Report on VoIP Spring 2006

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
I want to thank Dr James Yu, MY project instructor I! it was not him, I wou"#n$t ha%e
&een possi&"e !or me to achie%e this goa" 'is kin# gu#ience an# strict #ea#"ines he"pe#
me succee## throughout this (uarter, an# m) masters 'is uni(ue st)"e o! teaching he"pe#
me gain con!i#ence within an# e*p"ore more into the #epth o! his su&ject Dr Yu$s
comman# on su&ject was an a##e# &ene!it !or me to !in# m) wa) in the !ie"# with his
support
I a"so want to thank Mr +hi&io ,iu, who has &een most he"p!u" resource in the ,-. ,a&
/specia"") with m) "itt"e e*posure to ,inu*, I was (uite hesitant to ask an) one (uestion
as the) might on") !oo"ish ones 0ut he he"pe# me through an# ga%e me con!i#ence to
initiate a "ot o! things -n# a"so ga%e me hope in the times when e%er)thing seems to &e
not working
-"so, m) !ami") in Pakistan, !or their "o%e an# support e%en thousan# mi"es awa)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DESIGN ARCHITECTURE
SOFTWARE INSTALLATIONS
FIRST CALL
RTP PAYLOAD BETWEEN CLIENTS
BIT RATE CALCULATIONS
SIPP
MEAN OPINION SCORE
RADIUS SERVER
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
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1. DESIGN ARCHITECTURE:
4or the purposes o! this VoIP project stu#), I create# a SIP ser%er, an# insta""e#
so!tware &ase VoIP phone on two win#ows 5P machines
1.1. SIP SERVER:
4e#ora core2 is the 6perating s)stem that is current") insta""e# on the SIP Ser%er
7he s)stem speci!ication o! this machine is8 Pentium III 901:32 M'; processor,
296 M0 o! R-M, an# a 20 <0 'ar# #isk
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1.2. X-LITE CLIENTS:
0oth the c"ients are =in#ows 5P machines with ser%ice pack2 7he) &oth ha%e
mu"time#ia support 7here!ore, as re(uire# the) &oth ha%e hea#phones an# mic
1.3. IP ADDRESSING SCHEME:
SIP ser%er an# the #esktop machine ha%e &een issue# static IP a##resses o!
1201>22023 an# 1201>22026 respecti%e") =here as the "aptop c"ient$s IP
#i!!ers throughout the stu#) an# can &e 1201>2202?, 1201>223131, or
63?:22313
1.4. INTERNET ACCESS:
SIP ser%er an# the #esktop are connecte# to a switch "oca"") an# then !urther
connecte# to the internet 7he "aptop machine has &een connecte# to the internet
either through =i4i (140.192.48.181) or through a DS, connection (68.73.228.18)
-t times, it is a"so connecte# to the "oca" ,-. with an IP o! 1201>2202?
2. SOFTWARE INSTALLATIONS:
2.1 ASTERISK ON SIP SERVER
2.1.1 DOWNLOAD
6n SIP ser%er I #own"oa#e# the -sterisk P05 RPMS 7he) are open source
so!tware an# can &e !oun# at @1A -!ter #own"oa#ing use !o""owing comman#s to
run the RPMS8
@rootB"oca"host %oipAC!" #$%& '()*$(+-1.,-,.-.2.$/0/.!"
@rootB"oca"host %oipAC!" #$%& 1'!)*2-1.,-,.-.2.$/0/.!"
@rootB"oca"host %oipAC!" #$%& 2$3!$-1.,-,.-.2.$/0/.!"
7o start asterisk, issue !o""owing comman#
@rootB"oca"host %oipACDetcDinit#Dasterisk start
-n# to stop asterisk, issue !o""owing comman#
@rootB"oca"host %oipACDetcDinit#Dasterisk stop
2.1.2 CONFIGURATION
7here are !ew necessar) mo#i!ications an# a##itions to &e ma#e in or#er to run the
-sterisk ser%er
1.1.1 SIP.CONF
You !irst nee# to a## c"ients in )our SIPcon! !i"e 7his !i"e can !oun# at
DetcDasterisk It is recommen#e# to &ackup the origina" sipcon! 6pen the !i"e in the
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e#itor an# scro"" #own toE @5F,iteA &"ock 4o""owing "ines a## one 5F,ite c"ient to
the -sterisk ser%er
@1001A Ethis is )our c"ient$s phone num&er
t)peG!rien# E !rien# means this c"ient can originate an# recei%e ca""s
authGm#9 E m#9 #igest is use# !or authentication
usernameG1001
secretG!khan%oip06 Eit$s a share# secret &etween asterisk an# 5F,ite c"ient
ca""eri#GHm) "aptopH I1001J E my laptop wou"# appear at ca""ee as )our i#
hostG#)namic E an) IP a##ress can &e associate# to this c"ient You can
E con!igure static IP !or c"ients as we""
nrein%iteGno
canrein%iteGno
a""owGgsm E!o""owing co#ecs are a""owe#
a""owGu"aw
a""owGa"aw
You can a## as man) c"ients as )ou want Most o! this in!ormation is nee#e# to &e
con!igure# in respecti%e 5F,ite c"ients
1.1.2 EXTENSION.CONF
In this !i"e )ou nee# to create #ia"ing in!ormation regar#ing )our c"ients It is
recommen#e# to make a &ackup o! origina" !i"e 7his !i"e can &e !oun# on same path
as sipcon! 6pen e*tensionscon! in an e#itor
@genera"A
staticG )es
writeprotectG )es
@g"o&a"sA
@#e!au"tA
e*ten GJ 1001,1,Dia"KSIPD1001,20L
e*ten GJ 1001,2,Voicemai"K1001L
e*ten GJ 1002,1,Dia"KSIPD1002,20L
e*ten GJ 1002,2,Voicemai"K1002L
2.1.3 RESTART
-!ter a&o%e mo#i!ications, )ou must restart )our machine !or the a&o%e changes to
take a!!ect
22 X-LITE ON CLIENT:
2.2.1 DOWNLOAD
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You can #own"oa# 5F,ite !or win#ows !rom @2A It has an eas), user !rien#")
insta""er
2.2.2 SETTINGS
-!ter insta""ation, go to the menu on )our *F,ite c"ient 4o""ow a"ong #irections
gi%en &e"ow8
A4%'5.*4 S6()*" (*))$57(
oA84$9 (*))$57( -: S$2*5.* S*))$57(
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oS$2*5.* S*))$57(
T'5("$) S$2*5.*
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oS*) $) )9 YES
T&*5; 79 3'.+ )9 S6()*" S*))$57(
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o SIP P9<6
o D*-'82)
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o E5)* -9229=$57 $5-9"')$95 (following information has
correspondence to what you have added in sip.conf)
D$(!2'6 N'"*: M6 L'!)9!
U(* N'"* > A8)&9$1')$95 U(*: 1,,1
P'((=94: -+&'5%9$!,/
D9"'$5?R*2'": 14,[email protected],.20
SIP P9<6: 14,[email protected],.20
SIP Pro*) an# DomainDRea"m is )our asterisk ser%er$s IP
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3. FIRST CALL
I ga%e a #emo o! !irst ca"" on -pri" 9
th
2006 7o make the !irst ca"", I connecte# SIP
ser%er, #esktop an# the "aptop in ,-. through the switch
3.1. RUNNING THE ASTERISK SERVER:
7o run asterisk ser%er on )our ,inu* machine, issue !o""owing comman#8
@RootB %oipAC DetcDinit#Dasterisk start
3.2. FIREWALL ON LINUX
I turn o!! the !irewa"" You can either #o that or a""ow the asterisk tra!!ic on the
!irewa""$s access "ist In m) e*perience, i! I a""ow the MDP tra!!ic on 9030 port then
the ca"" goes through &ut the %oice is transmitte#
3.3. ON X-LITE CLIENT:
Dia" the user num&er )ou wish to ca"" 4or e*amp"e, I ca""e# the *F,ite c"ient who
has a num&er 1002 !rom the *F,ite c"ient with e*tension num&er 1002
4. RTP PAYLOAD BETWEEN CLIENTS
4.1. PAYLOAD THROUGH ASTERISK:
During the !irst ca"" #emo we rea"i;e# that R7P pa)"oa# o! the ca"" is not going
#irect") &etween the c"ients It rather goes to ser%er an# then ser%er !orwar#s it to
the respecti%e c"ients 7his situation is not a pro&"em !or ser%ers with !ew c"ients &ut
o! course that$s not what ser%ers are meant !or /therea" capture o! this scenario
shows a"" the R7P packets through 1201>22023 Ksip ser%erL !rom an# to
1201>22026 since this capture was taken !rom 1201>22026 there is no message
that appears to &e !rom or to 1201>2202? as the) a"" go through 1201>22023
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4.2. ASTERISK AS REDIRECT SERVER AND PAYLOAD BETWEEN CLIENTS:
I rea# an# e*p"ore# through asterisk #ocumentation an# internet we& !orums to !in#
out a wa) so that asterisk acts as sip pro*) re#irect ser%er =hi"e rea#ing through
@:A I !oun# out where the pro&"em was In the sipcon! KDetcDasteriskDL !i"e there is an
attri&ute ca""e# canreinvite. 7his attri&ute is set to NnoH &) #e!au"t
4.2.1. C&'57*( $5 ($!..95-
So changing )our sipcon! #etai"s o! the c"ient to !o""owing, asterisk wou"# work as
pro*) re#irect
@1001A Ethis is )our c"ients$s phone num&er
t)peG!rien# Et)pe !rien# means, this c"ient can ca"" an# recie%e
authGm#9 E m#9 #igest is use# !or authentication
usernameG1001
secretG!khan%oip06 Eit$s a share# secret &etween asterisk an# 5F,ite c"ient
ca""eri#GHm) "aptopH I1001J E my laptop wou"# appear at ca""ee as )our i#
hostG#)namic E an) IP a##ress can &e associate# to this c"ient You can
E con!igure static IP !or c"ients as we""
nrein%iteGno
canrein%iteG)es E when set to no mean pa)"oa# goes through asterisk
a""owGgsm E!o""owing co#ecs are a""owe#
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a""owGu"aw
a""owGa"aw
4.2.2. E)&**'2 C'!)8* S.**5(&9)(
-s )ou can see &e"ow the R7P packets are sen# &etween the c"ients K1201>22026
an# 1201>2202?L on") an# it #oes not go through the SIP ser%er
A. BIT RATE CALCULATIONS
A.1. G B.118 9 GB.11'
A.1.1. D')' C922*.)$95 S.*5'$9
I ma#e a ca"" !rom m) #esktop *F,ite c"ient to the *F,ite c"ient on "aptop ,aptop
current") has an IP o! 1201>223131E where as #esktop$s IP is same as
1201>22026 0e!ore initiating the ca"" on #esktop, I starte# etherea" with capture
!i"ter o! host8 1201>22023 or host 1201>223131 'ence a"" the tra!!ic seen on
#esktop that is coming !rom or going to these two IPs wi"" &e capture#
A.1.2. E)&**'2 C'!)8* S.**5(&9)(
In the !o""owing etherea" capture 6036 packets were capture# !or ca"" #uration o! 60
secon#s 6ut o! these 6036 packets 6021 are R7P pa)"oa# packets that ha%e &een
trans!erre# &etween c"ients You can e*tract the R7P packets !rom the capture &)
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writing e*pression8 R7P on the !i"ter &o* on top o! )our capture In the !o""owing
screen shot it can &e seen in green te*t &o*
A.1.3. C'2.82')$95(
-&o%e we !oun# out that 6021 R7P packets were recei%e# in the #uration o! 60
secs 'ence
7ota" packets in one sec G 6021D60
10063 packetsDsec in &oth #irections
7here!ore, 10063D2 G 90:2 O 90 packets in one #irection
Since packet with "ength with IP an# MDP hea#er is !oun# out to &e 200
IP:
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UDP:
'ence R7P pa)"oa# is !oun# out to &e 200 P 20 KIPL P 20 KMDPL G 160 &)tes
90 packets * 160 &)tes
3 Q K160Q90L &ps
62 R&ps
7his pro%es that samp"ing rate !or <?11u is 62 R&ps =hich is a"so con!irme# &)
@2A
A.2. SPEX
A.2.1. D')' C922*.)$95 S.*5'$9
I ma#e a ca"" !rom m) #esktop *F,ite c"ient to the *F,ite c"ient on "aptop ,aptop
current") has an IP o! 1201>223131E where as #esktop$s IP is same as
1201>22026 0e!ore initiating the ca"" on #esktop, I starte# etherea" with capture
!i"ter o! host8 1201>22023 or host 1201>223131 'ence a"" the tra!!ic seen on
#esktop that is coming !rom or going to these two IPs wi"" &e capture#
A.2.2. E)&**'2 C'!)8* S.**5(&9)(
In the !o""owing etherea" capture 261 packets were capture# !or ca"" #uration o! 29
secon#s 6ut o! these 261 packets 22? are R7P pa)"oa# packets that ha%e &een
trans!erre# &etween c"ients
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A.2.3. C'2.82')$95(
-&o%e we !oun# out that 22? R7P packets were recei%e# in the #uration o! 29
secon#s 'ence
7ota" packets in one sec G 22?D29
In 29 secon#s we recei%e# >33 packetsDsec in &oth #irections
7here!ore, >33D2 G 2>2 O 2> packets in one #irection
Since packet with "ength with IP an# MDP hea#er is !oun# out to &e 36
IP:
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UDP:
'ence R7P pa)"oa# is !oun# out to &e 36 P20KIPL P 20 KMDPL G 26 &)tes
2> packets * 26 &)tes
3 Q K26Q2>L &ps
13 R&ps
7his shows that samp"ing rate !or SP/5 co#ec is 13 R&ps -ccor#ing @2A, it "ies
&etween 219 to 222 R&ps
A.3. GSM
A.3.1. D')' C922*.)$95 S.*5'$9
I ma#e a ca"" !rom m) #esktop *F,ite c"ient to the *F,ite c"ient on "aptop ,aptop
current") has an IP o! 1201>2202?E where as #esktop$s IP is same as
1201>22026 0e!ore initiating the ca"" on #esktop, I starte# etherea" with capture
!i"ter o! host8 1201>22023 or host 1201>2202? 'ence a"" the tra!!ic seen on
#esktop that is coming !rom or going to these two IPs wi"" &e capture#
A.3.2. E)&**'2 C'!)8* S.**5(&9)(
In the !o""owing etherea" capture 919 packets were capture# !or ca"" #uration o! 10
secon#s 6ut o! these 919 packets 2>? are R7P pa)"oa# packets that ha%e &een
trans!erre# &etween c"ients
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A.3.3. C'2.82')$95(
-&o%e we !oun# out that 2>? R7P packets were recei%e# in the #uration o! 10
secon#s 'ence
7ota" packets in one sec G 2>?D10
In 10 secon#s we recei%e# 2>? packetsDsec in &oth #irections
7here!ore, 2>?D2 G 2239 O 29 packets in one #irection
Since packet with "ength with IP an# MDP hea#er is !oun# out to &e ?:
IP:
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UDP:
'ence R7P pa)"oa# is !oun# out to &e ?: P20KIPL P 20 KMDPL G :: &)tes
29 packets * :: &)tes
3 Q K29Q::L &ps
66 R&ps
7his shows that &it rate !or <SM 0610 is 66 R&ps 0ut accor#ing @2A, it "ies
&etween 1: R&ps !or !u"" rate So it appears to &e ha"! rate in this case
/. SIPP
/.1. INTRODUCTION:
SIPP is a SIP per!ormance testing too" It generates an# recei%es SIP &ase# ca""s
using 5M, scenarios It has !ew &ui"t in scenarios which ser%e the &asic testing
Di!!erent new 5M, scenarios can &e a## in to #o speci!ic testing o! SIP Mac*m" is
the c"ient that generates SIP &ase# ca""s to an) SIP ser%er or SIPP &ase# sip ser%er
that uses uas*m" uas*m" is another *m" &ase# scenario !i"e that "istens !or SIP
&ase# messages SIPP is (uite he"p!u" to imitate as user ca""ing agent Ksomething as
uac*m" "ike scenarioL an# test the capacit) o! )our SIP pro*) ser%er, SIP P05, or
SIP me#ia se%ers an# others
/.2. INSTALLATION:
SIPP insta""ation on ,inu* is prett) simp"e Down"oa# the sta&"e %ersion o! SIPP
!rom @9A 7hen untar the package an# issue the !o""owing comman#
rootB SIPPAC tar P*%! sipp10tar
rootB SIPPAC c# sipp
rootB SIPPAC make
=hen insta""ing on win#ows )ou must ha%e c)gwin running on )our machine to
support SIPP
/.3. RUNNING THE DEFAULT SCENARIOS ON LOCAL HOST
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7he !o""owing e*amp"e is run on win#ows &ase# SIPP <o to the #irector) where
)ou ha%e insta""e# SIPP 7hen in one termina" win#ow issue the !o""owing
comman# to start the ser%er agent
SIPP 12?001 Psn uas
6pen another termina" win#ow an# then issue the !o""owing comman# to start the
user ca""ing agent
SIPP 12?001 Psn uac
Fsn switch is use# to speci!) the parameter !or which *m" scenario to use You can
run SIPP &ase# on #e!au"t or custom *m" scenarios
7he a&o%e screen is !or the SIPP instance running &ase# on uas*m" Since at this
time no user agent has &een start )ou see there is no message acti%it) seen on the
scenario screen e%en a!ter 2?2? secon#s
4o""owing scenario screen is !or Mac*m" &ase# SIPP instance
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'ere )ou see 90 messages generate# in 90: secon#s .ow )ou can see the a&o%e
uas instance re!"ect some message acti%it) that interacts with
Msing SIPP )ou can see #)namic statistics o! the running tests Such in!ormation
wou"# inc"u#e ca"" rate, roun# trip #e"a) or message statistics
I! )ou wish to run #e!au"t scenarios on ,inu* &ase# SIPP simp") mo#i!) comman#
as !o""ows
4or user agent Ser%er
DSIPP 12?001 Psn uas
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4or user agent c"ient
DSIPP 12?001 Psn uac
/.4. PERFORMANCE TESTING OF ASTERISK SERVER
I ran the SIPP uac scenario on one o! the win#ows 5P machines (IP: 69.212.1.7)
7his user agent wi"" sen# SIP ca""s to the asterisk ser%er 7here are !ew other steps
to &e taken in or#er to run the scenario success!u"")
/.4.1. ASTERISK: SIP.CONF
You nee# to a## one more user c"ient in sipcon! Just as )ou create# #i!!erent user
accounts in sipcon!, )ou wou"# nee# to #o it !or SIPP 4or this e*amp"e "ets sa) we
create# a user with e*tension num&er 2009
ESIPp
@sippA
t)peG!rien#
conte*tGinterna"
hostG#)namic
userG2009
canrein%iteGno
#isa""owGa""
a""owGu"aw
a""owGa"aw
natG)es
/.4.2. ASTERISK: EXTENSIONS.CONF
S$"$2'26 698 =9824 5**4 )9 '44 4$'2$57 *<)*5($95( -9 )&* SIPP .2$*5) $5 698
*<)*5($95..95- 9- '()*$(+ (*%*. H** $( ' ('"!2*
P'()* -9" *<)*5($95(..95-
/.4.3. 8'..<"2 95 W$549=( XP
I use# the !o""owing comman# to start the SIPP instance as user agent c"ient &ase#
on #e!au"t scenario o! uac*m"
SIPP 1201>22023 Ps 200> Psn uac Pr 10 Prp 1000
'ere this comman# is starting a SIPP instance o! user agent c"ient &ase# on
uac*m" 7he parameter with the switch Ps speci!ies the ser%iceSname 7his wi"" set
the username part o! the re(uest MRI 0) #e!au"t it is Tser%iceT 7hen as #escri&e#
ear"ier Fsn switch speci!ies the scenario to use Pr #ictates the rate o! ca""s, Frp
speci!ies the rate perio# in mi""isecon#s !or this ca"" rate In this comman# it #irects
to &e 10 ca""s to &e ma#e e%er) 1 secon#
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In the screen a&o%e )ou can see within 1:0> secon#s 99 ca""s ha%e &een generate#
6ut o! those, 6 ca""s ha%e &een terminate# upon sen#ing &)e You can terminate the
process imme#iate") &) pressing +tr"U+ or )ou can press ( to (uit Msing ( options
te""s SIPP to !inish the ca""s that ha%e &een generate# an# prohi&its !rom generating
an) new ca""s I issue# a +tr"U+ on a&o%e c"ient win#ow an# test stoppe# -n# this
screen appeare#
It shows out o! tota" 99 ca""s :0 ca""s were success!u" that is 0Y/ was sent !or them
0ut 22 ca""s were terminate# a&rupt") hence the) were counte# as !ai"e# ca""s -"so
notice current ca"" e(ua"s to 1
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/.4.4. E)&**'2 C'!)8*
In the !o""owing capture, SIP in%ite messages are sent !rom SIPP c"ient to the
asterisk ser%er 2009 is the username in the sipcon! 6ne can a"so see some other
messages such as 100 tr)ing, 200 6R 6thers not %isi&"e inc"u#e -+R an# 0Y/
messages
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7he SIP statistics ca"cu"ator in etherea" pro%i#es (uite c"ear image o! this capture
-ccor#ing to this statistics out o! 1962 packets ?29 were the resent packets 7his
means !or this man) packets in%ite message was retransmitte# -"so ?2? packets
carrie# SIP 200 ok
/.4.A. CPU UTILICATION
-nother important o&ser%ation is to monitor the +PM uti"i;ation o! SIP ser%er
#uring continuous ca""s ma#e through SIPP 7his can &e achie%e# &) issuing the top
comman# on )our ,inu* termina" win#ow You wou"# see two kin#s o! +PM
uti"i;ation percentage 6ne is tota" +PM uti"i;ation &) user process an# a"so V
uti"i;ation &) each user process 7he !o""owing screen shot was taken when there is
no SIPP c"ient running
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.otice that in#i%i#ua" +PM uti"i;ation &) asterisk process is appro* >>2V 0ut the
o%era"" user processes are uti"i;ing on") :92V o! +PM -!ter the SIPP c"ient is
starte#, !o""owing screen is o&ser%e# on the SIP ser%er
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7he o%era"" user process V uti"i;ation o! +PM has now increase# to >9V &ut the
in#i%i#ua" +PM uti"i;ation o! asterisk process has #ecrease# to 1V -ccor#ing to
m) un#erstan#ing an# "imite# time research on internet I ha%e two answers !or this
4irst o! a"", "oa#s o! ca""s are coming !rom the SIPP c"ient 7here!ore, machine itse"!
has increase# the "oa# o! instructions to e*ecute 0ut since -sterisk ser%er can
entertain ca""s up to certain capacit) on") 'ence we see -sterisk$s share o! +PM
uti"i;ation shrinking as compare to other user processes Secon# thought I ha%e is
there ma) &e some hi##en user processes that start eating more o! +PM power when
"oa# increases an# -sterisk$s capa&i"it) to process the ca""s #ecrease #ue to "ess
a%ai"a&"e processing on +PM
B. MEAN OPINION SCORE
7he most !un#amenta" aspect in an) pro#uct or ser%ice is its (ua"it) In the most
e%er popu"ar an# %ast") growing !ie"# o! VoIP, the issue o! (ua"it) is e%en critica"
Mean 6pinion Score, common") a&&re%iate# as M6S, is the numerica" stu#) o! the
%oice (ua"it) o! the human speech as it is #e"i%ere# at its #estination +o#ec is a
s)stem o! compression an# #ecompression It is use# a"ong with #igita" signa"
processing to he"p conser%e &an#wi#th 0ut just as an) compression an#
#ecompression the) a!!ect the (ua"it) o! %oice 0an#wi#th re"ate# issues can so"%e
using instruments &ut co#ec re(uire human in%asion an# interpretation
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Mn!ortunate") #ue to time "imitation an# "imite# human resources I came up with
s"ight") #i!!erent wa) o! M6S ca"cu"ation that I present &e"ow
B.1. MOS CALCULATIONS
B.1.1. S.*5'$9 1
I ca""e# the 5F,ite c"ient on Desktop K1201>22026L !rom m) *F,ite c"ient on
,aptop K1201>223131L 7his ca"" #uration was !or :0 secon#s on") 7he pa)"oa#
was trans!erre# &etween the c"ients an# #oes not go through the ser%er =hi"e the
ca"" was in progress I ha# /therea" capturing the tra!!ic &etween the c"ients
B.1.1.1. E)&**'2 C'!)8* 9- (.*5'$9 1
.otice that a"" the messages e*change# &etween 1201>22026 an# 1201>22023
are !i"tere# out using the !i"ter e*pression 7hese messages inc"u#e the SIP
registration messages, R7+P messages or an) other kin# o! tra!!ic in &etween the
c"ients
B.1.1.2. A =94 '398) RTP
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- wor# a&out R7P is (uote# &e"ow !rom @6A
The Real-time Transport Protocol (or RTP) defines a standardized packet
format for delivering audio and video over the nternet!RTP does not have a
standard T"P or #$P port that it communicates on. The only standard that it
o%eys is that #$P communications are done via an even port and the ne&t higher
odd port is used for RTP "ontrol Protocol (RT"P) communications. 'lthough
there are no standards assigned( RTP is generally configured to use ports )*+,--
+./*/. RTP only carries voice0video data. "all setup and tear-down is usually
performed %y the 1P protocol. The fact that RTP uses a dynamic port range
makes it difficult for it to traverse firewalls.2
B.1.1.3. A5'26($( 9- RTP "*(('7*(
I ha%e carrie# out an ana")sis o! the R7P messages that are capture# in m) etherea"
capture o! this scenario 7o #o so I ha%e use# M6S ca"cu"ator a%ai"a&"e at @?A an#
the &ui"t in statistica" ana")sis o! R7P <i%en &e"ow screen shots pro%i#e a trace o!
how to #o
B.1.1.3.1. E)&**'2 S.**5 (&9)(
6nce )ou store# the capture o! the ca"" an# !i"tere# out the unwante# messages You
can #o so &) !o""owing e*pression8
)! '54 D$!.'44EE14,[email protected],.2/ '54 $!.'44 EE 14,[email protected]
-!ter !i"tering, go to Statistics on the main menu an# scro"" &e"ow to R7P J Show
a"" Streams
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- pop win#ow wi"" appear as un#er8
Se"ect the R7P stream )ou want to ana");e an# c"ick on -na");e 7his wi"" !o""ow
with another pop up8
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6n this screen )ou can see De"ta, Jitter, consume# &an#wi#th, se(uence no an# the
status as we"" De"ta accor#ing to etherea" man pages is @3A
Delta: Te !elta time i" te time "ince te previo#" pac$et %a" capt#re!
B.1.1.4. S.*5'$9 1: MOS
-!ter ana")sis o! in#i%i#ua" packet streams )ou can store the R7P streams in an)
#irection as +SV !i"e 4or the purposes o! this report I ha%e sa%e# the stream !rom
1201>223131 K!rom "aptopL
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7his #ata is sa%e# in the !i"e an# appears as
(&'tract)
Packet,Se(uence,De"ta KmsL,Jitter KmsL,IP 0= Kk&psL,Marker,Status,Date,,ength
16,2,000,000,160,S/7,@ 6k A,06D03D2006 1>82:82:>19,212
1?,:,062,121,:20,,@ 6k A,06D03D2006 1>82:82:>16,212
2:,2,9>3>,:6:,230,,@ 6k A,06D03D2006 1>82:82:>?6,212
26,9,29:0,:?:,620,,@ 6k A,06D03D2006 1>82:822001,212
2?,6,0?9,2?0,300,,@ 6k A,06D03D2006 1>82:822002,212
23,?,099,962,>60,,@ 6k A,06D03D2006 1>82:822002,212
2>,3,1222,9?2,1120,,@ 6k A,06D03D2006 1>82:822019,212
:1,>,2016,920,1230,,@ 6k A,06D03D2006 1>82:8220:9,212
::,10,2001,906,1220,,@ 6k A,06D03D2006 1>82:822099,212
:9,11,1>>3,2?2,1600,,@ 6k A,06D03D2006 1>82:8220?9,212
:3,12,22>:,2?6,1?60,,@ 6k A,06D03D2006 1>82:822100,212
:>,1:,1923,2?9,1>20,,@ 6k A,06D03D2006 1>82:822119,212
-!terwar#s I importe# this stream into MS -ccess ta&"e KrtpSana")sisL 7hen
app")ing a the !o""owing simp"e SW, (uer)
S/,/+7 -%gKRtpSana")sisDe"taL -S @X-%g De"taXA, -%gKRtpSana")sisJitterL -S
@X-%g JitterXA
4R6M RtpSana")sisE
I get the !o""owing %a"ues o! Jitter an# #e"ta8
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7hat is Jitter G 29>
-n# #e"ta G 1>>6
I! I supp") this in!ormation to the M6S ca"cu"ator at @?A
I get a M6S score o! 221
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7his %a"ue o! 221 in#icates that soun# (ua"it) o! the ca"" was %er) goo#
+omparing this %a"ue with m) e*perience o%er this an# other se%era" e*periences is
(uite agreea&"e In m) e*perience e%en i! I p"a) a song on one c"ient the other one
p"a)s it with a"most no #e"a) -"though it might &e worth mentioning at this point
that in the ear") &ir# e*periment I #i# !oun# some noise when the recei%ing en# is
the #esktop 5F,ite c"ient =hich I "ater !oun# out was #ue to the noise resistance o!
the mic attache# to the machine 6n the other han# "aptop ne%er pro#uce# an) kin#
o! noise, possi&") its &ui"tFin mic has high noise resistance
B.1.2. S.*5'$9 2
7o %eri!) m) resu"ts I ca""e# the 5F,ite c"ient on Desktop K1201>22026L !rom m)
*F,ite c"ient on ,aptop K1201>2202?L that is when &oth c"ients are on ,-. 7his
ca"" #uration was appro* 13 secon#s 7he pa)"oa# was trans!erre# &etween the
c"ients an# #oes not go through the ser%er =hi"e the ca"" was in progress I ha#
/therea" capturing the tra!!ic &etween the c"ients
B.1.2.1. E)&**'2 C'!)8* 9- (.*5'$9 2
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-s in scenario 1, a"" the messages e*change# &etween 1201>22026 an#
1201>2202? is !i"tere# out using the !i"ter e*pression 7hese messages inc"u#e the
SIP registration messages, R7+P messages or an) other kin# o! tra!!ic in &etween
the c"ients
B.1.2.2. A5'26($( 9- RTP "*(('7*(
-S &e!ore, I carrie# out the ana")sis o! the R7P messages capture# in m) etherea"
capture o! this scenario 7o #o so I once again use# the M6S ca"cu"ator a%ai"a&"e at
@?A an# the &ui"t in statistica" ana")sis o! R7P
B.1.2.2.1. E)&**'2 S.**5 (&9)(
6nce )ou store# the capture o! the ca"" an# !i"tere# out the unwante# messages You
can #o so &) !o""owing e*pression8
)! '54 D$!.'44EE14,[email protected],.2/ '54 $!.'44 EE 14,[email protected],.2BF
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-!ter !i"tering, go to Statistics on the main menu an# scro"" &e"ow to R7P J Show
a"" Streams as in ?11:1
- pop win#ow wi"" appear as un#er8
Se"ect the R7P stream )ou want to ana");e an# c"ick on -na");e 7his wi"" !o""ow
with another pop up8
-s &e!ore, )ou can see De"ta, Jitter, consume# &an#wi#th, se(uence no an# the
status as we""
B.1.2.3. S.*5'$9 2 MOS
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-!ter ana")sis o! in#i%i#ua" packet streams )ou can store the R7P streams in an)
#irection as +SV !i"e 4or the purposes o! this report I ha%e sa%e# the stream !rom
1201>2202? K!rom "aptopL
-!terwar#s I importe# this stream into MS -ccess ta&"e KrtpSana")sisL 7hen
app")ing a the !o""owing simp"e SW, (uer)
S/,/+7 -%gKRtpSana")sisDe"taL -S @X-%g De"taXA, -%gKRtpSana")sisJitterL -S
@X-%g JitterXA
4R6M RtpSana")sisE
I get the !o""owing %a"ues o! Jitter an# #e"ta8
7hat is Jitter G 1:22
-n# #e"ta G 1>>96
I! I supp") this in!ormation to the M6S ca"cu"ator at @?A
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I get a M6S score o! 221
7his %a"ue o! 221 in#icates that soun# (ua"it) o! the ca"" was %er) goo# -s state#
ear"ier in the #iscussion con#ucte# in ?112, I !in# M6S score !or &oth the
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scenarios simi"ar Due to "imite# time I wasn$t a&"e to per!orm more tests 0ut in
!uture I$# "ike to #o M6S a"ong with stress testing 7his might #egra#e the M6S
0. RADIUS SERVER
Ra#ius Ser%er is use# !or -uthentication, -uthori;ation an# -ccounting purposes
It$s important in man) ser%ices pro%i#ing !ie"#s -s state# &) @>A
()emote a#tentication !ial*in #"er "ervice ()+DI,-) i" an +++
(a#tentication. a#tori/ation an! acco#ntin0) protocol 1or application"
"#c a" net%or$ acce"" or IP mo2ility. It i" inten!e! to %or$ in 2ot local
an! roamin0 "it#ation".
3en yo# connect to an I-P #"in0 a mo!em. D-4. ca2le or %irele""
connection. 1or "ome provi!er". yo# m#"t enter yo#r #"ername an!
pa""%or!. Ti" in1ormation i" pa""e! to a 5et%or$ +cce"" -erver (5+-)
!evice over te Point*to*Point Protocol (PPP). ten to a )+DI,- "erver
over te )+DI,- protocol. Te )+DI,- "erver cec$" tat te
in1ormation i" correct #"in0 a#tentication "ceme" li$e P+P. 67+P or
&+P. I1 accepte!. te "erver %ill ten a#tori/e acce"" to te I-P "y"tem
an! "elect an IP a!!re"". 42TP parameter". etc.8
0.1. SCALABILITY OF ASTERISK

I wishe# to imp"ement Ra#ius ser%er authentication to impro%e an#
enhance the sca"a&i"it) o! the asterisk ser%er -ccor#ing to m) know"e#ge
it re(uires e%er) user to &e a##e# in the sipcon! 7his is process "imits the
sca"a&i"it) o! asterisk ser%er in term o! growth o! its user
0.2. FREE RADIUS
4ree Ra#ius is an open source ra#ius ser%er that can &e use# to per!orm ---
!unction !or VoIP It can &e #own"oa#e# !rom @10A
0.2.1. FREE RADIUS INSTALLATION
-!ter #own"oa#ing the "atest sta&"e %ersion o! !ree ra#ius ser%er !rom @10A, un tar
the package
@rootB"oca"host %oipACtar P;*%! !reera#iusF111targ;
7hen go to the !o"#er
@rootB"oca"host !reera#iusF111ACDcon!igure
@rootB"oca"host !reera#iusF111ACmake
@rootB"oca"host !reera#iusF111ACmake insta""
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7he a&o%e comman#s ma) take some time to per!orm their !unctions 0e patient
0.2.2. FREE RADIUS DICTIONARY
-!ter insta""ation )ou nee# to cop) ra#ius ser%er #ictionar) !i"e Mse the !o""owing
comman#
@rootB"oca"host !reera#iusF111ACcp Dra##&D#ictionar) DetcDra##&D#ictionar)
0.2.3. TESTING THE SERVER
-!ter #oing a&o%e )our ra#ius ser%er is insta""e# 7his was prett) simp"eY 7o test
)our ser%er issue !o""owing comman# on one termina"
@rootB"oca"host !reera#iusF111AC ra#ius# F5
7his wou"# start the ra#ius ser%er in the #e&ug mo#e You wou"# see a"" the
incoming an# outgoing messages on this screen 7he re# &o* shows ser%er is rea#)
to process the re(uest
.ow open another termina" win#ow 0o& is a user that$s #e!ine# in )our users !i"e
KDetcD"oca"Dra##&DusersL an# has a passwor# he""o 7o test the ra#ius ser%er working
issue the !o""owing comman#
@rootB"oca"host !reera#iusF111AC ra#test &o& he""o "oca"host 0 testing12:
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ra#test is a program that$s &eing pro%i#e# username as &o&, passwor# as he""o, then
ra#ius ser%er IP as "oca"host Ksince its on the same machine as the comman# &eing
runL an# then .-S port Kwhich is 0 in this caseL an# share# secret Share# secret is
#e!ine# &etween the ra#ius ser%er an# its c"ients You can see this re(uest on the
ser%er as
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0.3. RADIUS SERVER AS AN AUTHETICATION SOURCE
M) intention was to make !ree ra#ius ser%er as point o! authentication !or a"" ca""s
7he #esign in min# was (uite simi"ar to that e*p"aine# in @12A It states that ca""s
wi"" arri%e at asterisk sip ser%er, which is con!igure# to ca"" pamSra#ius Ka ra#ius
ser%er c"ientL to sen# access authentication re(uest to the !ree ra#ius ser%er 6nce
authenticate# !ree ra#ius ser%er wi"" sen# &ack the response an# asterisk wou"#
know i! ca"" is coming !rom a "egitimate user or not 'ere is a re #rawn architecture
o! m) project
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7o #escri&e the propose# c"ass !"ow, !o""ow a"ong the !o""owing !rom @12A
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7o compare the a&o%e #iagram with m) propose# #esign, consi#er SIP user agent to
either *F,ite c"ient on "aptop or #esktop Mn"ike a&o%e #iagram ca"" m) ra#ius
ser%er is on the same machine as m) asterisk SIP ser%er 'ence the a&o%e message
!"ow can &e mo#i!ie# as
4or the sake o! c"ari!ication pamSra#ius is #iscusse# in ne*t sections an# a"so )ou
can re!er to @11A
0.3.1. RADIUS CLIENT API
Ra#ius c"ient -PI is use# to pro%i#e ra#ius c"ient !unctiona"it) to the asterisk ser%er
In this matter @12A states two possi&"e choices
PamSra#ius @1:A
Ra#iusc"ientFng
@12A Recommen#e# to use pamSra#ius !or -sterisk SIP ser%er P"ease re!er to @12A
!or con!iguration #etai"s I ha%e insta""e# pamSra#ius on the SIP ser%er an# ma#e
necessar) con!iguration changes in c"ientscon!, ser%er an# users !i"e o! &oth
pamSra#ius an# !reera#iusF111
0.3.2. CHANGES IN SIP.CONF
I ma#e changes !or one o! the *F,ite c"ient$s con!iguration in sipcon! 7his change
is (uite simp"e Remo%e the secret attri&ute !rom the c"ient$s con!iguration in
sipcon! -n# a## a new attri&ute authSt)pe G pam -s an e*amp"e
@1001A Ethis is )our c"ients$s phone num&er
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5F,ite c"ient
1 F Register
2 P 20?
-uthentication
: P Register U
response
2P -ccess re(uest
9P -ccess accept
6P 200 6R
SIP ser%er
-steriskDpamSra#ius 4ree ra#ius ser%er
Report on VoIP Spring 2006
t)peG!rien# Et)pe !iren# means, this c"ient can ca"" an# recie%e
authGm#9 E m#9 #igest is use# !or authentication
usernameG1001
E comment this out
EsecretG!khan%oip06 Eit$s a share# secret &etween asterisk an# 5F,ite c"ient
authSt)peGpam
ca""eri#GHm) "aptopH I1001J E my laptop wou"# appear at ca""ee as )our i#
hostG#)namic E an) IP a##ress can &e associate# to this c"ient You can
E con!igure static IP !or c"ients as we""
nrein%iteGno
canrein%iteG)es E when set to no mean pa)"oa# goes through asterisk
a""owGgsm E!o""owing co#ecs are a""owe#
a""owGu"aw
a""owGa"aw
.ow when asterisk rea#s its sipcon! it wou"# know that it has to ca"" pamSra#ius
mo#u"e to !in# authentication status o! this user !rom !ree ra#ius
0.4. PRESENT STATUS OF RADIUS CONFIGURATION
Present") I can test m) !ree ra#ius ser%er !or an) users I want to a## into it I get the
users respecti%e response !rom the ser%er 0ut un!ortunate") I ha%en$t &een a&"e to
make m) -sterisk ser%er ca"" pamSra#ius to connect to ra#ius ser%er I &e"ie%e there
is con!iguration !i"e in asterisk ser%er that nee#s to &e mo#i!ie# in accor#ance to the
ra#ius authentication scheme 'owe%er I cou"# not !in# out what is e*act") stopping
asterisk ser%er !rom ca""ing the pamSra#ius mo#u"e -"so, I !oun# man) o! the !i"es
missing in m) ser%er which are #escri&e# &) %arious internet #ocuments to setup
this scheme Such missing !i"es inc"u#e asterisk !i"e in DetcDpam# !o"#er I trie#
creating one o! m) own Kas in some cases it has he"pe#L &ut #i# not he"p
0.4.1. ADDING USERS INTO FREERADIUS
7o accomp"ish this task open the !o""owing !i"e in e#itor
@rootB"oca"host %oipAC%i DusrD"oca"DetcDra##&Dusers
-n# a## the !o""owing "ines
1002 DigestF'-18G X&62caea2>6e3:&206??>?aac0139>26!X,
-uthF7)pe8G,oca"
Rep")FMessageG X'e""o, VuX
7hese "ines te"" ra#ius ser%er that user 1002 is "oca" user with passwor# so an# so
7he passwor# is store# as m#9 #igest Scro"" #own to !in# how to store a passwor#
as m#9 #igest
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Issue the comman#
@rootB"oca"host %oipAC ra#test 1002 j)u!khan%oip 12?001 0 testing12:
You shou"# see a response on )our screen with rep") message N'e""o 1002H
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7o ca"cu"ate m#9 #igest o! an) string )ou can use !o""owing comman#
@rootB"oca"host rootAC echo Fn T1002812?0018j)u!khan%oipT Z m#9sum
0?>9:2623?22#&1c1ce6#e2e#c#eaa21 F
0?>9:2623?22#&1c1ce6#e2e#c#eaa21 F is the m#9 #igest !or this com&ination
@. CONCLUSION
7his project has &een a won#er!u" "earning e*perience !or me Insta""ing an#
con!iguring the sip ser%er pro%i#e# the &ase o! this e*perience It ma#e the picture
o! SIP %er) c"ear in m) min# 7his project pro%i#e# me with han#s on o! the SIP
&asics that I ha%e "earne# a&out in #i!!erent courses !rom theoretica" perspecti%e
+apturing the SIP message !"ow through etherea" pro%i#e# a chance to tra%erse
through the ca"" message &eing e*change# 'ence I "earne# more a&out ana")sis o!
such ca"" !"ows Most astonishing thing a&out this project$s "earning e*perience was
thinking o! scenarios to actua"") e%a"uate the princip"es o! theor) Such e*perience
inc"u#es the M6S ca"cu"ations an# the &it rate ca"cu"ations -"though I cou"# not
achie%e an) promising resu"ts !rom m) ra#ius con!igurations &ut it sti"" enhance#
m) "earning graph an# I "earne# a "ot a&out pam mo#u"es, ra#ius ser%er
con!iguration !i"e structure, "ocate comman#, an# a##ing users into ra#ius ser%er
I "earne# a&out SIPP !rom one o! the I/// seminar he"# at the II7 Rice campus
Imp"ementing an# e%a"uating the per!ormance scenarios &ase# on SIPP a##e# to the
"earning a#%antage o! this project It is %er) use!u" per!ormance testing too" M)
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Report on VoIP Spring 2006
!uture work on sip wi"" most pro&a&") in%o"%e writing some *m" scenarios to
achie%e user #e!ine# tasks
-"" in a"" this project has &een a won#er!u" "earning e*perience !or me I &e"ie%e it
has pro%i#e# me with the &ase to e*ten# m) research an# #omain o! know"e#ge in
the !i"e# on VoIP -"so this project was one o! the strongest reasons !or me to
ac(uire an intern position at a tan#em compan) to !urther e*ten# m) research an#
know"e#ge
1,. REFERENCES
4o""owing "ist o! re!erences ha%e &een use# through out this project an# report
compi"ation .um&ers are use# !or the ease o! re!erence to the particu"ar resource
#uring the report
@1A !tp8DD!tpnacsnetDasteriskD!c2DRPMSD
@2A http8DDwww*tennetDin#e*php[menuG#own"oa#
@:A http8DDwww%oipFin!oorgDwikiF-steriskUsipUcanrein%ite
@2A http8DDwww%oipFin!oorgDwikiDin#e*php[pageG+o#ecs
@9A http8DD"inu*so!tpe#iacomDgetD+ommunicationsD7e"ephon)DSIPpF2>6?shtm"
@6A http8DDenwikipe#iaorgDwikiDRea"FtimeS7ransportSProtoco"
@?A http8DD#a%i#wa""comDeMo#e"4ormhtm
@3A /therea" man pages
@>A http8DDenwikipe#iaorgDwikiDR-DIMS
@10A !tp8DD!tp!reera#iusorgDpu&Dra#iusD!reera#iusF111targ;
@11A http8DDwwwwiki#s)stemscomDhowtosDpamra#ius
@12A http8DDwwwFroc(inria!rDwhoDPhi"ippeSu"tanD-steriskDasteriskSsipSe*terna"Sauthenticationhtm"
@1:A http8DDwww!reera#iusorgDpamSra#iusSauthD
@12A http8DDwww!reera#iusorgD!a(D
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