a circuit is equal to the total current
leaving that junction.

c) Application : voltage divider and current divider
The voltage divider and current divider are useful concepts in analyzing circuits, as illustrated in
Figure 4.2
Voltage divider Current divider


The voltage divider formula is given by The current divider formula is given by
S
V
R R
R
V
2 1
1
1
+
=

S
V
R R
R
V
2 1
2
2
+
=

S
I
R R
R
I
2 1
2
1
+
=

S
I
R R
R
I
2 1
1
2
+
=

Figure 4.2



40
PROCEDURE

Part A: Ohms Law
Fixed Resistance and Variable Voltage
1. Measure the value of each resistor R
1
, R
2
and R
3
.Record their values in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1
Nominal () Measured ()
R
1
1k
R
2
2.2k
R
3
6.8k


2. Refer to Figure 4.3. Draw a new circuit next to Figure 4.3 showing the connection of
multimeters to measure the current I, the voltages V
1
and V
2
.


Figure 4.3



3. With power off, select R
1
and R
2
and assemble the circuit in Figure 4.3.
4. Set the source voltage to 8 V and measure the current I and voltage across R
1
and R
2
.
Record these results in Table 4.2.
5. Repeat the step above by decreasing the value of voltage,V to 6 V, 4 V , 2 V and 0 V.
6. Record your readings in Table 4.2.
7. Calculate V
1
+ V
2..
What can you conclude?
Answer:..



41
Table 4.2
Measured Calculated
V I ( mA )
Voltage V
1
across R
1

Voltage V
2
across R
2

V
1
+ V
2

0V

2V

4V

6V

8V



Fixed Voltage and Variable Resistance
1. Construct the circuit shown in Figure 4.4. Refer to Table 4.3 for the resistance R.

Figure 4.4
2. Put R = R
1
. Set DC voltage V = 8 V and measure the current I.
3. Record your measurement in Table 4.3.
4. Put R = R
1
+R
2
.
5. Measure the current I and record your measurement in Table 4.3.
6. Repeat for R = R
1
+R
2
+R
3
and record the current, I.

Table 4.3
Resistance, R ( ) I ( mA )
R = R
1

R = R
1
+ R
2

R = R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3


7. From your observation, how does the current vary with the resistance?

Answer:..


42
Part B: Kirchoffs Laws
i) Kirchoffs Voltage Law

Figure 4.5: Voltage divider circuit
1. Connect all resistors as shown in Figure 4.5.
2. With the voltage supply unconnected, measure the total circuit resistance.
Answer:.
3. Set the dc power supply to 15V.
4. Measure the voltages across R
1
, R
2
and R
3
and record in Table 4.4.
5. Measure the current flowing through each resistors and record in Table 4.4.
Table 4.4
R1 R2 R3 Total
V Volts
I Amps
R
6. Prove that V = V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
Answer:. .


43
ii) Kirchoffs Current Law

Figure 4.6 : Current divider circuit
1. Connect the circuit as in Figure 4.6. With the source voltage unconnected, measure the
resistance across terminal 1-8.
Answer:..
2. Connect the voltage source and set to 10V.
3. Measure I
total
, I
R1
, I
R2
and I
R3
and record all readings in Table 4.5.
4. Measure the voltage between point 1-8, 2-7, 3-6 and 4-5. Record the readings in Table 4.5.
Table 4.5
R1 R2 R3 Total
V Volts
I Amps
R
5. Prove that I
total
= I
R1
+ I
R2
+ I
R3

Answer:..

INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
1. All experimental results and answers must be recorded in the Lab Manual itself.
2. Show the completed Lab Manual to your instructor at the end of each lab session and get
approval from your instructor.
3. Submit this Instructor Approval form to your instructor after the lab session.
4. Write a report to include: Title, objectives, results, questions, discussion, conclusion and
references.



44

TO BE FILLED IN BY STUDENT

Experiment 4

Instructors Name :

Date :
. .
Instructor Signature Approval Stamping






FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGY
(EEE111)

INSTRUCTOR APPROVAL
Experiment 4 :
INTRODUCTION TO OHMS LAW, KIRCHOFFS LAW AND
CIRCUIT CONNECTION
Students Name :
..
Group :
..
Date
: ..
Signature
: ..

Instructors Name :
..
Date
: ..


.
Signature
...
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45

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA


ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGY
(EEE111)
5 EXPERIMENT 5
INTRODUCTION TO AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

OBJECTIVES
1. To understand the basic concept of ac components in AC circuit analysis.
2. To familiarize the student with the basic functions of an oscilloscope and function generators.
3. To understand the basic concept of half-wave rectifier.
4. To understand the basic amplifier circuit using bipolar junction transistor (BJT).

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
1. Function generator
2. DC power supply
3. Oscilloscope
4. Breadboard
5. Test leads
6. Resistor :2.2 k ,22 k,4.7 k,47 k,470 k,100 k and 6.8 k
7. Diode
8. Capacitors: 1F and 10 F (2 units)
9. NPN Transistor

INTRODUCTION
An alternating current (AC) is an electric current whose direction reverses cyclically, as opposed to
direct current, whose direction remains constant. The usual waveform of an AC power circuit is a sine
wave, as this result in the most efficient transmission of energy. However in certain applications
different waveforms are used, such as triangular or square waves.
Used generically, AC refers to the form in which electricity is delivered to businesses and residences.
However, audio and radio signals carried on electrical wires are also examples of alternating current.
In these applications, an important goal is often the recovery of information encoded (or modulated)
onto the AC signal.



46

Figure 5.1: Direct vs. alternating current

PROCEDURE
PART A: Measuring Voltage Using Oscilloscope
1. Construct the circuit as shown in Figure 5.2.
2. Turn on the function generator and set the controls for an 8 V peak to peak, 500 Hz sine wave.
3. Turn on the oscilloscope and select the following settings: ac coupling, 2 V/div, 1 ms/div.
4. Attach an oscilloscope ground to point C and probe to point A.
5. Measure and record the period and peak to peak amplitude in Table 5.1
6. Repeat procedure 4) and 5) for point B.

Figure 5.2
7. Measure and record the period (T) and peak to peak amplitude (Vp-p) of one cycle.
Table 5.1
Waveform at point A Waveform at point B
Period ,T
V
p-p



47

8. What is the voltage drop across resistor 2.2 k.
Answer: V
2.2K
= V
A
-V
B
= ..
Part B: Diode as a clipper (Half Wave Rectifier)
1. Figure 5.3 shows a simple circuit of half-wave rectifier. Draw the construction of circuit shown in
Figure 5.3 on the virtual breadboard provided below including the lead or probe connections from
the function generator and to the oscilloscope.
2. Construct the circuit as shown above on the real breadboard.
3. Turn on the oscilloscope and select the following settings: ac coupling, 2 V/div, 1 ms/div
4. Turn on the function generator and set the controls for an 8 V peak to peak, 500 Hz sine wave.
5. Connect the oscilloscope ground to point B and probe to point A. Sketch the waveform produced
in Figure 5.5.




Figure 5.3: Series clipper


48

Figure 5.4

Figure 5.5
6. Using the oscilloscope menu, measure the peak to peak voltage (Vpk-pk) of the waveform.
Answer:
7. Now reverse the direction of the diode. Sketch the waveform produced in Figure 5.6.


49

Figure 5.6
8. Measure the peak to peak voltage (Vpk-pk) Answer:
9. What can be concluded about the diode from the output waveforms?
Answer:...

Part C : Common Emitter Amplifier
1. Construct the circuit as shown in Figure 5.7. Be careful with the polarity of the capacitors.

Figure 5.7
2. Adjust the function generator for a signal source of Sine Wave, 1 kHz at 500 mV peak to peak.
3. Connect the function generator to terminal Vin.


50
4. Set the dc power supply to +9V. Consider the negative side of the source as common mode.
5. Connect one channel of the oscilloscope to Vin and connect the second channel of the
oscilloscope to Vout.
6. Minimize Vin (adjust the amplitude) until Vout is a perfect sine wave.
7. Measure dc voltages V
E
,V
C
,and V
B
using multimeter. Record your observation in the Table 5.2.
8. Remove the 22 k collector resistor and replace it with 47 k resistor and repeat procedure 5 to
7.
Table 5.2
Measured Voltage R
3
= 22k R
3
= 47k
V
E
( voltage from emitter to common )
V
C
( voltage from collector to common )


V
B
( voltage from base to common)


V
in (p-p)



V
out (p-p)




9. Using the readings obtained for Vin and Vout , determine the voltage gain (Av) of the circuit.
R
3
= 22k
= =
in
out
v
V
V
A
R
3
= 47k
= =
in
out
v
V
V
A

10. Is it true that the voltage gain of a common emitter amplifier can be greater than 1?
Answer: :....

11. What happen to the voltage gain when the value of R3 is increased?
Answer:..

12. Write your conclusion
Answer:..
.....
INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
1. All experimental results and answers must be recorded in the Lab Manual itself.
2. Show the completed Lab Manual to your instructor at the end of each lab session and get
approval from your instructor.
3. Submit this Instructor Approval form to your instructor after the lab session.
4. Write a report to include: Title, objectives, results, questions, discussion, conclusion and
references.


51

TO BE FILLED IN BY STUDENT

Experiment 5

Instructors Name :

Date :
. .
Instructor Signature Approval Stamping






FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGY
(EEE111)

INSTRUCTOR APPROVAL
Experiment 5 : INTRODUCTION TO AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Students Name :
..
Group :
..
Date
: ..
Signature
: ..

Instructors Name :
..
Date
: ..


.
Signature
...
Approval Stamping



52

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA


ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGY
(EEE111)
6 EXPERIMENT 6
INTRODUCTION TO WIRING INSTALLATION SYSTEM

OBJECTIVES
1. To understand the basic concepts of electrical power, earthing, distribution systems and wiring.
2. To understand the wiring diagram and wiring installation method for a lighting circuit.
3. To understand trunking system (Connected from distribution fuse box, DFB)
4. To understand the wiring of a one-way switch and two-way switch.
5. To understand the inspection and testing method for a wiring circuit.
6. To understand the steps and safety to power up the lighting circuit.

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
1. Main switch
2. Residual Current Circuit Breakers (RCCB)
3. Miniature circuit breakers (MCB)
4. 3 Bulbs
5. Single pole, single throw (SPST) switch
6. Single pole, double throw (SPDT) switches
7. Insulation tester



53
INTRODUCTION
Wiring System is an installation system that consists of conductor, insulator, mechanical protection
and electrical accessories. A wiring system has to be planned to prevent loss to consumer. The
systems control efficiency and safety. Things that have to be considered as a choosing factor are
described as follows:
1. Cost for the installation.
2. Types of building (wooden house / bricks).
3. Types of loads to be installed.
4. Neatness of wiring (aesthetic)
5. Environment (eg. temperature etc)
6. Time to finish the installation.
7. Changes / additions of circuits whenever needed.
8. Types of supply voltage.
9. Consumers / installation safety

Types of Installation Methods
Types of installation methods depend on the types of cable or installation systems and mechanical
protection required.

Below are the installation methods normally used:
1. Surface wiring (clipped direct).
2. Trunking.
3. Conduit.
4. Ducting.
5. Concealed.
6. Cleated.
7. Wood casing.
8. Catenaries.
9. Over-head busbar.
10. Rising mains.

The basic wiring symbols for Wiring System are shown in Figure 6.1.



54

Figure 6.1

Final Circuit
Final circuit is divided into two types:
1. Lighting circuit.
2. Power circuit.

Lighting Circuit
Lighting circuit is a circuit that is used to provide lighting and is normally distributed to filament or
discharge lamps (fluorescent). Other than lighting points, other loads may also be connected to the
final lighting circuit, for example, ceiling fan, wall fan etc. as long as the maximum load current is less
than the rated current for that circuit.

Figure 6.2 shows a simple lighting circuit. This circuit consists of a voltage supply, a control switch
and a load.



55

Figure 6.2: A simple lighting circuit

Parallel circuits are found in most household electrical wiring. In a parallel circuit, the connections are
made so that every load will receive the same amount of voltage. For every load, the current is
shared. This is done so that when one appliance is switched off, the other appliances can continue to
operate.

Figure 6.3: A parallel circuit
Figure 6.3 shows three lamps/loads connected in parallel. It is widely used because:
i. Easy to control the circuit individually, without disturbing other loads in that circuit.
ii. Every load receives the same amount of voltage but the current is divided.

The lighting circuit can be connected in several ways:

1. Looping In System
i. Looping in to ceiling rose 3 pin.
ii. Looping in to switches.
2. Single Way Control Switch
3. Two Way Control Switch



56
Looping In System
Looping in system is a common method used for lighting system, as shown in Figure 6.4.

Figure 6.4: Looping in system connection

Single-Way Control Switch
One-way switch is commonly used to control lighting or other loads from a location as shown in Figure
6.5. It can control few lighting points provided that maximum load current must not exceed the switch
can take, and must be connected in parallel.


Figure 6.5: Schematic, circuit and wiring diagram




57
Two-Way Control Switch
Two-way switches are used to control lighting points from two different locations as shown in Figure
6.6. For example long corridor and staircases etc. Two two-way switches must be used for this
control system.

Two-way switch has three terminals. One of it is called common. The first common is for the life
conductor from distribution fuse box (DFB), or from other switches. The second common is at the
second switch to be connected to the lamp/load. Other two terminals from first switch are connected
to the other two terminals of the second switch.


Figure 6.6 : Schematic, circuit and wiring diagram of one lamp controlled by two-way switch.

Wiring Inspection
Visual observations should be firstly done before other tests are performed. The visual observations
are to:
1. Check the wiring is carried out in compliance with the IEE regulation.
2. Check for the visual faults/defects to the installations/equipments connected in the circuit.

Lists of visual observations recommended by IEE regulations:
1. Every connection at the conductor must be correct and mechanically strong.


58
2. Every conductor must be labeled in the installation system.
3. Every conductor and device installed must not be exposed which might invite danger.
4. Conductor size selection, insulator, current carrying capacity and voltage drop must be taken into
consideration.
5. Correct connection to lamp holders and other controlling devices.
6. All equipments must be approved by SIRIM.
7. Circuit Protective Conductor (CPC) comply with IEE regulation.


Wiring Testing
Tests must be done to avoid danger to the installations. Below are lists of tests to be done:
1. Polarity test.
2. Continuity test.
3. Insulation test.

Polarity test is to ensure that the following requirement must be satisfied:
1. All fuses, switches and controlling devices connected to phase conductors only.
2. Outer contacts of Edison Screw type lamp holders must be connected to neutral conductors
only.
3. All connections to socket outlet must be correct (Phase, Neutral and Earth).

Polarity test may be done with the supply connected/energized. Devices used to do polarity test in
unconnected condition are Ohmmeter or Test Bell. Devices used to do polarity test in connected
condition are Test Lamp or Voltmeter.
If the Ohmmeter gives a low resistance reading @ less than 1 , or the Test Bell rings, or the Test
Lamp lights up, shows that the connections are correct.

Steps used for polarity testing in CONNECTED condition:
1. OFF the Main Switch, ON the RCCB, Fuse must be installed, and Switch in OFF position.
2. All loads must be disconnected.
3. Use Ohmmeter or Test Bell.
i. If the Ohmmeter gives low resistance value @ less than 1 , or the Test Bell rings, the
connections is correct.
ii. This test must be done to ensure every conductor have the continuity along the circuit.



59

Figure 6.7: Testing a switch on PHASE conductor


Figure 6.8: Testing an Edison Screw type lamp holder


Figure 6.9: Testing a Socket Outlet for PHASE, NEUTRAL and EARTH conductor



60
IEE regulations suggest two types of insulation test to be done:
1. Test between PHASE conductors.
a) For a single-phase system: Between PHASE and NEUTRAL.
b) For a three-phase system:
i. Between PHASE conductors.
ii. Between PHASE and NEUTRAL conductors.
This test is done to ensure that there are no short circuits in the installations.
2. Test between Circuit Protective Conductor (CPC) and all current carrying conductors. This test is
done to ensure that there are no faults to EARTH.

Steps to perform Test 1:
1. OFF the Main Switch.
2. Switch ON the RCCB.
3. Switch ON all switches that controls the circuit.
4. Disconnect all loads, if impossible, OFF the switch that controls it.

Figure 6.10: Test between PHASE and NEUTRAL
Steps to perform Test 2:
1. OFF the Main Switch (with fuse inserted).
2. Switch ON the RCCB.
3. Switch ON all switches that controls the circuit.
4. Disconnect all loads, if impossible, OFF the switch that controls it.


Figure 6.11: Test between PHASE, NEUTRAL and CPC (E)
NOTE : The resistance reading must be more than 1 M



61
PROCEDURE
Installation Method (Trunking) for a Lighting Circuit
1. From the schematic diagram shown in Figure 6.12 , draw the necessary wiring on the diagram
provided in Figure 6.14 to produce a complete wiring diagram for the following wiring task :
i. Switch S1 and S3 controlling lamp B
ii. Switch S2 controlling both lamp A and C
2. Carry out the wiring as needed referring to the circuit.
3. By referring to Table 6.1, carry out the insulation, continuity and polarity test for the lighting circuit
in Figure 6.14.
4. Energize the lighting circuit of Figure 6.14 with a single phase 240 V,50 Hz supply for circuit
functionality THIS MUST BE DONE BY THE SUPERVISOR / TECHNICIAN IN CHARGE

Figure 6.12: Schematic diagram


Figure 6.13: Trunking layout for lighting circuit


62
E N
S1 S2 S3
20A 6A
L
6A 20A
DB
C
C
A B C Red Wire = Live , L
Black Wire = Neutral, N
Green Wire = Earth, E

Figure 6.14: Wiring diagram for lighting circuit in trunking



63

Table 6.1: Test Result

Insulation test


Phase & Neutral

Phase & CPC

Neutral & CPC

..


..

.

Continuity test


Phase

Neutral

CPC




.








Polarity test


Phase

Neutral

CPC






X



X



X




INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
1. All experimental results and answers must be recorded in the Lab Manual itself.
2. Show the completed Lab Manual to your instructor at the end of each lab session and get
approval from your instructor.
3. Submit this Instructor Approval form to your instructor after the lab session.


64

TO BE FILLED IN BY STUDENT

Experiment 6

Instructors Name :

Date :
. .
Instructor Signature Approval Stamping






FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGY
(EEE111)

INSTRUCTOR APPROVAL
Experiment 6 : INTRODUCTION TO WIRING INSTALLATION SYSTEM
Students Name :
..
Group :
..
Date
: ..
Signature
: ..

Instructors Name :
..
Date
: ..


.
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65


FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA


ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGY
(EEE111)
7 EXPERIMENT 7
INSTALLATION METHOD (CONDUIT) FOR A LIGHTING AND SOCKET OUTLET
CIRCUIT
OBJECTIVES
1. To understand the installation method (conduit) for a light and socket-outlet circuit.
2. To understand the wiring diagram and the wiring installation for a lighting and socket-outlet circuit.
3. To understand the inspection and testing method for the wiring installations.
4. To understand the steps and safety to power up the lighting and socket-outlet circuit to ensure the
circuit work.
5. To practice the wiring of one-way switch and two socket outlets

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
1. Main switch
2. Residual Current Circuit Breakers (RCCB)
3. Miniature circuit breakers (MCB)
4. 1 Bulb
5. 1 Single pole, single throw (SPST) switch
6. 2 Socket-outlets
7. Insulation tester




66
INTRODUCTION
Introduction to Conduit Wiring System
Conduit is a protective cover for cables. It may be made of metal, plastic, fibre, or fired clay. Conduit
wiring system provides mechanical protection and electrical safety to people and property as it
protects the enclosed conductors from impact, moisture, and chemical vapours.

PROCEDURE
1. Based on the schematic diagram shown in Figure 7.1, draw your wiring diagram in Figure 7.3 for
the following wiring task:
i. To wire a one-way switch (S) controlling lamp B.
ii. To wire two socket outlets (A & C)
2. Carry out the wiring for lighting and socket-outlet circuit based on Figure 7.3.
3. By referring to Table 7.1, carry out the insulation, continuity and polarity test for the lighting and
socket-outlet circuit of Figure 7.3 and complete Table 7.1.
4. Energize the lighting and socket-outlet circuit of Figure 7.3 with a single-phase 240V,50Hz supply
for circuit functionality.- THIS MUST BE DONE BY THE SUPERVISOR/TECHNICIAN IN
CHARGE

Figure 7.1: Schematic diagram for lighting and socket-outlet circuit

Figure 7.2: Conduit layout for lighting and socket-outlet circuit


67


Figure 7.3: Wiring diagram for lighting and socket-outlet circuit in conduit




68
Table 7.1: Test Result

Insulation test


Phase & Neutral

Phase & CPC

Neutral & CPC






..

Continuity test


Phase

Neutral

CPC




.


.





Polarity test


Phase

Neutral

CPC






X



X



X


INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
1. All experimental results and answers must be recorded in the Lab Manual itself.
2. Show the completed Lab Manual to your instructor at the end of each lab session and get
approval from your instructor.
3. Submit this Instructor Approval form to your instructor after the lab session.


69

TO BE FILLED IN BY STUDENT

Experiment 7

Instructors Name :

Date :
. .
Instructor Signature Approval Stamping






FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGY
(EEE111)

INSTRUCTOR APPROVAL
Experiment 7 :
INSTALLATION METHOD (CONDUIT) FOR A LIGHTING AND
SOCKET OUTLET CIRCUIT
Students Name :
..
Group :
..
Date
: ..
Signature
: ..

Instructors Name :
..
Date
: ..


.
Signature
...
Approval Stamping



70


FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA


ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGY
(EEE111)
8 EXPERIMENT 8
DIRECT-ON-LINE (D.O.L) STARTER
OBJECTIVES
1. To understand the function of contactor, push button, switches and overload protective devices
used in direct-on-line starter.
2. To understand the wiring diagram, the inspection and the testing method of the D.O.L starter.
3. To understand the steps and safety to power up the single-phase motor by the D.O.L starter.

MATERIALS AND EQUIPTMENT
1. Wire connectors
2. Push button switches
3. Push-off
4. Single-phase motor
5. Contactors
6. Thermal overload relay
7. Insulation tester

INTRODUCTION
Introduction to D.O.L Starter
D.O.L starter is a widely-used starting method of electric motors. There are many types of motor
starters, the simplest of which is the DOL starter.

The D.O.L starter comprises a switch and an overload protection relay. The switch may be a manually
operated load break switch or circuit breaker, but more commonly it would be an electromagnetic
contactor which can be opened by the thermal overload relay under fault conditions.

Typically, the contactor will be controlled by separate start and stop buttons. An auxiliary contact on
the contactor is used across the start button, as a hold in contact. i.e. the contactor is electrically
latched closed while the motor is operating.



71
PROCEDURE
1. Draw the wiring diagram for the D.O.L starter in Figure 8.2 based on schematic diagram of Figure
8.1.
2. Carry out the wiring for the D.O.L starter as done in Figure 8.2.
3. Carry out the insulation, continuity and polarity test for D.O.L starter system, and complete Table
8.1.
4. Energize the D.O.L starter with a single-phase 240 V, 50 Hz supply for the circuit functionality.
THIS MUST BE DONE BY THE SUPERVISOR /TECHNICIAN IN CHARGE.


Table 8.1:Test result

Insulation test


Phase & Neutral

Phase & CPC

Neutral & CPC

...


..

..

Continuity test


Phase

Neutral

CPC










..


Polarity test


Phase

Neutral

CPC






X



X



X




72
M
5A
stop start
Main control
(Relay C, contact 1)
Overload
device
Single-phase
motor
L1
U1
L2
U2
L N
C
Relay coil
Main control
(Relay C, contact 2 & 3)
TOR
TRIP
light
RUN
light

Figure 8.1: Schematic diagram for a Direct-On-Line (D.O.L) starter


73


Figure 8.2: Wiring diagram for a Direct-On-Line (D.O.L) starter.


74
INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
1. All experimental results and answers must be recorded in the Lab Manual itself.
2. Show the completed Lab Manual to your instructor at the end of each lab session and get
approval from your instructor.
3. Submit this Instructor Approval form to your instructor after the lab session.


75

TO BE FILLED IN BY STUDENT

Experiment 8

Instructors Name :

Date :
. .
Instructor Signature Approval Stamping






FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGY
(EEE111)

INSTRUCTOR APPROVAL
Experiment 8 : DIRECT-ON-LINE (D.O.L) STARTER
Students Name :
..
Group :
..
Date
: ..
Signature
: ..

Instructors Name :
..
Date
: ..


.
Signature
...
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76

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA


ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGY
(EEE111)
9 EXPERIMENT 9
INTRODUCTION TO SIMULATION SOFTWARE
(MINI PROJECT PART A)

OBJECTIVES
1. To understand the basic concept of simulation and circuit design using TINA Software.
2. To introduce the fundamentals of TINA software to be used in DC and AC analysis.

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
Personal computer workstation installed with TINA Software.

INTRODUCTION
TINA Software
TINA is a software package for designing, simulating and analyzing analog, digital and mixed
electronics circuits. Analysis result can be displayed as sophisticated diagrams or on a range of virtual
instruments. Any circuit can be designed easily using schematic editor. The components can be
chosen from the large library. The parameters of each component can be changed by double clicking
on the component itself. The ready circuit can be exported to Printed Circuit Board package.

Drawing schematic diagram using TINA
Start TINA by double - clicking on TINA icon. Then follow the descriptions below to draw a schematic
diagram:
1. Select the desired component from the listed icons or search the component
2. Place the component on the drawing area
3. Repeat a) and b) until all necessary parts are placed on the drawing area
4. Connect each component with wire (Select WIRE icon)
5. Save the circuit
6. Select desired analysis and set the options ( ANALYSIS-AC,DC)
7. Run the schematic (ANALYSIS-ERC)



77
PROCEDURE
Part A: Voltage Divider Rule
1. Using TINA draw the circuit shown in Figure 9.1 below. The components that will be used are:
a) Resistors
b) Voltage generator
c) Voltmeter
d) Ground
+
Vcc
R1 1k R2 3.3k
R3 4.7k
( 9V )
V1 V2
V3

Figure 9.1
2. Make sure all components in the circuit are connected correctly.
3. Analyse the voltage across all resistors.
4. Record all the readings in Table 9.1.
Table 9.1
Voltage Value (V)
V
1

V
2

V
3


Part B: Current Divider Rule
1. Using TINA Software, draw the circuit as shown in Figure 9.2.The components that will be used
are:
a) Resistors
b) Voltage generator
c) Ammeter
d) Ground
2. Make sure all components in the circuit are connected correctly.
3. Analyse the currents across all resistors.
4. Record all the readings in Table 9.2.
5. Convert the circuit shown in Figure 9.2 into Printed Circuit Board (PCB) layout (ToolsPCB
Design).
6. Rotate the component (if necessary) for a better layout.
7. Consult your instructor for assistance when necessary.


78

R1 1k
R2 3.3k R3 4.7k
+
Vcc
( 9V )
I1 I2 I3

Figure 9.2

Table 9.2
Current Value (A)
I
1

I
2

I
3



INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
1. All experimental results and answers must be recorded in the Lab Manual itself.
2. Show the completed Lab Manual to your instructor at the end of each lab session and get
approval from your instructor.
3. Submit this Instructor Approval form to your instructor after the lab session.


79

TO BE FILLED IN BY STUDENT

Experiment 9

Instructors Name :

Date :
. .
Instructor Signature Approval Stamping






FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGY
(EEE111)

INSTRUCTOR APPROVAL
Experiment 9 :
INTRODUCTION TO SIMULATION SOFTWARE
(MINI PROJECT PART A)
Students Name :
..
Group :
..
Date
: ..
Signature
: ..

Instructors Name :
..
Date
: ..


.
Signature
...
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80


FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA


ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGY
(EEE111)
10 EXPERIMENT 10
INTRODUCTION TO PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB) FABRICATION AND
COMPONENTS ASSEMBLY
(MINI PROJECT PART B)

OBJECTIVES
1. To understand the process of PCB fabrication.
2. To know the proper tools used in PCB making.

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
1. Copper board
2. PCB fabrication equipments
3. Components
4. Drilling machine
5. Soldering tools

INTRODUCTION
The process of PCB fabrication is illustrated in Figure 10.1. It consists of 6 major tasks namely :
1. Transferring Artwork to Copper Board
2. Rota-spray Developer
3. Etching Process
4. Photoresist Stripper
5. Acid cleaner
6. Micro Etch




81


Figure 10.1 : PCB fabrication process flow

Transferring Artwork to Copper Board
The first step in the circuit board production process is to design the layout of the circuit board. But
before begin to lay out the PCB; one must have a complete and accurate schematic diagram. If the
schematic is neat, logical and clearly laid out, then it really makes the PCB design job a lot easier.

There are a lot of methods of transferring the layout or artwork onto copper board. One of them is by
using UV exposure.
Rota-spray Developer
In this machine, the unexposed photoresist is removed chemically using developer, leaving the layout
in photoresist on copper. This process will take for about 3 minutes. When finished, remove the board
and rinse away the excess chemical with water. The parts that are to be etched should look like
completely clean copper, no residue. A well developed board should have solid traces and a clean
copper background.

Etching Process
In this step, the board is placed in an etcher, which is a machine that washes warm ferric chloride (or
another etchant) over the board, eating away any exposed copper. For this step you will need to make
sure the etchant is warm enough to use. This step takes 2 minutes.

After etched, only solid traces left. A photoresist stripper will be needed to reveal the copper covered
by the photoresist.

Conveyor-
spray etcher

Micro Etch
Transferring
Artwork onto
Copper Board
(UV Exposure)

Rota-spray
Developer

Acid cleaner

Photoresist
Stripper


82
Photoresist Stripper
In the first tank of the PCB bench line, immerse the etched circuit board for about 3 minutes. This
process will remove all the photoresist from the etched circuit board revealing the copper that makes
the circuit on the board. After 3 minutes, rinse the circuit board with water.

Acid cleaner
In the second tank of the PCB bench, immerse the board for 4 minutes. This process cleans the board
and designed to prepare the copper for plating. After 4 minutes, rinse the circuit board with water.

Micro Etch
In the third tank of the PCB bench, immerse the board for 5 minutes. This process cleans the board to
have perfectly clean copper.

Drilling Process
Drilling process is a process of making holes on PCB by using suitable drill bit. Always hold the drill
straight and do not bend it or move the PCB when the hole has started. Putting a soft block of wood
under the PCB provides a good base to drill into. Hold the board tightly while drilling, but not to move
it.
Follow the following step for the drilling process:
a) Using drill bit, drill out all of the component holes (for components 0.7mm).
b) Some 1mm holes may need to be made for connectors, 3mm for corner fixings.
c) Finally use a PCB rubber to clean the copper.
d) The PCB is now ready for soldering.

Assembling Component and Soldering Process
a) Board must be clean to begin with, especially if they are not previously tinned with solder. Clean
the copper tracks using e.g. an abrasive rubber block.
b) Clean the solder iron bit(tip) using a damp sponge.
c) Insert components and splay the leads so that the part is held in place.
d) Apply a clean solder iron tip to the copper and the lead, in order to heat both items at the same
time.
e) Continue heating and apply a few millimeter of solder. Remove the solder iron and allow the
solder joint to cool naturally. It takes a second or two to make the perfect joint.

Figure 10.2 illustrates good and bad soldering.



83

Good Soldering

Bad Soldering that happens a
lot when no quick movement
upright with the iron solder, or
when the component terminal
is not sufficiently warmed

Bad Soldering that
happens when the copper
track is not sufficiently warmed
Figure 10.2: Good and bad soldering results

Testing and troubleshooting
The main purpose of testing and troubleshooting is to check the functionality of the circuit. Any
problem on the circuit can be identified or analyzed; the proper adjustment can be made as soon as
possible. Basically most of the problems occurred in PCB fabrication are wrong connection and bad
soldering.

Casing
The purpose of this process is to make sure no electric shock occurred when handling the circuit.
Besides it also enhances the presentation of the project.


INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
1. Show the completed PCB to your instructor and get approval from your instructor.
2. Submit the approval form to your instructor.
3. Keep this PCB for component assembly. Once completed submit the project hardware together
with Mini Project Report to your respective instructor.


84

TO BE FILLED IN BY STUDENT

Experiment 10

Instructors Name :

Date :
. .
Instructor Signature Approval Stamping






FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGY
(EEE111)

INSTRUCTOR APPROVAL
Experiment 10 :
INTRODUCTION TO PCB FABRICATION AND COMPONENTS
ASSEMBLY (MINI PROJECT PART B)
Students Name :
..
Group :
..
Date
: ..
Signature
: ..

Instructors Name :
..
Date
: ..


.
Signature
...
Approval Stamping



85











APPENDIX A
TEMPLATE FOR
LAB REPORT COVER PAGE


APPENDIX B
TEMPLATE FOR
MINI PROJECT REPORT COVER PAGE





86
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
(Arial 16,bold,capital)

EEE111
(Arial 24,bold,capital)

INTRODUCTION TO AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
(Arial 16,bold,capital)

EXPERIMENT 5
(Arial 24,bold,capital)



STUDENTS:
(Arial 16,bold,capital)

1. ZAKIAH BINTI ZAKI (UiTM NO: 2007123456)
2. ADIBAH BINTI ADIB (UiTM NO: 2007234567)
3. AZIZAH BINTI AZIZ (UiTM NO: 2007345678)


GROUP NO:

A1
(Arial 24,bold,capital)

DATE OF EXPERIMENT PERFORMED:
(Arial 16,bold,capital)

14 JANUARY 2008


LECTURER:

PROF. MADYA RUSNANI MOHD ZAKI
APPENDIX A


87
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY
EEE111
[TITLE OF THE MINI PROJECT]

PREPARED BY:
NAME UITM NO. GROUP




Criteria Max Score
General Requirements of Report
Cover Page (exactly as attached in Appendix A)
/10
General Presentation
Page Numbering
/10
Headings and subheadings /5
Table of Contents /5
List of Figures /5
Font: Arial - size 11 /5
Spacing -1.5, Justified paragraphs /5
Technical Presentation
Background materials

/5
Schematic Diagrams and PCB Layout /10
Results /10
Discussion /10
Conclusion /5
References /5
Dateline
On time submission
/10
TOTAL /100

INSTRUCTORS NAME
COMMENT



APPENDIX B