Additional Standard Formula
du 1 u
1. ∫ u2 +a 2 = a arctan a +c
2. ∫ du
u −a 2 a
2 2
1
= ln | |
u−a
u+a
+c
du
3. ∫ 2 2 =ln¿ u+ √u2 +a 2∨+c
√ u +a
du
4. ∫ 2 2 =ln ¿u +√u 2−a2 ∨+c
√ u −a
du u
5. ∫ 2 2 =arcsin a + c
√ a −u
2
6. ∫ √a 2−u2 du= u2 √a 2−u2 + a2 arcsin ua + c
2
7. ∫ √u2 +a 2 du= u2 √ u2 +a2 + a2 ln∨u+ √u2 + a2∨+c
2
u 2 2 a
8. ∫ √u −a du= 2 √u −a −¿ 2 ln∨u+ √u 2−a2∨+ c ¿
2 2
Algebraic Substitution
AS1 When the integrand contains fractional powers of x only, use the substitution
z=√ x∨z =x
n n
Where n is the LCD
AS2 If the integrand contains fractional powers of a + bx only, use the substitution
z=√ a+ bx∨z =a+ bx
n n
Where n is the LCD
AS3 If the integrand contains the expression
m
x ¿
m+1
Where m,n,p,q are integer (n,q > 0) and if =integer , use:
n
z=√ a+ b x n∨z q=a+ b x n
q
AS4 If the integrand contains the expression
m
x ¿
m+1 p
Where m,n,p,q are integer (n,q > 0) and if + =integer , use:
n q
n q n
x z =a+b x
AS5 Reciprocal Substitution. Some integrals with irrational integration may be
1 1
evaluated by letting x= where dx= - 2 dz
z z
AS6 If the integrand contains the expression
√ a+bx + x 2
Use the substitution: a+ bx+ x2=¿
AS7 If the integrand contains the expression
√(a+ x)(b−x )
Use the substitution: (a+ x)(b−x)=¿
Integration of Rational Functions of sinx and cos x
x
Use the substitution: z=tan
2
Where
1−z
2
2z 2 dz
cosx= 2
sinx= 2 dx= 2
1+ z 1+ z 1+ z
Integration by Parts
∫ udv =uv−∫ vdu
Algebraic Function
1. d/dx (c) =0 du dv
2. d/dx (x)= 1
v −u
6. d/dx (u/v) = dx dx
3. d/dx (cu) = cdu/dx 2
v
4. d/dx (u+v)= du/dx+dv/dx
7. d/dx (un) = n(u)n-1 du/dx
5. d/dx (uv) =udv/dx+vdu/dx
du
8. d/dx (√ u) = dx
2 √u
Trigonometric Function Inverse Trigonometric Function
du 1du
1. d/dx (sin u) = cos u 1. d/dx (arcsinu) =
dx
du
√1−u dx 2
2. d/dx (cos u) = -sin u −1 du
dx 2. d/dx (arccosu) =
du √1−u2 dx
3. d/dx (tan u) = sec2 u 1 du
dx 3. d/dx (arctanu) = 2
du 1+ u dx
4. d/dx (cot u) = -csc2 u −1 du
dx 4. d/dx (arccotu) = 2
du 1+ u dx
5. d/dx (sec u) = sec u tan u 1 du
dx
5. d/dx (arcsecu) =
du u √ u −1 dx
2
6. d/dx (csc u) = -csc u cot u
dx −1 du
6. d/dx (arccscu) =
u √ u −1 dx
2
Logarithmic Function
1 du
1. d/dx (logbu)= (logb e )
u dx
1 du
2. d/dx (ln u) =
u dx
log e du
3. d/dx (log10u)=
u dx
Exponential Function
du
1. d/dx (au) = a u (ln a )
dx
du
2. d/dx (eu) = eu
dx
Basic Integration Formula
1. ∫du = u + c
2. ∫(u+v)dx = ∫udx + ∫vdx
3. ∫ audx = a∫udx
n +1
u
4. ∫undu = + c, n≠-1
n+1
5. ∫du/u= ln │u│+ c
Integration of Trigo Functions
1. ∫sinudu = -cosu + c
2. ∫cosudu = sinu + c
3. ∫tanudu = -ln │cosu│+ c
4. ∫cotudu = ln │sinu│+ c
5. ∫secudu = ln │secu + tanu│+ c
6. ∫cscudu = -ln │cscu + cotu│+ c
7. ∫sec2udu = tanu + c
8. ∫csc2udu = -cotu + c
9. ∫secutanudu = secu + c
10. ∫cscucotuudu = -cscu + c
Integration of Exponential Functions
1. ∫eudu = eu + c
u
a
2. ∫audu = +c
ln │a │
