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[C. B. S. E. CLASS XII]
PHYSICS (THEORY) 2005
SET I DELHI BOARD)

Class XII (Delhi Board Papers)

Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 70
General Instructions:

(i) All questions are compulsory.
(ii) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in
one question of two marks, one question of three marks and one question of
five marks. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
(iii) Question numbers 1 to 5 are very short answer type questions, carrying one
mark each.
(iv) Question numbers 6 to 12 are short answer type questions, carrying two
marks each.
(v) Question numbers 13 to 24 are also short answer type questions, carrying
three marks each.
(vi) Question numbers 25 to 27 are long answer type questions, carrying five
marks each.
(vii) Use of calculators is not permitted. However, you many use log tables, if
necessary.
(viii) You may use the following values of physical constants wherever necessary:


8 1
-34
-19
31
e
-7 -1
0
9 2 2
0
3 10
h = 6.610 Js
e =1.610 C
M 9.1 10 kg
! = 4"10 TmA
1
= 910 N- m /C
4"#
c ms

=
=

Mass of neutron
n
m 1.610- 27kg
Boltzmanns constant
-23 -1
k =1.3810 JK
Avogadros number
23
A
N = 6.02310 /mole

Q.1. An electric dipole of dipole moment
6
20 10

C. m is enclosed by a closed
surface. What is the net flux coming out of the surface?
1

Ans. Net flux coming out of the closed surface is zero, because the net charge on the
electric dipole is zero.

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Q.2. An electron beam projected along + X- axis, experiences a force due to a
magnetic field along the + Y axis. What is the direction of the magnetic
field? 1

Ans. By right hand rule, the magnetic field is along the + Z axis.

Q. 3. The power factor of an a.c. circuit is 0.5. What will be the phase difference
between voltage and current in this circuit?

Ans. Power factor, cos 0.5 =
phase difference,
0
60 . =

Q. 4. Electrons are emitted from a photosensitive surface when it is illuminated
by green light but electron emission does not take place by yellow light.
Will the electrons be emitted when the surface is illuminated by (i) red light,
and (ii) blue light. 1

Ans. (i) Electrons are not emitted with red light.
(ii) Electrons are emitted with blue light.

Q. 5. What should be the length of the dipole antenna for a carrier wave of
frequency
8
310 Hz?

Ans.
8
8
$ c 310
= = = = 0.5m.
2 2v 2310


Q. 6. Define electric line of force and gives its two important properties.
2
Ans. An electric line of force is a curve drawn in such a way that the tangent to it at
each point gives the direction of the electric field at that point.

Properties: (i) An electric line of force is a continuous curve that starts from a
positive charge and ends on a negative charge.
(ii) Two lines of force can never cross each other.

Q. 7. (a) Why does the electric field inside a dielectric decrease when it is placed
in an external electric field?

(b) A parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates has a capacitance
of 8 pF. What will be the capacitance if the distance between the plates be
reduced by half and the space between them is filled with a substance of
dielectric constant K = 6? 2
Or


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There point charges of +2!C, -3!Cand- 3!C are kept at the vertices, A B
and C respectively of an equilateral triangle of side 20 cm as shown in the
figure. What should be the sign and magnitude of the charge to be placed
at the mid point (M) of side BC so that the charge at A remains in
equilibrium? 2


Ans. (a) When a dielectric is placed in an external field causes polarization of the
dielectric inducing a field in the opposite direction. Thus the net electric field
inside the dielectric decreases,
(b)
0
0
# A
C = = 8pF
d

The capacitance with dielectric,

0
0
# A
C = K = 2KC = 268 = 96pF.
d 2

Force exerted on +2!c charge by the charge at A,

( )
-6 -6
9
1 2
210 310
F = 910 =1.35N, alongAB
0.20

Force exerted on +2!C charge by charge at C,

( )
-6 -6
9
2 2
210 310
F = 910 =1.35N, alongAC
0.20

The resultant force of
1 2
F andF is
( ) ( )
2 2 0
1 2 1 2
2 2
F = F + F + 2FF cos60
1.35 1.35 2 1.35 1.35 0.5
1.35 3 2.34N, alongAM
= + +
= =

For the equilibrium of charge at A, the charge q placed at point M must be a
positive charge so that it exerts force along MA. Force between charged at A and
M,

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( )
9 -6
2
910 210 q
= 2.34
0.10 3
[AM =10 3 cm]
or
-6
3
2.34 0.01 3
q = 3.910 C = 3.9!C.
18 10

=

Q. 8. Draw V I graph for ohmic and non- ohmic materials. Give one example for
each. 2

Ans. (i) V I graph for an ohmic material is a straight line passing through the origin

V-I graph for a metal (ohmic)

(ii) V I graph for a non ohmic material is either a curve or a straight line not
passing through the origin.



V I graph for a diode (non ohmic)







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Q. 9. Define the terms Magnetic Dip and Magnetic Declination with the help of
relevant diagrams. 2


Ans. (i) Magnetic declination ( ) " : The angle between the geographic meridian and
magnetic meridian at a place is called magnetic declination at that place.



(ii) Angle of dip ( ) % : The angle mode by the earths total magnetic field
( )
B
!
with
the horizontal is called angle of dip at any place.

Q.10. In the figure given below, a bar magnet moving towards the right or left
induces an e.m.f. in the coils (1) and (2). Find giving reason, the directions
of the induced currents through the resistors AB and CD when the magnet
is moving (a) towards the right, and (b) towards the left.
2




Ans. (a) When the magnet is moved towards right, the right end of coil (1) develops S
polarity and left end of coil (2) also develops south polarity i.e., currents in both
coils flow anticlockwise. In coil (1) current flows from A to B while in coil (2),
current flows from D to C.

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(b) When the magnet is moved towards left, the right end of coil (1) develops N -
polarity and left end of coil (2) develops (2) develops N polarity i.e., current in
both coils flow clockwise In coil (1), current flows from B to A and in coil (2)
current flows from C to D.

Q.11. (i) Draw the graphs showing variation of inductive reactance and capacitive
reactance with frequency of applied a.c. source.

(ii) Can the voltage drop across the inductor or the capacitor in a series
LCR circuit be greater than the applied voltage of the a.c. source? Justify
your answer. 2

Ans. (i) Variation of inductive reactance with frequency is shown in Fig. (a).



Variation of capacitance with frequency is shown in Fig. (b)

(ii) Yes, the voltage drops across the inductor or the capacitor in a series circuit
can be greater than the applied voltage. These two voltages are not in same
phase, hence they cannot be added like ordinary numbers.

Q.12. The image of a candle is formed by a convex lens on a screen. The lower
half of the lens is painted black to make it completely opaque. Draw the ray
diagram to show the image formation. How will this image be different from
the one obtained when the lens is not painted black?
2

Ans. The image formed will still be of full size but the intensity of the image will be
lesser, when the lower half of the lens is painted black.


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Q.13. An electric dipole is held in a uniform electric field. (1) Using suitable
diagram, show that it does not undergo any translatory motion, and (ii)
derive an expression for the torque acting on it and specify its direction.
3

Ans. Figure shows an electric field E
!
at an angle & with it.




(i) Force on charge +q = + q E
!
(in the direction of E
!
)
Force on charge q = - q E
!
(in the opposite direction of E
!
)
Net translatory forces on the dipole = + qE - qE = 0
! !


Hence the dipole does not undergo any translatory motion.

(ii) But the two equal, parallel and unlike forces from a couple. The coupe
exerts a torque given by

' = Force perpendicular distance between the two forces
= qE2a sin&
or ' = pEsin&
where p = q2a = dipole moment.
The direction of torque is perpendicular to the plane of vectors Pand E
"! !

and is same as that of vector PE.
"! "!


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' = PE.
! "! "!


Q.14. A galvanometer with a coil of resistance 120 ohm shows full scale
deflection for a current of 2.5 mA. How will you convert the galvanometer
into an ammeter of range 0 to 7. 5 A? Determine the net resistance of the
ammeter. When an ammeter is put in a circuit, does it read slightly less or
more than the actual current in the original circuit? Justify your answer.

Ans.
g g
R =120(, I = 2.5mA = 0.0025A, I = 7.5A

g
s g
g
I
0.0025
R = R = 120 = 0.04(.
I - I 7.5- 0.0025

By connecting a shunt of 0.0 4 across the given galvanometer, we get an
ammeter of range 0 to 7.5A.
Net resistance of the ammeter

120 0.04
0.03998 .
120 0.04

= =
+


When a ammeter is put in a circuit, it reads slightly less than the actual current.
An ammeter has a small resistance. When it is connected in the circuit, it
decreases the current by a small amount.

Q.15. Define the term resistivity and write its S. I. unit. Derive the expression for
the resistivity of a conductor in terms of number density of free electrons
and relaxation time.
Or

State the principle of potentiometer. Draw a circuit a circuit diagram used
to compare the e. m. f. of two primary cells. Write the formula used. How
can the sensitivity of a potentiometer be increased?

Ans. The resistivity of the material of a conductor is the resistance offered by a unit
cube of this material when current flows perpendicular to its opposes faces.
SI unit of resistivity = ohm meter ( ) m .

Expression for resistivity Current through a conductor is

d
I = enAv
Drift velocity,
d
eE
v = '
m


2
eE' ne A'
I = enA = E
m m
! "

# $
% &

But
V
E
l
=

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2
ne A' V
I =
m l


2
V ml
or =
I ne 'A

By Ohm law,
V
= R
I
= resistance of the conductor.

2
ml
R =
ne 'A

Comparing with the equation, R = ) ,
A
l
we get

2
m
) =
ne '

This is the required expression for resistivity.

Or

Principle of potentiometer: When a constant current flows through a wire of
uniform cross - section and composition, the fall of potential along any length of
the wire is directly proportional to that length.
V l

Comparison of emfs of two primary cells: The circuit diagram is shown in
the figure.



When the key K is closed a constant current flows the potentiometer wire. By
closing key
1
K , the cell
1
E is included in the circuit. The jockey is adjusted till

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galvanometer shows no deflection. Suppose
1 1
AJ = l is the balancing length for
cell
1
E . Then

1 1
E = kl
where k is the potential gradient. Now the null point is obtained for cell
2
E by
closing key
2
K . Let AJ
2
=
2
l be the balancing length in this case. Then

2 2
2 2
1 1
E = k
E
=
E
l
l
l

The sensitivity of a potentiometer can be increased by increasing the length of its
wire.

Q.16. Explain, with the help of diagram, the principle and working of an a.c.
generator. Write the expression for the e.m.f. generated in the coil in terms
of its speed of rotation. 3

Ans. A. C Generator. Principle: Whenever a closed coil is rotated in a uniform
magnetic field about an axis perpendicular to the field, the magnetic flux linked
with coil changes and an induced emf is set up across its ends.





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The essential parts of an a.c. generator are shown in the figure. Initially the
armature coil ABCD is horizontal. As the coil is rotated clockwise, the arm AB
moves up and CD moves down. By Flemings right hand rule, the induced current
flows along ABCD. In second half rotation, the arm CD moves up and AB moves
down. The induced current flows in the opposite direction i.e. along DCBA. Thus
an alternating current flows in the circuit.

The magnetic flux linked with the coil at any instant is
= NBA*cos& = NBAcos*t
Induced emf will be

( )
d
E NBAcos*t
dt dt
d
= =
= NBA*sin*t
or
0
E = E sin*t
where
0
E = NBA* = peak value of induced emf.

Q.17. Give reasons for the following:

(i) Long distance radio broadcasts use short wave bands. 3
(ii) The small ozone layer on top of the stratosphere is crucial for human
survival.
(iii) Satellites are used for long distance TV transmission.

Ans. (i) This is because the radio waves of short wave band are easily
reflected back to the earth by the ionosphere.

(ii) Ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun and prevents it from
reaching the earth and causing damage to life.

(iii) Television signals are not property reflected by the ionosphere. So their
reflection is effected by using satellites.

Q.18. A figure divided into squares, each of size 1 mm
2
, is being viewed at a
distance of 9 cm through a magnifying lens of focal length 10 cm, held
close to the eye.
(a) Draw a ray diagram showing the formation of the image.

(b) What is the magnification produced by the lens? How much is the area
of each square in the virtual image?

(c) What is the angular magnification of the lens? 3

Ans. Area of each square (i. e., object) = 1mm
2

u = -9cm, f = +10cm
From thin lens formula,

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1 1 1 1 1 1
= + = - = -
v f u 10 9 90

or v = -90cm
Magnification,
v 90
m = = =10
u 9

Area of each square in the virtual image,
( )
2
2 2
10 1mm =100mm = .




The formation of image is shown in the above diagram.

Q.19. Ultraviolet light of wavelength 2271
o
A from a 100 W mercury source
radiates a photocell made of molybdenum metal. If the shopping potential
is 1.3 V, estimate the work function of the metal. How would the photo cell
respond to high intensity
( )
5 -2
10 Wm red light of wavelength 6328
o
A
produced by a He Ne laser?

Plot a graph showing the variation of photoelectric current with anode
potential for two light beams of same wavelength but different intensity.
3

Ans. Work function,

0 0 0
34 8
19
10
19
hc
W = hv - eV = - eV
$
6.63 10 3 10
1.6 10 1.3
2271 10
6.64 10 J.

=


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Threshold frequency,
15 0
0 34
W 6.64 10 19
V = = 1.0 10 Hz
h 6.63 10

Frequency of red light
8
10
10
c 3 20
= = 4.74 10 Hz
$ 6328 10

As the frequency of red light is less than of threshold frequency, there will be no
photoelectric emission with He Ne laser





Q.20. (a) Draw a graph showing the variation of potential energy of a pair of
nucleons as a function of their separation. Indicate the regions in which
nuclear force is (i) attractive, and (ii) repulsive.
(b) Write two characteristic features of nuclear force which distinguish it
from the coulomb force. 3

Ans. (a) The graph given below shows the variation of potential energy of a pair of
nucleons as a function of their separation.





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(b) (i) Nuclear force is always attractive in nature.
(ii) Nuclear force is a short-range force.

Q.21. (a) Show that the decay rate R of a sample of a radio nuclide is related to the
number of radioactive nuclei N at the dame instant by the expression R = $N. .

(b) The half life of
238
U
92
against + - decay is 1.5
17
10 . s What is the activity
of a sample of
238
U
92
having
20
25 10 atoms? 3

Ans. (a) Rate of disintegration of a radioactive sample,

dN
R = -
dt

According to radioactive decay law,

dN
- N
dt

or
dN
- = $N
dt

R = $N

(b) Activity of a sample

1
2
20
17
0.693
R = $N = N
T
0.693
25 10
1.5 10
=

=11550 disintegrations/ second.

Q.22. Explain, with the help of a circuit diagram, how the thickness of depletion
layer in a p n junction diode changes when it is forward biased. In the
following circuits which one of the two diodes is forward biased and which
is reverse biased? 3





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Ans. To forward bias a p n junction, we apply a voltage V such that n side is
negative and p side is positive.




The applied voltage V is opposite to the junction barrier potential. As a result, the
effective barrier potential becomes( )
B
V - V and hence the energy barrier across
the junction decreases as shown. More majority carriers are allowed to flow
across the junction, and hence the junction width decreases.

(i) p n junction is reverse biased.
(ii) P n junction is forward biased.

Q.23. Distinguish between analog and digital communication. Write any two
modulation techniques employed for the digital data. Describe briefly one
of the techniques used.

Ans. In analog communication, the information is transmitted as a continuous wave
form while in digital communication, the information is sent as discrete or
quantised signal levels.

The modulation techniques for digital data are

(a) Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
(b) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
(c) Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

In amplitude shift keying modulation, two different amplitudes of the carrier
frequency represent two binary values. Binary digit O represents the absence of
carrier wave while the binary digit I represents the presence of the carrier wave
of constant amplitude.



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Q.24. Draw a schematic diagram of a single optical fibre structure. Explain briefly
how an optical fibre is fabricated. Describe in brief, the mechanism of
propagation of light signal through an optical fibre. 3

Ans. An optical fibre consists of a thin cylindrical central core of quality glass
surrounded by cladding of refractive index slightly less than that of the core and a
protective jacket of some insulating materials.




Propagation of light through an optical fibre: When light is incident at one end
of the fibre at a small angle, it suffers several total internal reflections at the glass
boundary, because the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle. The
intensity of the out coming beam is almost equal to that of the incident beam.

Q.25. (a) With the help of a labelled diagram, explain the principle and working of
a moving coil galvanometer.

(b) Two parallel coaxial circular coils of equal radius R and equal number
of turns N, carry equal currents I in the same direction and are separated
by a distance 2R. Find the magnitude and the direction of the net
magnetic field produced at the mid point of the line joining their centres.
5

Or


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a) State Biot Savarts law. Using this law, derive the expression for the
magnetic field due to a current carrying circular loop of radius R at a point
which is at a distance x from its center along the axis of the loop.

b) Two small identical circular loops, marked (1) and (2), carrying equal
currents, are placed with the geometrical axes perpendicular of each other
as shown in the figure. Find the magnitude and direction of the net
magnetic field produced at the point O.




Ans. (a) Moving coil galvanometer. Principle: A current carrying coil suspended in a
magnetic field experiences a torque.



Working: When current is passed say long ABCD, the couple acts on it. AB
experiences outward force and CD, the inward force in accordance with
Flemings left hand rule. Since the plane remains always parallel to the magnetic
field in all position of the coil (radial field), the forced on the vertical arms always
remains perpendicular to the plane of the coil.

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Let I = the current flowing through coil.
B = magnetic field supposed to be uniform and always parallel to the coil.
l = length of the coil
b = breadth of the coil
Deflecting torque acting on the coil is
=NI Bbsin90 NIB( ) NIBA
o
l lb =
where A lb = area of the coil.
Due to deflecting torque, the coil rotates and suspension wire gets twisted. A
restoring torque is set up in the suspension fibre. If & is angle through which the
coil rotates and k is the restoring torque per unit angular twist, then Restoring
torque, ' & k =
In equilibrium,
Defecting torque = Restoring torque
NIBA = k &
or
k
I = & = G&
NBA
! "
# $
% &

Where G = k/NBA, is the galvanometer constant.
I &
This provides a linerar scale for the galvanometer.

(b) Magnetic field at the midpoint due to loop 1.

( )
2
0
1 3
2 2 2
! iR
B = ,
2 R + R
acting towards right
Magnetic field at the midpoint due to loop 2.

( )
2
0
2 3
2 2 2
! iR
B = ,
2 R + R
acting towards right
Total field at the midpoint

( )
2
0
1 2 3
2 2
! iR
B = B + B = ,
2R
acting towards right.

Or


Ans. a) Consider a circular loop of wire of radius r carrying a current I. Consider a
current element dl of the loop.

The direction of dl is along the tangent, so dl . r From Biot Savart law,
magnetic field at the Centre O due to this current elements is


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0 o
2 2
! I ! I sin90
B =
4! r 4! r
o
dl dl
d =
The magnetic field due to all such current elements will point into the plane paper
at center O. Hence the total magnetic field at center O is


0
2
0 0
2 2
0 0
2
! I
B dB =
4"r
! I ! I
.
4"r 4"r
! I ! I
= .2"r or B
4"r 2
dl
dl l
r
=
= =
=
' '
'


b) Magnetic field at O due to loop I.


( )
2
0
1 3
2 2 2
! iR
B = ,
2 x + R
acting towards left
Magnetic field at O due to loop 2.

( )
2
0
2 3
2 2 2
! iR
B = ,
2 x + R
acting vertically upwards
Here R is the radius of each loop.
Resultant field at O will be

2 2
1 2 1
B = B + B = 2B ( )
1 2
B = B #

( )
2
0
3
2 2 2
! iR
=
2
x + R

This field acts at an angle of
o
45 with the axis of loop 1.


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Q.26. (a) How is a wavefront different from a ray. Draw the geometrical shape of
the wavefronts when (i) light diverges from a point sources, and (ii) light
emerges out of a convex lens when a point source is placed at its focus.

(b) State Huygens principle. With the help of a suitable diagram, prove
Snells law of refraction using Huygens principle. 5
Or

(a) In Youngs double slit experiment, deduce the conditions (i)
constructive, and (ii) destructive interference at a point on the screen.
Draw a graph showing variation of the resultant intensity in the
interference pattern against position x, on the screen.

(b) Compare and contrast the pattern which is seen with two coherently
illuminated narrow slits in Youngs experiment with that seen for a
coherently illuminated single slit producing diffraction.

Ans. (a) The locus of all the particles of the medium, which at any instant are vibrating
the same phase, is called the wavefront. An arrow normal to the wavefront and
pointing in the direction of propagation of disturbance represents a ray of light.

(i) Wavefronts of the light emerging from a point source are spherical in
shape as shown below:




(ii) When a point source is placed at the focus of a convex lens, the wave fronts
of the emerging light are plane wavefronts as shown below.



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(b) Huygens Principle:

(i) Every point on a given wavefront acts as a fresh source of
secondary wavelets, which travel in all direction with the speed of
light.
(iii) The forward envelope of these secondary wavelets gives the new
wavefront at any instant.

Snells law of refraction: Let the surface AB represent a surface of separation
of two media in which velocities of light are
1 2
c andc respectively.


Let the wavefront
PQ be incident at an angle i to the surface AB. By the time Q reaches surface AB
at S, the disturbance at P reaches R such that RS is the refracted wavefront.
The time taken by a ray to travel from T to U is

1 2
TO OU
t = +
c c


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( )
1 2
1 2
POsini OS.sin r
= +
c c
PS- PO sinr POsin r
= +
c c

or
1 2 2
sini sinr PO.sinr
t = PO - +
c c c
! "
# $
% &

As the new wavefront is the forward envelop of all secondary wavelets, this implies that
the time taken is independent of the position of 0 on the surface. Therefore, for t to be
independent of 0,


1 2
sin sin
0
c c
i r
=
or
( )
1
2
sin
constant
sin
i c
r c
= =
This proves Snells law of refractions

Or

(a) Youngs double slit experiment: Consider two narrow rectangular slits
1 2
S andS placed perpendicular to the plane of paper. Slit S is placed on the
perpendicular bisector of
1 2
S S and is illuminated with monochromatic light.



The slits are separated by a small distance d. A screen is placed at distance D from
1 2
S ,S .
Consider a point P on the screen at distance x from O.
The path difference between the waves reaching P from
1 2
S andS is

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2 1
p =s P -S P
Draw
1
S N perpendicular to
2
S P. Then
2 1 2 2
p = S P- S P = S P- NP= S N
From right
2
1 2
2 1
S N
S S N, = sin&
S S

2 2 1
p = S N = S S sin& = dsin&
From COP, when& is small.
sin& = & tan& = x/D
dx
p =
D


For constructive interference,
xd
= n$, n 0,1, 2, 3,.......
D
=
Position of nth bright fringe,
n
nD$ D$ 2D$ 3D$
x = = 0, , , ,......
d d d d

When n = 0,
n
x = 0, central bright fringe is formed at O.

For destructive interference,

( )
xd $
= 2n +1
D 2

or
( )
$D 1 $D 3 $D 5 $D
x = 2n +1 = , , .......
2d 2 d 2 d 2 d

Thus alternate bright and dark fringes are formed on the screen.


With the narrow slits, an interference pattern is obtained. When one slit is completely
covered, diffraction pattern is obtained.
In case of interference, the following intensity distribution curve is obtained.


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(b) Differences between interference and diffraction,


Interference Diffraction
1. All Bright fingers are of 1. Intensity of bright fringes
same intensity. decreases with the
increases
in distance from the central
bright fringe.
2 . Widths if interferences may 2. Widths of diffraction fringes
or may not be equal. are never equal.


Q. 27. (a) Distinguish between metals, insulators and semiconductors on the
basis of their energy bands.

(b) Why are photodiodes used preferably in reverse bias condition? A
photodiode is fabricated from a semiconductor with band gap of 2.8 eV. Can it
detect wavelength of 6000 nm? Justify. 3
or

(a) Explain briefly, with the help of circuit diagram, how V =I characteristics of
p - n junction diode are obtained in (i) forward bias, and (ii) reverse bias.
Draw the shape of the curves obtained.

(b) A semiconductor has equal electron and hole concentration of
8 3
610 /m .
On doping with certain impurity, electron concentration increases to
12 3
9 10 / m .

(i) Identify the new semiconductor obtained after doping.
(ii) Calculate the new hole concentration.

Ans. On the basis of energy band diagrams:


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(1) Metals (conductors): The energy band diagram for metals is such that either the
conduction band is partially filled. Fig. (a) or the conduction and valence band partly
overlap each other, Fig. (b).



Many electrons from below the Fermi level, by acquiring a little more energy from any
source, shift to the higher energy levels above the fermi level in the conduction band
and bahave as free electrons. Even if a small electric field is applied across the metal,
these free electrons start moving in a direction opposite to the direction of electric field.
Due to it, a current beings to flow through it and hence metal behaves as a conductor.

(2) Insulators: Here, the valence band is completely filled, the conduction band is
empty and forbidden gap is quite large. For example, in case of diamond,
g
E = 6eV.
The electrons are not free. Again due to large forbidden gap, no electron is able to go
from valence band to conduction band even if electric field is applied. Hence electrical
conduction in these materials is impossible and they behave as insulators, Fig. (c).




(3) Semiconductors: At 0 K, the conduction band is empty and the valence band is
filled. The material is insulator at low temperatures. However, the energy gap between
valence and conduction bands is small. 1.17
g
E = eV for Si and 0.74 eV for Ge. At room
temperature, some valence electrons acquire enough thermal energy and jump to the
conduction band where they can conduct electricity. The vacant states or holes left
behind in the valence band act as positive charge carriers. [Fig. (d)].


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(b) The fractional change due to the photo effects on the minority carrier dominated
reverse bias current is more easily measurable than the fractional change in the forward
bias current. Hence photodiodes are preferably used in the reverse bias condition for
measuring light intensity.

-6
$ = 600nm = 610 m
-34 8
-20
-6
hc 6.610 310
E = = = 3.310 J
$ 610


20
19
3.3 10
= 0.206eV
1.6 10

As the energy of the photon is less than ( )
g
E = 2.8eV of the semiconductor, so a
wavelength of 6000
o
Acannot be detected.

Or

(a) Figures below shows a forward biased p n junction and its voltage current graph.







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Figures below show a reverse biased p- n junction and its voltage current graph.




In both cases, the battery is connected to the p n junction through a rheostat so that
the applied voltage can be changed. For different values of voltages, the value of
current is noted. A graph is plotted between V and I.

(b)
8 3
1
n = 610 /m

12 3
e
n = 910 /m
As
2
e h i
n n n =
2 8
4 3 i
h 12
e
n 610
n = = = 410 /m
n 910
! "

# $
% &

As the new electron concentration is greater than the new hole concentration, so the
new semiconductor is of n type.



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[C. B.S. E]
PHYSICS (THEORY) 2005
(SET I I DELHI BOARD)

Class XII (Delhi Board Papers)

Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 70
General Instructions:

(i) All questions are compulsory.

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(ii) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in
one question of two marks, one question of three marks and one question of
five marks. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
(iii) Question numbers 1 to 5 are very short answer type questions, carrying one
mark each.
(iv) Question numbers 6 to 12 are short answer type questions, carrying two
marks each.
(v) Question numbers 13 to 24 are also short answer type questions, carrying
three marks each.
(vi) Question numbers 25 to 27 are long answer type questions, carrying five
marks each.
(vii) Use of calculators is not permitted. However, you many use log tables, if
necessary.
(viii) You may use the following values of physical constants wherever necessary:

Q. 1. Why does the electric field inside a dielectric decrease when it is placed in
an external electric field?

Ans. When a dielectric is placed in an external field causes polarization of the dielectric
inducing a field in the opposite direction. Thus the net electric field inside the dielectric
decreases

Q. 2. A charged particle enters into a uniform magnetic field and experiences an
upward force as indicated in the figure. What is the charge sign on the particle?
1




Ans. The particle has a positive charge.


Q. 4. Name the type of communication systems according to the mode of the
transmission.

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Ans. (i) Analog communication system.
(ii) Digital communication system.


Q. 8. The figure shows two identical rectangular loops (1) and (2), placed on a
table along with a straight long current carrying conductor between them.

(i) What will be the directions of the induced currents in the loops when
they are pulled away from the conductor with same velocity ?
(ii) Will the e.m.f. induced in the two loops be equal? Justify your
answer.


Ans. (i) The direction of induced current will be such that it tends to maintain the original
flux. So induced current flows anticlockwise in loop 1 and clockwise in loop 2.
(ii) No, the emfs induced in the two loops will not be equal.



Q. 10. A voltage of 30 V is applied across a carbon resistor with first, second and
third rings of blue, black and yellow colours respectively. Find the value of
current through the resistor. 2

Ans.
Black Yellow Blue
6 0 4



-4
R = 6010 A.
V = 30


-4
4
V 30
I = = = 0.510 A.
R 6010



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Q. 11. Two dielectric slabs of dielectric constants
1 2
K andK are filled in between
the two plates, each of area A, of the parallel plate capacitor as shown in the
figure. Find the net capacitance of the capacitor. 2



A small metal sphere carrying charge +Q is located at the centre of a spherical
cavity in a large uncharged metal sphere as shown in the figure. Use Gauss
theorem to find electric field at points
1 2
P andP .




Ans. The arrangement is equivalent to a parallel combination of two capacitors, each
with plate area A/2 and separation d. So net capacitance is

( ) ( )
( )
0 1 0 2
1 2
0 1 2
# A/2 K # A/2 K
C = C +C = +
d d
# A K + K
=
2d

or

By Gausss theorem, electric field E through point
1
P is given by

2
1
0
Q
E4"r =
#

2
0 1
1 Q
E = .
4"# r


As electric field inside a conductor is zero, so field at
2
P is zero.

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Resistance at room temperature
( )
0
1
1
V 230
27 C , R = = = 71.875
I 3.2

Resistance at steady temperature,
2
2
V 230
R = 8.2143
I 2.8
= =
As
( )
1
1 2 1
R - R
+ =
R t - t

2 1
2 1 4
1
R - R 82.143 71.875
t - t = 82.143
R + 71.875 1.70 10

= =


Steady temperature of the element,

0
2 1
t = 840.35 + t = 840.35 + 27 = 867.35 C



Q. 17. A converging lens has a focal of 20 cm in air. It is made of material of
refractive index 1.6. If it is immersed in a liquid of refractive 1.3, what will be its
new focal length?

How does the nature of the lens change if this lens is immersed in a liquid of refractive
index 1. 8? 3

2
1 1 2
1 ! 1 1
= -1 -
f ! R R
! "! "
# $# $
% &% &

For the lens in air,
2 1
n =1.6, n =1, f = +20cm
1 2
1 1 1
0.6 -
20 R R
! "
=
# $
% &

For the same lens in liquid,
2 1
! =1.5,! =1.3,
( )
1 2 1 2
1.3 1 1 1 1
= 1.6 -1.3 - = 0.3 -
f R R R R
! " ! "
# $ # $
% & % &

Hence
1 0.3
20 1.3 0.6
f
=
or
201.3
f = =13cm.
2


Q. 18. Explain the following terms: 3
(i) Ground waves
(ii) Space waves
(iii) Sky waves

Ans.

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(i) Ground waves: A radio wave that travels directly from one point to another
following the surface of the earth is called ground wave or surface wave.

(ii) Space waves: A radiowave that travels directly from a high transmitting
antenna to the receiving station is called a space wave.

(iii) Sky waves: A radiowave transmitted towards the sky and reflected by the
ionosphere towards the desired location of the earth is called a sky wave.

Q. 21. Explain, with the help of a circuit diagram, how the thickness of depletion layer in
a p n junction diode changes when it is forward biased. In the following circuits which
one of the two diodes is forward biased and which is reverse biased? 3



Ans. To forward bias a p n junction, we apply a voltage V such that n side is
negative and p side is positive.




The applied voltage V is opposite to the junction barrier potential. As a result, the
effective barrier potential becomes( )
B
V - V and hence the energy barrier across the
junction decreases as shown. More majority carriers are allowed to flow across the
junction, and hence the junction width decreases.


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(i) p - n junction is forward biased.
(ii) p n junction is reverse biased.