ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Conjugate calculation of a lm-cooled blade for

improvement of the leading edge cooling conguration
Norbert Moritz
a,n
, Karsten Kusterer
a
, Dieter Bohn
b
, Takao Sugimoto
c
,
Ryozo Tanaka
c
, Tomoki Taniguchi
c
a
B&B-AGEMA GmbH, Juelicher Str. 338, Aachen 52070, Germany
b
RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52056, Germany
c
Kawasaki Heavy Industries, LTD., Gas Turbine & Machinery Company, Akashi 673-8666, Japan
Received 17 April 2012; accepted 11 September 2012
Available online 1 February 2013
KEYWORDS
Gas turbine;
Rotor blade;
Film-cooling;
Conjugate heat
transfer;
Conjugate
calculation;
Pyrometer
measurement
Abstract Great efforts are still put into the design process of advanced lm-cooling
congurations. In particular, the vanes and blades of turbine front stages have to be cooled
extensively for a safe operation. The conjugate calculation technique is used for the three-
dimensional thermal load prediction of a lm-cooled test blade of a modern gas turbine. Thus,
it becomes possible to take into account the interaction of internal ows, external ow, and
heat transfer without the prescription of heat transfer coefcients. The focus of the
investigation is laid on the leading edge part of the blade. The numerical model consists of
all internal ow passages and cooling hole rows at the leading edge. Furthermore, the radial
gap ow is also part of the model. The comparison with thermal pyrometer measurements
shows that with respect to regions with high thermal load a qualitatively and quantitatively
good agreement of the conjugate results and the measurements can be found. In particular, the
region in the vicinity of the mid-span section is exposed to a higher thermal load, which
requires further improvement of the cooling arrangement. Altogether the achieved results
http://ppr.buaa.edu.cn/
www.sciencedirect.com
Propulsion and Power Research
2212-540X & 2013 National Laboratory for Aeronautics and Astronautics. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jppr.2012.10.005
n
Corresponding author: Tel.: 49 241 5687840.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Norbert Moritz).
Peer review under responsibility of National Laboratory for
Aeronautics and Astronautics, China.
Propulsion and Power Research 2013;2(1):19
demonstrate that the conjugate calculation technique is applicable for reasonable prediction of
three-dimensional thermal load of complex cooling congurations for blades.
& 2013 National Laboratory for Aeronautics and Astronautics. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
The design process of advanced lm-cooling cong-
urations for blades of modern gas turbines is one major
task in the manufactures strategy for further improve-
ment of gas turbine efciency. Precise heat transfer
analysis is essential in the design process in order to
reach a necessary reliability and availability of the
components. A design failure can lead to a malfunction
of the turbine in a very short time. Thus, further
development of modern numerical tools is required,
which are capable to detect possible deciencies in the
cooling design, e.g. hot spots, as early as possible. In
particular, the leading edge cooling uid ejection is of
great interest in the design task. Several authors [13]
have presented full 3-D numerical simulations of the
aerothermal ow conditions including leading edge
ejection. Bohn and Kusterer [4,5] have investigated the
3-D cooling jet phenomena for blade leading edge
ejection from non-lateral and radially inclined cooling
holes. They have shown the development of different
vortex systems in the cooling jets, which inuence the
cooling uid distribution in the case of leading edge
ejection.
With respect to numerical heat transfer calculations
based on full 3-D numerical simulations, several studies
can be found in the literature [68]. As an example,
numerical studies on the leading edge lm-cooling
physics by York and Leylek [9,10] focus on the
determination of the adiabatic lm-cooling effectiveness
and heat transfer coefcients.
Conventional thermal design processes rely on
empirical correlation for the internal and external heat
transfer mainly based on extensive experimental results
for standard ow situations. For real blade applications
this strategy includes various assumptions and uncer-
tainties. A numerical example is given by Bohn et al.
[11], where it has been shown that the vortex structures
in cooling jets are signicantly affected by the heat
transfer. A large number of conjugate calculation
approaches have been published in recent years. With
respect to application of conjugate calculation methods
to blade lm-cooling, the work of the following groups
can be mentioned as examples: Heidmann et al. [12]
have used the Glenn-HT code for calculation of con-
jugate heat transfer effects on a realistic lm-cooled
turbine vane. Within this code, the boundary element
method (BEM) by Li and Kassab [13,14] has been
implemented. The BEM does not require meshing of the
solid region. As described by Rigby and Lepicovsky [15],
the Glenn-HT code has also been extended to solve the
conjugate heat transfer problems by gridding inside the
solid and setting the velocities there to zero. Adami et al.
[16] have upgraded a nite volume CFD solver by coupling
it to a routine solving the Fourier equation in the solid
domain. The code has been tested successfully for a
transonic NGV including lm-cooling of the pressure side.
Numerous applications of other conjugate heat transfer
methods, including commercial codes, can be found in
literature. Facchini et al. [17] and Luo and Razinsky [18]
have analyzed the NASA C3X prole by application of
StarCD. A nozzle guide vane of a real engine has been
investigated with the same software by Mazur et al. [19].
Several application of the CFX solver to NASA Mark-II
case and C3X cases are also to be found in literature
[20,21]. Also more realistic or real, fully-cooled examples of
conjugate heat transfer analyses with different solvers can
be found (e.g. [20,22]).
Within the present paper, numerical investigations on
a test conguration for the rst stage turbine blade of
an industrial gas turbine have been performed. The
CHTow solver [23] has been used and the calculations
have been executed before the testing of the congura-
tion started. Based on the numerical results of the initial
cooling design an improvement of the leading edge lm-
cooling conguration has been performed. The compar-
ison of experimental results of this design and the
numerical results shows that the conjugate calculation
technology implemented to the CHTow solver is
applicable to predict the thermal loading with the
necessary accuracy.
2. Test conguration
Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI), LTD., has developed
an experimental test conguration of a rst stage blade of
an industrial gas turbine. At the blade leading edge, the
conguration consists of three rows of radially inclined
cooling holes (indicated as P1, LE and S1 in
Figure 1), which are supplied with cooling air by a single
channel. Furthermore, the test conguration includes two
rows of shaped holes, the row S2 on the suction side and
P2 on the pressure side. They are supplied by further
internal, serpentine shaped cooling channels, indicated as
II and III in Figure 1. For augmentation of the
convective heat transfer, the internal walls of the passages
are equipped with small square ribs. Furthermore, a large
Norbert Moritz et al. 2
number of pin-ns are applied to the trailing edge chamber.
The conguration has been analyzed experimentally under
hot gas conditions by KHI at Akashi R&D Center.
Measurement data of the thermal load were obtained by
pyrometer experiments. The conjugate calculations for
the test conguration were done in a blind test case and
the experimental results had not been presented before the
simulation results had been submitted to KHI.
3. Numerical method and models
3.1. Conjugate heat transfer and ow solver
(CHTow)
For the numerical simulation, the conjugate calculation
technique used in the CHTow code [23] offers the
opportunity to avoid the use of the lm-cooling heat
transfer boundary conditions and allows a direct calcula-
tion of the heat transfer and the wall temperatures. The
code has been developed in the 1990s at the Institute of
Steam and Gas Turbines at RWTH Aachen University,
focusing on providing a most sophisticated approach for
the coupled calculation of uid ows and heat transfer
especially for hot gas components in gas turbines. The
numerical group of the institute developed the homoge-
neous method for the conjugate calculation technique
(CCT). The method involves the direct coupling of the
uid ow and the solid body using the same discretization
and numerical principle for both zones. This makes it
possible to have an interpolation-free crossing of the heat
uxes between the neighboring cell faces. Thus, additional
information on the boundary conditions at the blade walls,
such as the distribution of the heat transfer coefcient,
becomes redundant, and the wall temperatures as well as
the temperatures in the blade walls are a direct result of this
simulation.
Basic validation of the code has been published by Bohn
et al. [24,25]. The numerical scheme for the simulation of
the uid ow and heat transfer works on the basis of an
implicit nite volume method combined with a multi-block
technique. The physical domain is divided into separate
blocks for the uid and solid body regions. Full, compres-
sible, two- or three-dimensional NavierStokes equations
are solved in the uid blocks. The closure of the Reynolds
averaged equations (RANS) is provided by the Baldwin
Lomax algebraic eddy-viscosity turbulence [26]. This tur-
bulence model is very robust and calculations also of very
complex geometry usually run very stable. Despite of its
simplicity, the authors have very good experience with the
application of the BaldwinLomax turbulence model. The
solver CHTow has been used for different lm-cooling
geometries, which are documented in several publications
(e.g. [27,28]), and the comparison to experimental results
has shown, which phenomena are predicted with reliable
accuracy and which deviations are calculated, if this
turbulence model is applied.
The Fourier equation is solved in the solid body bocks.
Coupling of uid blocks and solid blocks is achieved via a
common wall temperature, which is determined every
iteration, resulting from the equality of the local heat uxes
passing through the contacting cell faces:
T
w

l
s
=l
fl

T
s
T
fl
1 l
s
=l
fl
1
Figure 1 Film-cooled test blade.
Nomenclature
Ma Mach number
Re Reynolds number
T temperature (unit: K)
Greek letters
Z cooling effectiveness
l thermal conductivity (unit: W/(m K))
Subscripts
c cooling uid
h hot gas
in inlet
uid
o stagnation
s solid
w wall
Conjugate calculation of a lm-cooled blade for improvement of the leading edge cooling conguration 3
This means that no heat transfer boundary conditions
have to be stipulated on the solid surfaces. This method of
calculating the heat uxes requires a very high grid
resolution normal to solid body surfaces. In particular,
the numerical grid for the uid ow calculation should
allow an adequate resolution of the laminar sub layer. The
use of a principally identical formulation and solution of
the energy equation in the solid body blocks as in the uid
blocks is advantageous for the implementation and stability
of the coupling procedure (homogeneous method).
3.2. Conjugate model for lm-cooling conguration
For the conjugate calculation of the leading edge region
of the test blade, a 3-D numerical grid consisting of
approximately 7.0 million hexahedral cells in 255 blocks
has been generated for both investigated congurations.
The numerical grid comprises the complete blade passage,
the radial gap at blade tip with a simplication of the sur-
face inside the squealer, all cooling holes of the three rows
at the leading edge (in total 54 holes), and the leading edge
supply channel. Each cooling hole is discretized with one
H-type block consisting of 1024 cells (16 cells on the
circumference and 16 cells along the hole axis). In radial
direction, the squealer is represented by 14 cells and the
radial gap with 6 cells. This discretization leads to 522
radial cells in the blade passage. All geometry data
represent the hot conditions of the turbine. The ribbed
walls have been modeled as smooth walls.
The two rear cooling channels (supplies II and III in
Figure 2) have been removed in the numerical model
and the solid region is meshed between the leading edge
supply channel (supply I) and the blade passage and
in the vicinity of the supply channel in downstream
direction. Figure 3 shows the meshed region in a cutting
plane close to mid-span of the blade passage.
3.3. Boundary conditions
The boundary conditions for the blade passage have
been derived from 2-D streamline curvature calculations.
At the inlet, the relative total pressure, the relative total
temperature and the relative swirl angle have been pre-
scribed. The boundary condition for the outlet is the static
pressure. The radial distributions of the non-dimensional
values are shown in Figure 4. The mass averaged relative
Mach number at the inlet is Ma
in
0.3779. The inlet
Reynolds number, calculated with the channel height and
the mass averaged axial velocity, is Re
in
581,902. The
ratio of the mean inlet relative total pressure at passage inlet
and supply channel I is 1.27, the ratio of the relative total
temperatures is 0.54.
4. Results
4.1. Leading edge ow structures
From the conjugate calculation results, the cooling
effectiveness distribution and velocity distribution have Figure 2 Internal cooling system of test conguration.
Figure 3 Illustration of the blade leading edge model.
Figure 4 Radial distribution of non-dimensional relative total
pressure and temperature at inlet and static pressure at outlet.
Norbert Moritz et al. 4
been extracted as an aero-thermal result. Within this
scope, the cooling effectiveness Z is calculated with
stagnation quantities for the hot gas and cooling uid
temperature. Thus, it is dened as
Z
T
o;h
T
T
o;h
T
o;c
2
with T as the local (static) temperature, T
o,h
as the mass
averaged stagnation temperature of the main ow in
front of the blade, and T
o,c
as stagnation temperature of
the cooling uid.
The ow structures in the vicinity of the leading are
analyzed in sections of constant radius at positions of
44% and 75% of the blade passage channel height. In
Figure 5, the cooling effectiveness distribution and the
ow vectors in these sections are shown for the initial
(left-hand side) and the improved (right-hand side)
leading edge cooling conguration. The large arrows
named P1, LE and S1 indicate the positions and
directions of the radially inclined cooling holes, which
are intersected by the cutting planes.
Regarding the initial conguration, it can be seen that
the positioning especially of the rows LE and P1
has not been fully correct with respect to the stagnation
point at the leading. Due to the high turning of the ow,
the stagnation point has been moved further to the
pressure side than it has been estimated during the
design process. The result of this mismatching of cool-
ing hole positions and stagnation point positions is, that
nearly the entire cooling air leaving from row P1 is
distributed to the suction side. Thus, in the vicinity of
the leading edge the suction side surface has been cooled
extensively due to the cooling jets from all three holes
protecting the blade surface from hot gas contact,
whereas the pressure side lacks of cooling.
On basis of these numerical results, the positions and
directions of the cooling holes have been rearranged, so
that for the improved conguration the rows LE and
P1 are located on both sides of the stagnation point.
However, it also can be seen that the rearrangement of the
row positions leads to a change of the stagnation point
positions. Thus, during the design of leading edge lm-
cooling congurations the interaction of cooling ow and
main ow has to be taken into account to nd the correct
positions of cooling hole rows. The positions and directions
of the holes of row S1 have also been changed, so that
the cooling air leaving this row and the row LE should
interact to protect the blade surface from hot gas contact.
4.2. Leading edge cooling for improved design
The results of the improved leading edge cooling
design are shown in Figure 6 at six sections of constant
radii at 10%, 26%, 42%, 58%, 74% and 90% of the
channel height. It can be seen that in the sections close
to mid-span (42% and 58%), which is the region with
the highest temperatures in the main ow; the material
is not cooled as efcient as in the other sections. This
Figure 5 Comparison of cooling effectiveness distribution and ow vectors.
Conjugate calculation of a lm-cooled blade for improvement of the leading edge cooling conguration 5
result is also to be found in the experimental results (see
Section 4.4). Although the temperatures do not exceed
the maximum allowable material temperature, a reduc-
tion of the temperature gradient would be preferred.
Thus, an improvement of the cooling design in this
region would be advantageous with respect to the live
time of the blade.
4.3. Interaction of cooling jets for improved design
For the improved leading edge cooling conguration,
the interaction of the cooling jets of the rows LE and
S1 is illustrated for the region at blade tip in Figure 7.
The mauve colored streamlines indicate the cooling
air from row LE and the cyan colored streamlines
indicate the cooling air from row S1. The blade
surface in the region of the conjugate wall is colored
with the cooling effectiveness. It can be seen clearly that
the cooling jets from row LE cover the blade surface
in between the gaps of the hole exits from row S1.
Thus, an effective protection of the blade surface from
hot gas contact is achieved.
Moreover, it can be seen that the cooling air leaving
the most top cooling hole from row LE is dragged
away from the blade surface. This effect is due to the
interaction with the tip clearance ow and the vortex
generated by this ow. With respect to the lm-cooling
performance, it could be considered to move this hole
to a lower position or to remove it from row LE.
However, the cooling effectiveness distribution at the
blade tip indicates that the convective cooling of this
hole is important to reduce the material temperatures in
this area, so that removing this hole should cause a high
thermal load at the leading edge tip.
4.4. Comparison of numerical and experimental
results
Figure 8 shows the surface cooling effectiveness
distribution of the conjugate calculation in comparison
to the experimental results for the improved leading
edge cooling conguration. In general, a qualitatively
and quantitatively good agreement of the numerical and
the experimental results can be seen.
Figure 6 Cooling effectiveness distribution in uid and solid and ow vectors for improved cooling conguration.
Norbert Moritz et al. 6
Quantitatively, the conjugate calculation results show
slightly higher temperatures than the experimental
results. The major reason for this deviation is the
temperature boundary condition, which is applied to
the solid body inside the blade. The mean temperature
in the solid body and the level of the blade surface
temperature is surely affected by the chosen value.
Moreover, the neglecting of the ribs inside the supply
channel and the modeling of the smoothed walls has an
effect on the outer surface temperature distribution. In
comparison to ribbed walls, the smoothed walls show a
lower heat transfer potential. Therefore, the amount of
heat, which is transferred into to the leading edge
support channel, is lower for the conjugate calculation,
and, thus, the surface temperatures are increased in
comparison to the test conditions.
With respect to qualitative comparison, it can be seen
that the radial position of the higher temperature region
in the vicinity of the blade midsection is similar for
the conjugate calculation and the experimental results.
However, this region is located around row S1 in
numerical results, whereas the measurements indicate
this region between row LE and P1. Thus, com-
pared to experiments the numerical results show a shift
of the higher temperature region towards the suction
side. This deviation should be due to the difculty to
precisely predict the swirl angle behind the rst vane of
a gas turbine and, thus, the chosen inlet boundary
condition might deviate from the test engine conditions.
In the test facility the ow conditions in front of the rst
stage blade cannot be analyzed at different radial
positions, so that a validation of the inow boundary
conditions is not possible.
Figure 7 Cooling effectiveness distribution and streamlines of
rows LE and S1 for the improved cooling conguration.
Figure 8 Surface cooling effectiveness distribution-comparison of experimental and numerical results.
Conjugate calculation of a lm-cooled blade for improvement of the leading edge cooling conguration 7
Regarding the cooling effectiveness distribution at the
blade tip, it can be seen that the experimental results
and the conjugate calculation show a rise of thermal
load. This region usually is one of the critical point of a
cooled turbine blade. The radial gap ow increases the
heat transfer at the tip, the deceleration of the ow near
stagnation point increases the static temperatures of the
hot gas and, additionally, there is some distance to the
next cooling hole, which leads in combination to a
challenging cooling situation. It becomes clear, that due
to its convective cooling effect the tip hole of row LE
cannot be removed, although the cooling air leaving this
hole is detached from the suction side surface due
to the interaction with the tip clearance ow and vortex.
It could be even advantageous to move it closer to the
blade tip.
5. Conclusions
A leading edge lm-cooling conguration for a test
blade of a modern gas turbine has been investigated by
means of numerical conjugate calculation and pyrom-
eter measurement under hot gas conditions. During the
numerical investigation, a mismatching of the stagna-
tion point location and the positioning of the leading
edge cooling holes has been observed. Based on these
results, an improvement of the hole positions has been
performed. This improved conguration has been used
for the experiments.
The comparison of the conjugate calculation results
and the experimental results shows in general a good
agreement, so that it can be stated that the numerical
approach, which has been applied in this analysis, is
useful for the investigation and improvement of leading
edge cooling congurations. Especially, the radial distri-
bution of thermally high loaded regions is in good
agreement. The deviations in the thermal load are mainly
due to uncertainties in the inow boundary conditions
and the application of a xed temperature boundary
condition inside the blade. The later has been used, due to
the removing of the rear cooling channels.
The achieved results demonstrate that the conjugate
calculation technique is applicable for reasonable prediction
of three-dimensional thermal load of complex cooling
congurations for blades and that based on such analyses
an improvement of cooling conguration is possible.
References
[1] D. Bohn, V. Becker, K. Kusterer, L. Fottner, S. Ardey,
Three-dimensional ow analysis of a turbine blade
cascade with leading-edge ejection, AIAA Journal of
Propulsion and Power 16 (1) (2000) 4956.
[2] J.D. Heidmann, D.L. Rigby, A.A. Ameri, A 3-D coupled
internal/external simulation of a lm-cooled gas turbine,
ASME Paper 99-GT-186, 1999.
[3] C.A. Martin, K.A. Thole, A CFD benchmark study:
leading edge lm-cooling with compound angle injection,
ASME Paper 97-GT-297, 1997.
[4] D. Bohn, K. Kusterer, Blowing ratio inuence on jet
mixing ow phenomena at the leading edge, AIAA Paper
99-0670, 1999.
[5] D. Bohn, K. Kusterer, Aerothermal investigations of
mixing ow phenomena in case of radially inclined
ejection holes at the leading edge, ASME Journal of
Turbomachinery 122 (2) (2000) 334339.
[6] E.J. Hall, D.A. Topp, R.A. Delaney, Aerodynamic/heat
transfer analysis of discrete site lm-cooled turbine air-
foils, AIAA Paper 94-3070, 1994.
[7] V.K. Garg, Heat transfer on a lm-cooled rotating blade,
ASME Paper 99-GT-44, 1999.
[8] V.K. Garg, D.L. Rigby, Heat transfer on a lm-cooled
blade-effect of hole physics, International Journal of Heat
and Fluid Flow 20 (1) (1999) 1025.
[9] W.D. York, J.H. Leylek, Leading edge lm-cooling
physics: Part I adiabatic effectiveness, ASME Paper
GT2002-30166, 2002.
[10] W.D. York, J.H. Leylek, Leading edge lm-cooling
physics: Part II heat transfer coefcient, ASME Paper
GT2002-30167, 2002.
[11] D. Bohn, J. Ren, K. Kusterer, Conjugate heat transfer
analysis for lm cooling congurations with different hole
geometries, ASME Paper GT2003-38369, 2003.
[12] J.D. Heidmann, A.J. Kassab, E.A. Divo, F. Rodriguez, E.
Steinthorsson, Conjugate heat transfer effects on a realistic
lm-cooled turbine vane, ASME Paper GT2003-38553, 2003.
[13] H.J. Li, A.J. Kassab, Numerical prediction of uid ow
and heat transfer in turbine blades with internal cooling,
AIAA Paper 94-2933, 1994.
[14] H.J. Li, A.J. Kassab, A coupled FVM/BEM approach to
conjugate heat transfer in turbine blades, AIAA Paper
94-1981, 1994.
[15] D.L. Rigby, J. Lepicovsky, Conjugate heat transfer
analysis of internally cooled congurations, ASME Paper
2001-GT405, 2001.
[16] P. Adami, F. Martelli, F. Montomoli, A nite volume
method for the conjugate heat transfer in lm cooling devices,
in: Proceedings of the XVI International Symposium on Air
Breathing Engines, Paper No. ISABE-2003-1066, 2003.
[17] B. Facchini, A. Magi, A.S.D. Greco, Conjugate heat
transfer simulation of a radially cooled gas turbine vane,
ASME Paper GT2004-54213, 2004.
[18] J. Luo, E.H. Razinsky, Conjugate heat transfer analysis
of a cooled turbine vane using the V2F turbulence model,
ASME Paper GT2006-91109, 2006.
[19] Z. Mazur, A. Hernandez-Rossette, R. Garcia-Illescas, A.
Luna-Ramirez, Analysis of conjugate heat transfer of a gas
turbine rst stage nozzle, ASME Paper GT2005-68004, 2005.
[20] G. Nowak, W. Wroblewski, Application of conjugate
heat transfer for cooling optimization of a turbine airfoil,
ASME Paper GT2009-59818, 2009.
[21] Z.F. Wang, P.G. Yan, H.Y. Huang, W.J. Han, Conjugate
heat transfer analysis of a high pressure air-cooled gas
turbine vane, ASME Paper GT2010-23247, 2010.
[22] A. Sipatov, L. Gomzikov, V. Latyshev, N. Gladysheva,
Three-dimensional heat transfer analysis of high pressure
turbine blade, ASME Paper GT2009-59163, 2009.
Norbert Moritz et al. 8
[23] K. Kusterer, U. Kr uger, D. Bohn, Conjugate heat transfer:
an advanced computational method for the cooling design
of modern gas turbine blades and vanes, in: B. Sunden, M.
Faghri (Eds.), Gas Turbine Heat Transfer, WIT Press,
Southampton, UK, 2001, pp. 57108.
[24] D. Bohn, B. Bonhoff, Berechnung der K uhl- und St orwir-
kung eines lmgek uhlten transsonisch durchstr omten
Turbinengitters mit diabaten W anden, VDI-Berichte 1109,
Germany, 1994, pp. 261275.
[25] D. Bohn, B. Bonhoff, H. Sch onenborn, H. Wilhelmi,
Validation of a numerical model for the coupled simula-
tion of uid ow and diabatic walls with application to
lm-cooled turbine blades, VDI-Berichte 1186, Germany,
1995, pp. 259272.
[26] B.S. Baldwin, H. Lomax, Thin layer approximation and
algebraic model for separated turbulent ows, AIAA
Paper 78-257, 1978.
[27] D. Bohn, V. Becker, K. Kusterer, S. Ardey, L. Fottner,
The inuence of slot ejection and showerhead ejection on
the 3-D ow eld of a lm-cooled turbine blade under
consideration of side wall effects, in: Proceedings of the
13th International Symposium on Air Breathing Engines,
Chattanooga, USA, 712 September 1997, pp. 12031213.
[28] K. Kusterer, T. Hagedorn, D. Bohn, T. Sugimoto,
R. Tanaka, Improvement of a lm-cooled blade by applica-
tion of the conjugate calculation technique, ASME Paper
GT2005-68555, 2005.
Conjugate calculation of a lm-cooled blade for improvement of the leading edge cooling conguration 9