06/11/2013
Session 12
Long Term Evolution:
Radio Network Planning
ITU ASP COE Training on
Wireless Broadband
Sami TABBANE
5-8 November 2013 Nadi (Fiji Islands)
1
CONTENTS
I.
LTE overview
II.
LTE planning process
III. LTE Coverage Dimensioning
IV. LTE Capacity Dimensioning
V.
Case study
06/11/2013
CONTENTS
I.
LTE Overview
LTE OVERVIEW
Why to move to LTE
Reduce Cost per bit
Higher Spectral efficiency
Flat Network hierarchy
More bandwidth
Innovate
Offer higher capacity and peak Rates
Reduce latency (improve end-user experience)
Handle high traffic effectively
Competitive pressure
Prevent 3G network
Congestion
Built LTE in time
Offload high traffic users to LTE
06/11/2013
LTE OVERVIEW
Capacity development
Planning performs a detailed study of LTE network
infrastructure using prediction tools, propagation and
management of databases specific geographic data. It defines
the coverage plans frequencies, determines a search site and
equipment specifications for each site. It is related to those
responsible for site search and manufacturers to validate its
technical options depending on the possibilities of
equipment.
LTE OVERVIEW
LTE Benefits
Low latency: for both user plane and control plane, with a 5MHz
spectrum allocation the latency target is below 5 ms
Bandwidth Scalability: different bandwidths can be used
depending upon the requirements(1.25 to 20 MHz)
Peak Data Rates: 100 Mbps for DL , 50 Mbps for UL
Only Packet Switched Domain support
06/11/2013
LTE OVERVIEW
LTE Benefits
Improved Cell edge performance
Inter-working with the existing 2G and 3G systems and non-3GPP
systems
Optimized for low mobile speed but also support high mobile
speeds
Reduction of complexity in both system and terminals
Ease of migration from existing networks
Simplification and minimization of the number of interfaces
LTE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
06/11/2013
LTE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
The planning concerns the interface between E-UTRAN - UEs
9
LTE OVERVIEW
eNB Responsibilities
Cell control and MME pool
support
Mobility Control
Control and User Plan security
Shared Channel handling
Segmentation/Concatenation
HARQ
S1 MME S1 U
Scheduling
Multiplexing and Mapping
Physical layer functionality
Measurements and reporting
10
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LTE OVERVIEW
Multi antenna technologies
11
LTE OVERVIEW
LTE Bandwidth
The bandwidth is more flexible than in the previous 3GPP standards.
Scalable from 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20MHz
The capacity of a cell depends strongly on its allocated bandwidth.
Channels
Bandwidth (MHz)
1,4
10
15
20
Transmission
Bandwidth (MHz)
1,08
2,7
4,5
13,5
18
Transmission
Bandwidth [RB]
15
25
50
75
100
12
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LTE OVERVIEW
Modulation types
13
LTE OVERVIEW
OFDMA in Uplink
SC FDMA in Downlink
14
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LTE OVERVIEW
Frequency Band
FDD-Based radio access
TDD-Based radio access
UL and DL
Uplink
2500 Mhz
2570 Mhz
Downlink
2620 Mhz
2690 Mhz
Channel bandwidth 5 MHz to 20 MHz
Bit rate is from 100 Mbps to 300 Mbps
Sub carrier spacing 15 kHz
15
LTE OVERVIEW
FDD
One Radio Frame = 10ms
One Slot = 0.5ms
#0
#1
#2
#3
.. .
#18
#19
One Subframe = 1ms
Subframe 0
Subframe 1
Subframe 9
Uplink and Downlink are transmetted separately
16
06/11/2013
LTE OVERVIEW
TDD
Uplink and Downlink are transmitted at the same time
17
CONTENTS
II. LTE Planning Process
18
06/11/2013
LTE PLANNING PROCESS
INTRODUCTION
Planning performs a detailed study of LTE network
infrastructure using prediction tools, propagation and
management of databases specific geographic data.
Defines the coverage plans frequencies
Determines a search site and equipment specifications for
each site.
It is related to those responsible for site search and
manufacturers to validate its technical options depending
on the possibilities of equipment.
19
LTE PLANNING PROCESS
The radio Network planning Process is designed:
To maximize the network coverage
To provide the desired capacity
It is composed of three steps:
Initial Planning
Detailed Planning
Optimization
20
10
06/11/2013
LTE PLANNING PROCESS
Initial Planning
The goal is to assess the minimum
density of sites to meet requirements.
This stage required the gathering of
information such as:
The desired Coverage Area (Dense
Urban, Urban, Suburban)
Quality Objective (QoS Criteria)
Capacity/Coverage Requirement
(Subscriber, traffic model,)
The range of services to be provided
21
LTE PLANNING PROCESS
Initial Planning: Dimensioning Process
Provides the number of sites required in various environments. The
following diagram illustrates the dimensioning process:
Business
Model Inputs
Network
Configuration
Link Budget
Estimation
Financial
Clarification
Traffic
Estimation
Capacity
Estimation
22
11
06/11/2013
LTE PLANNING PROCESS
Detailed Planning
It uses the information gathered form the dimensioning stage to
provide a effective detailed planning.
Detailed Planning
Initial
Planning
Model Tuning
Site Selection
Coverage Planning
Capacity Planning
Configuration
Planning
Parameters Planning
Optimization
23
LTE PLANNING PROCESS
Optimization
This Process is fundamentally based on network analysis.
It includes the gathering of statistics and measurement results
from the network management system.
It allows the provider to make the corrections and adjustments to
the network.
Optimization
Initial
Planning
Detailed
Planning
Capacity Optimization
Coverage Optimization
E-UTRAN Optimization
Parameter Optimization
24
12
06/11/2013
LTE PLANNING PROCESS
Coverage Area (Dense Urban, Urban, Suburban)
Quality Objective (QoS Criteria)
Capacity Requirement (Subscriber, traffic model)
Link Budget Parameters (Penetration loss, Propagation model)
Link Budget
Capacity dimensioning
Site number/configuration
Cell radius in each morphology
Network development solution
Nominal
Planning
Network
Deployment
Site location/RF parameters configurations
Search ring specification
Prediction and simulation
Cluster definition for project management
Site survey/Candidate site search
Neighbors cell configuration
Cell parameters configuration
Algorithm configuration
Detailed
Planning
25
LTE PLANNING PROCESS
Planning Inputs - Outputs
Coverage Requirement
Coverage Area
Polygon Definition
Coverage Planning
Cell Edge Throughput
Coverage Probability
Capacity Requirement
Frequency Bandwidth
Subscriber forecast
Traffic Model
Site Type
Power/Channel
eNodeB Number
Active Users
S1 & X2 Throughput
26
13
06/11/2013
CONTENTS
III. LTE Coverage Dimensioning
27
LTE COVERAGE DIMENSIONING
To obtain cell Radius
To estimated eNodeB number for coverage requirement
Start
Link Budget
Propagation
Model
Inputs Parameters
Cell Radius
eNB Coverage Area
Total Coverage/
eNB coverage Area
eNB Number
End
28
14
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LTE COVERAGE DIMENSIONING
LTE Link Budget
29
LTE LINK BUDGET PROCEDURE - DOWNLINK
Downlink Link Budget
30
15
06/11/2013
LTE LINK BUDGET PROCEDURE - UPLINK
Uplink Link Budget
31
LTE LINK BUDGET
Maximum Allowable Path Loss (MAPL)
Downlink: MAPL = EIRPDL- SUE LNF IMDL Lpen LbodyLoss+GEU Antenna
Uplink: MAPL = EIRPUL- SeNB LNF IMUL Lpen LbodyLoss+ GeNB Antenna +GeNB TMA
With:
MAPL - Maximum Allowable Path Loss
EIRP: Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power
S-Rx: Receiver Sensitivity
LNF: log normal fading margin
IM: Interference Margin
G -antenna: Antenna Gain
G-shad - Gain Against Shadowing
L-pen - Penetration loss
L-feeder: Feeder Loss
L-body - Body Loss
32
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06/11/2013
LTE LINK BUDGET
Equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP)
EIRP stands for the power that would be radiated by a theoretical
isotropic antenna to achieve the peak density observed in the direction
of maximum antenna Gain
EIRPDL= PeNB Tx LeNB-feeeders LeNB-Jumpers LeNB-connectors+G Antenna
EIRPUL= PUE Tx + G Antenna Lbody
33
LTE LINK BUDGET
Receiver Sensitivity
The receive sensitivity denotes the minimum signal level which can still
be successfully received.
Srx= Nsub-T + SINR + Fnoise + NRB
With:
Nsub-T = Thermal noise power per subcarrier (corresponding to 15 kHz
bandwidth in case of standard subcarrier spacing) SINR: Signal to
Interference and Noise Ratio
Fnoise: Receiver Noise Figure
NRB - Number of Resource Blocks
34
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06/11/2013
LTE LINK BUDGET
Thermal noise power
The thermal noise power is calculated as the thermal noise power per
subcarrier multiplied by the number of resource blocks.
Nsub-T = k x T x B
With:
Nsub-T: thermal noise power
T:Temperature [Kelvin]
k: Boltzmann constant
B: Bandwidth
35
LTE LINK BUDGET
Required SINR
Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) is the power ratio of
useful signal to total interference coming from neighboring cells plus
thermal noise.
Uplink Inter-cell Interference
Downlink Inter cell Interference
36
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06/11/2013
LTE LINK BUDGET
Iown = [( x PTotal - PRB x NUsed RB ) / L ] x (1 ) = 0
Ioth = [(PRB x Nused-RB ) /L] x x (1/G)
With:
PTotal = maximum total transmission power from eNodeB
PRB = power per resource block
NUsed RB = number of resource blocks assigned to user
L = signal attenuation (path loss)
G = G-factor, corresponds to C/I ratio (the offset between the target signal
level C and any interferences I affecting the transmission).
= cell load (the average amount of occupied frequency resources during
the time of interest)
- orthogonally factor (1 stands for the case when the orthogonally is
perfectly preserved, 0 means there is no orthogonally)
37
LTE LINK BUDGET
Interference Margin
IM = 10 log (1 - SINR x x (1/G))
Fading Margin
LNF = X *
= Le standard deviation du Slow Fading
X = Value calculated according to log normal law
38
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06/11/2013
LTE COVERAGE DIMENSIONING
Cell Radius
39
LTE CELL RANGE ESTIMATION
Propagation Model
Describes the average signal propagation, and it converts the
maximum allowed propagation loss to the maximum cell
range. It depends on:
Environment: urban, rural, dense urban, suburban, open,
forest, sea
Distance
Frequency
atmospheric conditions
Indoor/outdoor
40
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06/11/2013
LTE CELL RANGE ESTIMATION
Cell Range
MAPL = L(d)
R (Cell Radius)
Cell Area
Acell = K x R 2
Inter site Distance
D=IxR
Cell Layout
K
2.6
I
1.73
2 sector
1.95
1.5
3 sector antenna BW<=90
1.73
3 sector antenna BW>90
2.6
1.73
6 sector
2.6
1.73
Omni
41
LTE COVERAGE DIMENSIONING
eNode B Number
42
21
06/11/2013
ENODEB COVERAGE AREA
eNodeB Number
Site Area
Asite = Acell x S
(S = Sector Number).
eNodeB Number
NeNB = A / Asite
(A = Total Area to cover).
43
LTE COVERAGE DIMENSIONING
General Parameters
44
22
06/11/2013
GENERAL PARAMETERS OVERVIEW
Operating Band
45
GENERAL PARAMETERS OVERVIEW
E UTRAN and UE Tx Power
Bandwidth
(MHz)
No. Of
PRBs
eNode B
power (W)
Power per
PRB (dBm)
1,4
31
15
20
31
25
40
32
10
50
60
31
15
75
60+60
32
20
100
60+60
31
Class
Power
(dBm)
Tolerance
(dB)
30
n/a
27
n/a
23
+/- 2
21
n/a
46
23
06/11/2013
GENERAL PARAMETERS OVERVIEW
Antenna Power
3 - Sector
6 - sector
Omni
2
Sector
typical
High gain
typical
High gain
Low band
(e.g. 730, 750, 760,
800, 850,900 MHz)
12,1
16,8
18
---
18,1
---
Mid band
(e.g. 1.5, 1.6,
1.7,1.8, 1.9 GHz)
13
21
18
20,7
21
22
Mid band
(e.g. 2.1, 2.3 GHz)
13
21
18,5
21
21,5
22,5
High band
(i.e. 2.5, 2.6 GHz)
14
22
19,5
22
22,5
23,5
47
GENERAL PARAMETERS OVERVIEW
Cables Losses
Feeders Loss (dB/100m)
Type Size
450
MHz
500
2000 2100 2300 2500 3400 0
700 MHz 800 MHz 900 MHz 1700 MHz 1800 MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz
4.7
6.4
6.8
9.7
10
10.6
11
11.5
12
14
18
7/8"
2.7
3.6
5.5
5.7
6.7
6.5
6.8
10
LDP6 5/4"
1.7
2.6
3.8
4.3
4.5
4.8
1.5
3.7
LDFA 1/2"
AL5
AL7
13/8"
Jumpers Attenuations
EC1: 1/4"
EC1-HF: 1/4" EC2: 3/8"
Frequency
Standard
Hiflex Foam- Standard FoamMHz
Foam-Dielectric Dielectric Dielectric
at 960
0,13
0,18
0,09
at 1880
0,19
0,26
0,13
at 2200
0,2
0,28
0,15
EC4: 1/2"
Standard
FoamDielectric
0,07
0,09
0,1
EC4-HF: 1/2"
Hiflex FoamDielectric
0,1
0,14
0,17
48
24
06/11/2013
GENERAL PARAMETERS OVERVIEW
LNF
49
CONTENTS
IV. LTE Capacity Dimensioning
50
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06/11/2013
LTE CAPACITY DIMENSIONING
Start
Configuration
Analysis
Cell Average Throughput
Calculation
Traffic Model
Analysis
Subscribers Supported per Cell
eNodeB number
(initialized Coverage
Dimensioning
Satisfy
Capacity
Requirement?
Adjust eNodeB
Number
eNB Number
End
51
LTE CAPACITY DIMENSIONING
Cell Average Throughput Calculation
52
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06/11/2013
CELL AVERAGE THROUGHPUT
a. Cell Average Throughput = Cell Bandwidth x Spectral Efficient
53
LTE CAPACITY DIMENSIONING
Subscribers Supported per Cell
54
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TRAFFIC MODEL
55
SUBSCRIBER SUPPORTED PER CELL
DL Cell Average Capacity
a. (Mbps)
Busy Hour DL Cell Loading
b. (%)
DL Cell Capacity in BH
c = a x b (Mbps)
Peak to Average Ratio
d. (%)
BH DL Throughput/Sub.
e. (Kbps)
Sector Number/site
f.
Subs supported in a site
g. [(cxf)/(1+d)] / e
56
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06/11/2013
LTE CAPACITY DIMENSIONING
Number of eNode B
57
ENODEB NUMBER
H. eNode B Number = Total Subscribers / Subs Supported in a site
58
29
06/11/2013
CONTENTS
V. Case Study
59
CASE STUDY
General parameters
Link Budget
Carrier Frequency (MHz)
2100
Channel Bandwidth (MHz)
20
Morphology
Dense Urban
Sector Type
3 sectorial
Environment
Outdoor
Channel Model
ETU 3
60
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06/11/2013
CASE STUDY
DL EIRP
DL
eNB - Tx
Max eNB Pw Tx
Ant Gain Tx
Body Loss
Feeders Type
Feeders Length
Feeders Loss
eNB height
Jumper Type
Jumper Loss
connector Number
connector Loss
TMA Used
Unit
dBm
dBi
dB
Cable Loss
EIRP
dB
dBm
A
B
C
46
18
0
LDFA 1/2"
30
11
30
EC4: 1/2" SFD
0,2
6
0,3
No
m
dB
m
dB
dB
5
59
D
E
F
G
H
I
J = (D%*E)+G+(H*I)
K = A+B-C-J
61
CASE STUDY
UL EIRP
UL
UE - Tx
Unit
dBm
33
Antenna Gain Rx
dBi
Body Loss Rx
dB
Cable Loss Rx
dB
Max UE Pw Tx
EIRP (dBm)
A
B
C
33
E=A+B-C-D
62
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06/11/2013
CASE STUDY
DL MAPL
UE - Rx
Bandwidth
Thermal Noise per Subcarrier
Allocated Subcarrier
Aggregate Thermal Noise
UE Noise Figure
Receiver Noise Floor
Channel Capacity or Throughput
SINR
Receiver Sensitivity
Ant Gain
Min Signal Reception Strength
G - Factor
Interference Margin
Coverage
Std Dev of shadow fading (dB)
Shadow Fading Margin (dB)
Penetration Loss (dB)
Body Loss (dB)
Control Margin Ch over head
MAPL
Unit
Hz
dBm
dBm
dB
dBm
bps
dB
dBm
dB
dBm
dB
dB
%
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
20 000 000
-131
100
-111
7
-104
3 000 000
-10
-114
0
-114
-4
5
1
10
16
20
3
1
143
L
M = 10*LOG(1,38*10^(-23)*290*L)
N
O = 10 * log (N)
P
Q=O+P
R
S = 10 * log (2^(R/L) - 1)
T=Q+S
U
V=T-U
W
X = 10*Log10(1+10^(W/10))
Y
Z
Z ' = NormInv(Y) * U
Z"
Z '"
Z""
DL-MAPL = (K+U)-(V+X+Z'+Z"+Z'"+Z"")
63
CASE STUDY
UL MAPL
eNB - Rx
Bandwidth
Thermal Noise per Subcarrier
Allocated Subcarrier
Aggregate Thermal Noise
eNB Noise Figure
Receiver Noise Floor
Channel Capacity or Throughput
SINR
Receiver Sensitivity
Ant Gain
Cable Loss
TMA(MHA) Gain
Min Signal Reception Strength
G - Factor
Interference Margin
Coverage
Std Dev of shadow fading (dB)
Shadow Fading Margin (dB)
Penetration Loss (dB)
Body Loss (dB)
MAPL
Hz 20 000 000
dBm
-131
100
dBm
-111
dB
3
dBm
-108
bps 3 000 000
dB
-10
dBm
-118
dBi
18
dB
5
dB
5
dBm
-100
dB
-4
dB
5
%
1
dB
10
dB
16
dB
20
dB
0
dB
127
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M= 10 * log (2^(L/F) - 1)
N
O
P
Q
R = (N-P) + (O+Q)
S
T = 10*Log10(1+10^(S/10))
U
V
W = NormInv(Y) * U
X
Y
UL-MAPL = (E+O+Q)-(R-T-W-X-Y)
64
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06/11/2013
CASE STUDY
DL Cell Radius
Coverage Radius
Propagation Model
Deygout Diffraction Loss (dB)
Frequency Constant K1
Distance Attenuation K2
Correct coeff of height of Mobile Station
Antenna
LSPM = K1 + K2 log (d )+ K3 log (H Txeff)+ K4
SPM Diffractio nLoss + K5 log (d )log (H Txeff)+ K6 H Rxeff
+ K cluttrt f (clutter)
dB
2
A
K1
16
B
K2
48
C
K3
K4
K5
-7
K6
correction coefficient of clutter attenuation K
clutter
f clutter
eNB ant heigth
UE ant heigth
m
m
0
30
2
Radius
Radius
Cell area
Km
Km2
Correct coeff of height of Base Station Antenna
1 079
1,07
2,26
J
K
L=Exp(ln(10)* [(MAPL (K1+K3logJ+K4DiffLoss))/(K2K5logJ)]
M = L * 10(-3)
1,949 * M2
65
CASE STUDY
UL Cell Radius
Coverage Radius
Propagation Model
SPM
Deygout Diffraction Loss (dB)
Frequency Constant K1
Distance Attenuation K2
Correct coeff of height of Mobile Station
Antenna
Correct coeff of height of Base Station
Antenna
correction coefficient of clutter
attenuation K clutter
f clutter
eNB ant heigth
UE ant heigth
dB
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
K6
Radius
Radius
Cell area
Km
Km 2
LSPM = K1 + K2 log (d )+ K3 log (H Txeff)+ K4
Diffractio nLoss + K5 log (d )log (H Txeff)+ K6 H
Rxeff + K cluttrt f (clutter)
2
A
16
B
48
C
6
D
1
E
-7
F
0
G
1
m
m
0
30
2
421
0,42
0,34
H
J
K
L=Exp(ln(10)* [(MAPL (K1+K3logJ+K4DiffLoss))/(K2K5logJ)]
M = L * 10(-3)
1,949 * M 2
66
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CASE STUDY
DL Capacity
Unit
MIMO Configuration
Modulation and Coding
Bandwidth
Spectral Density
Cell Capacity
Busy Hour Average Loading
DL
2Tx-2Rx
64 QAM 3/4
20
2
A.1
bps/Hz
Mbps
35
A.3 = A.1 * A.2
GB
A.4 = A.3/8192
A.5 = A.4*3600
MHz
A.2
Busy Hour Average Capacity
Peak to average Ratio
GB
15
50
A.6
3sectors / site
Site Average Capacity
GB
A.7 = A.5 * A.6%
GB
51
A.8 /15%
Average DL BH Throughput/subs
Subscribers supported in a site
GB
1 529
A.9 *30
GB
4 588
A.10
MIMO Configuration
Modulation and Coding
GB
A.11
918
A.12
67
CASE STUDY
UL Capacity
Unit
MIMO Configuration
Modulation and Coding
DL
2Tx-2Rx
64 QAM 3/4
20
0
B.1
bps/Hz
Cell Capacity
Busy Hour Average Loading
Mbps
B.3 = B.1 * B.2
GB
B.4 = B.3/8192
Busy Hour Average Capacity
Peak to average Ratio
GB
4
50
B.5 = A.4*3600
Bandwidth
Spectral Density
MHz
B.2
B.6
GB
B.7 = B.5 * B.6%
GB
13
B.8 /15%
Average DL BH Throughput/subs
Subscribers supported in a site
GB
396
B.9 *30
GB
1 187
B.10
MIMO Configuration
Modulation and Coding
GB
B.11
593
B.12
3sectors / site
Site Average Capacity
68
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06/11/2013
Thank you
69
35
