Genevieve Rose H.
Lorenzo
Manila Observatory
Ateneo de Manila University
Quezon City, Philippines
http://www.observatory.ph/
Urban Air Quality Monitoring Activities in Metro Manila
12 September 2007
Overview of Metro Manila
Particulate Matter (PM) Monitoring Activities
by the Manila Observatory
PM Monitoring Activities by Other
Institutions
Other Related Activities
Summary
Outline
Overview of Metro Manila
Municipal Boundary
Major Slum Areas
Other Slum Areas
Major Roads
Low Residential
Medium Residential
High Residenti al
No data
Fishpond
Reservoir
Agricultural
Military
Water
Vacant
Utilities
Recreational
Parks
Industrial
Institutional
Commercial
LEGEND
Land Use
SCALE
PROJECTION
Universal Transverse Mercator
Zone 51 Luzon Datum
Sources:
SPOT XS of Metro Manila, 1997
Image courtesy of Foundation
or the Philippine Environment
(FPE), National Mapping and
Resource Information Authority
(NAMRIA) and United States
Agency for International
Development (USAID)
Land use maps photointerpreted
but verified from the Planning
Office of Quezon City, Marikina,
San Juan, Pasig, Mandaluyong,
Pateros, Taguig, Makati, Navotas,
Las Pias, Valenzuela, Muntinlupa,
Caloocan and Paraaque
1:100,000
2 0 2 4 6 Km.
N
E W
S
275000
275000
280000
280000
285000
285000
290000
290000
295000
295000
300000
300000
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5
9
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Metro Manila Land Use (1997)
Hierarchy of Urban Centers (2000)
Metro Manila has a total land area 636 sq. kms, 0.2% of the Philippines total land area.
It has a population of 9,932,560 (2000 Census), 12,98% of the Philippine population; and
its population density is 15,617 persons/sq. kms. http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2002/pr02178tx.html
Overview of Metro Manila
The Metro Manila Airshed was defined based on the Philippine Clean
Air Act. Seven provinces share the Metro Manila Airshed.
Metro Manila Airshed
http://www.emb.gov.ph/mmairshed/
National Capital Region (NCR)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Overview of Metro Manila
Makati, Metro Manila
The view of Makati (a major business center In Metro Manila) is
oftentimes obscured by pollutants.
Monday morning (June 25, 2007) Sunday morning (June 24, 2007)
Monday morning (September 3, 2007) Monday afternoon (August 20, 2007)
Particulate Matter (PM)
samples are collected on
Filter Membranes using Air
Samplers.
Samples are weighed on a
Microbalance.
Samples are analyzed for
Ionic and Elemental Content.
PM Monitoring Activities
Monitoring by the
Manila Observatory
Manila Observatory, QC (Mixed Site)
PM2.5 Concentrations
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
( (( (
g
/
m
3
)
65
15
USEPA Daily Standard
USEPA Annual Standard
Average measured PM2.5 values at the Manila Observatory were
greatest in 2000 and decreased thereafter. The USEPA Annual
Standard was exceeded in all years.
PM Monitoring Activities
Results
Manila Observatory, QC (Mixed Site)
PM2.5 Monthly Boxplots (2000-2006)
0
50
100
150
J
a
n
F
e
b
M
a
r
A
p
r
M
a
y
J
u
n
J
u
l
A
u
g
S
e
p
O
c
t
N
o
v
D
e
c
Month
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
g
/
m
3
)
Measured PM2.5 values were more widely distributed during the dry
season. Average PM2.5 values were least during the wet season.
Manila Observatory, QC (Mixed Site)
PM2.5 Monthly Boxplots (2000-2006)
PM Monitoring Activities
PM Monitoring Activities
Elements associated with mechanical processes such as soil re-suspension
(Al, Si, Fe, Mn) and sea spray (Na, Cl) tend to have higher concentrations in
the coarse fraction than in the fine while those associated with secondary
pollutant formation (S) and combustion (Elemental C, K, Zn, Pb) tend to
exhibit the opposite trend.
Average Elemental Composition
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
E
CH
N
a
M
g
A
l
S
i
PS
C
l
K
C
a
S
c
T
i
V
C
r
M
n
F
e
C
o
N
i
C
u
Z
n
G
a
G
e
A
s
S
e
B
r
R
b
S
r
M
o
Y
Z
r
I
H
g
P
b
Element
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
u
g
/
m
3
)
Coarse Fine
Composition
of Particulates
in Manila
Observatory
(2004)
GS, Antipolo (Background)
MO, Quezon City (Mixed)
NPO, Quezon City (Traffic)
PGH, Manila (Commercial)
PS, Pasig (Industrial)
PM Monitoring Activities
Monitoring Sites (2000-2004)
Chemical Mass Balance 8
(CMB8)
And
Positive Matrix
Factorization (PMF)
Receptor-Based Modeling
Ionic and elemental content are inputted into a model which is run in
order to determine source contributions to measured PM at a receptor
site.
Elemental
Composition
Source Identity &
Apportionment
PM Monitoring Activities
Receptor Modeling Results (PM2.5)
Chemical Mass Balance Model runs in 2004 for Metro Manila show the great
contribution of traffic to the sites in and around Metro Manila.
Positive Matrix Factorization points to a significant contributing factor to
both the mixed site (MO) and background site (GS) PM2.5 dominated by
Black Carbon.
Average Seasonal PM2.5 (ug/m3)
GS Background 16.8
MO Mixed 34.5
NPO Traffic 75.2
PGH Commercial 48.1
PS Industrial 48.1
Average PM2.5/PM10
GS Background 0.63
MO Mixed 0.73
NPO Traffic 0.83
PGH Commercial 0.90
PS Industrial -
PM Monitoring Activities
CMB Legend
EDSA
MO, Quezon City (Mixed)
CB, Cebu City (Mixed)
GB, Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija
(Background)
PM Monitoring Activities
Monitoring Sites (2004 - present)
Reconstructed Mass of Dry
Season PM2.5
Reconstructed Mass of PM2.5
soot, 42%
crustal, 4%
smoke, 1%
unaccounted,
30%
seasalt, 3%
sulfate, 8%
trace metals,
7%
ammonium, 4%
nitrate, 1%
soot, 2%
crustal, 3%
smoke, 0.9%
unaccounted,
44%
seasalt, 6%
sulfate, 17%
trace metals,
16%
ammonium,
7%
nitrate, 2%
Contribution to PM2.5 in MO is mostly from combustion; source
contributions remain fairly constant across seasons.
Sulfate and trace metals are the major contributors to PM in
Gabaldon.
crustal
2%
NO3-
1%
SO42-
6%
trace
metals
8%
unaccount
ed
59%
smoke
1%
soot
16%
seasalt
4%
NH4+
3%
Reconstructed Mass of PM2.5
PM Monitoring Activities
MO (Mixed Site) GB (Background Site) CB (Mixed Site)
DENR - EMB
Monthly averaged PM10 Concentrations in the Metro
Manila Airshed Air Quality Monitoring Stations, June
December 2004.
Annual Geometric Mean of Roadside TSP
Levels in Metro Manila, 2003 - 2004 (mg/Nm3)
PM10 levels in 2004 in the designated Metro Manila Air Shed sites increased
in December.
Monitoring by the DENR-EMB(NCR) along roadsides in Metro Manila reveal
highest roadside TSP levels along major intersections.
National Air Quality Status Report (2003-2004)
PM Monitoring Activities by
Other Institutions
PNRI
Measured PM10 levels and averages in sites monitored by the PNRI were
less than the guideline values set in the Clean Air Act. Fine particulate
averages exceeded the USEPA Annual Guideline Values in the same sites.
Source apportionment using 2002 elemental data for PM2.2 conducted by
PNRI showed that the primary source of PM2.2 (about 75%) was fuel
combustion.
PM10 Levels
in Metro Manila,2004
Fine Particulate Levels
in Metro Manila, 2004
Pollutant Sources for
PM10
National Air Quality Status Report
(2003-2004)
PM Monitoring Activities by
Other Institutions
Average ozone decreased in 2003.
Most of the daily 8-hr maximum values of ozone were above the
National Ambient Air Quality Guideline Value (NAAQGV). Not as
much of the 1-hr maximum values were above the NAAQGV, though
enough to exceed the limit set by the CAA.
Receiver (top
and right)
and Analyzer
0
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.12
8-Hour Daily Max
0
0.035
0.07
0.105
0.14
1-Hour Daily Max
0.07
(1-hr)
0.03
(8-hr)
2003 1-Hr Max
and 8-Hr Max
Other Related Activities
DOAS
Manila Observatory, QC (Mixed Site)
Daily Averaged O3 Concentrations
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
2001 2002 2003 2004
Year
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
g
/
m
3
)
0.03 (8-hr)
0.07 (1-hr)
(
p
p
m
)
Manila Observatory, QC (Mixed Site)
Daily Averaged SO2 Concentrations
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
2001 2002 2003 2004
Year
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
g
/
m
3
)
0.03
0.07
Manila Observatory, QC (Mixed Site)
Daily Averaged NO2 Concentrations
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
2001 2002 2003 2004
Year
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
g
/
m
3
)
0.053
0.08
(
p
p
m
)
(
p
p
m
)
Daily NO
2
and SO
2
averages were below the 24-hr NAAQGV from
2001 to 2004. Annual averages were also below the guideline values.
The greatest changes in concentrations happened in 2002, when NO
2
concentrations decreased by 27% and SO
2
by 19%.
Other Related Activities
The data shows heavy aerosol loading near the ground. The red color
shows high backscattered signals from particulates. The boundary layer
height, which is the border between the yellow and the blue signals, is
around 1.75km.
boundary
layer
clouds
aerosols
A sample of LIDAR
data taken on
October 15, 2005
from MO.
Other Related Activities
LIDAR
Other UAQ Monitoring Related Activities
0m 10000m 20000m
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Stationary Sources
Traffic Emissions
Dispersion Modeling
Industrial Source Complex v.3 (ISC3)
Results of Dispersion Model runs in 2004 for Metro Manila reveal
elevated levels of annual PM10 downtown and along major thoroughfares.
Other Related Activities
Satellite Imagery
Other Related Activities
Air pollution at Manila Bay is visible in
the satellite images above.
SPOT XS 1988
CNES France
SPOT P 1997
CNES France
10AM
20 Jan 1988
0-1 m/s
80% RH
Metro Manila is a large urban center in the
Philippines.
Urban Air Quality Monitoring Activities that
were discussed involved particulate matter
monitoring and modeling in Metro Manila.
Results from these and related activities
suggest a large contribution of traffic
related emissions to ambient particulate
matter in Metro Manila.
Summary
Acknowledgements
Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)
Swedish International Development Cooperation
Agency (SIDA)
Electrobyte Environmental Concerns Corporation
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Environmental Management Bureau (DENR-EMB)
Department of Science and Technology Philippine
Nuclear Research Institute (DOST-PNRI)
United States Agency for International Development
(USAID)
Foundation for Philippine Environment (FPE)
National Mapping and Resources Information
Authority (NAMRIA)
Urban Research Consortium (URC)
Ford Foundation
Centre National dEtudes Spatiales (CNES)
Thank you very much.
SCIENCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
http://www.observatory.ph/
Email: [email protected]
