GAS TURBINE

INTRODUCTION

TEHSEEN AHMAD

Gas Turbine

It is a machine with two input & two out puts

Exhaust
Fuel

G.T

Air

Power

Types By Operation

There are two types of gas turbine by operation.

1. Simple Cycle.

2. Combine Cycle.

Simple Cycle

In this system we don't use exhaust temperature for

pre heating of inlet air
Exhaust
Combustion Hot gas
chamber

Comp.

Air

Fuel

Turb.

load

Combine Cycle

In this system we use exhaust temperature for pre

heating of inlet air
Exhaust

Comp.
air

Exhaust from turbine

Combustion
chamber

Hot
gas

Fuel
Comp.

Air

Turb.

load

General Information

Gas turbine model MS-5001

In this number
5- means model series 5
00- means that it is used for power production.
The number 1- means single shaft.
It is simple cycle & counter clock wise shaft rotation.
Dual fuel Gas & Diesel
Ultra violet type flame detectors.
Black start up capability.
Shaft speed is 5089 rpm.

Gas Turbine Block Diagram

1.Diesel engine 2. torque converter 3. clutch
4. accessories gear 5. compressor 6. combustion
chamber 7. turbine 8. Reduction gear 9. generator

3 4
2

7
9

Diesel Engine

Diesel engine use as prime mover in gas turbine.

We can also use electric motor, steam turbine, gas
expander or variable frequency power supplies.
We use diesel engine for black start up capability.
Diesel engine cut off automatically on 60% speed.

Torque Converter

Torque converter is a medium of oil for power

shifting.
There are two wheels with blades.
One wheel is connected with turbine shaft.
Other wheel is connected with diesel engine.
Oil is between in two wheels.
When one wheel moves, oil strike second wheel's
blade. So second wheel moves.

Clutch

It is a mechanical device for diesel engine cut off.

It latch up in start up at zero speed.
It is use to cut off diesel engine by turbine
automatically.
At that speed turbine needs no more cranking power.
At our plant clutch cut off diesel engine at 60% speed.

Compressor

1.
2.
3.
4.

17 stages axial flow compressor.

Variable inlet guide vane.
Four sections are
Inlet section : contains inlet guide vanes
Forward section : contains 0 to 3 stages
AFT section : in this section 4 to 9 stages
Discharge section : contains 10 to 16 stages.
At start up IGV set at 44 degree.
At full speed IGV set at 82 degree.

Combustion Section

It consists of combustion chamber, flame detector,

fuel nozzle, spark plug and transition piece.
They are 10 combustion chambers.
They are arrange concentrically around the
compressor.
All chambers are connected with each other via cross
fire tubes.
Temperature at this point is 1700 degree centigrade.

Sparkplugs & Flame Detector

Combustion chambers are fired with spark plugs.

Spark plug receive power from ignition transformer.
Installed in two chambers only.
Spark plugs are electrode type, spring injected
Chambers with out spark plug are fired with cross fire
tubes.
Two flame detectors also installed opposite to spark
plug chambers.
They detect ultraviolet rays.
Sensing time is 0.2 seconds.

Turbine

1.
2.
3.
4.

Turbine are single shaft & two stages.

Turbine consist of four parts.
First stage nozzle
First stage buckets & wheel.
second stage nozzle & diaphragm.
Second stage buckets & wheel.
Combustion gas enter to turbine at 1000 degree C.

Reduction Gear

Turbine shaft speed is 5089.

For 50 HZ, 3000 RPM Required.
Reduction gear change 5089 rpm to 3000 rpm.
Due to reduction gear, change in turbine speed
doesn't disturb the generator frequency.

Generator

Generator has two poles.

We produced magnetic flux on rotor by dc supply.
Due to moving flux in stator winding, AC voltages
induced in stator.
To compensate the load we change the dc flux on
rotor.
For frequency we use this formula
F = (RPM /120) * 2

Startup
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Lube oil pressure is established.

Start up diesel engine. Warm up time is 2 minute.
Speed up to purge speed 25 % to 30 %.
Purging time vary from 1 to 10 minute.
Then speed reduced for ignition. & ignite the fuel.
If flame was not detected in 60 second. Then
controller automatically enter a purge sequence.
When flame detected, then fuel is reduced to warm
up value for 1 minute.
At this moment starting device power brought to
maximum.

Startup ( Continue )
9.

10.

11.
12.
13.
14.

15.

After this fuel is allow to increase & gas turbine

began to accelerate.
At about 60% speed gas turbine becomes self
sustain.
Diesel engine cut off automatically at this speed.
At 90% speed IGV open to 82 degree.
Now synchronization is initiated.
Then turbine speed match with line frequency &
phase angle.
After all this close the breaker.

Shutdown
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.

Normal shutdown is initiated by operator.

This action reversible until
Breaker is open.
Turbine speed fall below 95%.
shutdown begins with automatic unloading of unit.
Main generator breaker is open by a reverse power
relay about 5% negative power.
Fuel is decrease to minimum level for maintaining
flame.
Gas turbine decelerate about 40-25 % speed. Where
fuel is completely shut off.

Shutdown ( Continue )
7.
8.

9.
10.

Gas turbine shutdown now.

Rotor should turn periodically to prevent bowing
from uneven cool down.
Uneven cool down cause vibration.
Time for cool down 5 to 48 hours.

Mark V
SPEEDTRONIC family series (digital control)
Third generation of TMR control system.
Triple Redundant Microprocessor controller .
16 bit microprocessor .
2 out of 3 voting redundancy on critical control.
Software implemented fault tolerance
(SIFT Technology)

Comparison Of MARK 2 & MARK V

Total shipment
Control
Protection
Display
Operator inputs
Fault tolerance
Sequencing/
Automation

MARK 2
1825
Ic`s & discrete
Relays & solid state
Digital meter &
lights
Pushbuttons & dials
Dual redundant
speed control
Solid state
components

MARK V
530
TMR
microprocessor
Microprocessor
VGA Color Graphic
Cursor or touch
2/3 voting with
SIFT Technology
Microprocessor

Standard Control Configuration

<I>Interface data
processor

DCS

CRT Keyboard
Printer

<C> common
data processor

I/O turbine
monitoring

Backup
display

Voter link

I/O turbine <R> control

processor
control
Sensor
input
<P>
Protective
module

<X>protective
processor

H <S>control
A processor
R
D

<T>control
processor

W <Y>protective
I processor
R
E
Trip card

External manual trip

H
A
I/O net
R
D
W <Z>protective
I processor
R
E

Turbine trip device

H
A
R
D
W
I
R
E

<I> Interface Data Processor

This processor consists of monitor, key board &
printer.
Main function are
driving operator display
managing the alarm process
handling operator commands
Also does system configuration & down load
Off line diagnostic for maintenance
Interfaces with plant DCS

<I> processor click here

<C>Common Data Processor

It collects data for display, maintenance the alarm buffers

Generates & keep the diagnostic data
Implements the common I/O for non critical signals &
control actions.
Such as wheel space thermocouples come directly to <C>.
<I> processor communicate with <C> using a peer to peer
communication link.
So two or more <I> processors can be connected with <C>
<C> gathers data from control processors by participating on
the voter link..
<C> processor click here

Control Processors <R>,<S>,<T>

1.
2.
3.

These processors handled

All critical control algorithms
Turbine sequencing
Primary protective functions
These processors also gathers data & generate
alarms
These processors accept inputs from redundant
turbine & generator sensors
<R>,<S>,<T> click here

Critical Sensors On Controlling Processors

Parameters

Type

Function

Usage

Num.

Speed

Mag.pickup

CTL & PROC

Dedicated

3-6

Ext. temp.

T.C

CTL & PROC

Dedicated

13 -27

Gener. o/p

Transducer

Control

Dedicated

Liquid Fuel
flow

Magnetic
Pickup

Control

Dedicated

Gas fuel flow

Transducer

Control

Dedicated

Water flow

Mag.pickup

Control

Dedicated

Actuator
stroke

LVDT

Control

Shared

2/Actuator

Steam flow

Transducer

Control

Shared

Vibration

Seismic
probe

Protection

Shared

8 11

Flame

Scanner

Protection

Shared

48

Working Of Control Processors

A same input signal comes to every processor

Each processor execute this signal
Consider the <R> processor it send it output to two
other processors <S>, <T>
<R>processor receives the output of two processors
Now <R> select the median value of these three I/P
So <R> processor will use this voted output for
calculations
<S>,<T> processors follow the same procedure.

Working Of Control Processors (Continue )

<C> is also connected with the voter link.

<C> calculate the voted values for itself.
<C> compare this value with voted value of
processors<R>,<S>,<T>.
If there are any disagreement. then <C> report them
to <I>for operator attention & maintenance.
Communication between <I> processor & <C>
processor Is done via ARCNET.
Fuel Control

ARCNET

ARCNET is widely installed LAN technology.

It use a token-bus scheme for managing the devices
connected on LAN.
LAN server continuously circulates empty massage
frame on the bus.
When a device wants to sent a massage it insert a
token in an empty frame.
LAN server reads the massage & reset the token.
ARCNET can use coaxial cable or fiber optic lines.
ARCNET is one of the major LAN technologies that
uses Ethernet, token ring, and FDDI.

Working Of Control Processors

SIFT TECHNOLOGY
Voting software

Turbine I/O

<R>controller

Voter link
Voting software

Turbine I/O

<S>controller
Voting software

Turbine I/O
Read
input

Exchange
data

<T>controller

Software
voting

1 frame

Execute
code

Output
signal

Hardware Voting For Analog Outputs

Controller <R>

Speed
Critical
sensors
Speed

voter

AMP

Controller <S>
voter
Critical
sensors

Speed

AMP
LVDT

Controller <T>
Critical
sensors

TRIPLE COIL
SERVO

voter

AMP

LVDT
LVDT
Steam valve

Hardware Voting Of Logic Outputs

Controller <R>
Process
input

Comm
.

Drvr.

KR1

Controller <S>
Process
input

KS1

KR1

Comm
.

Drvr.

KR1

KT1

KT1

KS1

KS1

Controller <T>
Process
input

Comm
.

Drvr.

KT1

K1

Independent Protective Module <P>

It consist of <X>,<Y>,<Z> processors.

<P> module is triple redundant.
It accept speed, flame & potential transformer inputs
<P> perform emergency over speed, flame detection
& synchronization functions.
There are total six magnetic pickup for speed.
Three magnetic pickup comes to <P> module.
<P> module continuously check the speed, flame, &
synchronization.
<P> module click here

Protective System Block Diagram

Primary
over speed

Rotor
vibration
Comp..
surge
Hi lube
oil temp
Fire
protection
Synch.
check
Electronic
over speed

<R> cont.
processor

Fuel
control
valve

Fuel control
system

<S> cont.
processor
<T> cont.
processor

Hydraulic
trip system

Fuel
stop
ratio
valve

<C> data
processor
<I> interface
processor

Power stop
system

<P>
independent
protective
module

Power cycle
trip system

Trip card

Combustion
monitor
Exhaust
overtemp

Fuel to furnace

Loss of
flame
Generator
synch.
Manual
shutdown

Emergency Low hydra. Low lube

oil pressure
Pressure
trip

Manual
hydra. trip

Backup Interface

Back up interface is provide on cabinet door.

It is a liquid crystal display.
In this display there are two line of 40 character per
line .
We can control turbine by this backup display in case
of failure of <I> processor.
A second backup interface can be provided via RS422.
An emergency stop pushbutton is also located on the
door .

System Memory

Memory is located in individual controllers & in <I>

processor .
Controllers have EPROM for fixed memory.
Controllers have RAM for volatile memory &
EEPROM for permanent memory.
The hard disk in <I> processor has a copy of all
application software and display information.

Mark V Memory
PC

Hard disk

EEPROM
Controller
EEPROM

Data Archive

RAM

References
1.

2.
3.
4.

Rowen,w.i., operating characteristics of heavy-duty

gas turbines in utility service.ASME paper no:88-gt150,Netherland, June 6-9,1988.
GE power generation paper GER-3658A, 1991.
Turbine digital control & monitoring system.
www.gepower.com/refrencedoc/ger-3687c

THE END

Standard Control Configuration

<I>Interface data
processor

DCS

CRT Keyboard
Printer

<C> common
data processor

I/O turbine
monitoring

Backup
display

Voter link

I/O turbine <R> control

processor
control
Sensor
input
<P>
Protective
module

<X>protective
processor

H <S>control
A processor
R
D

<T>control
processor

W <Y>protective
I processor
R
E
Trip card

External manual trip

H
A
I/O net
R
D
W <Z>protective
I processor
R
E

Turbine trip device

H
A
R
D
W
I
R
E

Standard Control Configuration

<I>Interface data
processor

DCS

CRT Keyboard
Printer

<C> common
data processor

I/O turbine
monitoring

Backup
display

Voter link

I/O turbine <R> control

processor
control
Sensor
input
<P>
Protective
module

<X>protective
processor

H <S>control
A processor
R
D

<T>control
processor

W <Y>protective
I processor
R
E
Trip card

External manual trip

H
A
I/O net
R
D
W <Z>protective
I processor
R
E

Turbine trip device

H
A
R
D
W
I
R
E

Standard Control Configuration

<I>Interface data
processor

DCS

CRT Keyboard
Printer

<C> common
data processor

I/O turbine
monitoring

Backup
display

Voter link

I/O turbine <R> control

processor
control
Sensor
input
<P>
Protective
module

<X>protective
processor

H <S>control
A processor
R
D

<T>control
processor

W <Y>protective
I processor
R
E
Trip card

External manual trip

H
A
I/O net
R
D
W <Z>protective
I processor
R
E

Turbine trip device

H
A
R
D
W
I
R
E

Standard Control Configuration

<I>Interface data
processor

DCS

CRT Keyboard
Printer

<C> common
data processor

I/O turbine
monitoring

Backup
display

Voter link

I/O turbine <R> control

processor
control
Sensor
input
<P>
Protective
module

<X>protective
processor

H <S>control
A processor
R
D

<T>control
processor

W <Y>protective
I processor
R
E
Trip card

External manual trip

H
A
I/O net
R
D
W <Z>protective
I processor
R
E

Turbine trip device

H
A
R
D
W
I
R
E

Fuel Control System

TEMP. REF.

FUEL FLOW

CPD
Maximum
load

MINIMUM
FUEL
CONTROL

Manual

Isoch
ref.

Spinning
rever.

Speed
select

Raise Speed 95 to
load set
107%
point
Lower

MW

Temp.

TTX

Preset table
load

Rate

REF

Droop
adjust
Filter
Constant settable
droop

Accel
TNH
speed Bus
freq.
OR
2 to 10%
Droop
adjust

Auto
sync
Startup

MINIMAM
VALUE
GATE

FSR
TO
FUEL
MAIMAM CONT.
VALUE
GATE