C ONVEYOR

BELT

installation,

maintenance

&

troubleshooting

INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE
& TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

guide

INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

T A BLE O F C ONTENT S

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Installation

Troubleshooting

Storage........................................................................ 1
Handling...................................................................... 1
Installation................................................................... 2
Stringing the Belt......................................................... 5
Tensioning................................................................... 5
Training the Belt.......................................................... 7
Factors Affecting the Training of a Belt......................... 8
Sequence of Training Operations................................ 13
Cleaning.................................................................... 15
Loading...................................................................... 17
Curved Chutes........................................................... 20
Pulley Lagging........................................................... 20
Types of Lagging........................................................ 21
Transition Distances................................................... 23
Turnovers................................................................... 24

Problems, Causes and Solutions................................ 25

Maintenance
Conveyor Belt Repairs................................................ 32

Shipping.............................................................. 39
Quick-Check. .................................................... 40
Belt Roll Diameters...................................... 41
Terms and Conditions. ................................ 43

INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

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STORAGE
The methods of storing and handling conveyor belting and the procedures for tensioning it before making the final splice are
just as important as actually making the splice. Protect your conveyor belt investment with proper storage. Belts should always
be stored upright in the factory package until used in a cool, dry building and in an area free from sunlight. Store the belt roll
suspended on a tube, bar or support stand. Under no conditions should rolls of belt, especially raw edge or used, be laid flat
on its side. Storing the belt flat on the ground, where moisture can penetrate exposed fabric, or storing the belt roll with weight
on one edge, may stretch the belt. This can cause belt camber or a bowing in the belt, resulting in serious belt mistracking.
During extended storage, the belt roll should be covered with a tarp or dark plastic. Exposure to sunlight, rain and ozone can
have detrimental effects on the rubber covers. The cover should remain in place for the entire storage time. Ideally, the belt
should be rotated 90 degrees approximately every 90 days. Rotation should be performed in the same direction used to wind
up the belt. Rotating in the opposite direction could cause the roll to loosen or telescope.
It is important to make sure the belt is not exposed to extreme temperatures during storage. Ideal temperature for storing a
belt is between 50 F and 70 F. Temperatures outside of this range for an extended period of time can have detrimental
effects on the rubber compounds.
As the length of time stored increases, and as the size of the roll of belting increases, so does the importance of the following
correct storage procedures. Following these procedures will increase the life of the belt once it is installed on the system.

HANDLING THE ROLL

Conveyor belting is customarily packaged in
cylindrical reels, or rolls on a core with the
carrying cover side facing out. If rolling is
necessary, it should occur in a direction such
that the end of the roll on the outside wrap
travels in the direction from which it is wound
up. Rolling in the opposite direction tends to
loosen and telescope the belt.
Reels or rolls should never be dropped from a
freight car, truck, or other means of conveyance,
since their weight will break the packaging and
may damage the belt. Reels or rolls should
always be rolled, or provision should be made for
hoisting them. For hoisting, a square lifting bar of
the correct size should be placed through the
hole in the center of the core. A spreader bar
should be utilized to prevent the chains or slings
from damaging the edges of the conveyor belt.
Slings or chains of the correct size for the weight
of the roll should be used (Fig. 1).

Spreader Bar

Keeper Channels
Center Bar

Fig. 1

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INSTALLATION
The relative position of the top and bottom covers or surfaces of the belt should be considered when positioning the
roll for threading. Once the roll of belting has been transported to the point of installation, it should be mounted on a
suitable shaft for unrolling and threading onto the conveyor. Conveyor belting is normally rolled at the factory with the
carrying side out. Consequently, in mounting the roll, the belt must lead off the top of the roll if it is being pulled onto
the troughing or carrying idlers, but off the bottom of the roll if it is being pulled onto the return idlers. When pulling
the belt onto the conveyor, the roll will turn opposite the direction indicated by the arrows on the crate. Fig. 2 illustrates
a suitable method of mounting, as well as leading off the top of the roll for pulling onto the troughing idlers.

Temporary flat roll

at bend point

Fig. 2
Note: Temporary flat roll at bend point, as roll is pulled onto troughing idlers.

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In some cases, such as in mines where headroom does not permit maneuvering a roll, the belt may have to be pulled off the
roll and reefed (Fig. 3). Extreme care should be exercised to see that the loops have large bends to avoid kinking or placing
undue strain on the belt, and no weight should ever be placed on the belt when it is in this position. Ideally, supports should
be placed at each end where the bends occur.

No weight to be placed on top

Keep bends together to

prevent breaking carcass

Fig. 3
Reefing the Belt

A third method of handling the roll, where headroom for mounting on a horizontal shaft is lacking, is mounting on a turntable
with a vertical spindle. The belt must make a 90-degree twist as it comes off the turntable. This method is sometimes used
underground, with the turntable mounted on wheels or skids for transporting the roll of belt as it lies on its side, as well as for
unrolling it at the final location.
If the belt is for replacement, the new roll can be set up as previously indicated. The old belt is clamped off and cut, and the
new belt is spliced to the leading end of the old belt by using approximately one-half the usual number of plate-type fasteners.
The trailing end of the old belt is hooked to a truck, tractor, mine locomotive, or other means of providing traction. The conveyor
drive motor is used to pull on the new belt while the towing device drags the old belt away and at the same time provides
sufficient slack side tension for the conveyor drive pulley. In all cases, care should be exercised to ensure the carrying side of
the conveyor is placed upward if pulling onto the top run, or downward if pulling onto the return run.
For a new conveyor installation having little or no slope, a rope or cable should be attached to a clamp at the belt end. In
clamping to the end of the belt for pulling it on the conveyor, it is not sufficient to cut a hole through the belt or ears into its
corners for tying on a rope. A clamp should be made to distribute the pull applied to the end across its full width. Since the
clamp must pass through places of low clearance, it usually is made of two pieces of 1/4-inch to 1/2-inch plate approximately
equal to the belt width and 4 inches long. One piece is placed against each surface of the belt at the end, and bolts are placed
through both plates at about 6-inch intervals and 2 inches back from the belt end. The rope is then attached to this clamp
with a shackle or by welding an eye to one of the plates. The belt roll has been handled as previously described. The rope or
cable is then threaded over the conveyor and attached to a towing device to pull the belt onto the conveyor.

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For installations with a relatively high degree of slope (12 degrees or more), the method of handling is slightly different. The
roll of belt is set up as previously described. It is often found most convenient to place it at or near the head pulley, since this
generally is the most accessible. Assuming the conveyor is sufficiently long to require more than one splice, the conveyor side
and the return sides are threaded on separately. Care must be taken to see that conveyor side or heavier cover is up on the
carrying side and down on the return run.
As the belt is fed on, the tension at the roll tends to build up due to the weight of the belt on the slope. For this reason, some
method of braking is required. Customary practice is to use a belt clamp, mounted on the conveyor structure, through which
the belt is threaded. Where the slope is very long, additional clamps should be spaced approximately 1000 feet apart. Where
more than one clamp is used, workers are stationed at each clamp to loosen and tighten the clamps as the belt is fed onto
the conveyor. Care must be exercised that the belt does not run away. As a roll runs out, another is spliced on and then fed
onto the conveyor.
If the conveyor side and the return side have been fed on separately, the final splice is best made at the bottom of the slope
where the ends of the belt meet, since a much lower splicing tension will serve at this point. Making the final splice at the top
of the slope is entirely possible but requires proper splicing tension.
When pulling the belt onto the system, station personnel at key points along the conveyor to help avoid the belt from hanging
up on the structure resulting in belt damage. Pull the belt ends until they overlap the required splicing length.
To prevent the belt roll from over-running at the let-off, a braking device is often needed (Fig. 4).

Square to Round Shaft

Band Brake Material
Tensioning Means
Let-off Stands

Fig. 4

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Stringing the Belt

Textile belts such as Plylon Plus, Plylon, Raider, Pathfinder, etc. that have been slit from a full-width slab at the factory
should be spliced with the factory-cut edges on the same side of the conveyor (Goodyear Engineered Products identifies these
edges with white paint applied at the factory after slitting). The factory-edge side of slit belts will be identifies by painting
Factory Edge on that side and a solid white 3 strip will be painted across the full diameter of the same edge.
To minimize side travel on steel cord belt rolls, it is recommended that rolls be strung onto the conveyor in the exact sequence
they were manufactured.

Tensioning
Once the belt has been pulled onto the conveyor system, it must be tensioned prior to splicing to facilitate correct positioning
of the take-up and to eliminate sag. The tensioning operation takes place at the location where the last splice will be made.
After final tensioning, clamps are placed on each end of the belt. These are made of steel and have a clamping surface as
indicated in Figure 5.
Grade 8 Bolts 1" to 1 1/4" Hard Nuts and Washers
Square Tubing Min. 1/4" Wall A-53
Weld 1/2" x 2" Flat Bar to Tube to Bow Slightly

Internal Sleeve

Adequate Plate, Eye and

Shackle for Load
Detail of Sq. Tube end Typical

Weld keystock pos.

prevent bolt turning

Grind
FlushTyp.

Fig. 5
Tension Clamp for Splicing

Tension is applied by means of a power device, which is used to pretension the belt before clamping off.
When tension measuring load cells or scales are used, they are rigged to measure the pull on the take-up pulley. The belt is
pulled until the load cells or scales register a tension equal to or slightly greater than the recommended take-up force. Make
allowance for an amount of belt necessary to correctly position the counterweight from this point.

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Certain basic statements and recommendations can be made about tensioning for splicing:

Belts which are tensioned by pulling in only one direction require more splicing tension than those pulled in both directions.
Slope belts spliced at the top of the slope require more splicing tension than those spliced at the bottom.
Slope belts with an anti-rollback device that cannot be released must be tensioned by pulling only in the direction of
belt travel.
Check the belt frequently during tensioning to ensure that the belt is free and not binding at any place.
During the final tensioning pull, be sure the ends of the belt are lined up properly.

Conveyor installations having limited take-up travel should be spliced to a tension based on the loaded running tension. This
tension should be specified by Goodyear Engineered Products and measured by suitable load cells or dynamometers. Where it
is practical, fabric belts should be run for several weeks with mechanical fasteners before making the final vulcanized splice.
Obtaining the required tension depends heavily on the experience of the individual making the splice. It is possible for a gravity
type take-up to severely damage the conveyor structure if it is positioned too close to the forward or upward stop. Too much
tension applied to a relatively short belt may thus have a harmful effect on the pulley shafts and bearings as well as the belt.
The belt may be tensioned with a suitable take-up device as follows:
When the counterweight is on: Tie the take-up off 6 to 8 (150mm to 200mm) above the desired running position
(Consideration may have to be made for excessive sag). Next, pull the belt until the take-up starts to lift and the tie-off ropes
become slack. Make the final splice, allowing a minimum of belt slack.
When the counterweight is not on: Splicing without the counterweight installed is undesirable; however, the following procedure
should be employed if necessary: Use suitable belt clamps to hold the take-up pulley 6 to 8 (150mm to 200mm) above the
desired running position (Consideration may have to be made for excessive sag). Pull the belt to its running tension, which
can only be estimated in this situation. Judgment in estimating this tension will improve with the experience of the splicer.
Tables 1-1 and 1-2 show the recommended take-up travel and initial take-up position respectively.
TABLE 1-1
RECOMMENDED MINIMUM TAKE-UP TRAVEL
IN PERCENT OF CENTER DISTANCE*

TYPE OF TAKE-UP AND

CARCASS MATERIAL [WARP]

PERCENT OF RATED TENSION

100%

75%

50% or LESS

4.00%
2.50%
2.00%
1.00%

3.00%
2.00%
1.50%
0.75%

2.00%
1.50%
1.00%
0.50%

3.00%
1.70%
1.50%
0.50%
0.30%

2.50%
1.25%
1.00%
0.40%
1.23%

1.50%
0.75%
0.75%
0.25%
0.15%

MANUAL TAKE-UP**
NYLON
POLYESTER
ARAMID
FIBERGLASS
AUTOMATIC TAKE-UP
NYLON
POLYESTER
ARAMID
FIBERGLASS
STEEL

*For [1] belts installed at average empty running tension [2] take-up position per Table 1-2, and [3] Drive location
at or near the high tension end of the conveyor.
**Only short endless feeder belts and the like would normally be vulcanized on conveyors with a manual take-up.

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TRAINING THE BELT

Training the belt is a process of adjusting idlers, pulleys, and loading conditions in a manner that will correct any tendency of
the belt to run other than centrally. The following causes of common belt performance are considered axiomatic.
When all portions of a belt run off through a part of the conveyor length, the cause is probably in the alignment or leveling of
the conveyor structures, idlers, or pulleys in that region. If one or more portions of the belt run off at all points along the
conveyor, the cause is more likely in the belt itself, in the joints of the belt, or in the loading of the belt. When the belt is loaded
off-center, the center of gravity of the load tends to find the center of the troughing idlers, thus leading the belt off on its lightly
loaded edge (Fig. 6).
These basic rules can be used to diagnose belt running ills. Combinations of these rules sometimes produce cases that do
not appear clear-cut as to cause, but if there are a sufficient number of belt revolutions, the running pattern will become clear
and the cause disclosed. The usual cases when a running pattern does not emerge are those of erratic running, which may
be found with an unloaded belt that does not trough well, or a loaded belt that is not receiving its load uniformly centered.

Edge Wear

Spill

Fig. 6
Effects of Off-Center Loading

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FACTORS AFFECTING THE TRAINING OF A BELT

Pulleys and Snubs
Relatively little steering effect is obtained from the crown of conveyor pulleys. Crowning is most effective when there is a long
unsupported span of belting (approximately four times belt width) approaching the pulley. Since this is not possible on the
conveyor carrying side, head pulley crowning is relatively ineffective and is not worth the lateral mal-distribution of tension it
produces in the belt.
Tail pulleys may have such an unsupported span of belt approaching them and may be crowned with benefit, except when
they are at points of high belt tension. The greatest advantage is that the crown, to some degree, assists in centering the belt
as it passes beneath the loading point; this is necessary for good loading.
Take-up pulleys are sometimes crowned to take care of any slight misalignment that occurs in the take-up carriage as it
shifts position. In general, crowned pulleys should be used sparingly, if at all, on fabric belts. With steel cord belts, all
pulleys must be flat.
All pulleys should be level and should have their axis at 90 degrees to the intended path of the belt. They should be kept that
way and not shifted as a means of training, except that snub pulleys can have their axis shifted when other means of training
have provided insufficient correction. Pulleys with their axis at other than 90 degrees to the belt path will lead the belt in the
direction of the edge of the belt that first contacts the misaligned pulley. When pulleys are not level, the belt tends to run to
the low side. This is contrary to the old rule-of-thumb statement that a belt runs to the high side of the pulley. When
combinations of these two occur, the one having the stronger influence will become evident in the belt performance.

Carrying Idlers
The belt can be trained with the troughing idlers in two ways. Shifting the idler axis with respect to the path of the belt,
commonly known as knocking idlers, is effective where the entire belt runs to one side along some portion of the conveyor.
The belt can be centered by knocking ahead (in the direction of belt travel) the end of the idler to which the belt runs (Fig. 7).
Shifting idlers in this way should be spread over some length of the conveyor preceding the region of the trouble. It will be
recognized that a belt might be made to run straight with half the idlers knocked one way and half the other, but this would
be at the expense of increased rolling friction between belt and idlers. For this reason, all idlers initially should be squared with
the path of the belt and only the minimum shifting of idlers used as a training means. If the belt is overcorrected by shifting
idlers, it should be restored by moving back the same idlers, not by shifting additional idlers in the other direction.
Such idler shifting is effective for only one direction of belt travel. If the belt is reversed, a shifted idler, corrective in one
direction, is misdirective in the other. Hence, reversing belts should have all idlers squared up and left that way. Any correction
required can be provided with self-aligning idlers designed for reversing operation. Not all self-aligners are of this type, for
some work in one direction only.

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Tilting the troughing idler forward (not over two degrees) in the direction of belt travel produces a self-aligning effect. The idlers
can be tilted in this manner by shimming the rear leg of the idler stand. Here again, this method is not satisfactory where belts
may be reversing. The tilted troughing idler is shown in Fig. 8.
This method has an advantage over knocking idlers in that it will correct for movement of the belt to either side of the idler;
hence, it is useful for training erratic belts. This method has the disadvantage of encouraging accelerated pulley cover wear
due to increased friction on the troughing rolls. It should, therefore, be used as sparingly as possible, especially on higherangle idlers.
Special, self-aligning troughing idlers are available to assist in training the belt (Fig. 9). For a more complete discussion of these
idlers, refer to the Goodyear Engineered Products Handbook of Conveyor and Elevator Belting.

2 Maximum

Adjustment

Belt Travel
Over Knocked Idler

Direction of Travel

Washer

Top Idler Stand

Perpendicular
To Belt Line

Fig. 7

Fig. 9
Typical Self-Aligning Troughing Idler

Fig. 8

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Return Idlers
Return idlers, being flat, provide no self-aligning influence as in the tilted troughing idlers. However, by shifting their axis with
respect to the path of the belt, the return roll can be used to provide a constant corrective effect in one direction. As in the
troughing rolls, the end of the roll toward which the belt is shifting should be moved longitudinally in the direction of return
belt travel to provide correction.
Self-aligning return rolls also should be used. These rolls are pivoted about a central pin. Pivoting of the roll about this pin
results from an off-center belt and the idler roll axis thus becomes shifted, with respect to the path of the belt, in a corrective
direction (Fig. 10).

Fig. 10
Typical Self-Aligning Return Idler

Some return idlers are made with two rolls forming a 10-degree to 20-degree V-trough, which is effective in helping to train
the return run. The V-return idlers are only recommended for fabric belts wider than 54. The most important criteria for belt
training is idler contact in the center. If the belt has taken a set on the trough side and V-return idlers are being used, the
center of the belt is not able to make contact with the center of the V-return idlers. A hold-down roller on the return side will
help in training the belt, as it forces the belt to lay flat on the following idlers.
Rubber-segmented disk return idlers (Fig. 11) are used for cleaning the belt and help in belt training. When one of the discs
on the edges falls off, the belt edges tend to get caught, forcing the belt to run one way and become a belt de-trainer.
Minimum of 8 of belt contact is recommended for disc return idlers.

Fig. 11
Rubber Disk Return Idler

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Automatic Aligning Devices

Self-aligning conveyor and return idlers have already been described. Center pivoted return idlers are sometimes connected
in groups of two or three to operate together and are actuated by an external mechanism that takes its indication from the belt
position. They have a very strong influence in centering the return belt as it approaches the tail pulley.
A snub pulley also can be arranged to provide the same strong self-aligning influence; however, in place of a center pivot (as
in return rolls), it is usually pivoted at one end of its shaft. The other end is shifted by mechanical, electrical or hydraulic means
as indication is received from the belt position.

Assuring Effectiveness of Training Rolls

Normally, extra pressure is desired on self-aligning idlers, and in some cases, on standard idlers where strong training
influence is required. One way to achieve this is to raise such idlers above the line of adjacent idlers. Idlers or bend pulleys
on convex curves along the return run have extra pressure due to a component of the belt tension, and are therefore effective
training locations. However, carrying side self-aligners should never be located on a convex curve, since their elevated position
can promote idler juncture failure.

Side Guide Rollers

Guides of this type are not recommended for use in making belts run straight. They can be used to assist in training the belt
initially to prevent it from running off the pulleys and damaging itself against the structure of the conveyor system. They also
can be used to afford the same sort of protection to the belt as an emergency measure, provided they do not touch the belt
edge when it is running normally. If they bear on the belt continually, even though free to roll, they tend to wear off the belt
edge and eventually cause ply separation along the edge. Side guide rollers should not be located so that they bear against
the belt edge once the belt is actually on the pulley. At this point, no edge pressure can move the belt laterally (Fig. 12).

Conveyor
Belt

Side Guide
Rollers

Fig. 12

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The Belt Itself

A belt having extreme lateral stiffness, relative to its width, will be more difficult to train due to its lack of contact with the center
roll of the carrying idler. Recognition of this fact enables the user to take extra precaution and, if necessary, load the belt during
training to improve its steerability. Observation of troughability design limitations will normally avoid this trouble (Fig. 13).
Some new belts may tend to run off to one side, in a certain portion or portions of their length, because of temporary lateral
mal-distributions of tension. Operation of the belt under tension corrects this condition in practically all cases. Use of selfaligning idlers will aid in making the correction.

Incorrect Troughing

Correct Troughing

Fig. 13

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SEQUENCE OF TRAINING OPERATIONS

Initial installation of conveyor equipment should ensure good alignment of all pulleys, troughing idlers and return
idlers; that is, they should be placed at right angles to the direction of belt travel and should be leveled and centered
on a straight line. First movement of the belt should be slow and intermittent so that any tendency of the belt to run
off can be quickly observed and the belt stopped before damage occurs.
When the conveyor is a long center installation, men should be stationed at frequent intervals to observe the action
of the belt. They should be provided with an effective method of communication so they can report their observations
and if necessary, stop the belt.
Initial movement of the belt will indicate where corrections of the types described are required. The first corrections
must be at points where the belt is in danger of being damaged. Once the belt is clear of all danger points, a sequence
of training operations can be followed. Since the training will finally complete a circuit, just as the belt does, there is
no point at which training can be started without the possibility of having to make subsequent corrections when
returning to the starting point as the circuit is completed. The best procedure appears to be in starting with the return
run and working toward the tail pulley. This ensures early centering of the belt on the tail pulley so that it can receive
its load centrally, which is highly important.
If the belt is readily troughable so that its running tendencies are not erratic, the training can and should be completed
on the empty belt. Should it tend toward stiffness and erratic running, getting some load onto the belt as soon as the
return run has been straightened up and the belt is centered on the tail pulley will help hold the top run.
Normally, the belt can be trained properly onto the tail pulley by manipulation of return idlers and with the assistance
of self-aligning return rolls. Seldom is any adjustment of snub or tail pulley necessary, but the snub can be used in
supplementary training.
Training of the top run, with the belt empty, is usually no problem if the belt is readily troughable. In this case, selfaligners on top are not required, except as insurance in the region approaching the head pulley. There, two selfaligners placed approximately 40 and 80 feet preceding the pulley will help re-center the belt if it is forced off due to
some temporary disturbance.
It should not be necessary to use the head pulley for training purposes if it has been aligned properly. Likewise, the
snub following the head pulley should not be required as a training means, since it is relatively ineffective in its
position following the strong head pulley influence.
The take-up carriage has a strong influence on the running of the belt at that point, and due to its movement as belt
length changes, is subject to misalignment. A vertical take-up carriage, hanging in a festoon of belt, must be guided
in its travel so that the pulley shaft remains horizontal. The belt cannot be depended upon to center itself on the
pulley. Once it becomes off-center, the pulley will tip out of horizontal if not guided closely on its posts.

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A horizontal take-up carriage (Fig. 14) is subject to misalignment due to loose track gauge, fouled rails, or even jumping off
the track. V-shaped rails will hold the gauge tight and, with the apex upward, are self-cleaning. Hold-down rails or hooks
extending under the flange of the track structure will prevent jumping off the track.
With the empty belt trained satisfactorily, good operation with load is usually ensured. Disturbances that appear with load are
usually due to off-center loading or to accumulation of material from the load on snub pulleys and return idlers.
When equipment is known to be properly aligned, training action should be taken slowly--that is, in small steps,
because the belt requires some time to respond to corrective measures. It should begin at some point preceding the
location where runoff occurs, and gradually proceed forward in the direction of belt travel, until the runoff condition
has been corrected. Under some conditions of operation where the conveyor is not level, is extremely short or is too
wide to be affected by permissible crowning, belts with a special guide strip have been used. This V-guide strip runs
loosely in grooved pulley and idler rolls. Guide strips are not recommended nor are they necessary for the long
conveyors normally encountered in industrial use.

V-Shaped Hold-Down Rail

Operating Clearance
Top View
Carriage Wheel

Side View

Belt

V-Shaped
Main Rail

Fig. 14
Sample Horizontal Take-Up Carriage

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CLEANING
Special care must be exercised to keep the return rolls and snub pulleys clean. Buildup of material on this equipment has a
destructive effect upon training, with the result being that the belt may run against the structure and damage itself. It is
advisable wherever possible that return idlers be suspended far enough below the structure so that any misalignment or dirty
idlers can be easily seen. Keeping the return rolls and snubs clean requires that the belt be clean when it enters the return
run. Scraping is the most common method of ensuring cleanliness.
Rubber scrapers can be made by clamping rubber slabs 1/2 to 1 thick (not old belting) between two metal or wooden bars.
Extend the rubber about twice its thickness beyond the bars and suspend the mechanism with a counter-weight to provide
the pressure against the belt (Fig. 15). Replace the rubber when it wears down near the bars. Two or three such scrapers can
be used in succession. The most common steel scraper is a series of diagonally set blades mounted on the end of a leaf
spring to maintain pressure against the belt. These will scrape sticky materials that rubber scrapers may ride over (Fig. 16).
Washing the belt with a water spray before wiping with a rubber scraper will do a good cleaning job on almost any material,
including iron ores and mixed concrete.
Dry materials can be cleaned off the belt with rotating bristle or rubber vane brushes, driven at fairly high surface speed,
usually three to five times the belt speed (Fig. 17). They wear rapidly, require considerable maintenance and are likely to fill
up solid if used with wet and sticky materials. It is preferable to clean just after the head pulley and before the snub. An
exception to this is that sticky material often requires scraping on the head pulley. This is because a large part of the fine
material sticks to the belt and must be scraped into the chute.
In some cases, the best possible cleaning is insufficient and steps must be taken to compensate for the effect of a dirty belt.
Snub pulleys can be kept from building up by using soft rubber lagging or by scraping directly against the pulley. Diagonal
grooving will distort and discharge accumulations on these pulleys. Rubber disc or spiral type return rolls prevent buildup on
themselves and thus save a training problem (Figs. 18 & 19).
The only cleaning required on the pulley side is removal of material, principally lumps, which may fall or bounce onto the
return run and be carried between the belt and tail pulley if not removed (Fig. 22). Rubber-faced plows immediately in front
of the tail pulley are used for this purpose (Figs. 20 & 21). They are usually held against the belt by gravity and set at an angle
to the direction of belt travel.

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Fig. 15

Pivot

Fig. 16
Articulated Blade Scraper

Fig. 17

Fig. 18

Rotary Brush Scraper

Spiral Return Idler

Fig. 19
Rubber Disk Return Idler

Fig. 20

Lump
enters
here

Fig. 21

Tail Pulley

Fig. 22

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INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

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LOADING
Receiving material off center will cause the belt to move sideways after loading, as the center of the load seeks the lowest point
in the troughing idlers. This can be corrected by proper chute arrangement provided, of course, that the belt is centered as
it enters the loading point (Fig. 23).
The loading point of any conveyor is nearly always the critical point or the life-determining point of the belt. Here, the conveyor
receives its major abrasion and practically all of its impact. The ideal condition is to have the material pass from chute to
belt, at the same speed and direction of travel as the belt and with a minimum amount of impact.
The subject of chute design and arrangement is too broad to be discussed in detail here. In lieu of such discussion, the
following suggestions are offered:
The width of the receiving end of the loading chute should be great enough to accept material lying on the extreme edge of
the preceding belt or feeder, and its position determined by the trajectory of the material coming into it. At no place should
the chute be less than twice the size of the largest lumps, if fines are present, and 3 1/2 times the size of lumps, if uniform.
The discharge width of the chute thus determined should not exceed about 2/3 of the receiving belts width (Fig. 23).
The slope of the chute is determined by the nature of the material, its entering velocity and length of the chute. This value
varies with each particular installation, but about 35 degrees has been found satisfactory for most dry industrial materials such
as coal and rock.

Head Pulley
of Discharge Belt
Rubber Lip

Rubber Lip
Belt Wiper
Dribble Chute

2/3 Width
of Receiving Belt

Receiving Belt

Tail Pulley of
Receiving Belt

Fig. 23
Simple Conveyor Loading Point

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An attempt to approach the above ideal condition should be made continually by adjusting the chute arrangement.
Optimum loading and transferring through chutes still requires considerable experimental adjustment in the field.
Skirt boards should be used to further center and settle the load as it leaves the loading point. The steel structure of the
chute and skirts never should be placed closer to the surface of the belt than 1; this distance to be made increasing in the
direction of belt travel to free any material trapped between the belt surface and the skirt (Fig. 24). Skirt boards are usually
4 or 5 times the belt width in length, but may vary considerably due to belt speed, type of material and lump size. Sample
skirt board arrangements are shown in Fig. 25.

Fig. 24

1" Minimum Increasing in

Direction of Travel
Usually
4 to 5 x
Belt Width

Method A

Variable
Idler
Angle

Method C

Method B
Skirt Board
Rubber

Backup Plate

Backup Plate

Skirt Board
Rubber Held
in Compression

Skirt Board
Rubber Held
in Compression
Variable
Idler
Angle

Variable
Idler
Angle

Backup Plate

Fig. 25
Sample Skirt Board Arrangements

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INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

i n s ta l l at i o n

Impact of material being loaded on the belt is often the cause of severe cuts and gouges. The degree of impact can be
lessened to some extent by providing a cushion in the form of rubber covered disc type or semi-pneumatic idlers, which also
tend to prevent material from crowding under the skirt boards at the instant of impact (Fig. 26).
The use of a Grizzly, a slightly fanned row of bars, at the bottom of the transfer chute reduces wear on the belt. It distributes
the impact of large lumps by allowing the fines to fall onto the belt first to act as a cushion. The fan shape of the Grizzly in
the direction of travel prevents jamming of the lumps (Fig. 27).
A V-slot cut in the bottom of the chute is another very satisfactory method of allowing fines to fall on the belt before the lumps
and thereby reducing belt wear at this point (Fig. 28).

No opening at skirt upon

impact of material

Belt cushioned by
semi-pneumatic or
rubber disc type idlers
preventing damage to belt

Deflection instantaneous
and localized

Semi-pneumatic or rubber disc type idler arrangement,

placed as close together as possible

Fig. 26

19

Fig. 27

Fig. 28

Grizzly Chute

V-Slot Chute

INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

i n s ta l l at i o n

Curved chutes
Engineered loading chutes to reduce abrasion, cut/gouge and impact
Curved chutes are engineered chutes that allow the material to come in contact with the belt at a matching speed, with
minimal drop height and with less turbulence. Curved chutes minimize abrasion, as well as cut/gouge and impact damage.
Curved chutes may cost more than conventional chutes, but help reduce wear and cut/gouge damage tremendously and will
typically pay for themselves in a short time. Curved chutes are definitely recommended for new conveyors and for existing
conveyors. Special material flow modeling techniques are used to design curved chutes (Fig. 29). Typically, the chute is
designed by consultant companies who have developed specialized software for studying the material flow inside the chute.
With this software, they can easily compare the effectiveness of one chute design against another. The customer should go
through the exercise of cost vs. return to see if a specialized curved chute design can be justified.

Fig. 29
Conventional vs Curved Chute

PULLEY LAGGING
Lagging is recommended for drive pulleys for the following reasons:
1. Improved co-efficient of friction. This permits a belt to be driven by lower slack side tension and sometimes results in lower
total tension.
2. Reduction of slippage due to wet conditions, if grooved lagging is used.
3. Increased life for pulley and pulley cover of belt.
Other pulleys in the system, especially those contacting the carrying side of the belt, are often lagged to prevent buildup of
material. Grooving improves cleaning action on the lagging and the belt.

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INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

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TYPES OF LAGGING
1. Bolted lagging is usually fabric-reinforced, the fabric being necessary to give proper bolt-holding. This type has no inner or
pulley cover; where no grooving is intended, 1/8 top cover is the proper minimum, but if the lagging is to be grooved, a
minimum of 1/4 top cover must be used.
Bolted lagging is usually applied in two or more circumferential strips, applied under tension with the points in the different
strips staggered around the pulley (On flat-faced pulleys, one strip the width of the pulley may be used).
For open-end pulleys 5/16 or 3/8 diameter flat head elevator bolts with nuts may be used. Alternate methods include slotted
bolts with tapped holes or self-tapping screws for use in welded steel pulleys. It is necessary that the bolt heads be sunk below
the level of the surrounding lagging to prevent damage to the belt as it passes over the pulley. This may be accomplished by
counter-sinking the holes in the pulley or, where the lagging cover is greater than about 1/8, it is possible to sink the heads
merely by tightening the bolts.
Ends of the strips should be bolted in a dovetail joint as shown in Fig. 30. In addition, bolts should be used in rows running
across the face and around the circumference of the pulleys no further than 10 apart in either direction. Edges of all strips
should be bolted down and it is recommended that all exposed fabric edges be cemented to keep out moisture.
2. Vulcanized lagging is a sheet of rubber, usually 1/2 thick and bonded directly to the metal. No fabric is used because
no bolt-holding reinforcement is needed. It is much longer wearing, has better and more uniform adhesion to the pulley,
and eliminates the hazard of serious belt damage due to a loose bolt.
This type of lagging can be applied in two different ways:
Spiral-wrap method generally used for lower tension applications. A 4 wide strip is recommended for ease of handling
(Fig. 31). The length of the strip may be calculated by the formula:

C x W
L = + C

4
In application by the sheet-wrap method, a beveled lateral splice is recommended (Fig. 32). The tie gum side should contact
the beveled leading edge for maximum adhesion at the splice.
3. Grooved lagging should be used on drive pulleys if they are likely to be wet. The grooves break the film of moisture between
the belt and lagging, thereby eliminating slippage. Either bolted or vulcanized lagging can be furnished with grooves. Either
type can be grooved in the field with a tire-groover if there is sufficient rubber to prevent cutting into the fabric carcass or metal
pulley. Herringbone grooving 3/16 deep and wide spaced 1 apart is recommended (Fig. 33).
4. A modified type of bolted pulley lagging is also available, featuring replaceable rubber pads that slip into metal guides bolted
or welded to the pulley (Fig. 34).

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i n s ta l l at i o n

Pulley
1 1/ 2"

Bolts
2"
Pulley CTSK

Fig. 30
Dovetailed Ends of Bolted Pulley Lagging
C

C
2"

2"

L
L = length of strip
C = pulley circumference
W = pulley width

CxW
L = + C

4

Fig. 31

Fig. 32

Spiral-Wrap Method of Applying Vulcanized Lagging

Sheet-Wrap Method of Applying Vulcanized Lagging

Fig. 34
Fig. 33
Typical Herringbone Grooved Pulley Lagging

Slide-Lag Replaceable Pad Pulley Lagging

Slide-Lag Trademark and Patent by
Holz Rubber Company, Lodi, California.

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INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

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TRANSITION DISTANCES
What is transition distance? Transition distance is the distance from the center of the head OR tail pulley to the first regular
carry side idler.
35
Belt Edge

27

20

Pulley

Belt Center

Transition Distance

Two common types of transition distances:

1. Full Trough
Belt edge has to travel entire idler length
Belt Edge

Belt Center
Pulley
Transition Distance

2. Half Trough
Edge and center travel 1/2 as far

Belt Edge
Pulley Centered
Belt Center

Pulley
Transition Distance
Half Trough Pulley is raised 1/2 the idler height

Why is transition distance so important? Short transitions create:

High Edge Tensions Max = 115% of belt rated tension

Low Center Tension Min = 0 piw (avoid compression)
Premature splice failure and idler junction failures

Confirm proper transition distance through Minuteman.

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INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

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TURNOVERS
What is a belt turnover? A belt turnover is used for keeping the dirty side up on the return side for cleaning purposes.
Goodyear Engineered Products belt turnover recommendation is as follows:
Vertical rolls should be located near the midpoint and 45-degree rolls located at quarter locations of turnover. The midpoint
rolls should be on opposite sides of the belt and offset a few inches from each other so that a component of belt tension can
provide pressure against each. They should be adjustable in all directions, as their ideal ultimate position rarely can be
predetermined. These rolls aid in belt training, help minimize belt-buckling tendencies and help stabilize a belt from excess
flopping where winds are encountered.
The turnover must have two terminal pulleys (inbound and outbound), as shown in the picture below. This is to insure that
the belt is lying flat on the first bend pulley entering the transition and the last bend pulley leaving the transition.
Make sure the spacing between the vertical rolls is 2 ft (see picture). Each vertical roll also needs to be offset by 1 inward
so that there is full belt contact on both rolls.
Each end pulley should have some adjustment in the plane of the approaching belt for training purposes.
The turnover length is determined by the belt width, type of construction and the belt tension at the turnover. Contact
Goodyear Engineered Products for minimum turnover length after system analysis is performed.
Short transition distance can cause the belt to collapse in the turnover or cause excessive edge tension, which can in turn
cause premature splice failure.

Pulleys

Rollers

2 FT
L/4

L/4

L/4

L/4

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INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

TRO U BLE S H OOTING

TROUBLESHOOTING
PROBLEM: Conveyor runs to one side at given point on structure
CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Buildup of material on idlers

Remove accumulation; improve maintenance; install scrapers or other cleaning devices

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Sticking idlers
free idlers ands improve maintenance and lubrication

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Idlers or pulleys out-of-square with centerline of belt

Readjust idlers in affected area

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Conveyor frame or structure crooked

Straighten in affected area

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Idler stands not centered on belt

Readjust idlers in affected area

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Structure not level

Level structure in affected area

PROBLEM:

Particular section of belt runs to one side at all points on the conveyor.

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Belt not spliced/joined squarely

Remove affected splice and re-splice

CAUSE:
Bowed belt
SOLUTIONS: For a new belt, this condition should disappear during break-in; in rare instances, belt must be straightened
or replaced; check storage and handling of the belt rolls

PROBLEM: Belt runs to one side for long distance or entire length of the conveyor
CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Belt running off-center around the tail pulley and through the loading area
Install training idlers on the return side prior to the tail pulley

CAUSE:
Off-center or poor loading
SOLUTIONS: Adjust chute to place load on center of belt; discharge material in direction of belt travel at or near belt
speed

25

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Buildup of material on idlers

Remove accumulation; improve maintenance; install scrapers or other cleaning devices

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Idlers or pulleys out-of-square with centerline of the belt

Readjust idlers in the affected area

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Conveyor frame or structure crooked

Straighten in affected area

INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

TRO U BLE S H OOTING

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Idler stands not centered on belt

Readjust idlers in affected area

PROBLEM: Belt runs off at the tail pulley

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Belt running off-center around the tail pulley and through the loading area
Install training idlers on the return side prior to the tail pulley

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Material spillage and buildup

Improve loading and transfer conditions; install cleaning devices; improve maintenance

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Idlers or pulleys out-of-square with centerline of the belt

Readjust idlers in the affected area

PROBLEM: Belt runs off at the head pulley

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Pulley lagging worn

Replace the pulley lagging

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Material spillage and buildup

Improve loading and transfer conditions; install cleaning devices; improve maintenance

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Idlers or pulleys out-of-square with centerline of the belt

Readjust idlers in the affected area

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Idler stands not centered on the belt;

Readjust the idlers in the affected area

PROBLEM: Belt slip

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Insufficient traction between the belt and pulley:

Lag the drive pulley; increase the belt wrap; install belt-cleaning devices

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Pulley lagging worn

Replace the pulley lagging

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Counterweight too light

Add counterweight or increase the screw take-up tension to value determined from calculations

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Material spillage and buildup

Improve loading and transfer conditions

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Sticking idlers
Free idlers and improve maintenance and lubrication

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INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

TRO U BLE S H OOTING

PROBLEM: Belt slip on starting

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Insufficient traction between the belt and pulley:

Lag the drive pulley; increase the belt wrap; install belt-cleaning devices

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Counterweight too light

Add counterweight or increase the screw take-up tension to value determined from calculations

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Pulley lagging worn

Replace the pulley lagging

PROBLEM: Excessive belt stretch

CAUSE:
Improper belt installation, causing excessive belt stretch
SOLUTIONS: Pull belt through the counterweight with tension equal to at least the empty running tension; break belt in
with mechanical fasteners
CAUSE: Improper initial positioning of the counterweight in its carriage, causing apparent excessive belt stretch
SOLUTIONS:
Check the Goodyear Engineered Products Handbook of Belting for the recommended initial position
CAUSE:
Insufficient counterweight travel
SOLUTIONS: Consult Goodyear Engineered Products Conveyor and Elevator Belt Selection Manual for recommended
minimum distances; consult the Goodyear Engineered Products Belt Engineer
CAUSE:
Tension too high
SOLUTIONS: Increase belt speed at same tonnage; reduce tonnage, maintain same belt speed; reduce friction with
better maintenance and replacement of damaged idlers; decrease tension by increasing arc of contact or
go to lagged pulley; reduce the counterweight to minimum amount
CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Counterweight too heavy

Lighten counterweight to the value required by calculations

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

System under belted

Recalculate belt tensions and select proper belt

PROBLEM: Grooving, gouging or stripping of the top cover

CAUSE:
Skirt boards improperly adjusted or wrong material
SOLUTIONS: Adjust the skirt board supports to a minimum of 1 between metal and belt, with gap increasing in
direction of belt travel; use skirt board rubber, not old belt

27

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Belt spanking down under load impact

Install cushion idlers

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Material hanging up in or under the chute

Improve loading to reduce spillage; install baffles; widen chute

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Impact of material on the belt

Reduce impact by improving the chute design; install impact idlers

INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

TRO U BLE S H OOTING

PROBLEM: Excessive top cover wear, uniform around the belt

CAUSE:
Dirty, stuck, or misaligned return rolls
SOLUTIONS: Remove accumulation; install cleaning devices; use self-cleaning return rolls; improve maintenance and
lubrication
CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Cover quality too low

Replace with a belt of heavier-cover gauge or higher-quality rubber

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Material spillage or buildup

Improve loading and transfer conditions; install cleaning devices; improve maintenance

CAUSE:
Off-center loading or poor loading
SOLUTIONS: Adjust the chute to place the load on the center of the belt; discharge material in the direction of belt travel
at or near the belt speed
CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Excessive sag between idlers causing the load to work and shuffle on the belt as it passes over idlers
Increase tension if unnecessarily low; reduce idler spacing

PROBLEM: Severe pulley cover wear

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Sticking idlers
Free idlers; improve maintenance and lubrication

CAUSE:
Slippage on the drive pulley
SOLUTIONS: Increase tension through screw take-up or add counterweight; lag the drive pulley; increase arc of contact
CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Material spillage and buildup

Improve loading and transfer conditions; install cleaning devices; improve maintenance

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Material trapped between the belt and pulley

Install plows or scraper on return run ahead of tail pulley

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Bolts heads protruding above lagging

Tighten bolts; replace lagging; use vulcanized on lagging

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Excessive forward tilt of trough rolls

Reduce forward tilt of idlers no more than 2 degrees from vertical

PROBLEM: Longitudinal grooving or cracking of bottom cover

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Sticking idlers
Free idlers and improve maintenance and lubrication

CAUSE:
Slippage on the drive pulley
SOLUTIONS: Increase tension through screw take-up or add counterweight; lag the drive pulley; increase arc of contact

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INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

TRO U BLE S H OOTING

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Material spillage and buildup

Improve loading and transfer conditions; install cleaning devices; improve maintenance

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Pulley lagging worn

Replace pulley lagging

PROBLEM: Covers harden or crack

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Heat or chemical damage

Use the belt designed for the specific condition

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Improper storage or handling

Refer to Goodyear Engineered Products for proper storage and handling instructions

PROBLEM: Covers swells in spots or streaks

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Spilled oil or grease; over-lubrication of idlers

Improve house keeping; reduce quantity of grease used; check grease seals

PROBLEM: Belt breaks at or behind fasteners; fasteners pull out

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Fastener plates too long for pulley size

Replace with smaller fasteners; increase pulley size

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Wrong type of fastener; fasteners too tight or too loose

Use proper fasteners and splice technique; set up schedule for fastener inspection

CAUSE:
Tension too high
SOLUTIONS: Increase belt speed, same tonnage; reduce tonnage, maintain same belt speed; reduce friction with better
maintenance and replacement of damaged idlers; decrease tension by increasing arc of contact or go to
lagged pulley; reduce the counterweight to minimum amount

29

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Heat or chemical damage

Use belt designed for specific conditions

PROBLEM:

Vulcanized splice separation

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Belt improperly spliced

Re-splice using proper method as recommended by Goodyear Engineered Products

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Pulleys too small

Use larger-diameter pulleys

INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

TRO U BLE S H OOTING

CAUSE:
Tension too high
SOLUTIONS: Increase belt speed, same tonnage; reduce tonnage, maintain same belt speed; reduce friction with better
maintenance and replacement of damaged idlers; decrease tension by increasing arc of contact or go to
lagged pulley; reduce the counterweight to minimum amount
CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Material trapped between belt and pulley

Install plows or scrapers on return run ahead of the tail pulley

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Improper transition between troughed belt and terminal pulleys

Adjust transition in accordance with Goodyear Engineered Products recommendations

PROBLEM: Excessive edge wear, broken edges

CAUSE:
Off-center loading or poor loading
SOLUTIONS: Adjust chute to place the load on the center of the belt; discharge material in direction of belt travel at or
near belt speed
CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Material spillage and buildup

Improve loading and transfer conditions; install cleaning devices; improve maintenance

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Belt hitting structure

Install training idlers on carry and return run

CAUSE:
Bowed belt
SOLUTIONS: For a new belt, this condition should disappear during break-in; in rare instances, the belt must be straightened
or replaced; check storage and handling of belt rolls

PROBLEM: Transverse breaks at belt edge

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Belt edges folding up on structure

Install limit switches; provide more clearance

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Improper transition between troughed belt and terminal pulleys

Adjust transitions in accordance with Goodyear Engineered Products Handbook

CAUSE:
Severe convex (hump) vertical curve
SOLUTIONS: Decrease idler spacing in vertical curve; increase curve radius; consult Goodyear Engineered Products for
assistance

PROBLEM: Short breaks in carcass parallel to belt edge, star breaks in carcass
CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Impact of material on the belt

Reduce impact by reducing the chute design; install impact idlers

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Material trapped between belt and pulley

Install plows or scrapers on return run ahead of tail pulley

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INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

TRO U BLE S H OOTING

PROBLEM:

Ply separation

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Insufficient transverse stiffness

Replace with the proper belt

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Pulleys too small

Use larger-diameter pulleys

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Heat or chemical damage

Use the belt designed for specific condition

PROBLEM: Carcass fatigue at idler junction

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Improper transition between troughed belt and terminal pulleys

Adjust transition in accordance with Goodyear Engineered Products Handbook of Belting

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Severe convex (hump) vertical curve

Decrease idler spacing in curve; increase curve radius

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Excessive forward tilt of troughed rolls

Reduce forward tilt of idlers to no more than 2 degrees from vertical

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Excessive gap between idler rolls

Replace idlers; replace with heavier belt

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Insufficient transverse stiffness

Replace with the proper belt

CAUSE:
SOLUTIONS:

Excess gap between idlers, causing load to work and shuffle on the belt as it passes over idlers
Increase tension if unnecessarily low; reduce idler spacing

PROBLEM: Cover blisters or sandblisters

CAUSE: Cover cuts or very small cover punctures allow fines to work under the cover and propagate between the
cover and carcass
SOLUTIONS:
Make a vulcanized spot repair or a self-curing repair
CAUSE: Spilled oil or grease, over lubrication of idlers; improve housekeeping; reduce quantity of grease used; check
grease seals
SOLUTIONS:
Decrease idler spacing in curve; increase curve radius

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INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

F LE X S TEEL BELT RE P A IR S

FLEXSTEEL BELT REPAIRS

1. Repairs where there is no cable damage
a. This type of damage may be repaired in a manner more or less normal with any belt in that the damaged area is thoroughly
cleaned and dried, the damaged elements (cover, plies, insulation, gum, etc.) replaced and the new elements cured.
b. If cable has been exposed it is important to use the proper cable cement and cable insulation gum at that point.
2. Repairs involving cable damage
a. If cable damage involved less than 5% of the width, simply trim the frayed cable ends and repair as per (1) above without
inserting new cable.
b. If damage is more extensive, sections of new cable (or pieces cut from spare belt) should be worked in. This makes a
more extensive repair as the new lengths of cable should extend 15" to 24" each side of the broken area and a large
vulcanizer is usually required.
The covers are removed along with insulation gum from between cables. The new cable sections are simply placed between
the old broken ones extending 15" to 24" each side of the break. Cable cement, insulation gum and covers are applied and
the repair is cured. The sketches below illustrate two methods used to step in lengths of new cable.
NOTE: When making cable repairs along belt edges, the tension must be removed from the belt. Even then the edge may be
wavy because the new edge cables will not be carrying tension.
CABLE REPAIRS

15"

15"

NOTE: Top Cover Cut

Pulley Cover Cut
Where cable spacing
permits a new cable
between two existing cables.

Make approximately a 1" step between

cover cuts around entire repair.

Existing Cables
New Cables

12"

12"

12"

12"

Where cable spacing is too

close to permit new cable
between two existing cables.

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INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

t e n b e s t p r ac t i c e s i n c o n v e y o r b e l t sp l i c i n g

TEN BEST PRACTICES IN CONVEYOR BELT VULCANIZED SPLICING

On a properly engineered, well-maintained conveyor system, a vulcanized splice done correctly will last for many years
and in many cases will last the life of the belt.
Understanding and following the TEN BEST PRACTICES IN CONVEYOR BELT SPLICING is the best way to assure a
vulcanized splice is done correctly.
Correctly performing each of the TEN BEST PRACTICES IN CONVEYOR BELT SPLICING when doing a fabric
conveyor belt splice confirms the splicer is in CONTROL OF THE PROCESS.

BEST PRACTICE NO. 1

Process control of the vulcanization curing temperature, curing time and curing pressure is vital.

Thermocouples provide precise temperature monitoring at the platen-belt interface. A minimum of one thermocouple
per platen is required. Thermostats on many vulcanizers do not indicate the actual temperature at the platen-belt
interface. Without precise monitoring, the curing temperature can fluctuate drastically, resulting in a splice that is either
over-cured or under-cured. Either condition will limit the life of the splice. Top splicers such as those who are members
of the Goodyear Engineered Products Splice Network will always use thermocouples to monitor and gather cure
temperature data. A record of this data can then be supplied to assure the curing process was done correctly. Top
splicers will also assure that the vulcanizers temperature and pressure match those specified in the Goodyear
Engineered Products Splicing Manual of Goodyear Engineered Products Custom Specifications.

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INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

t e n b e s t p r ac t i c e s i n c o n v e y o r b e l t sp l i c i n g

BEST PRACTICE NO. 2

Use the proper ply knives and techniques to avoid nicking the adjacent fabric plies while
stripping down the belt.

Only one ply is

cut. The adjacent
ply is not harmed
in any way.

Nicking the adjacent fabric ply effectively reduces the tension rating of the belt, because the tension members (warp cords)
are disabled if they are cut or nicked. Top splicers use top quality tools such as the correct single-ply knives designed
specifically for this operation. Utility knives are not acceptable and must not be used for this precise operation.

BEST PRACTICE NO. 3

Buff the rubber surfaces only. Never directly buff the fabric.

The fabric plies of all Goodyear Engineered Products belts are coated with various dip coats that enhance the
adhesion of the rubber to the fabric. These dip coats should not be buffed off when preparing the belt splice. Reduced
ply and cover adhesion will result. If residual rubber must be buffed off after stripping down the step, it must be done
carefully so that the buffer wheel does not actually touch the fabric. Severe overbuffing will reduce belt strength and
integrity by damaging both warp and fill cords. The buffer wheel should not exceed 2000 RPM. A fabric cement known
as kicker should be used to replace the dip on exposed fabric.

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INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

t e n b e s t p r ac t i c e s i n c o n v e y o r b e l t sp l i c i n g

BEST PRACTICE NO. 4

Allow cements and solvent to dry completely

before assembling the splice. When checking
the cement for wetness/dryness, never use the
palm of the hand or the palm side of the
fingers. Oils may be transferred to the surface,
which may reduce the adhesion value in this
area. It is recommended to use the back side
of the fingers.

When a belt splice is assembled and cured before the cement has had sufficient time to dry, the heat from the
vulcanizer will cause the solvents and carriers in the cement to vaporize and form bubbles / blisters. These bubbles /
blisters are called ply and/or cover blows. They will prevent adhesion between the plies and covers. If the surface
area of the ply or cover blow is large enough and/or numerous, the strength of the splice is severely limited.
Ply and cover blows can also occur when cements and solvents are not allowed to reach room temperature after
removal from cold storage because water condensation occurred on the cold surface.
Reliable splicers will allow sufficient time for cements to dry before assembly and for cold materials to warm up.
Additionally, conscientious splicers will not try to accelerate the drying process by using heat guns or hair dryers, since
they can cause a skin to form on the surface of still-wet cements. Space heaters may be used to accelerate cementdrying time, as long as safety is not compromised in any way.

BEST PRACTICE NO. 5

Avoid over-prodding the fabric

when lifting the plies.
The right tools and methods will ensure that the fabric
plies are not damaged when they are lifted. Prodding
tools must have smooth, rounded corners. Prodding
tools should be checked for possible burrs or nicks
before each use.

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INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

t e n b e s t p r ac t i c e s i n c o n v e y o r b e l t sp l i c i n g

BEST PRACTICE NO. 6

Use the specified step, finger, and bias lengths.

When step lengths are shortened to accommodate vulcanizers that are not large enough for the job, splice strength and
integrity is severely reduced. Reputable splicers will always use the step lengths specified by the Conveyor Belt Splicing
Manual or custom specifications supplied by Goodyear Engineered Products. It is recommended to cure the entire
belt splice in one heat; multiple heats can be used as long as the cover fill-in strip area is completely cured in one heat.
It is also recommended that pans are used at the top and bottom platens when multiple heats are needed. The pans
and edge guides must cover the entire length of the platens and extend the length of the splice.

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INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

t e n b e s t p r ac t i c e s i n c o n v e y o r b e l t sp l i c i n g

BEST PRACTICE NO. 7

Have a clean work area to help ensure clean assembly of the splice.
Long experience has shown that almost anything can get inside a vulcanized splice. Goodyear Engineered Products
engineers and technicians have found tools, dust, trash, sand, insects, rocks and many other types of contamination
inside of splices that have failed.
For these reasons, the splicing work area must be cleaned and protected. Tents, awnings, tarps, or temporary plywood
walls and ceilings should be installed, depending on the particular circumstances in which the work must be done.
These measures will help avoid contamination in the splice.

BEST PRACTICE NO. 8

Never use cement or gums that are out of date.

Goodyear Engineered Products splice materials are manufactured to the highest standards. Part of this quality control
includes recording on the labels the dates the materials were manufactured. Materials that are refrigerated will have a
longer shelf life than materials that are stored outside the refrigerated area. When unused materials reach the Goodyear
Engineered Products recommended storage-life limit, they should then be properly disposed of in complete accordance
with federal, state and local requirements. Splice materials should never be stored in sunlight or hot conditions. Never
use overage splice materials. If in doubt throw it out.

BEST PRACTICE NO. 9

Use only the specified splice materials for the belt being spliced.
For best adhesion and splice life, Goodyear Engineered Products conveyor belts should be spliced with Goodyear
Engineered Products splice materials. Only materials that have proven compatibility and supply the highest performance
are supplied to our customers as splice materials.
Even with the use of Goodyear Engineered Products splice materials, care must be used to ensure the correct gums
and cements are used. Your Goodyear Engineered Products Splice Coordinator can be consulted.

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INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

t e n b e s t p r ac t i c e s i n c o n v e y o r b e l t sp l i c i n g

BEST PRACTICE NO. 10

Align the splice squarely and properly.

Splices that are not aligned cause many problems. Tracking and training problems can frequently be traced
back to splices that are not square. Additionally, splices that are out-of-square do not distribute the tension
load evenly across the splice, and thus can cause premature splice failure. Reputable splicers go to great
lengths to make certain that the belt is clamped securely and that all measurements, master lines and cuts are
precise and accurate.

Conclusion
When the Ten best practices in conveyor belt splicing discussed above are incorporated into your
standard operating procedures and specifications, and the conveyor system is properly engineered and wellmaintained in the first place, a dependable, long splice life can be obtained.
For further information regarding:

Goodyear EP Total Belt Servicesplice materials

Goodyear EP Conveyor Belt Splicing Manual.
Goodyear EP Splice Network members
Any other technical or product question

Please consult your local Goodyear EP Technical Manager (GTM).

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INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

sh i pp i n g

Maximum Roll Diameters For Various Shipping Methods

RAGTOPOROPENTOP:
101" (2.5m) Max. Roll Diameter

VAN:
84" (2.1m) Max. Roll Diameter

SINGLE DROP:
122" (3.1m) Max. Roll Diameter

FLAT BED:
103" (2.6m) Max. Roll Diameter

BATH TUB:
152" (3.8m) Max. Roll Diameter

LOW BOY:
144" (3.6m) Max. Roll Diameter

If shipment on flat bed or single drop exceeds 40,000 lbs., shipment on low boy or bath tub exceeds 36,000 lbs. or shipment
exceeds listed maximum roll diameters, please contact customer service 1-800-BELT-USA, or our Bowmanville, Ontario, Canada
facility at 1-800-263-7788 for additional charges.

39

INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

QUICK CHECK

QUICK-CHECK method for approximate maximum tension (Tm) used only on

existing conveyors which require power when loaded.
NOTE: Do not use for
decline belts.
Many small conveyors require more
carcass for load support and impact
than is required for maximum tension.
For that reason, the belt selection is
based primarily on load support,
pulley diameter, impact and cost.
However, during the investigation of
such belts, it is advisable to check the
possibility that maximum tension may
be a factor.
In such cases, QUICK-CHECK offers
a quick, simple method of
approximating the maximum tension.
If the result is low enough to show
that tension is not a factor, then no
further calculations are required.
However, if the result indicates tension
may be a factor, then more data
should be gathered and maximum
tension calculated using the
appropriate formulas.
The appropriate maximum tension
will normally be higher than that
obtained through the regular formulas.
To determine the approximate
maximum tension using QUICKCHECK:

IMPERIAL

METRIC

1. Find the proper belt speed, type

of take-up, and type of pulley;
the corresponding number is the
approximate maximum tension
per motor horsepower.

1. Find the proper belt speed, type

of take-up, and type of pulley;
the corresponding number is the
approximate maximum tension
per motor kilowatt.

2. Multiply this number (Tm,

approximate maximum tension
per motor horsepower) by motor
horsepower to obtain approximate
maximum tension in pounds.

2. Multiply this number (Tm,

approximate maximum tension
per motor kilowatt) by motor
kilowatts to obtain approximate
maximum tension in newtons.

3. Divide the approximate maximum

tension in pounds by the belt
width to obtain the approximate
required PIW.

3. Divide the approximate maximum

tension in newtons by the belt
width to obtain the approximate
required N/mm or kN/m.

4. If the approximate PIW is equal to

or greater than the tension rating
of the load support belt, then a
more accurate maximum tension
should be calculated. Contact
your local Goodyear EP distributor
for assistance.

4. If the approximate Tm is equal to

or greater than the tension rating
of the load support belt, than a
more accurate maximum tension
should be calculated. Contact
your local Goodyear EP distributor
for assistance.

IMPERIAL VALUES
QUICK-CHECK METHOD FOR MAXIMUM TENSION
SINGLE PULLEY DRIVES
APPROX. Tmlbs. per Motor HP
(Power Requiring Conveyors only)
(10% Drive Losses)
Belt Speed
Counterweight
S
Take-Up Screw
Take-Up
Ft./Min.

Lagged Bare Lagged Bare

Pulley
Pulley
Pulley
Pulley
50
820
892
986
1070

100
410
446
493 535

150
273
297
329 356

200
206
224
248 268

250
164
179
198 224

300
136
148
164 178

350
117
127
141 153

400
102
111
123 133

450 91 99
110 119

500 83 90
100 108

550 75 81 90 97

600 69 75 83 90

650 64 69 77 83

700 59 65 72 77

750 55 60 67 72

METRIC VALUES
QUICK-CHECK METHOD FOR MAXIMUM TENSIONS
SINGLE PULLEY DRIVES
APROX. TmNewtons per motor Kw
(Power Requiring Conveyors only)
(10% Drive Losses)
Belt Speed
Counterweight
S
Take-Up Screw
Take-Up
Meters/Sec.
Lagged Bare Lagged Bare

Pulley
Pulley
Pulley
Pulley

0.25
4968
5400
5976
6480

0.50
2484
2700
2988
3240

0.75
1656
1800
1992
2160

1.00
1242
1350
1494
1620

1.25 994
1080
1195
1296

1.50 828 900 996
1080

1.75 710 771 854 926

2.00 641 675 747 810

2.25 552 600 664 720

2.50 497 540 598 648

2.75 452 491 543 589

3.00 414 450 498 540

3.25 382 415 460 498

3.50 355 386 427 463

3.75 331 360 398 432

4.00 310 337 374 405

4.25 292 318 352 381

4.50 276 300 332 360

40

IMPERIAL BELT ROLL DIAMETERS

180

170

160

150

FACTORY MAXIMUMS
DIAMETER - 168"
WEIGHT - 50 TONS
SHIPPING LIMITATIONS
(WITHOUT SPECIAL PERMIT)
Truck:
Diameter - 122"
weight - 20 Tons
Lowboy:
Diameter - 144"
weight - 18 Tons
RAILROAD:
Diameter - 156"
weight - 85 Tons
* = uncrated

1 12

1 14

1 18

140

16

130

UNCRATED BELT ROLL DIA. INCHES

120

110

100

90

16

16

80

BELT GAUGE INCHES

70

60

50
BELT ROLL DIAMETERS UNCRAFTED
FORMULA FOR LENGTH AND DIAMETER
D= SQRT OF (15.3Lt +S)
L= (D2 -S)/(15.3*t)
D= Diameter in inches
L= Length in ft
t= Gauge of the belt in inches
S= Square of core diameter in inches
(diameter of the core is 16" typically
and used in this chart)

40

30

20

10
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

BELT LENGTH FEET

90

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

METRIC BELT ROLL DIAMETERS

FACTORY MAXIMUMS
DIAMETER - 168"
WEIGHT - 50 TONS
SHIPPING LIMITATIONS
(WITHOUT SPECIAL PERMIT)
Truck:
Diameter - 3.1m (122")
weight - 18.14 Mtons
Lowboy:
Diameter - 3.6m (142")
weight - 16.33 MTons
RAILROAD:
Diameter - 3.96 m (156")
weight - 77.1 M Tons
* = uncrated

4.5

4.0

40

35

30

25

20

15

3.5

10
9

3.0

7
2.5

6
5
4

UNCRATED BELT ROLL DIA. METERS

2.0

BELT GAUGE MILLIMETERS

1.5

1.0
BELT ROLL DIAMETERS UNCRATED
FORMULA FOR LENGTH AND DIAMETER
D= SQRT OF (0.00127Lt+.S)
D= Diameter in Meters
L= Length in Meters
t= Gauge of the belt in Milimeters
S= Square of the core diameter in sq meter
Diameter of the core is .4064 meter (16")
typically and used in this chart

0.5

0
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

BELT LENGTH METERS

91

VEYANCE TECHNOLOGIES INC.

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NOTES: