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Chapter 1: FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

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Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

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Fundamental Engineering Mathematics for EEIT2014

D.
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Vietnamese German University

Binh Duong Campus

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Outline

Functions

Mathematical Models and Essential Functions

New functions from old functions

Inverse functions

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A circle of radius r

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Example 1

Area of the circle: A = r 2

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Each number r , there is one and only one number A (A = r 2 )

Say: A is a function of r

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Example 2
The world population grows as in the following table
Population (Millions)
791
978
1,262
1,650
2,519
6,070
7,257

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Year
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
1914

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The world population P depends on time t (year). For example,

P(1800) = 978 106 ; P(2000) = ? 6070 106
Each value time t, there is one and only one value of population
P(t).
Say: P is a function of t
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Definition of functions

Definition

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A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set D exactly

one element, called f (x), in a set E .

The set D is called the domain of the function f ;

The number f (x) is the value of f at x;

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The range of f is

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Range of f = {f (x) : x D}

The symbol x is called the independent variable of f ;

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Example 2
The world population

The domain D of P is ?

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D = {1750, 1800, 1850, 1900, 1950, 2000, 1914}

The range of P is ?
Range of P = {P(1750), P(1800),
P(1850), P(1900), P(1950), P(2000), P(1914)}
=
{791, 978, 1262, 1650, 1650, 2519, 6070, 7257}

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P
791
978
1,262
1,650
2,519
6,070
7,257

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t
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
1914

The symbol t is the independent variable ;

The symbol P is the dependent variable

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Diagrams for a function

Machine diagram:

Arrow diagram:

f (x)
(Output)

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x
(Input)

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f (x)

f (a)

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Graph
Definition

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If f is a function with domain D, then its graph is the set of ordered pairs
o
n


x, f (x) : x D
Ex: Plot the graph of the function f : [0, 2] R defined by
f (x) = x 2 x + 1
y

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1
0.75

0.5

x
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There are 4 ways to represent a functions:

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Representations of Functions

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By a description by words (verbally)

By a table of values (numerically)
By a graph (visually)

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By an explicit formula (algebraically)

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Example of Circle Area

Area of a circle :

Verbally: The area of a circle is equal to square of the radius

multiplying with
Algebraically: A = r 2

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Visually:

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A = r 2

r
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Numerical description

P
791
978
1,262
1,650
2,519
6,070
7,257

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t
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
1914

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Example of World Population

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Another Example

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Ex: We need a rectangular storage container with an open top which has
a volume of 10m3 . The length of its base is required to be twice its width.
Material for the base costs $10/m2 ; material for the sides costs $6/m2 .
Express the cost of materials as a function of the width of the base.

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w
2w

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Another Example
Area of the base = w (2w ) = 2w 2
Cost = 10 (2w 2 ) = 20w 2 $
Area of the front and back sides
= 2 (2hw ) = 4hw

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Area of the left and right sides

= 2 (hw ) = 2hw

2w

Area of 4 sides = 6hw Cost = 6 (6hw ) = 36hw $

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Total cost = 20w 2 + 36hw ($)

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Volume = 10 2hw 2 = 10 h = 5/w 2

Total cost:

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C (w ) = 20w 2 +

180
w

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Domain of a function

Remark: If a function is given by a formula and the domain is not stated

explicitly, the convention is that the domain is the set of all numbers for
which the formula makes sense and defines a real number .

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Ex: Find the domain of the function f (x) = x + 1.

Ans: The formula x + 1 is well-defined when x + 1 0, which is

equivalent to x 1.

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The domain of the above function is

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D = [1, +)

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The Veritcal Line Test

The graph of a function is a curve in xy -plane.

Question : Which curves in the xy -plane are graphs of functions?

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Vertical Line Test: A curve in the xy -plane is the graph of a function of

x if and only if no vertical line intersects the curve more than once.
y

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f (a) = b or f (a) = c?
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Piecewise defined functions

(
1x
f (x) =
x2

Ex: A function f is defined by:

f (1) = ? 1 (1) = 2
f (2) =? 22 = 4
f (1) =? 1 1 = 0

if x 1
if x > 1.

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x
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Piecewise defined functions

Ex: Sketch the graph of the absolute value function f (x) = |x|
(
x
f (x) = |x| =
x

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Ans: We have

if x 0
if x < 0

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Symmetry: Even Functions

y

f (1) =? (1)2 = 1;
f (1) =? 12 = 1;
f (1) = f (1)

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f (2) = (2)2 = 4 and

f (2) = 22 = 4
f (2) = f (2)

f (x) = (x 2 ) = x 2
f (x) = x 2 f (x) = f (x)

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Graph of function f (x) =

f is an even function

x2

Definition

A function f : D R is said to be even if f (x) = f (x) x D

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f (x)

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Symmetry: Odd Functions

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f (x)

and f is said to be an odd function

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f (x) = f (x) x D

Definition

A function f : D R is said to be odd if f (x) = f (x) x D

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Symmetry: Examples
Ex: Determine whether each of the following functions is even, odd, or
neither even nor odd
f (x) = x 3 x;

g (x) = 1 + x 2 ;

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Ans:

h(x) = x + 1.

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(i) f (x) = (x)3 (x) = x 3 + x = (x 3 x) = f (x)

f is an odd function.

f (x)

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x
f (x)

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Ans: g (x) = 1 + x 2 ;
g (x) = 1 + (x)2 = 1 + x 2 = g (x)
g is an even function.

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Symmetry: Examples

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g (x)

g (x)

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Ans: h(x) = 1 + x;

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Symmetry: Examples
h(x) = 1 + (x) = 1 x h(x) 6= h(x) and h(x) 6= h(x)
h is NOT either even or odd.

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Increasing and Decreasing Functions

D

y = f (x)

f (x1 )
A

x1

x2

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f (x2 )

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The graph of f rises between A and B, falls between B and C , and

rises again between C and D.
We say that: f is increasing on the intervals [a, b] and [c, d]
f is decreasing on the intervals [b, c]
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Increasing and Decreasing Functions

D

y = f (x)

f (x1 )
A

x1

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f (x2 )

x2

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f is increasing on [a, b]; Suppose a x1 < x2 b f (x1 ) < f (x2 )

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A function f is called increasing on an interval I if

f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) whenever x1 < x2 in I

A function f is called decreasing on an interval I if

f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) whenever x1 < x2 in I
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Ex:
y

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Increasing and Decreasing Functions

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y = x2

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f (x) = x 2 is decreasing on (, 0] because if x1 < x2 0, then

|x1 | > |x2 | 0 and f (x1 ) = x12 = |x1 |2 > |x2 |2 = x22 = f (x2 )
f (x) = x 2 is increasing on [0, ) because if 0 x1 < x2 , then
x12 < x22 , which means f (x1 ) < f (x2 )
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Exercises

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I.1: 19; 17; 1922; 2733;

36; 40; 43; 4550;
52; 57; 6162; 64; 6570

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Potential questions:

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Mathematical Model

What is the area of the yellow domain?

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What is the volume of the wing?

and many other essential questions

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Realworld
problems

Test

Mathematical
problems

Solve
Mathematical
conclusions

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Realworld
predictions

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Interpret

Formulae

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Mathematical Models

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Linear Models
Def: A function y = f (x) is linear if its graph is a straight line. The
formula of a linear function has the following formula
y = ax + b,

Ex: y = 21 x + 2

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where a is the slope of the line and b is the y -intercept.

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Polynomials
Def: A function P is called a polynomial if

P(x) = an x n + an1 x n1 + . . . + a1 x + a0
where

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n: nonnegative integer,

a0 , a1 , . . . , an are coefficients

The domain of P is R = (, ). If an 6= 0, the degree of P is n.

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Ex:

A linear function y = ax + b is a polynomial of degree 1,

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A polynomial of degree 2 has the form y = ax 2 + bx + c and is

called a quadratic function,
A polynomial of degree 3 has the form y = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d and
is called a cubic function.
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Power Functions
A function of the form y = x where is a constant is called a power
function.
Remark: Note here that is a real number.

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If = n where n is a positive integer, then y = x n is a polynomial

of degree n;
The domain of y = x n is R.

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If = 1/n where n is a positive integer, then y = x 1/n is called a

root function.

Note: y = n x y n = x and
(

R+ = [0, ) if n is even
n
domain of y = x is
R
if n is odd

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y=

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Power Functions
x

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y =

y = 3x

domain is R\{0}

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y = x 1 = x1 ;

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Def: A rational function

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Rational Functions
f is a ratio of two polynomials:
f (x) =

P(x)
Q(x)

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where P and Q are polynomials.

Domain of f is

D = {x R : Q(x) 6= 0}
x
is a rational function and the domain
x 2 3x + 2

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Ex: f (x) =

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D = {x R : x 2 3x + 2 6= 0}
= {x R : x 6= 1 and x 6= 2}

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Algebraic Functions

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Def: A function f is called an algebraic function if it can be constructed

using algebraic operations (such as addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, and taking roots) starting with polynomials
Ex:

k n
x +1

is an algebraic function

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h(x) =

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f (x) = an x n + . . . + a1 x + a0 and g (x) = bm x m + . . . + b1 x + b0 are

algebraic functions

f + g , f g , f g , f /g and k f are algebraic functions

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Trigonometric Functions
y = sin x
1

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y = cos x

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Exponential Functions
Def: Exponential functions are the functions of the form f (x) = ax
where a > 0.
The domain = R

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The range = {positive numbers}

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y = 2x

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y = ( 12 )x
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Logarithmic Functions
Def: The logarithmic functions f (x) = loga x, where the base a is a positive constant, are the inverse functions of the exponential functions.
Domain = (0, )

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Range = (, )

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y = log2 x

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Transcendental Functions
Def: Transcendental functions are functions that are NOT algbraic
functions.
Ex:

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Trigonometric functions and their inverses are transcendental

functions,
Exponential and logarithmic functions are transcendental functions.

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Ex: Classify the following functions as one of the types of functions that
we have discussed.
3x exponential function,

x 5 power function (or polynomial of degree 5)

1+x

1 x

1 x x 4 polynomial of degree 4.

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algebraic function,

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I.2:
1-2; 5, 6, 8, 9; 10

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16, 19, 20

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Exercises

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Vertical and horizontal shifts:

of

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Transformation of functions

Suppose c > 0. To obtain the graph

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y = f (x) + c , shift the graph of y = f (x) a distance c units

upward
y = f (x) c , shift the graph of y = f (x) a distance c units
downward

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y = f (x + c) , shift the graph of y = f (x) a distance c units to

the left

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y = f (x c) , shift the graph of y = f (x) a distance c units to

the right

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Vertical and horizontal shifts

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y = f (x) + c

y = f (x)
y = f (x c)

y = f (x + c)

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y = f (x) c
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Vertical and horizontal stretching and reflecting

Vertical and horizontal Stretching and Reflecting: Suppose c > 1.
To obtain the graph of
y = cf (x) , stretch the graph of y = f (x) vertically by a factor of c

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y = (1/c)f (x) , compress the graph of y = f (x) vertically by a

factor of c
y = f (cx) , compress the graph of y = f (x) horizontally by a
factor of c

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y = f (x/c) , stretch the graph of y = f (x) horizontally by a factor

of c

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y = f (x) , reflect the graph of y = f (x) about the x-axis

y = f (x) , reflect the graph of y = f (x) about the y -axis

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Ex:
y

y = 2 cos x
y = cos x

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Vertical and horizontal stretching and reflecting

y = (0.5) cos x

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1/2

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Vertical and horizontal stretching and reflecting

Ex:
y

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y = cos 12 x

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y = cos x

y = cos 2x

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Combinations of functions
Given f : A R and g : B R, we have:
f g : A B R defined by

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(f g )(x) = f (x) g (x),

x AB

f g : A B R defined by

(f g )(x) = f (x) g (x),

x AB

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f g : {x A B : g (x) 6= 0} R defined by
 
f
f (x)
(x) =
, x {x A B : g (x) 6= 0}
g
g (x)

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Ex: Given f (x) =

x and g (x) =

2 x.

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Combinations of functions

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Domain of f is ? [0, ); Domain of g is ? (, 2]

= [0, ) (, 2] = [0, 2]
(f g ) : [0, 2] R given by (f g )(x) =

2x

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fg : [0, 2] R given by (fg )(x) = x 2 x
 

f
x
f
(x) =
g : [0, 2) R given by
g
2x

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Composition of functions

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Def: Let f : A B and g : B C . The composition of f and g is

defined by
gf : A
C
x 7 g (f (x))
Ex: f (x) = x 2 and g (x) = 2
We have

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gf (x) = g (f (x)) = g (x 2 ) = 2

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and

fg (x) = f (g (x)) = f (2

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x) = (2

x2

x)2

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Exercises

I.3:

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1, 2, 5, 914
2936, 3738
41, 42

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61,62

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50,51

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a
b
c
d
f

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a
b
c
d

1
2
3
4

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One-to-one functions
1
2
3
4

g (b) = g (c)

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f is one-to-one and g is NOT one-to-one

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Def: A function f is called a one-to-one function if

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f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) = x1 = x2

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Horizontal line Test

Ex:
y

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y = f (x)

x1

x2

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f (x1 )
||
f (x2 )

f is not one-to-one

Horizontal line test:

A function is one-to-one if and only if NO
horizontal line intersects its graph more than once.
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Inverse function
Def: Let f be a one-to-one function with domain A and range B. Then
its inverse function f 1 has domain B and range A and is defined by
f 1 (y ) = x f (x) = y y B.

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1
2
3
4

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Ex:

a
b
c
d
f

a
b
c
d

1
2
3
4

f 1

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f 1 f (a) = ? f 1 (f (a)) = f 1 (1) = a

f f 1 (3) = ? f (f 1 (3)) = f (c) = 3.

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Cancellation equations

Let f be a one-to-one function with domain A and range B.

f (f

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(y )) = y

f (x)

y B

f 1

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x A

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f 1 (f (x)) = x

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Find an inverse
To find the inverse of a one-to-one function f :
Step 1: Write y = f (x)

Step 2: Solve this equation for x in terms of y

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Step 3: To obtain f 1 as a function of x, interchange x and y .

The resulting equation is y = f 1 (x).
Ex: Find the inverse of y = 3x 3 + 5
Ans:
= y 5 = x =

q
3

y 5
3

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3x 3

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y = 3x 3 + 5

y=

q
3

x5
3

is the inverse of y = 3x 3 + 5.

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y
Suppose f (a) = b (a, b)
graph of f

y = f (x)

is symmetric

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The graph of
to that of f

f 1

y = f 1 (x)

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f 1 (b) = a (b, a) graph

of f 1

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Graphs of inverse functions

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The graph of f 1 is obtained by reflecting the graph of f about the line

y =x

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I.6:

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312; 1518; 2124

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Exercises

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