ROBERT SMITHSON:

THE COLLECTED WRITINGS

EDITED BYJACK FLAM
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
8~lcy l.os A!l~'c$ lond:>n
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED AND
THE DIALECTICAL LANDSCAPE ( 1973)
to
seen ." He Sn'" 'eo aod said."
lrnngine Y(lUl'ldf 111 Central Pal:" one million )'C31'$ JSo. You would be stan.hng
n J V;lSt H-~ ,hc.:ct,.1 4.000 mile ~(ul wall.as much as 2.000 f(,~t duck. Alone
on the ""-.Ut glucier. you would 1'<)\ sense II, ~Io\\' CI uslnng. scraping. nppmg
movement as it advanced '<Huh, Ic<lvinggll".,t ll\,;hM:~of rock debri .. in its wake,
ndci the trozcu depths. when: the carousel IIm\ ... t:md~.)'<)tI would 1I11!IH
lin .. the ctlccr on the bedrock JS the glacier dr.lggc:d ll,dr ~Iong.
Bad: III the 185():'. Frederic]; Law Ohnsecd .m" Calvc v'1\lX considered
th;at !!1<1~i.l1 Jftcrlll;}th .tl<.mg irs g<.'Olo~iral pwfile( I'hc building of ~C'\'l York
City h~d interrupted th~ poudcrou- IX,,,It~of those Pll'i~)~'eilc JC(' sheets,
Ohusted and V:IUX srudred the ,itc topOgT.lphy for their pnljl()'St"ti pnrk called
'GfI."~JlS'v:l1 J." In r.IWIISI~~lrd 1'11',4'11(1.11;"" s.~~ulr~\~,5 we see .1"before" ph IItCl-
~'1';!ph0[the sitl' they would rem.rkc in terms of e.u th Mulpmrc. lr ~emllld> me
of [he $lril"'lIIil1m~ regions I >;lW 1:I~t year in southcaoern Ohio, This f.ulc:d
photograph reveals thar Mauhatt.ru l-l.md onrc h..d A desert on il-~ 111;\"-
made \v.I~tdal1d. Irecle and harren. It evokes Ihe observations of "tho: valley
of a~I\('~" in I~Scott Fillgcr,lkl's 'lh emit Co11f.1')' (192.s.). "when: ashes ~ro\V
like whe.it uno ridgL~ "lid hills and !4Wtl'S'I111;!!~rdens."
Olmsted. "the s>lv.lIIarnsr," yealllcd fin the color .'~IItJI .H ".ltlITt'S umve:
'\al robe" (sec J:auw~Thomson. 'J II, Sr,WII$. 1718) and the "Sharawndgi" p"I'k<
of I~ngbnd.' He wanted the :lS>III1I1Clric.t1 landscape- (If Uved.dc PI'I(e in the
Huddle of urban flux. [nco Brooklyn he would bl iug "the luxuriance u(tr(lpi-
cal scellery ... g.ly with /lower.-; and uuricutc \v i.h vines and creepers, ferns.
rushes. and bro.id leaved pbn~." This is like h:1ving .m orchid ~lIllen ill ,. <ted
mill. or ;1 f.trtnry where pahu trees would he IiI b>' ibe fin" ofhla~l l'ilrtu\:es. III
companson to Thoreaus mental l'()III1J1Sts ("'X(;I)c\(:n Pond became .1 vmall
ocean"}. O)m'tt'<i\ pll)"I(-'1 conrrnxu brouglu .1 Jdfe!I'It)llian rural reality inru
Ih.: mctropohs, OIII1~lcdmade ponds, he didn't just conceptualize about thcru.
The origms ofOllll~tl'd's view of landscape are to he! l(lIlIlO in rSrh-cenrury
England, parucularlv 111 the theories of Li\'l"<lalc Price :tud \Villialll Gilpm.
Price extended Ednum.l Burke's /rltJlII'1' /III" IIII' ()I/:~III < 1f Our Icf (.ll 4t/tr S"b(j/ll(
and 11,(, & 1I111! '/1I1 (t757) to.1 point lIUt rned to ti,<'c landscaping fWIII the "pic-
ture" ~rdl'n~ 01 ltnlv 111(0 ~ IlIU" .. ohysJ(JJ ~c!II't: ul the rcmporal bndl.(';tpe.,10\
tree, for ex.unplc, struck by lighlnill~ W:1SsQIllc:thing other than merely bcaun-
lui (If subhrue+-r \\',b "picrurev.juc," This word III il"<(lWUwav has been Mrufk
hy li!tl1tnill~ over th". centuries. 'X/()l\I~, like trees. {'Jt1 be <mldl.'1l1y deformed or
wn'('hd. bur such ddorm.ltion or wreck.igc c.muot be {1J'11l1S~t:Ob}' tinud .10
demie. PI icc S('C111' to haw accepted .I ~idc' uf nature tll.lt the "formahsrs" of
hl\ lilm', would rather have excluded.
Sonrc of our prcsent-d.iy ('\ ologisrs. who :.1111 xce nature thrcml!h e\'t:~condi-
I!OIlNI by ~oue-ssdcd :de.lhml. ,l:uuld consider the lu110\\,1Il~quote 1I'<lIIl Pncc
l'he ~ic!t:()f :1 smooth green hill, lorn by fln(lct~, IIlay at first ,"cry
properly he l.,lIcd detorrncd, ;lIlJ on rhe <.lIne pi inciplc, though
not with the ~JIIlC' IInprC~(1()II, as .l !}lsh on .1 h\'ill~ Jnil113J. \VhO;:I141
rawness of '111.h a p~h III the gruuud is sofieued ..... d in pJrt (on-
cealed and orn.uucntcd by the dlctb of ume. ,Iml the pl()~rcss of
,e~ct.mon,dc:lilrrnlly. by rlns u<\I;11 process. IS converted into pic-
turesqueness: .lIIdIhi~i~the case wuh quurrrcs. ~IVc:l pi!:>,ctc.,
wlnc h at first .lI'C dd()llIIitics. ,1I1d wlurh III their 111m! pi~turesquc
,tatc, .WI."ofien considered .lS such bY:1 Ic\'\:Uing nnprowr.
Iluv T:1Ml}'.< II" 1111' Pi(lII/l'Yqllt. I S 10
And ficull Wilham (;111'111', ()i,.'f'mlliI1/l~~"""IL~' I,) Jl'i(lllf<~'qi/" Rl'rlllt)' (I iSC):" A
piece C1f Palladian arrhnecturc may be degallt in the last degree, hUl 11 we Ul-
rroduce II ill a picture It immediately b::nllll<,\ :t fill mal Ol~lC:CI.md t"1.'.lSCS ro
;>IcJSt':'
Price .l11d Gllplll were. li)r Olmsted. "professioual rouchstones," \\'II(I~e
views he esreerucd ..,() much I110Te dUll any published ... ince, as srimulanug Ihe
cxcrc isc ofJudgl1h'lIt in maucrs of Illy :lft,th.lt Iput (hem into the hands of Ill)
pupil> .tS soon <l\ I"~y come into our ollice. ~ying.'Y()U .lI'(' tel read these seri
ouxly, .l> a student <1f141Wwould n'.ld 8l:1('btUI1C:"
Inherent in the theor ics of Price <l1l:1 Gilpin, and m Olm~tecl'~ response ro
them. arc the beguunug- (If :t dialccnc of the landscape . .Burke~ notion of
"bcaunful" .uul "sublime" flIlHt:lH\~ .)S ,\ 11/("";5 of vmoothncss. gc:m1c ('Ul \ICS.
and dchcacy of nature, and .I~an ,1/I1;t/t('j'S of terror, ~Hltt\ldc. and VJ~U1t"<~of n:a-
lure, both (If whit h arc rooted 1I1 the 1'<.':11world. f:1lhct than in J ~kgcli~1I
Ideal." Pnce ,\lid Gilprn provide ~ iy/lllJl~i5 with their formulation of the "pic-
turvsquc." wluch i< UII close cxanunnrion related ro chance .md change 111 the
material ordet of nature The conrradicnons uf the "P1CtllR'(<!UC" depart from
a stntic f(lnn:t1i,tlC VIew of nature. The picturesque. (.It frum being nn mner
mOVC!I1I~nt of the nund.is based on real land; it pl'C('('(k~ the mind in its mater-
.:.1 external existence. \Vc cannot take :I one ,sid~'d \'II!W of the landscape
withm tills dialectic. A r.... rk C:1Il no IUllgc'r be ~een :Ilo .. ~ rlnng-m-uself," but
father as a process of on~()il1f. rclati(m~hip~ a:xi~tlllg III :1 physrcal region-s-the
park becomes a "thing-for-us," A~ .\ result we are not hurled IIlCO rhc spiritual-
ISUl of Thoreauian tl~U)Melldent:lh'IIl, or irs present day offipnt1S oi"model n-
iSI fonnalism" nx)t(:c! in Knnr, Hegel .. uid h:htc. Price, (;ilpin, ;,ntl Ollll1tecl
are f()I'CrUllllcr:< of :1 dialecncal ruatcriahsm applied tel the phy~i~:11 i:md-
scapc.Dmlecucs of thi~ type: are a \\';lY of seeUlg (hin~ in a manIfold ()i rclarion.
HOI as isulah.'(1 objects, Nature for the dialccncian is i/tdiUl'IeltJ to all)' l'imml
ideal.
Tln does not mean one is helpless hC{()I'C nature, hut r.tlllCT (hat n.\t\lrcs
conditions are unexpected. like PI i('e'~ hill torn h)' rhe flood. In another sense
Olmsted's p:lrks cxi~t beti.m: l!tl-y ,m: finished, which means in facr (hey arc
never finished: lh~y remain nlrricr1 of the unexpected and of contradiction on
all levels of human activity.be It <()C'i~I,polmcal. or natural. An CX~1I11)leof ihis
can be round III P.,H11Shl!p:ln!'!> excellent book, ,Hlfll ill th LAlIIMlpr:
I Ti~[Olmsted's] report proceeded (0 note th:ll Europe could nor
be our model. We must have something better because it W:I~ fin
:"1 "phases of SGClecy."Thc opulent. he continued. should be 111-
duced to surround the park with villas, whidl were to he I!nj()ye:d
:IS wdl as the erees by the humble folk, :-in(c: Ihl'Y "ddight 111
viewing maguificcnr and imp()~itll' 'tnlCturc~." A kind of Amen-
can doublcralk 1'C('UllCiling \'ilb~ with democracy and prrvilcgc
with society in t<elle~:11 h.tl hq~llll.
The maps. photographs, :md dU(llIlIen(, in c.ualogue form and rcccndy on
cxhibiuon at the Whitllcy I'vlul.{'1I1U of American Art arc :IS much a p:llt of
Olmsted'~ .11 t as the; art ito.a:lf The cat.rloguc's illustrative ponf()iiu hy Willi:lm
Alex, ~1I<l :In lllf(\r1I1:tti\l't' text by Ehzabcrh Barlow make IIIH' ,1\\,.. rc of th e on-
gOillg development of Central Park 3S :I dulccrical land ,11'<:, I Hcrv the dc)('u-
anCillary power of the photograph discloses a SU(le>."iun or changing land
maMes witilin the;: park's hunts. The notion of the p;al k .. ~:1 s(;atle \!ntlly i~(lues-
eioned by the: cameras eye. The pOltf(J!w hrll\~ to mind rhlg:l Verrovs docu-
mentary montages. and ~lIf.ttl":ll' tl,al certain still photographs are related 10 the
diak-ctks of film. For example, .' photngr.lph on page 78, Tuuue {'fIl~'(i 'If II
Illr()J~f." Vi:>lll R1t(k.f.u 1i,IIIJr.'(Ti( R,~ad ."\'0 J at 79J1I Street could be J. still (Will <l
hYPOlhcl!l.t1 film by Vcrt()V nn {he building process of Ccnrral Park. Iu the
photograpl. there i~no evidence of the trees that would in the fllture screen
the sunken r()~c1w:ay from rhe park proper. The photugl:11'1a h:l~tilc r:I\\'IIC: of
an ilHI.lllt nllt of the conriuuous growth ;lno couetruc tina of tilt: park. Jnd 111-
dicnres a break III counnuiry that serves to rt:infill~'c a SCIl~Cof trnnsformanon.
rather than .mv j,()l.aled leJtl1laliun. WI.' 'WIlle in lhis ph()IO!!r:lph Ih<lt nal"r(,!'~
development i~~I()undcd in the dialccrical, :and not IIII.' mctaphy~i, .. 1.
An example of;t IltL"1;Jph}'~i{;:" rendering of a "runnel" mar he seen in John
M:a.,til\~ mc:tl.Otillc, AI 'lit Brill!' (1' 0,,1<'( (ISJ.S). Born illln Engbnd's indusmal
revolunou, M.min rr.lI1~btcd engmeermg efforrs into visions of cosmic doom.
l le subsdrured .1 tunnel for Milton's bndgc in 1',!T,U{;SI' Lo . and 111 so doing rc-
treated mro the metaphysical.' LIl tins mstancc the more dialccncal aspect of
the picturesque is shrouded III a scntuucnral ~OoUl that h.1S its origill~ III rhc
Punran religion, Modern day ecologists wuh :I metaphysical turn of Inintl srill
sec the OPCI.alioIlX of inciulo1ry a' Sat;m'~ wurk. The ill1:\!!C' of the Inst par:,di<c
g;1I1;ien 1c:1V'C" ()III,; without 41 solid t!i:a1e(:tl~. :md c.,uU'S one to ,"fl~r.m ecolog-
leal dcxp..ir. Nature, like .l person, i~not one-sided. Another r.'('tor en nore I~
that OII1\~t ..'(r< eunuel ~< in the: ~:II world, wherenx i\ll:trtm', i~.1 prctorial "'/111"
itJr(III;ll/I Je;:n\'cd nlll)' !TOIII the mind.
Olmsted's VtC\\' of the landscape W.lS 10Msight of around till' first part of tins
century. whar wirhrhc rise of the "anndcmocraric inrclligcnrsia" rhat included
W)'J1dh,lIu Lewis. Ezl.l Pound. T. S. Ehot. and T. E. Hulme.' Althllu~h Puund
and Llior did maintain traces of the picturesque in their pm:tl v, lhl') ihcructi-
('.)II)' scorned it. "Over the rumbled ~1~IVI", .1I)(HIt the chapel." wrote Eliut in
Thr j'iitm' [~I/JII, ..Then- i~the C:lllpt)' (h:lpd. (lilly th~' wind\ iiom,-." 6Ul EllOt'~
O<!mlt;I to"<! G,t<!l'lw.\rO P'n ttS PhQ:OV>ph >~ 0' JUr>.IxICl'<! ~imx(>on.18sa
picuncsquc "';IS a nO'l:tl~i:t tor church aurhorirv, It ceased (0 be the dcmocra-
li1_' t1i:lle('I:~ beewceu the '>yl\';m .. lit! the illdu~trial lh.lt (II it I.' ,Uld Olmsted
worked toward. iU$t('ad (II()' ,tl~'~~l'(1 a lIl'U('\;I'<>lt.11lurl1l.1lisllI unl T. E. Hulme,
who exerted grc.tt 1IIIhH'Il(;l' lIn ,dl three. W<l' dl.twn to the ".Ih~u.t~'t" phllm.o
phr of \Vilhchll 'iXforl'inger. Aller'iXf()l<ld \V.11' 11. when 1~>('I>~i(' lII()[i\'~'~ were
revealed, V:lri(lu~liberal cr iric moved ill to pick up dl{' pll.'(~'--:IIII()lIgthcrn
Clement Greenberg 11<, tned to graft .1 1~1I\::'f()rmah"lll to .1 nlny M:trxm
outlook. I lere IS Greenberg upstaging borh LC\\'I~ ami Lhot:
Eliot 11." r.rlled \Xiymlham 1.1.'\\ i~"the ~lcatcSI prose 'lylhr 01 Iny
gcneuuion perhaps the only OIIC (0 have invented l IIC\\' v .ylc."
I lintl tim c:\at<~cl.IlCll. hu; I'Vt:II it it were nor.Lewis would <,till
have t'.ml too d('arlv for IIII.' <li,tim tion.
. .
Clenl<'llt (;I('l'lIbl'I'g,
"\Vyndh:lln r ~\\'i, A~inM Ah'<lr:I('l Art,"
..(" .m.{ ell/flm', AU'WII, I~(i I
Tin, i~ .I ~nurt \\~I}t W ~lIh'\lIII{' .1II1hurit),. hut till' fC~1C)f till .. ' nreiclc ,Iwd~ 110
ligltt (HI "absrrscnon," My tt-din!! l~ til;lt rhey ,III 11l1(\Cd the: bo,u
'Iurnmg to France, J sense of the picturesque results 10 Paul (A-z:tnn(."s l1iM -
11//($ QU.III)' (J ~IJS). but his direct cncou ntcrs wuh rhc landscape were soon to
be replaced by .l scudio-bascd formalrsm and cubisnc rcducnonism wlurh
would lead (0 Ollf present day 1I1SIPId nouons Of"tl.Ulll'SS" and "lvrical absrmc-
non."Thc ~ner.ll dirccrion ot this rcndcncy begins in I,qwhen r.1:.llulll1e,
IC<ltlrill!( ()II "Mm!ctl\ Art :111\1 Philmophy:' ~Ih oIhollt te<ltll iug IIcn to
nm~~- Rq)re).'l:tH.HHllhofl.tl'lp~~"h..... ;II11 ... the lugll'AI ourcome
Ally (h<('u~~i(lII concerrnng 1I:lture:md nrr l\ bound til be ,hm through with
1II(lr.~lllllplk.ltlOI1\. Once .1 srudenr wid me th:at "nature 1~:mytillng th~t .( not
manmade," 1'01' rhat srudenr man was outside (he natural order of dungs. LIl
Wilhelm \Vol'I'ingers .~Ltstr.1(/itttJ m,d Elllp,ft/,y (1908), WI:' arc told that Byzan-
unc and c~nHi:lnart were created Out or a P... ychological need 10 e$Capc na-
lure. :uw that ...im,c the Rctlais..,;'llllC OUI Ulldelllt;HlJitl~ 01 \tll h :lIt has been
d\Juded b~' :111 IIlltlU1: ('unlldellt1: ill nature. \Vurriu~t:' luc.oICe' It., "concept" uf
ah\tl~tni()11 outside the M:lbU()\I~ anrhwp()lIlOrphi( p:lIltlll'islll l)1 RCIl;ai~>al\('c
Inlln;uli~m "The prim:!1 ;lrustic impulse," :-")' \Vorrlllg(f, "hns Ilmhlllg to dll
WIth the rendermgs of nature." Yet, throughout Ins book he refers to "crys-
ralhne forms of inanimate matter," Geometry smkes me as a "rendenug" of
manimarc matter. Wh.u arc the lattices and grids of PUI'(' absrracnon. If nor
renderings and representations of a reduced order of nature? Abstraction IS a
representation 01 nature devoid of "realism" based on mental 01 conceptual re-
ducuon. There i'i no (',('aping nature limmgh alml.t(f rcprescnturiou: ah>tl~l(
(i()II hrillt:" Ulll" dm~r W phr,i(".1t 't""Clme~within natlll" ib"';\f. Bllt thi~ <~I~"
nol IIll'.'1I :1 renewed ('clIlfi(!"nro: in narurc, it ~illlply IIIc,ms th:1I .th"tI'~C1i(ll' i~
Ill) ~,IIISl' for I:'ith. AI)((T:IC'l1<l1l 011 only lit' \~tlid ifit :In:cpts 1I:ltlll\!\ dialeceic.
In Till" New l(1I'~' /'ill/a (Sunduv, M.IT\'h u. 1()7~) Gr.ICO: GII1I!~'k \ column h.l~
a headline. "Arnsr-m-Rcsidcnce for Mother L.lrth." ami .1 photogr.lph or ,\bn
Cussow captioned "/\ son of spmrual C3TCt:lKa:' RI.',1(hng the arnrle. one di~-
covers \\ hal nuplu be: called an Llol~ICJI Oedipus Complex. Penetr.umn (If
"MUfhel F.:llf"" becomes ;1 projection of (he mccsr taboo OIltO nature. In
Theodore Th;l\~ Thil;rt(III.1I1I1$ :>lK)k, Till Srril(t"/,)I'I,lm i.s1I~~II~I'. we lInd :l
quote IrUln :1(';1t.1tOlltl; M.'hii'()phrclli~: "They should Slup di~lIl~ (IW\\, shout-
m~ I'l!lul.mtly 1II r.l~c) dowu lH'llCk lh~' (':II iiI to c1r;,\\ II\C:(."~ mIL uf ii.Th:tl'~
dl~mg (I(\\\'/I 1I1to f\'lmhcr E:lrth :IIltII.lking \hill~ th.,l ~11C)1I1c!/I't be taken."
$1l110Ile d;: tk.luvmr h:l~ wruren III TIll :\,y,,"d .~..x, "Acv.'hylm sap <If
Oedipus rhar he 'dared to seed the sacred furrow where he \V.I~ tilnnl'd:" Alnn
(;us..~o\\' in Tlu: New )'t,rk Times projects onto "earth works ,m:m" all Octlip"$
Complc hUI'1I out ul :t \\ i,hy-\\'.\Sh~ rransccudcntalrsm. Indulging in spirrual
1~lIla~)'. he sa", of reprcscmational landscape painters in his book A Scn ...r
Pit/It': AlII~" ,'m{ IIII' Alllt'tI(,W L/md. published b) Frtcn~ of the Larrh: "\Vlut
lhc\t' .Ini~l'dC! i..make these .}I:,('~'~vuiblc. conunumrarc tht'il ,pIt It nul like
rhe earth work' ar"'t~ whn ('ut :md ~()lIg~' tilt,; bud Ilk,' AmI}' tUttlllet't\.
What's needed <IreIym' pOC(!' to celebmte it ".
Gussow's projection of the" Army en1!lII~r," <HI \\'It~t h~' IIn:l~inc\ ro he
"earth works arusrs" (CI.'I11~Iinked f<l lnv own vexual fc!ar,. A" P-,ul Shcp:tf(1 in
his ,\'/d/llll ,h i' iJrnd',{lIpt pomts our. "Those (Jrlllyl engmeers veem to he :1( t~IC
opp(),itt: extreme !i'om esthetes who atrcmpr to cehcrcahze their sexuahry. Ye,
the elIltlllccn' :aut hili il\ .1Ild dominance OWl' !:'md carrrcs the force of s.<.~'1IJI
.lgglC'.~i()II-.md pCtll".)~ rhe ~uilt :b \\'~11."
An C'lhl'r(ali:r.cct rqHl<ellf,ltiulI.,1 altht such ;b Gussow (he docs mediocre
Imprc ..i()lIi~lH p<llllling-<) !:Iii, ttl nx ol,tllizl' the pCl~!-ibilif> of .1 direct orgamc
uuunpulatinu ()f ~hc 1..,,,<1devoid of vioicnc :and "mac ho" a~n.~>i()Jl. s'pil itual-
Ism widenv the <plat berween m:m .uul n.uurc, Tho: f:lrlllcr'~, lIIilltr~. l)l "I'li,t'~
treauncnt (It till' land der~ll\l~ on how ;lW.lIIC he IS ofililmdf;l~ llJtun;.altcl all.
Yo'Xt'/l't ~II :1'('rl~~ of r.lp::\. The: farmer or ~'II1tlnccr who ('ut" into tilt' bne! can
('ithl'l culnvue it ()I dcvust.uc it. Rcpresenriug nature ()IWl-' removed in Iylic
poerrv and IJlld~l"IW pamnng " nUL {he S.1I1W :I~ direcr culrivarion of the lnurl.
If ,'np nnncrs 'v.:n \C" alienated If(ml the nature ii' lhl'l1l~ln~ .md tree uf
sexuul .'~~Iession. ('lIlu\',llioll would take place. Whl'lI one look al the Inch.m
cliff d\Vdlin~ in Me"-'t Verde, one Cllllm! SCp.lI'.H\ .111rrom n.I"IIC. And OIW
call't tO~tt the Indian mouuds 1Il Ohio .:
One \\'(mdc~ what ,h~ likes of Gu~<()W would lIukL' or AI11C'rir:l" first
, carthwcrk .Irtl~!' -Frccleru k l.a\\ Olmwed. Perhaps. Ii Ct~o\v had lived III
till' nud- J 9th ('~'llImy,he would hnvc S\l~~<l("ll that Ohll<l~'d \\ rit<.' "ryri, po-
etry" mstead t)f 1IIU\'lIlg ten million horse-cart loads of <!.Irch 10 make Cenrml
PAlk. Arusrs like (;U\)o\\' JIl' t"~, type who would lather Il'IrI'd't() sccruc hCAut)'
sp..,lt\ Ih"'l1 try to make .1 concrete c!i.aIt:Cli<between IlJlUlX' .1CHt people. ~urh .m
:tIOSt surrounds lumselt' wuh sclf-nglncousncss and pretends ro be ~iI\'tn~ fh~
landscape, This !S not ~lIlg .111ccologi ot the re.rl, hut ruther, J iPlflllUi snob.
Tim kind 01 splrltu.liit) mentioned ill the preceding p,lI',l!!r,'ph~ \, whar
Rollo M.ty III Power (11111 [Il/IOIc'II(t' (JIl, ..p'<l.'udomnonIlt'l' ... wlnch can only
lead 0 pseudospuuuahrv .md Ihcudo.ut 1\1;'1)' ~re.lks of an " .. , insulario hom
lh(' evil in the world."!' The ,llltht:Il11( ,Utl<t C':lIt1lot turn hI' hack on the t'()I1-
t1.. dintOllS {h.1I IIIh:thll our t.lncl\,.apc5. Ulm<t<'d himself \\ ...t~ Ijlll ('II conrr.ulic
t:t)JI~: lor mst.mre, he wrote hi, wite his rcncnon In the Clhl(lrni.a desert. "the
whole aspect of tIn' counrry I~ d,'I'$lablc."
III tlw Ili6,: photograph It Il> inreresung to sec.' the arrested consu uctiou of a
water' 'y~l-:III f<)r dr,mun!! and filling .1 Central Park lake five.' ~UIl"CII pipes,
gmdc: lines. half-formed walls. dirt roads. and gcncial rubble. All of the I'U\ltth,
ness or" the process I iscs OUI of the p;1I~\ catlicl coudiiio. :\, F.li:t.;1hclh Barlow
indicates, "1 he poliucal qU:l~mlle ",a, matl hcd h)' llll' .lpp~:lr:lIln clf tilt' park
itself, which \\J.SI ublush-strewn. deep in mud, lilk-d wuh T\'~'<:lltly \~lclt~1
squaucrs' hutv, .!IId oveu un with ~uah It:li he-hind hy t1w 'qll.tlter' Ulltal they
were l'VClllU.III~ illll'ClIlIldl"I, till: r.uup.me gcut- wen: gre.rt mnsance. canng
thr fi)li .c elf the park', few trees," All of this IS P;ll'[of the park's dulccnc.
l.()nkmg Illl rhe 11.lWn: of the park. or ItShistory and OUI pcrccprion- or it,
WI." .IT\' first pre ..clued with an endless maze 01 relations "lid inrcrxonucctior.
111 which nothing remains wh.n Ot where il h, as ..-thin~-ir"c1f. hut the "'}IUI('
park changes like day and mghr. In and out. dark .sud lighr-.& l.ard\llIy de-
signed dump of hushes can also be .llll1l~Cr'" hideout.The n':lMlUth~' P<)(I!I1-
rial dialectic inherent in rhe picturcl.<.\uc broke down wav because natural
pJ(l('c~~c> wer viewed III i~()I:l\i"n .I~'0 m;IlI~'(b"~JfiC'.'Inol1s, detached from
ph)'\i('al imercounccrio, ,lit.) lill.lll~ replaced by mental represcnrauons of .i
finished :th<Cllllt<: Idl:,l\. Bihous books like Ihc Gr(wju.~ of Ameu present one
wirh .1 nonon Of"{'OIlSCIOUSllCSS" without substance. Central P;ll).. 1.> .l ~Imliid
work of neccssirv and chance .. \ range of cOlllra~1ill~ viewpoints th.lt are for-
ever Iluctuanng, ycr solidly based In the canh.
Uy expanding OUI dialectic outvnle 01 Central Park tel Ymenllt~ Nanonal
Park. we gain lIl5!ghl into the development u()mth p.lrk ..itn hdilTI." tht,:y were
turned into "parks."The vitc Uf<:l.'lItl:tI Park \\'~< the result of"nrh:lIl bhghf"-
It{'c~\WI (. ~lit dnwn hy the l'.,rl} \('nlt'f' without .my thought of the future.
SUl.'h ~ ~itc could be rc;('\.liml;'(1 hy direct e.urh-movuig wuhour (~Jr of upset-
tlllg the ccologv. My own experience I~ thJt the best SHC'S for "earth an" are
<itc" til:l( have been dixrnpted by mdusrry, reckless urbanization. 01 uarure v
nWII dc:v.ISt:ltlOI1. lor IIlSt,lIlCC, '/1,(' Spir,I/./('(I)' rs built in a dead sea, ;1I111
'11'f H r..:(11 Cirdr and SJ~ml tf ll/10 a working sand qual'l v, Such land is culri-
vared or recycled as art. On the other hand. when Ohu-tcd vi-ned Yosemiec it
existed :l\ J. "wilderne." There's no pomr III rery, lmg wilderness the way
C':l1tl.ll P:II k ,"";11 recycled. Om' m'~d not unprove Yosemu . 111 line needs IS to
provide .,nc" routes and Jl'C'011l11ICHbtimh, Uur this dec:n-;a\(', rh(' ill i!:in:ll dcf-
mrnon of ",ildl'IIIC,' .UJ place tll.lt O.i<l!> without human II1vf)lv~III(IIt. Today,
YOSC:lIl1to;' is mun: like .\11 urbanized wildcme-s with J[S deC"ln,',,1 ourleu lor
camper- .. mel it:. ~loihes lines hung beewccn lhl' pines. There IS nm much mum
lor conreruplatiou in soluudc, The new lI.ltmn:t1 parks like rhe ~\'<:rgb(lc~ .md
the Dmosaur N.llmll:tl Monument are more '.1h~II.ll1" and lack the "pic"
uucsqucncss" of Y()-.(;'lIIill.' .Uld Yellowstone.
III 1!!:1Il)' w':IY' {he morv humble 01' even dl!'gr,ltkd ~i(c~ left in rhe wake Clf
lIIinlllft opcranons offi:r more uf:1 challenge to .irt, ;utd .. ~re.Hcr posnbihry fi)r
I~in~ ill sohrude. lmpouug <'Iilt\ and urumproved IIIt'\.lS (mild just :1S well be
lef alom t, Bur .I~the nanon's '\'no,::g)' (I isie" mounts. <lid, pl.ln'~\\,111cvcntu-
JUy be milled. S()IIIC 5. 5 nulhon- of "0"\'$. an .rrea the size of N~'\\' l lmnp ..lure,
JS currently hcilllt boughr up In North n..kot.r, \Vyollung. md Monlana h>'
nurung r()lIIp:lIl1l'" "I clunk," SJ.Y!' Il1t('fI()J' SC:lIclary Rogers MmtOIl (.\'nt."
wak. Ocrober 9. (971). "we can set the <ull<brd lUI .1 new muune erhi -o lIuc
rhe deep S<,',II11\ ('.111 hI." nuncd and closely 1{)\I()\wd bv ,UI cnvironmem pre)
i<tam rhar IS compsublc (,thclIc:llly and With proper l.nul 1I~." One can <.ml~
wonder what his nnlum of "t"(ltc~ics" IS. l'hl.' pr~n'(kllh ~i:t hy Olmsted
..hould he sunhcd by both lIIilll'I'" IIIdecoloprsts
Returmng t<l Yellowstone. whn h celebrated irs centennial h~t YC;II. WI: see a
ccmbming of E\lr()p~'< "imoxic.uion with nuns" with Alii er i(,;1\ lIewly db-
covered "natural ruins" ~t tl1(' orrgin of the park's development. David E. Fol
som. a wealthy rancher. who viewx-d YcIlU"'~toIIC 111 tg69. wrote HI 111~<iI:IrY"J,
huge rock lh,l[bon' resemblance to .111 old l.l,tlC: rampart aud bulwark wen;
slowlr >'icldin~ (0 (he ravages of mue, hUI till: uid turret srood out 111 bold re-
lief :lg;lill$l tilt: "b. y." As Paul Shepard h~, pointed out. John Ruskin never VlS-
ired Amerir hl:l'3USI' it lacked castles. ~t"Wl'lhd('~~ "Curle Rock" has become
J, llama: for m:llly 1I:&I\II.tIformauons rhroughoue rhe \Vc,(.
Ncw York 11) till' '~7~ yielded to different kinds of r,w,,!_!c). Olmsted W.lS
dismissed ii'om his job in 'S7.1 In a document privately printed in t~S, <'alll'd
'/1U' Spoils (~f llll~ Hllk: ll';III .1F,'II' I.ml'l.\.fooJII Dt'cp- Iadm N(lr"-~III~",!r"A ~H",f[r
l.iuJ>f,Tfli(d' .Hdll," WI:' ~ct ,I ~liIllPH' of Ohu-tcd's contlicrs wrrh City pClhtlr,.'
Unde: Boss Tweed the P.lrl: Dcparnncut dctcrroratcd 1I1to ~ shal\1h!~~~.llung
with >C'I'iumunemployment. violent I.,h<lrpl(ltl.:~b.Iud Itn:1nCl.)1 panic. ~4"~lItg
Ollll~l~d to WIire III 1877 that New Yorl.. \'I~y wa~ "csseutinllv under martial
law" rile Park f)l"\};II~IIlCUl "";11 ,1tSO being mrned nuo :1 '<Ki.11 wcllarc agency:
in Olm<tt'd'~ words lhl' I}al~ Department h,ld h":I<HHC "au nxvlum lor ,l~r,'-
vared ('a~, of hc:ni.l. \'AIIlOSC vcrns. rhcumausm, p:lrti.11hlm.lm"" .md other
infirmities compclhng ~~"~IIt.lrymC'ui':Il1oll<'."
\Vhcll Chark Ehot Norton sard of' him ()IIIl~lC"d). t(w:.m.ls the
close ufhi~ ~an.c.:r.th<lf of .,11American .Irtbts he <tood "first III the
pi oductio of grv;tt works which ,HlS\\,t_"1 tIll' IIC;:l'd, .uui ~Ive (':"\:-
pr(:).,' ..ron to the hf(' of OUI' IIlIl11Clh(' .\It'd lIIi~l'dhneOllS democracy"
he did not C:"\:Jg~CI~Hc 01tlbtcd:-. intluence.
Lewis M umford. '111(' lJI4li111 Df(tTlJ,(
F.nt~rlllg the park at 96th StlTCI and Central Park \Ve<.t. I walked south
al()l1g the western side of the reservoir on J bndle path. The IIppC"rp:lrt of till'
p;,rk thar mcludc- Harlem M..:er, I he Great Hill. and The North Meadow
(now filled \\'lIh h<111lidd~) WJS planned 101 1:I\CI';21 ;md horizontal views: ill
Olmsted's words It should be "bold and sweeping" .H opposed to rhc 10WCI
park's "hcrcrogcneous' character, One has the sell ..aliol) of bemg 1Il a sunken
forest .lS well. A ~CI1~ of remoteness was ple,ellt ill th1\ region. 'l'his .CIUCof
ell~\llfincllt deepened as foliage ""gt!('~t(:d ehe harmonics. ronulieics, ;111(\
rllythl1\~ of Charles lvcs' IlHbic'- Tim',' Omtil! Qr Scenes. Cculillf P.lJk III N('illl,
:llIcI 111l' UW'I/'SII,'O't'.i Q1I1'.)/i'lII, suluitled A (.(,lSPIIIC UJlltf$(tlpl'. III parricui:lr.
At Bank Rock Urid~e 1> an entrance to The R:lIuh!e. 011 thc' hri(igc: -tood ;1
virusrer lookmg ChAr;t(h ..r, who looked hke the l),pt: witt) would rip Qff cam-
eras, Quickly I \'allishcd mto The Ramble- .;1 t.allgled net of divergent paths.
Just the day before I had been looking Jl stereopticon photos of how lhb place
looked helc)I\' '900, before the vcgcearion Olnutcd planted bad ~I OWII up. At
lh:lt time, rhe ~hll~ of The Lake ~till had the lon\: of a rock SlrCWH tjw\ny.
Ohnsted ItOldwanted to plant "rhododcndrou, .mdromcdas. azaleas. kalmias,
rimd()l~h," bur his pl:lm rcmmn only partly I'('ah~ed. Olmsted "r:IS uuracrcd to
thi~ place before he: did .tllythlU~ to It, h<(';'III>(' it \\,,1S "exceedingly inti icatc'
with "vweer sum, 'llll.,:hmh. tulip tree, (.lo:llia~, red-maple, black-oak. azalea.
and .IIHlf()1I1Cd:l," 1 he I1l.:tWUI~ of p.l~hl> he: twisted through t1u-, plat c out-
labvrinthcd labyrmths. I'or wh ... f re;}lIy IS .1 Rnrnble, but 3. place to walk aim-
lessly ~lId idly-11 ts a male t!l.,t ~I'rc:,d~in all dl~rti()ns. Now The Ramble has
grown up into ,In urban jungle, .md lurkill~ in I(l> thickcts are "hoods. hobos,
hustlers. homoscxual-;" and other cstt.IUKed creatures (If the city (see Jnhn
Rechy, Tl Cily I!J Niglll). Olmsted had brought a prunordial condmon into
the heArt of .\Jbnh.ltull. A ~null rock bridge crosses 3. miniature mvinc. con-
ncniut_! t<lIl~lc wirh (,dllgle. llencarh I~n<!l.'\ tree hmbs the willdil1f> grow
more complex. ,1I1d seem to IIIIIl on themselves. so that rhe walker hal> IlO
S(,TlK of dirc(lioJ), Aurumn leaves smother elu- pathways ;1S they lead one
deeper imu .11\ mlilllty nf curves, Flowuig thr(1Ugh The Ramble I~The Gill. a
stream of 'Vol lei which appear to be ;} cross between :t hi ook and J pond, .mtl
apparently h:l\'l11~~it') source 111 .t CdVC under ,) hc-.lp or boulders, Tmy v.tlk}~
and hills an: SC.l\t~red in such J way :I~tu mnxmuze seclu-iou and soluude.The
Lake borders The Ramble. iu it IS :1 <mall Iht island of wd:.
Moving up .1 wooded inclme. I appm.ll.hcJ Vrsra Rock Tunnel neal Bel-
vedcrc Castle, W.lter \V:I~ ~cepinf, and dripping ()VCI the C\r,,~1 rock MIlf:ICCS of
the tWIIlt'1 aud r.'lllmg on the rock-walled trench. At llus pomt J \\~Il.dla~t_-d
by three wild dll~<'. Later. I lUlld uut that there .In! other packs of clo~ roaru
Ulg the: park. AL"o I discovered that the squirrels arc' r.lthcl af,f;ressl\'e--fill
dynamo- rnehcr than suburban ",('f;'I\\'lIies. A scrrcs of stC?< rui vcd npht IIItn
rhc bedrock, kadlll1( to (he castle which is also :l w-cather Mation. hom there
one looks out (I\'CI Belvedere Lake ~Ild the Great Lawn, 11I1('e the Croton
~';Itel Works.
\Tiillklllf,t casr.I p.H<ed gr.ttliti on boulders. Somehow, I CJn nccept gr.1/l1ti on
<lIh\\'.I) trams. but not Oil boulders. On the h.l,;e o!the Obelisk :tlclIIg with the
hieroglypl there art' also r:tOiti. Suddenly, one encounters the conwructiou
me of .I nc...v tunnel near The Mcu opohran Mu~ellm of All .1 gray ('llIn-
pound wilh ~ \()WI'I inf, orange derrick in the nuddle 011 the ~my walls aTe
more gr.lffiu elf:ln "ecological" son: "COIlOC!C and tTC<S do not mix:' "Ler's
not turn Central Park into an Asphalt Jun~k" "Dcccntrahve the Mel!" "S;IV'C
the P;1rk!""'!'ltc 1\'1c1 i) not good tClT uvex .md other flowering Ihill~'." "l)OI:S
the Mct smell J~ mce a~ a tree?" "Preserve \Vililllle." OlJllsted'~ 0\\,11 view on
buildillg" and museums in TIll' SPI';(5 '! f llll' Pmk i,:"Thc reservoirs and the; mu-
~UIII .lr( not a pan of rhe P:IIk proper: they :tfe (kdll~lions from it.The Suh-
\WI}''' nrc nut dcducnons h..:C'~u'c ehcir ctl~(t. on IlH' whole, is (0 cnbrg~'. nul
lessen, the ()I',>l)rtllnlUt'li of c."(':tpe from buildmg- ..
P,1<$illg undel (;lade Arch .antl into the Glade. I c;ml(' lu the Conservatory
\v'1tcr Pnol; dw overall shape ofiti concrete banks being an interplay of curves
and fight .lllgk~. The 1'001 h;ul h~"'11 dramed. and thl' provided one with ,1
\,~tJof gr.lrc.:fitl dc~tllatilm-;t l.C:t of nuiumn leaves. Thl' bare rrees th;'lt <ur
round the Pool 1'0'< (i'mll thl."ground like m much smoky lace, J lcrc and there
people sauntered 10 and mit of the 1l:1Z\, and ~ullli~ht. LUInmft the area Into .1
phantom world.
As I connnucd southward. near hfth AV\!IIIl('. I p;t)..wda "kiddy land." one of
the latest incursions into the park. De-igned hr RIl haul Dauer in 1970. it looks
like ;\ paniche of Philip jolmson and Mark (it Suvero. A <ign Oil the fence rhat
vur rounds it cxhur tcd one co "Enjoy," Even cuter is tho: "kuldy IIMl:' wuh its
l)i~lley tyP(' \Vhalc. l III the Old Zoo some c"f!cd workme were lII1lalllll~
.m artifi('I:IJ It.,hiut.
In th.: ~llIl\w"y Ihat poun OUI of' the WollmaJl Mcmorml lee Rnrk, r noticed
J. met.rl grocery ('41rt ,11:;1 ;t lr.uh busker halt:..submerged m the water. Furtlict
down, the spillwnv b~()IIlC'.~ hrtKlk (hoked wuh mud and nn calls. Thl' mud
then spews U1WCt' the Gapsrow RI'i11ge ro become <l mllddy slough (hat IIlUIl-
dates :l ~ood part of "1he Pond. le.iving the! I\:<! of The Pond A>\\,lrl wirh oil
:<Iid~).sludge. and dixie cups. M.limen:lIlce on TlH' rune! ~C'Clm IOIl~overdue.
The mud should he dredged om. 11m l1MlIIfCll.InC'c operation could he treated
in lcnll.~ nf .nt ..t.'< .1"mild exuucnon sculprure " A donlll1~lIl:try trC.ltlll<':1I1 with
th~ Jid (If film Of ph()\l~l.aph~ would HIm the maintenance illtH.1 ph)"lK.lI1 (II.
alecnc 'I'he nuul ('Illlid he deposited on :l me III the CIty fh,lt needs "fill," The
tr:tn<pm~lti()II nf mud would he ftlllowed from point of cxtracnon to pouu of
deposmon A (,()H<(':uUl.nc;>., uf mud and the !'c:llm~of scdunenranon iin~ ...c
sary JJl order to under-rand till: blHbclpC' ,'~ H exists.
The magmrudc of geological rh:lI1gc i< <till wuh \I~.JU\l ~I>H \\'.lS millions of
}'l'''~ :Igo.Ohusicd.n great nrnst who contended with such ma!tllilllde~. Scb an
ex..mple whu h rhrows .1 whole new light on tho: II.Hurt' of Allu:ri(:l1\ art.
NOTES
I. ~hu.lw~1 1Il\'O!\'l" ..t ChutC'X' 1I1till"I:"~ c)fl Elljtl~h und~n.p.: developme m. Tilt
'''''" I<. lUi "'<fllllki< 10 rhe < .hmese 'yll.lhll."s ~.I() k\\~11..hI. mC'_UlIlf, "'1" Iii" orhclI~
1I11pn:~sm: or ~lr!'tI~lIc dll~l~ll n(~l"~ 01 IInI'lIJ<-rh' It(.1c':.'' Se I." Y. Z. C~I:Itt!V/\
N,l\l' 011Slur..tw.ld~i." .... "':.!rm LlrNI/,:.\'l" .,\','1,'1. ly.\o.I>. ,UI Ah" 'no r,,!wAul l!yJm~.
/Jr,' H,\\.jl~r, C, .lI"'. N~'\v Y,,,k: "the un, .11"I~i'~ar<III ,\CcmlnlSof cecUIII ~nklh.
AI~,wt.lo!1" Por~'< ~IlUl'lI 'It lwld ..eJllwlII. \'VllLml Kti\I" SIO.W<,. Ihe $.~nllC'" Artilt's
ROtWl.IlH. HOll(,') SlOlllllo:.lli (~lId Ih ...n; were others], l~ t1u~ 'ChUl~")"" (1.0 : .. ,",OCtil
IUllln'). ~lfdelllnp. Wd< wdl cH.l.hh,ht'd UI Uru.IUI .aLIIIHl 111'., HIII .. t ll('tblc Ihe
l!.JI!\IL-l1Iwd Jfl) btll rJlhcl lell\III\I' t'''II.ltt' wuh (,hm('~ ~lnicnin!(."
~, Hc-p;lulI ,ii~lc"i<s (,)''l'ot onty :or ,he nund.Tlus I} <~ to 11.01 ...... \1" 111<'111.11 ,Iule.,i.'
of fIU)(ItI!) thc 10l...l \\ Ith Illt' ~ol.loll 1 "I am ~('(ll'IOIll ed," <.(}" Thor .....u UI hI} JQUfllAl.
"10 I"'~lni the srmllesr brook with much UI\Cr\:)1 for tht tune lllU~ lI it It were
tilt' Onneco ell th(' .'IIh)m"1'111 "Ii. JI)lul At..lrl(h Chrim('. 'lJlm\1I1.'I$ 1J;.rld '/;,~\\'< /.
~('\\ York. IY('$.
3. \'(~IILt.l1ll Alex Jl:'ld flt~belh fNri<)'W. F .,'t! ,,,(k 1..- 111'O!IIIWJ,. .\','1\' }(V{:. New Yor~.
IY7~ Thi~ uuportant book W~ wry helpeul su 1.A:lubllt\~ tim n\,1\'
4 Sec the dUp<l'1 "I'he "g..- t)r~lJI.II(" in E D, Klin~eIM(,T .. 111 ';;1;1 /("'/lIdllsJ,loJ ROl"
IlIwVJ. Nc'wYor',;. ".n~.
\. "Th e cult C,iUIIIIAIUt .II'IlI.1 rlunk, i< the real rrouhle wull (lll' whole. Jild II II ~hll
>"Crymuch WIth us. at .III)' 1".1((' III ~ ...,k""1 n"ln~II:' Sec Wilium f:m~on" uuro-
d"dmll hI J<,1111I lArPI'on. 7TfI' R.'.;.'1uv! WtU. N\,"'YOlk.ly(i7.
(,. Greenberg dOL" ~hO\, .lI1 uucrvst rn dl.II;~hi" III "Nccewiry 01 Fornuli,m." Au /111(/.
,.,:1"" ... , O\I.)h~'t, 19~:': "1\(m.llly n" acillk.:u"I\'CUIJI I1MC"\:JIb l<>1.l.Iu\l.III1.lI tc- .
<tore "()n~II1I1I~':.I lito:>?.:))..nual Hlllll1.lIll)' continuirv with the hi~l(,)( esrheuc
)(,IIt(I~I'~'..f Ih~' J'k'.l" 011 the other hnnd, tOl'lI(;1LslII cmrt!-"<,, III ell\' n"')' 11\\... , ...
-'te{'e~.ry' znd murc Ol>a IU:'lI,,:J lit ""111111 I'lt'''qu.llity'' .)I'p<".)k in '.t!{Uc nouons ot
'II"~II"
7. 'I'll< reducnvc ll'INkm" l'Mllt"d 111r:.1I~h~h tormal ~lI'dclU 01 the ,Sth century.joseph
A\i.lh",II..1II ~<'I~'1\: wrinnp. II) '11~ SpI.1II11 (!? t.!) 1... .1 ctlll (I) ) y "0111 Ilrlu<h )t-ll-
denere, em ;l'l! <:Olttr.lry. uuu'M! ofhlltlM~tlnlt IUtll1'(' loved 10 dl'nue trorn u .1..\ lIIu.:h
.I) p(J)slbl.:. 0111 CIt', (1'''' 111mc~. ~I!S .In.! ryr,lIlul1,." ~Ikol ... us PC",llCI We.k, c>f
A,i.ilmo, duhk~ ot lIuthclIUUt> in thl' !;.o1l,k1Ihll ~<!lIl1l.llI')11 I~ rhe Jlnnn~e, ()i
nlAthlIII.IIIt.11 Of.lC1' In (he U01\"CO<!."The G':l1':)!> of LIlt" 1K:IIIlt"\(!Ul ... 1",~,",t"','1
R~I'J(l XCV!. 1,}~4
~. 1 he FII\"II,,, 01 Arc 1Il111htbe ~xp... ctcd I PUhUlh ~I~h book, l"1ll Imt Ih, r:, >\'11.1<
01 the I.uth. "One LClUIIlO ItlII.lllII ".11, lit,' IOIJlUI Irom ehe sr.irr," ~1\'J(l11II \VI!
IIIdlll
e
1/1 111, (,"I.'I,W 01 tht\ "prerermouc nonbook' III .'11! III. !~,,(,,(.t.Nnvl.wl, ...
J)~.:cmher. II)?.!
!,I. "!-tntll \lll\( Wlllll In Ihl' {;uhOl .\llclCl':O. trorn fIIhII;I!IPI to tlK A(lI'~I ..h,m". hut
CIPL'Clollly IJI Oluc, rue (\:11> 0; dlll\"~II.t~u(,ulllkl.11 hilk .\ll1m' 01 rhem .Ire m 1,11\
1""uI.lly <h~l,<,,<1tlut rhev <i<f)' descnpnon " C. \V (..r,;,tlll. 'IT", f-ml .-I"'NI'411!. A
S:~.,. v:: .\."'JlII,I/"ml.lII.lrll.'(',,[~y. New Youk. 1!r1.1~ II)~,
10. In 1""1\" ,wJ /""4"';0 (0 '. ",,,wYorl;, 1'17.!.Ro:io M.lr 1'(lIIm out III Ilt(oIC'lkC to Ch.lr1.,
R('i,'h', hook HI~ (;m:',il'.ti:?J,lm'li< .rllut. "1'.11 Iimil CUlW.l<lllllll~\ III hein!t an .m-
>"'<'I.1l WIll hI' n .. "')I)<'(IOIt\nC"$.< .It .111.leN' I: I '"II,,: J'>lkltt( bCI\\\''''ll',~' .IIIIIIM,:
~000.! ,..11\1<'\'11. wluvh F~'<" blrdl II) 1111"-\ "" ,"'(\ \)f AI~' ~(ln RCI.-h wruec "I'h ..
hallt'l"o:<.Il<>';I< lI'hy rnat i~rneane polmn.l .l1t...1,,t'IlUIllk. lIl~ 1I1\$t:lUfi s , lIlt, even
lrTC!r.'an::" My {<-t'iul(! 1" Ih.I"l,l'W "hAh!lJuc<tiom" .ire ftom!,: to have to be fKCd-
("\,(,11 1\,' .1f(t\I~ All the hojtu< <PlfltU..JUU. "cnlt:.: ilu,ldllllb. V(I~I\ .!llIt IlulltU$," (M.IY)
won'e be of .Iff)' Itdp.
I!. "In -J .1,lJ,." ..,\ HiI.' toJ R~~;,:t.lJuml'c WI1I1.1I1lO] I.)vlIg;\J) rJlh At dlll~~,.1 '-<~II\ .... 'Ii
power r,cnCr.lUl,n mel IIlCItUOJI) .h",".IIe '-<"'1'\,1;< or' jtct1t'1'.1tIOO ('0.11 :I~d 'l':,'~l1.
1II1( <'It 1""''''I\"j ~t.... nn. .1I~1 <n1.1r C'll<'Th'y.But the ~IU1(, book llt-I1" II II ,'"' 1111 !~1\\1':
wreaked I~' IIIUUII~U).il 10fire ,h,' '!IAII., .1Ild Ih<'1'<' I< J <(l1<'1Il11 w.lrnm!( .rbout till'
who]l'I~ll' 1",':1I1t"'11 Iiom the di'p()<.11 or nuclc.ir w~\'." Ft,lJIk f <;lIIllh. Tl H,/ih(,
111(.','1/11'11\:11")1. Nl'\\ Yod .. 1'J"".
I!. L,,,.{{.,I" wr" (.")'".I},(. r'(lf(u,{: Lu, O:IIJJk\!'s H"lIn ,IV' .1<,;",.,1(1 .,'(11' ) ... 1.. C"y.
edited wuh .111 II1lrOUU(tul~' O):\)' ,...1\111<11'' .,., Ali),'" r,'tn, Irlu".l. I<I~-. Includ ..d :s
til" ~,~.'. r:I"~I)oil< (): the I>.ll'k" (IS~! ', I\.'W.JlUlI:\Olllu{l'll') HI'I'11I With 111\'poh-
un ofC.:mr,11 PJtl.
I.~ nil M.lr('h J1 1')1:-' '/11(' .'\,"" )~,k 'lillll'1 I'"hu,}t<'tl II 111,1' 1111,,,1"If 'IMPROVE,
.'lhN'J' l'li\N!> HM) connr rn C:f:NTRAI PARK." subntled: "M.ILlYOa.lLCI
l;r:ob, A.... KI)t Shown an ehe I""",fe. tor Lrck of Rooru " I'here """'1 hI.' A IIlIlIt (0
-.kv.ru(,(I\'t' UUII;J\'lI110Ih" {hm.1 D''II'''-l\1'1.' IInp'O\",'I11<'IH' srrrk .. IIlI! .1\ \IfIU,'IILO
(:.,,, h,(.ul'~ OIl<' mu ,,;.,. to ent er.