11
The fortune of ther
rr
of the goverrurr
i:nt
on the wisdoo
Zhangde, one o
;ommunication bq
irurth month of 12
;apable of handliq
A MONGOL GOVERNOR
The Mongols began as one of many nomadic tribes in the area nortb of China
proper. Their rise and rapid creation of a woild empire began when Cbinggis
fGhengis] (d. 1227) was declared the Kban in 1205. Dwring the cowrse of tbe
next sixty years they conquered China as well as much of central and west Asia.
In the process the Mongols uisited great destruction on settled populations euerywhere bwt also created the conditions for unprecedented exchange of ideas
and goods across Asia. China fell to the Mongols in stages. Tbe Xia (Tangwts)
swbmitted in 1211". The Jin (Jurchens) fell bit by bit from 1215 to 1234. Song
territory in Sicbwan fell in 1252, but most of the south not until the 1270s.
The Mongol conquerors could not replace all the local administrators with
their own people, bwt when tbey retained subiects of tbe former states they had to
superuise them closely. Below is a biography of a Mongol officer giuen the task of
supert,ising the prefects and magistrates of seueral areas in North Cbina during
tbe decades when the Mongols were consolidating their rule.
This biography is an epitaph meant to be inscribed on stone and bwried in the
graue. Such epitapbs were A well-establisbed genre of priuate bistory-writing,
wsually written or commissioned by tbe swbject's cbildren. As swch they natwrally
drew attention to the person's merits and were silent on his or her failings. In this
case the autbor was a Chinese literati who pwt his emphasis on the qualities
Chinese officials could admire in this Mongol administrator.
iom the post of I
Quduqu to be its
irad fallen onir- thn
people were not rG
had not yet recoi-en
ret returned, and d
rented. Because reg
mok advantage ofr
h cities and marka
doors closed in rlp
arrived, he took c
grievances, he issu
press the people
fie law. Craftsmen
rou must each go
doors open, peaczr
without fear. Farm
your lands and excr
ing to the seasons-
who mistreat r-ou-'
the violent becam
longer dared r-iolas
and travelers on d
began to enjov line.
In the second mo
fect of Huaizhou- r
and prince ordered
bellion, telling
Menggu respondei
EPITA?H FOR THE HONORABLE
GREAT GENERAL OF HUAIYUAN,
OF HUAIMENG ROUTE, AND
MENGGU,
GOVERNOR
MILITARY
ADMINISTRATOR OF SEVERAL ARMIES
made it more efficient and organized. At cour:one minister supervised all the officials and helpec
the emperor rule. In the provinces, commanderie'
and counties received instructions from above anc
saw that they got carried out. Prefects and magistrates were as a rule appointed only after submit-
Emperor Taizu [Chinggis Khan] received the
mandare of Heaven and subjugated all regions. ting[totheMongols].StilloneMongol,caliedthe
lX/hen Emperor Taizong [Ogodei Khan] suc- governor, was selected to supervise them. The preceeded,herevitalizedthebureaucraticsystemand fects and magistrates all had to obey his orders.
1.92
presses rebels, thos
ing them oughr to
those who are entit
proved his adr-ice
Rong surrendere4
was spared. The re
burning incense, s
able to bear his lear
was put in charge
were delighted wid
A Mongol Gouernor
'lJhe
fortune of the common people and the qualof the government both were entirely dependent on the wisdom of the governor.
Zhangde, one of the ten routes, is crucial to
mmmunication between north and south. In the
Strrth month ol 1236,the court deemed Menggu
oapable of handling Zhangde, so promoted him
from the post of legal officer of the troops of
Quduqu to be its governor. At the time, the Jin
lad fallen only three years eailier. The common
nrcople were not yet free of the army, the injured
lad not yet recovered, those who had fled had not
Iet returned, and the residents were not yet contnted. Because regulations were lax, the soldiers
bok advantage of their victory to plunder. Even
ir cities and marketplaces, some people kept their
doors closed in the daytime. As soon as Menggu
arrived, he took charge. Knowing the people's
grievances, he issued an order, "Those who op,
lress the people will be dealt with according to
lhe law. Craftsmen, merchants, and shopkeepers,
you must each go about your work with your
doors open, peaceably attending to your business
rithout fear. Farmers, you must be content with
your lands and exert yourselves diligently according to the seasons. I will instruct or punish those
who mistreat you." After this order was issued,
6e violent became obedient and no one any
ly
b of China
Chinggis
wse of tbe
luest Asia.
fuions euy of ideas
r
lTanguts)
1234. Song
ll270s.
,aors with
bey hadto
the usk
of
,ina during
vied in the
ry-writing,
l naturally
rys.In tbis
.longer dared violate the laws. Farmers in the 6elds
and travelers on the roads felt safe, and people
e qualities
organized.
ibegan
At court,
re officials and helped
rinces, commanderies
tions from above and
L Prefects and magis-
only after submit-
ue
Mongol, called the
srisethem. Thepred to obey his orders.
to enjoy life.
In the second month o1L238,'Wang Rong, prefrct of Huaizhou, rebelled. The grand precepror
aad prince ordered Menggu to put down this rebellion, telling him to slaughter everyone.
Menggu responded, "'W'hen the royal army suppresses rebels, those who were coerced into joining them ought to be pardoned, not to mention
tfrose who are entirely innocent." The prince approved his advice and followed it. When Wang
Rong surrendered, he was executed but the region
ras spared. The residents, with iugs of wine and
burning incense, saw Menggu off tearfully, unable to bear his leaving. Forty years later when he
was put in charge of Henei, the common people
rere delighted with the news, saying, "!7e will all
t93
5ulylys-eur parents and relatives through marriage all served him before."
ln 1239 locusts destroyed all the vegetarion in
Xiang and Wei, so the people were short of food.
Menggu reported this to the great minister
Quduqu who issued five thousand piculs of army
rations to save the starving. As a consequence no
one had to flee or starve.
During the four years from 1240 to 1243, the
great southern campaigns took place. Wherever
the armies passed, the local officials complained.
Menggu, through loyal and diligent prepararions,
was able to supply the troops without hurting the
people.
In 1247 some previously pacified cities in the
Huai and Han areas rose in revolt. Refugees fled
north and south. Border generals and local offi-
cials joined the fray, fightios and plundering.
Menggu, by establishing rmsq was able to gather
together more than ten thousand households and
settle them down as cortmoners- Even children
were included.
At that time the harvest failed for several years
in a row, yet taxes and labor sen"ices were still
exacted. Consequently, three or four of every ten
houses was vacant. Menggu ordered the officials
to travel around announcing that those who returned to their property would be exempt from
taxes and services for three years. That )rear seventeen thousand households returned in response
to his summons.
In the first month of 1.248 Zhu Ge, a bandit
from Huizhou, organized a gang and rebelled.
The military officers were planning ro go overboard in their response to this, but Menggu declared, "The state has honored me, enriched
me, delegated control of the troops to me, and
entrusted the fate of the region to me. Does it want
me to pacify the bandits or become a bandit myself? There is no need to act recklessly. If the
bandits are not caught or the rebellion not suppressed, I will accept the responsibility." He then
personally led the troops, capturing thirty-eight
bandits at Heilu Mountain, and resroring peace
to the local population. By fall there were no more
rebels, When the bandit Xie Zhiquan rebelled in
194 /
The Song
andyuan Dynasties
the third month of 1249,he pacified him the
same
way.
General Chagan recognized Menggu,s honesty
and humanity. IThenever the otheiJircuits
con_
demned prisoners to death, he had trl.rggr.orr_
duct the review investigation. Innumerab'ii
times,
Menggu was a Mongol, and when young u.a,
called Mongol Baer. His father *", Xibu.i,
mother Lengla. He had six wives . . .
,
h,.
seve.,
sons, . . . and six daughters. . . . Seven years
afte:
he was buried, Naohai and his other sons r.
corded Menggu,s virtuous government servi;.
Menggu relied on the law to redress grievances
{or an epitaph and came to ask me to write rl_:
and reduce penalties. Ten years before,"a peasant
inscription.
in Anvang had offended a noble and been
ordered
Alas! \X/hen I think about all the governme::
to turn over six young gids. Menggu ordered
the
officials of the past and present, t corie to
the r:noble official Alachur to marry ttrem all our
to
alizat.ion that the greedy orr., ,r. invariably
o:
corruroners. There was a drought in the
summer
pressive and the honest ones are invariab.
of 1250. After Mengg., prayed"fo..rirr,
incorrupt, the connection between their virtu.,
-oirtur.
became adequate.
and their administrative behavior as automar_. In the spring of 1262,Li Tan revolted and sent as shape to shadow or sound to echo. Tho,.
his henchmen to far away places airgrir.a
,, who are greedy are not satisfied; not satisfie:
mounted couriers. They traveled throt[h
many
they take by force, not caring how much th.
routes, east and west, rhe officials ,rnabL
to rec_
harm the world. Those who lre fro".ri ao .
n.
ognize them. Menggu discovered them
and got
take what is not theirs, no matter how slighr
them to admit their treacherous .orrpi.rly,
th,r,
might be. How would they harm orhers to be.
defeating them. S7hen rhere was ,'a.ornt,,
in
efit themselves? The house where Mergg, lir.,
1263,Menggu prayed for rain and it rained]That
when he governed Zhangd,e nearly foit"u u.r,
year he was given the title Brilliant and
August
ago, and the fields from rvhich he obtained
fo.,.
General and made governor of Zhongshan
pre_
then, were just adequate to keep out the vi.i:-:
fecture. In 1270 he was rransferred ;J;;;"*.
and, rain and supply enough to eat. .V7hen
,
g::..r:or of Hezhong prefecture. In the spring of oled there were no estates
or
leftover
wealth
:
1274he was allowed ro wear rhe golden
tfuer tab_
leave his sons or grandsons. Therefore,t.u
f,=let in recognition of his long and e"xcelleni3.rui..,
to model themselves on him and concent rur_ _
his incorruptibiliry, and the repure i" *ii.t
t.
governing in a way that would bring peace
a:.:
was held where he had served. i{. *r,
advanced
safety, show love for the people, ,rjb.rrrfit
.out of order to great general of Huaiyuan, gou"rThey have no need to be-ashamed even ii...nor of Huaimeng route, and military admiiirrru_
pared to the model officials of the Han
and Ta- :
tor of several armies. On the 29th of the second
dynasties. . ..
month he died of illness in the main room
of his
private residence at the age of seventy_one.
Translated by Patricia Et-
PREI
