The Residential HVAC
Design Process Design Process
To comply with the IRC
[email protected]J ac k Bar t el l
Director, Service & Training Director, Service & Training
VIRGINIA AIR DISTRIBUTORS
I nt r oduc t i on
Purpose: Purpose:
Provides the
reasons behind reasons behind
the reality
Reference:
B b H Bobs House
ACCA
Handouts Handouts
I nt r oduc t i on
Pl an Ex ami ner s For m
Developed by ACCA
C d C itt Codes Committee
Permit application process
C C Completed by the HVAC
contractor
S ft i d d t Software independent
Simple over-arching view
of the design process of the design process
I nt r oduc t i on
Required Required
(M1401.3 and M1601.1)
Applicable
Fast
Expandable
I nt r oduc t i on
Keep It SIMPLE
Skimming
Digging gg g
Manual J : Load
Cal c ul at i ons Cal c ul at i ons
Manual J8
Manual J8AE
For additional information
on ACCA, click on the logo
Over si zi ng Equi pment Over si zi ng Equi pment
R d ffi i Reduces efficiency
Increases operating costs
Reduces control over the space
Rises likelihood of mold and mildew
Optimum efficiency occurs when the
equipment operates under full load equipment operates under full load.
This only happens for several hours per
year. year.
Under si zi ng Equi pment
Slightly undersizing equipment will
provide comfort and efficiency most of provide comfort and efficiency most of
the time
S diti ill d ift h t i Space conditions will drift when extremes in
weather occur.
P f bl t i i th i t Preferable to oversizing the equipment.
The result is increased energy efficiency
ith i l f f t with a minor loss of comfort.
This must be explained to the owner.
What ar e t he benef i t s of a det ai l ed
and ac c ur at e l oad c al c ul at i on?
May Not
or or
Will Not
What ar e t he pi t f al l s and c onsequenc es p q
of an i nac c ur at e l oad c al c ul at i on?
Si x I ngr edi ent s of For c ed Ai r
Comf or t Comf or t
1. Even temperature
2. Filtration
3. Noise
4. Outdoor air
5 Humidity control 5. Humidity control
6. Air circulation
A Properly Designed Comfort System Simultaneously controls
the temperature, humidity, air quality and air movement in a
manner that is not noticeable to the occupants
Manual J 8
t h
Edi t i on
Infiltration Load
Accounts for wind velocity Accounts for wind velocity
Accounts for air in-take needed for people and
equipment
Solar Gains
Variation of solar gain through the day
The impact of reflection on solar gains
The loads for skylight including the curbs
Adds Loads for the affect of equipment,
piping, and humidification
Choosing Procedures
One procedure Average Load for Winter Conditions
Average or Peak Procedure for Summer Conditions
Average Load Procedure
When t here is a const ant
Peak Load Procedure
When t here is a spik e in
t h li l d
load t hrough t he day
Or ef f ect of solar gain s isnt
signif icant ly dif f erent f rom
t he cooling load
When t he ef f ect of t he
solar gain causes
signif icant ly dif f erent f rom
hour t o hour wit hin a room
or space
solar gain causes
dif f erences f rom hour t o
hour
Di er si t
Lack of
AED
Adequate
E
Di ver si t y
E
Exposure
Diversity
N S
E
W
N S
Condo A Condo B Condo C
W
Peak Load
Conditions
An excursion adjustment is added
to the average fenestration gain to the average fenestration gain
when the application does not
have AED.
Adequat e Ex posur e Di ver si t y
Ex c ur si on Adj ust ment Requi r ed
Need to use manual
MJ8 & software MJ8 & software
Adequat e Ex posur e Di ver si t y
For MJ8ae a dwelling is assumed to
q p y
Appendi x 3
For MJ8ae a dwelling is assumed to
have AED if:
The total area of the windows glass doors and The total area of the windows, glass doors and
skylight assemblies does not exceed 15 percent of
the associated floor area.
The dwelling has four exposures.
Each exposure is equipped with a representative
amount of glass area amount of glass area.
How do I decide which road to take: How do I decide which road to take:
Limitations and Guidelines
Fi g. 3-5 Heat Loss & Gai n Tabl es
Cont ent Compar i son p
Component Heat Loss
Cal c ul at i ons Cal c ul at i ons
Component Heat Loss p
Cal c ul at i ons
Heat loss calculations.
Fenestration heat loss Fenestration heat loss.
Opaque panel heat loss.
f Radiant floor.
Block infiltration load for heating.
Room infiltration load for heating.
Component Heat Loss
Duct load for heating
p
Cal c ul at i ons
Duct load for heating.
Engineered ventilation load for heating.
Wi t h idifi ti l d Winter humidification load.
Hydronic piping loss.
Equipment sizing.
Component Heat Gai n
Cal c ul at i ons Cal c ul at i ons
Component Heat Gai n Cal c ul at i ons Component Heat Gai n Cal c ul at i ons
Heat gain calculations
Fenestration heat gain Fenestration heat gain
Opaque panel heat gain
Block infiltration load for cooling
Room infiltration load for cooling Room infiltration load for cooling
Internal gain
Component Heat Gai n
D t l d f li
Cal c ul at i ons
Duct load for cooling
Engineered ventilation load for cooling
Blower heat
Moisture migration Moisture migration
Total cooling load
E i t i i Equipment sizing
Physi c al Pr i nc i pl es & Mat hemat i c s
Units of meas rement and Units of measurement and
measurements protocols.
Measured dimensions Measured dimensions.
Areas of building
components components.
Perimeters and
volumes volumes.
Pr epar at i on of For ms and Wor k sheet s
Order of procession for block load estimate Order of procession for block load estimate
Worksheet A: design conditions
Worksheet B C: window, glass doors & sky light loads , g y g
Worksheet D: opaque surface loads
Worksheet E: infiltration loads
W k h t F i t l l d Worksheet F: internal loads
Worksheet G: duct loads
Worksheet H: ventilation loads Worksheet H: ventilation loads
Form J1ae: room load estimates
Manual J dos
(mandat or y r equi r ement s)
Use outdoor design conditions recommended g
by table 1 manual J.
Use the default indoor design conditions
recommended by manual J.
Consider orientation of the structure on the site.
Verify all construction details prior to calculating
loads.
Take full credit for all internal shading devices
and external overhangs.
Manual J dos
(mandat or y r equi r ement s)
Use internal shading devices that are compatible Use internal shading devices that are compatible
with the type of room.
Take credit for insect screens when installed or Take credit for insect screens when installed or
specified.
Take full credit for rated performance of
construction materials, insulation and construction
features.
Take full credit for tightness of of the envelope Take full credit for tightness of of the envelope
construction.
Follow the manual J procedures for infiltration and Follow the manual J procedures for infiltration and
ventilation.
Manual J dos
( d t i t ) (mandat or y r equi r ement s)
Take full credit for duct system sealing and Take full credit for duct system sealing and
insulation.
Match location as close as possible when p
selecting a duct load table.
Match duct supply and return system geometry.
Use the correct R-values for duct wall
insulation.
Add blower heat to the sensible gain if Add blower heat to the sensible gain if
equipment performance data is not adjusted for
blower heat.
What i s t he def i ni t i on of a BTU? What i s t he def i ni t i on of a BTU?
Br i t i sh Ther mal Uni t Br i t i sh Ther mal Uni t
The amount of heat needed
to raise the temperature of to raise the temperature of
1 pound of water 1 F p
Whi c h has mor e heat ,
a pound of w at er at 212F or
a pound of st eam at 212F? p
Sensible heat
Heat which when added to a material raises its Heat, which when added to a material, raises its
temperature. Expressed as dry bulb temperature.
Latent heat Latent heat
Heat, which when added to a material, changes its
state but not its temperature Expressed in Btu per state but not its temperature. Expressed in Btu per
pound of material.
I
144
32
WATER
Ice
32
BTU/LB
Latent heat
WATER
180
32
212
180
BTH/LB
SENSIBLE HEAT
WATER
WATER
970
BTU/LB
Latent heat
212
STEAM
212
WATER
Latent heat
Heat moves i n t hr ee w ays:
c onvec t i on c onvec t i on
c onduc t i on
r adi at i on r adi at i on
The Sensi bl e Heat Equat i on
Q = 1.08 x CFM x TD
Q = Sensible heat in Btuh
1.08 = is a constant (Properties of air at sea level)
CFM = Cubic Feet per minute of Air
TD = is the change (temperature difference) in air
temperature in F. Referred to as the Delta T.
.076 (pounds of air in a cubic foot) X
.24 (specific heat of standard air at sea level) X
60 (number of minutes in an hour)
The Sensi bl e Heat Equat i on The Sensi bl e Heat Equat i on
By knowing any two variables we can find By knowing any two variables we can find
the remaining by algebraic re-arrangement
of the equation. q
BTUH = CFM x TD x 1.1 BTUH CFM x TD x 1.1
CFM = BTUH/(1.1 x TD)
TD = BTUH/(1 1 x CFM)
CFM =
Load
1.08 X TD
TD = BTUH/(1.1 x CFM)
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Resul t s of Over -Si zi ng
Results of Oversizing
More consumer expense
Equipment
Materials
Labor Labor
More starts and stops
Wear and tear on
equipment
Hi h
$
Higher energy usage
Poor comfort
Less humidity control
Stagnant air pockets
$
g p
Stratified air
temperatures
Marginalized part-load
capacity capacity
What f ac t or s det er mi ne
t he heat i ng and c ool i ng
r equi r ement s of a r equi r ement s of a
home?
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Desi gn Condi t i ons Desi gn Condi t i ons
Heat Gain
Heat Loss
Heat Gain
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
What factors determine a
houses heating and cooling
requirements:
Location Location
Orientation
Latitude
Ventilation
Heat Loss
Ventilation
Building components
Windows
Insulation
Heat Gain
Heat Loss
Occupants and Plants
Appliances
Infiltration Infiltration
Etc
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Factors that determine a houses
Loc at i on Fac t or s
Factors that determine a house s
heating and cooling load calculation:
Design Conditions Design Conditions
Indoor Conditions
Winter Design Temp.
Summer Design Temp.
Moisture Difference
Latitude Latitude
Altitude
Orientation
Heat Gain
Heat Loss
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Loc at i on Fac t or s
Factors that determine a houses
Loc at i on Fac t or s
heating and cooling load calculation:
Design Conditions g
Indoor Conditions
Manual J8 Section A5-3 Manual J8, Section A5 3,
Use of this set of conditions
is mandatory, unless
Heat Loss
75F
y
superceded by a code,
regulation, or documented
h lth i t
Heat Gain 70F
75 F
health requirement.
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Desi gn Condi t i ons
Design Conditions
Winter: Winter:
Indoor: 70F
Summer:
70
Summer:
Indoor: 75F 75
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Factors that determine a houses
Loc at i on Fac t or s
Factors that determine a house s
heating and cooling load calculation:
Design Conditions Design Conditions
Indoor Conditions
Winter Design Temp.
Summer Design Temp.
Moisture Difference
Latitude Latitude
Altitude
Orientation
Heat Gain
Heat Loss
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Desi gn Condi t i ons
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Desi gn Condi t i ons
Design Conditions
Winter Design Temp.
Summer Design
Temp.
Moisture Difference Moisture Difference
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Desi gn Condi t i ons (Chi c ago) Desi gn Condi t i ons (Chi c ago)
Design Conditions
Winter: Winter:
Outdoor: 2F
Summer:
70
2
Summer:
Outdoor: 91F
OD Grains: 37 Gr
75
91
37
75
50
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Desi gn Condi t i ons (Mi nneapol i s) Desi gn Condi t i ons (Mi nneapol i s)
Design Conditions
Winter: Winter:
Outdoor: -11F
Summer:
70
-11
Summer:
Outdoor: 88F
OD Grains: 24 Gr
75
88
24
75
50
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Bui l di ng Component s
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Chicago
1,299 Btu/h
g
1,578 Btu/h
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Factors that determine a houses
Loc at i on Fac t or s
Factors that determine a house s
heating and cooling load calculation:
Design Conditions Design Conditions
Indoor Conditions
Winter Design Temp.
Summer Design Temp.
Moisture Difference
Orientation Orientation
Latitude
Altitude
Heat Gain
Heat Loss
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Bui l di ng Component s
Orientation
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Bui l di ng Component s
Orientation
Sout h
Fr ont Door
Manual J8 requires sketches based on a plan take-off or field Manual J8 requires sketches based on a plan take-off or field
observation with an arrow or directional rosette that points
north.
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Bui l di ng Component s
Bedrooms
South
1
3
2
3
2
3
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Bui l di ng Component s
O t
South
Occupants
Manual J8: Occupants
3
1800
a ua J8 Occupa s
produce sensible and
latent loads. The
number of occupants
shall equal the number q
of bedrooms plus one.
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Oc c upant s
Factors that determine a houses Factors that determine a house s
heating and cooling
l d l l ti load calculation:
Occupants
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Bui l di ng Component s
O t
South
Occupants
Manual J8: Occupants
3
1800
a ua J8 Occupa s
produce sensible and
latent loads. The
1
number of occupants
shall equal the number
3 +1 = 4
q
of bedrooms plus one.
2
3
2
3
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Bui l di ng Component s
Envelope Tightness Envelope Tightness
South
Manual J8: 3.10 (Page 14)
3
1800
4
Infiltration load estimates
shall be based on one of
the tightness categories
(tight, semi-tight, average,
semi loose and loose) semi-loose, and loose)
provided by Table 5A and
5 B (well defined on page 174) 5 B. (well defined on page 174)
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Bui l di ng Component s
Envelope Tightness
South
Ceilings
3
1800
4
Ceilings
Walls
Windows and Doors Windows and Doors
Engineered Openings
Exhaust systems
Average
y
Duct systems
Overall
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Bui l di ng Component s
Design Design
Ventilation
South South
Manual J8: 3.13 (Page 19)
Ventilation Requirement
N t kit h / b th h t
3
1800
4
3
1800
4
Not kitchen / bath exhaust
ERV and HRV
Special Kitchen exhaust
Average
0
Special Kitchen exhaust
Fireplace/stove operation
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Fenest r at i on Fenest r at i on
(Wi ndow s, Sk yl i ght s, Fr enc h door s, et c )
Factors that determine a houses
heating and cooling
load calculation: load calculation:
Building components
Windows
Rough opening
Orientation
Overhang
S th?
North?
Overhang
Internal shading
Bug screen (or not)
Skylights (or not)
Southwest?
South?
Skylights (or not)
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Fenest r at i on Fenest r at i on
(Wi ndow s, Sk yl i ght s, Fr enc h door s, et c )
Factors that determine a houses Factors that determine a house s
heating and cooling
load calc lation load calculation:
Windows
L tit d
Boston
Phoenix
Latitude
Miami Miami
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Fenest r at i on Fenest r at i on
(Wi ndow s, Sk yl i ght s, Fr enc h door s, et c )
Factors that determine a houses
heating and cooling
load calculation: load calculation:
Building components
Windows
Rough opening
Orientation
Overhang
S th?
North?
Overhang
Internal shading
Bug screen (or not)
Skylights (or not)
Southwest?
South?
Skylights (or not)
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Bui l di ng Component s
Windows
No overhang
Windows
South South
No overhang
Manual J8: 3.13 (Page 19)
Eave overhang
I t l h d
3
1800
4
3
1800
4
Internal shade
Skylights
Optional: Latitude
Avg
0
N
(26) Optional: Latitude
None
Drapes, Light Closed
None
(26 )
None
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Ot her f ac t or s
What other factors determine a What other factors determine a
houses heating and cooling
i t requirements:
Appliances
Duct Loads
AED - Zoning
House A
House B
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
2
70
South
3
1,800
91
4
Average
0
75
37 None
D Li ht Cl d Drapes, Light, Closed
None
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
2
70
South
3
1,800
91
4
Average
0
51,838
75
37 None
D Li ht Cl d 21 23 Drapes, Light, Closed
None
21,423
4,684
26,107 26,107
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
Questions Questions
Br eak Br eak
15:00 14:00 13:00 12:00 11:00 10:00 9:00 7:00 8:00 5:00 4:00 3:00 6:00 2:00 1:00 0:30 0:15 0:00
Manual S: Equi pment Sel ec t i on Manual S: Equi pment Sel ec t i on
Manual S: Equi pment Sel ec t i on Manual S: Equi pment Sel ec t i on
Heatingg
Load
Output Capacity
Target Airflow
Design airflow
Altitude adjustments Altitude adjustments
Cooling
Load
Sensible / Latent Capacity
Target airflow
D i i fl Design airflow
Altitude adjustments
Manual S: Equi pment Sel ec t i on
Heating
Load
56,000 Btu/h
= 51 838 Btu/h
103F - 133F
Load
Output Capacity
Target Airflow = 51,838 Btu/h
= 51,838 Btu/h
Output capacity
T=
56,000
T=
56,000
52=
g
Design airflow
Altitude adjustments
,
68F
p p y
CFM 1.08 ACF
T =
,
1,000 1.08 ACF
T =
1000 1.08 ACF
52 =
ABC CompanyFU60-036
60,000 Btu/h
ABC Company FU60-036
Air Delivery CFM (With Filter)
Unit Size Speed
External Static Pressure (inches water column)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
High 1075 1040 995 945 895 840 760
Med Hi 950 925 895 845 795 740 660
FU60 - 024
Med Hi 950 925 895 845 795 740 660
Med Lo 850 825 780 740 685 635 560
Low 740 700 650 620 565 515 455
FU60 - 036
High 1470 1415 1400 1285 1215 1120 995
Med Hi 1315 1280 1235 1298 1115 1035 930
Med Lo 1125 1110 1085 1045 1000 915 830
Low 930 9256 910 850 830 770 705
FU60 - 048
High 1700 1685 1640 1580 1545 1450 1380
Med Hi 1500 1465 1435 1385 1255 1300 1250
Med Lo 1325 1295 1265 1230 1190 1150 1105
Low 1205 1170 1145 1110 1080 1035 990
Manual S: Equi pment Sel ec t i on
Cooling
Load
= 26,107 Btu/h
Manual S: Equi pment Sel ec t i on
Cooling
Sensible / Latent Capacity
= 26,107 Btu/h
Total Heat = Sensible + Latent
26, 107 Btu/h = Sensible + Latent 26,107 Btu/h = 21,423 Btu/h + 4,686 Btu/h
Total Heat Sensible Latent
26, 107 Btu/h Sensible Latent 26,107 Btu/h 21,423 Btu/h 4,686 Btu/h
Manual S: Equi pment Sel ec t i on
Cooling
Total Load Total Load
Sensible Load
Latent Load
= 26,107 Btu/h (Total)
+ 4,684 Btu/h (Latent)
21,423 Btu/h (Sensible)
Target airflow
Design airflow
26,107 Btu/h (Total)
21,423 Btu/h (Sensible)
Sensible Heat Ratio = 0 82 =
21,423 Btu/h (Sensible) Sensible Btu/h
Sensible Heat Ratio
V T
26,107 Btu/h (Total)
Sensible Heat Ratio = 0.82 =
Airflow (CFM) = 1,044 CFM =
1.08 x (T from SHR Table) x ACF
21,423 Btu/h (Sensible)
1.08 x T x ACF
Sensible Btu/h
Versus T
Manual S page 3-4
SHR T
Belo 0 80 21
1.08 x 19F x ACF
Below 0.80 21
0.80 0.85 19
Above 0.85 17
Manual S: Equi pment Sel ec t i on
Cooling
Total Load
26,107 Btu/h
21, 423 Btu/h
= 26 107 Btu/h (Total)
21,423 Btu/h (Sensible)
+ 4,684 Btu/h (Latent)
Total Load
Sensible Load
Latent Load
4,684 Btu/h
21, 423 Btu/h
21,423 Btu/h (Sensible)
0 82 =
= 26,107 Btu/h (Total)
Target airflow
Design airflow
Sensible Heat Ratio
V T
26,107 Btu/h (Total)
0.82 =
21 423 Btu/h
Versus T
Manual S page 3-4
SHR T
Belo 0 80 21
21,423 Btu/h
1.08 x 19F x ACF
1,044 CFM
Below 0.80 21
0.80 0.85 19
Above 0.85 17
Manual S: Equi pment Sel ec t i on
AHRI data AHRI data
vs.
Regional Design data Regional Design data
Manual S: Equi pment Sel ec t i on
C li Cooling
Total Load 26,107 Btu/h
Sensible Load 21,423 Btu/h
Latent Load 4,684 Btu/h
Target airflow 1,044 CFM
Manual S: Equi pment Sel ec t i on
Summer OD
91F 91 F
Target
airflow
1,044 CFM ,
EWB
63F
Total Load
26,107 Btu/h
Sensible Load
21,423 Btu/h
Latent Load
4,684 Btu/h
Manual S: Equi pment Sel ec t i on
Summer OD
91F
T t l L d
EWB
63F
Total Load
26,107 Btu/h
Sensible Load
21 423 Btu/h 21,423 Btu/h
Latent Load
4,684 Btu/h
Target airflow
1,044 CFM
Manual S: Equi pment Sel ec t i on Manual S: Equi pment Sel ec t i on
+ 3 073
+ 3 425
+ 3,073
- 63
3 136
+ 3,425
+ 5,401
2 976
+ 3,136
- 2,976
Manual S: Equi pment Sel ec t i on Manual S: Equi pment Sel ec t i on
ABCCompanyFU60 036 ABC Company FU60-036
Air Delivery CFM (With Filter)
Unit Size Speed
External Static Pressure (inches water column)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Target
airflow
FU60 - 024
High 1075 1040 995 945 895 840 760
Med Hi 950 925 895 845 795 740 660
Med Lo 850 825 780 740 685 635 560
L 740 700 650 620 565 515 455
1,044
CFM
Low 740 700 650 620 565 515 455
FU60 - 036
High 1470 1415 1400 1285 1215 1120 995
Med Hi 1315 1280 1235 1298 1115 1035 930
Med Lo 1125 1110 1085 1045 1000 915 830
Low 930 9256 910 850 830 770 705
FU60 - 048
High 1700 1685 1640 1580 1545 1450 1380
Med Hi 1500 1465 1435 1385 1255 1300 1250
Med Lo 1325 1295 1265 1230 1190 1150 1105
Low 1205 1170 1145 1110 1080 1035 990
Manual S: Equi pment Sel ec t i on Manual S: Equi pment Sel ec t i on
ABC System Capacity
995 CFM, 91F ODT, 63F EWB and 75F EDB
ABC
Manual J
Load
Heating Cooling
Heating Btu/h 51,838 56,000 g , ,
Cooling Btu/h 26,107 29,180
Sensible Btu/h
21,423 21,360
Latent Btu/h
4,684 7,820
Manual D: Duc t Di st r i but i on Syst em Manual D: Duc t Di st r i but i on Syst em
Basi c Resi dent i al Duc t Syst ems Basi c Resi dent i al Duc t Syst ems
The following slides will describe some of The following slides will describe some of
the various styles of residential duct
systems systems.
Following each slide will be listed some of
the Pros and Cons of each type of system the Pros and Cons of each type of system.
Ex t ended Pl enum Syst em Desi gn Ex t ended Pl enum Syst em Desi gn
Ex t ended Pl enum Syst em
Desi gn
Pros
The most common residential duct system
Easy to fabricate and install.
Pros
y
F b l bl b ll
Cons
For best results blower must be centrally
located.
Long duct runs make it difficult to turn air
into branch runs near the fan.
Reduc i ng Pl enum Syst em
Desi gn
Reduc i ng Pl enum Syst em
Desi gn
f
Pros
Improves performance over end mounted
blower, extended plenum systems.
Usually less expensive for small systems
Pros
Usually less expensive for small systems.
Con
Historically, duct design manuals arbitrarily
assignedthereductionpoint at 24 fromthe
Con
s
assigned the reduction point at 24 from the
blower, resulting in less that maximum
performance performance.
Reduc i ng Tr unk Syst em Desi gn Reduc i ng Tr unk Syst em Desi gn
Reduc i ng Tr unk Syst em Desi gn Reduc i ng Tr unk Syst em Desi gn
Pros
Less material used to fabricate duct
system.
Pros
Good air distribution if designed properly.
R i k f b i di ll
Cons
Requires more work to fabricate and install
because each takeoff requires its own
i section.
Each section is a different size and requires
a transition to reach the next size.
Radi al or Oc t opus Syst em
Desi gn
Radi al or Oc t opus Syst em
Desi gn Desi gn
One of the most cost effective systems
t i t ll
Pros
to install.
Easy to fabricate and install.
Pros
F b l bl b ll
Cons
For best results blower must be centrally
located.
Installers tend to use long flex duct runs
resulting poor performance due to high
resistance.
Per i met er Loop Syst em Desi gn Per i met er Loop Syst em Desi gn
Per i met er Loop Syst em Desi gn Per i met er Loop Syst em Desi gn
Pros
Effective in cold climates with slab floor
construction.
Pros
Maintains comfort at the floor level in heating
season.
Diffi lt t d i
Cons
Difficult to design.
Expensive to install.
What c an be c onsi der ed t he best
use of Duc t Tape?
Manual D: Duc t Di st r i but i on Syst em y
Equi pment & Ai r Si de Devi c es Equi pment & Ai r -Si de Devi c es
The design of the house the selection of The design of the house, the selection of
the HVAC equipment and peripheral
devices determines the duct system devices determines the duct system
requirements.
Fan performance governs the static Fan performance governs the static
pressure limitations of the duct system.
Equi pment & Ai r Si de Devi c es Equi pment & Ai r -Si de Devi c es
Air-sidedevicesareusedtocontrol airflow
Supply outlets introduce supply air into the
Air side devices are used to control airflow.
Supply outlets introduce supply air into the
room.
R t i l t t th t i Return inlets capture the return air.
Dampers and junction boxes control air
volume in the duct system.
Equi pment & Ai r Si de Devi c es Equi pment & Ai r -Si de Devi c es
Air-sidedevicesareusedtocontrol airflow
Diffusers typically introduce supply air
into the room from the ceiling
Air side devices are used to control airflow.
into the room from the ceiling.
Supply Registers and Grilles typically
introduce supply air into the room from introduce supply air into the room from
the wall. Registers are grilles that have
dampers dampers.
Return Registers and grilles are the
same as above but used on the return same as above but used on the return
side.
OCCUPIED ZONE
The occupied zone consists of the space between the
fl d 6 f t b th fl i th ti l di ti d floor and 6 feet above the floor in the vertical direction and
the space that is more than 2 feet from the wall in the
horizontal direction.
It is within the occupied zone that comfort
conditions must be maintained.
Therefore, do not distribute conditioned
air into the occupied zone
Ter mi nal vel oc i t y (f pm) Ter mi nal vel oc i t y (f pm)
When the velocity of total air drops to 50 When the velocity of total air drops to 50
or 75 fpm, depending on the particular
application, it reaches terminal velocity. pp y
Terminal velocity can be said to be the Terminal velocity can be said to be the
velocity of the air stream at the end of the
throw.
Thr ow (f t ) Thr ow (f t .)
Throw
(20)
Terminal velocity
(50 fpm) (50 fpm)
The horizontal distance that an air stream travels after leaving a
horizontal sidewall outlet before maximum velocity is reduced to
terminal velocity.
Dr op (f t ) Dr op (f t .)
The distance that the bottom edge of a horizontally projected air The distance that the bottom edge of a horizontally projected air
stream falls by the time the air reaches the end of its throw.
Spr ead (f t ) Spr ead (f t .)
The maximumwidth of the total air streamat The maximum width of the total air stream at
the point of terminal velocity.
Induction (Aspiration) The process of drawing room air into the
projected air stream due to the velocity of the projected air stream.
Secondary air
Primary air Primary air The supply air The supply air
Primary air
Primary air Primary air The supply air The supply air
from the outlet. from the outlet.
Secondary air Secondary air The induced The induced
Secondary air
Secondary air Secondary air The induced The induced
room air (can be 10 to 20 times room air (can be 10 to 20 times
greater than the primary air greater than the primary air
quantity). quantity). q y) q y)
Ceiling or Wall Effect The tendency of an air stream moving along a
ceiling or wall to remain in contact with that surface ceiling or wall to remain in contact with that surface.
Ter ms used i n Duc t
Desi gn Desi gn
IWC - Inches of Water Column - A unit used to
measure pressure p
CFM - Cubic Feet per Minute - A unit used to
measure air flow
ESP - External Static Pressure - A unit used to
measure resistance outside of the fan
ASP Available Static Pressure of a blower
after deducting all component loses g p
Pressure Drop - is equal to the pressure loss
that occurs between any two points in a duct y p
system
Ter ms used i n Duc t
Desi gn Desi gn
Friction Rate - is equal to the pressure loss
that occurs between any two points in a duct that occurs between any two points in a duct
system that are separated by a specific
distance (usually 100 feet) distance. (usually 100 feet)
Equivalent Length - A term used to describe
l th h fitti pressure loss through a fitting.
TEL - Total Effective Length - A term used to
describe the friction losses through a duct and
all of its fittings and air-side devices.
VELOCITY is measured in feet per minute (fpm)
V = CFM CFM = A x V
A
The area of the duct (A) must always be stated in
square feet Therefore divide the duct square feet. Therefore, divide the duct
dimensions (w x h) by 144.
1200 CFM in a 24 x 8 duct has a velocity of: 1200 CFM in a 24 x 8 duct has a velocity of:
V = CFM 1200 1200 = 900 fpm
A 24x8/144 1.33
Pr essur e
Measured in inches of water column ( w.c.)
1 psig = 27.72 w.c.
Velocity pressure is movement, dynamic pressure.
Static pressure is a bursting pressure. It lacks
movement.
Total pressure is static pressure plus velocity
pressure pressure.
Ex t er nal St at i c Pr essur e Ex t er nal St at i c Pr essur e
Item Static pressure
drop in w.c.
Supply duct 10 Supply duct
system
.10
Return duct
system
.10
Evaporator .20
Furnace
Evaporator
(Coil)
.20
Air cleaner .20
Supply registers .03
R ill 03 Return grilles .03
Volume
dampers
.03
Total external
static pressure
.69
Furnace blower must be able to deliver the required volume of air
(CFM) against an external static pressure of .69 water column.
static pressure
Tot al St at i c Pr essur e
Whi c h t w o poi nt s w i l l measur e Whi c h t w o poi nt s w i l l measur e
Tot al St at i c pr essur e on t he f ur nac e?
D
Furnace
B
C
A
Manual D: Duc t Di st r i but i on Syst em
Duct system design and overview
Calc each rooms CFM
Sketch on the blue print
Notes with approx lengths
Show CFM for each supply and return
Sho CFM for each tr nk Show CFM for each trunk
ID fittings
Gather OEM performance data Gather OEM performance data
Use EL calc sheet
Manual D: Duc t Di st r i but i on Syst em
Calculate
each
rooms
airflow airflow
Manual D: Duc t Di st r i but i on Syst em
Sketch duct geometry
Manual D: Duc t Di st r i but i on Syst em
Assign CFM
Manual D: Duc t Di st r i but i on Syst em y
Determine the duct run with the
longest Total Effective Length
Manual D: Duc t Di st r i but i on Syst em y
Assign CFM
4I=10EL
4I=10EL
4I=10EL
9
4I 10EL
= 35 EL
9
15
5J=15EL 6L=20 EL
8
15
15
1P=20EL
2Q=10 EL 15
Manual D: Duc t Di st r i but i on Syst em y
Determine the duct run with the
longest Total Effective Length
10 5 10 15 5
35
20
20
10
20
10
20
10
5
20
50
60 40 40 40 40
125 90 80 100 120
Manual D: Duc t Di st r i but i on Syst em y
0 50
1,000
Determine the
0.50
1,000
0.16
Friction Rate
0.10
-0.05
0.03
0.30
0.03
0.03
0.50 0.30 0.20
Manual D: Duc t Di st r i but i on Syst em y
Determine the
0 50 0 30
0 20
Friction Rate
0.50 0.30
0.20
120
125 225
FR = (ASP 100 ) TEL
FR = (0.20 100 ) 225
FR = 20 225 = .0888 0.09
Manual D: Duc t Di st r i but i on Syst em y
0.50
0.30
0.20
Determine the
120
125 225
0.09
Friction Rate
0.5 1000
0.16
-0.05
0.10
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.20
0.3 0.2
120 125 225
0.5
0.9
120 125 225
Manual D : Duc t Di st r i but i on Syst em
0.5 1000
0.16
1,000 0.50 0.50 1,000
0.16
0 05
0.50
0.30
0.20
-0.05
0.10
0.03
0.03
0.03
0 30
120 125
225
0 09
0 30
0.10
-0.05
0.03
0.03
0.03
120 125
225
0 09
0.20
0.3 0.2
120 125 225
0.5
0.30
0.20
0.09
0.50 0.30
0.30
0.20
0.09
0.9
120 125 225
Manual D : Duc t Di st r i but i on Syst em
1,000
0.50
120
0.30
0.20
125
225
0.09
Sheetmetal, Flex
Manual J : Load Cal c ul at i ons
2
South
3
70
91
1,800
4
Average
0
51,838
75
37
None
Drapes, Light, Closed 21,423
50
None
4,684
26,107
1 000 1,000
0.50
0.30
0 20
120
125
225
0.20
225
0.09
Sheetmetal, Flex
Resi dent i al HVAC Syst em Desi gn y g
Resi dent i al HVAC Syst em Desi gn y g
Conclusion Conclusion
Questions???
