N
O.
REFERE
NCE
IMPERFECTION
DESIGNATION
REMARKS
THICKNESS,
t MM
QUALITY LEVEL, C
SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS
1
2
3
100
104
2017
Crack
Crater Crack
Surface pore
2025
End crater pipe
401
4021
Lack
of
fusion
(incomplete fusion)
Micro lack of fusion
Incomplete
root
penetration
5011
5012
Continuous
undercut
Intermittent
undercut
Maximum dimension of a single pore for:
- butt welds
- fillet welds
Maximum dimension of a single pore for:
- butt welds
- fillet welds
0.5
0.5
0.5 to 3
Not permitted
Not permitted
Not permitted
>3
0.5 to 3
>3
d 0.2 s, but max. 2mm
d 0.2 a, but max. 2mm
Not permitted
h 0.1 t, but max. 1mm
----------------------------------------------Only detectable by micro examination
Only for single side butt welds
0.5
Not permitted
0.5
0.5
Permitted
Not permitted
Smooth transition is required
0.5 to 3
Short imperfections:
h 0.1 t
>3
h 0.1 t, but max. 0.5mm
5013
Shrinkage groove
Smooth transition is required
Smooth transition is required
0.5 to 3
Short imperfections:
h 0.1 t
>3
Short imperfections:
h 0.1 t, but max. 1 mm
h 1mm + 0.15 b, but
max. 7mm
502
Excess weld metal
(butt weld)
0.5
10
503
Excessive convexity
(fillet weld)
0.5
h 1mm + 0.15 b, but
max. 4mm
11
504
Excess penetration
0.5 to 3
h 1mm + 0.3 b
>3
h 1mm + 0.6 b, but
max. 4mm
12
505
Incorrect weld toe
13
506
Overlap
14
509
511
Sagging
Incompletely
groove
15
510
Butt welds
0.5
1100
Fillet welds
0.5
1000
0.5
Not permitted
0.5 to 3
Short imperfections:
h 0.1 t
>3
Short imperfections:
h 0.1 t, but max. 1 mm
Not permitted
Smooth transition is required
filled
-----------------------------------------
0.5
16
512
Excessive
asymmetry of fillet
weld
(excessive unequal leg
length)
In cases where an asymmetric fillet weld
has not been prescribed.
0.5
h 2mm + 0.15 a
17
515
Root concavity
Smooth transition is required
0.5 to 3
h 0.1 t
>3
Short imperfections:
h 0.1 t, but max. 1 mm
0.5
Not permitted
0.5
Not Permitted
18
516
Root porosity
19
517
Poor restart
Spongy formation at the root of a weld
due to bubbling of the weld metal at the
moment of solidification (e.g. lack of gas
backing)
------------------------------------------------
20
5213
Insufficient
thickness
throat
21
5214
Excessive throat
thickness
22
601
Stray arc
23
602
Spatter
Not applicable to processes with proof of
greater depth of penetration
The actual throat thicknesses of the fillet
weld is too large.
0.5 to 3
Short imperfections:
h 0.2mm
>3
Short imperfections:
h 0.3mm + 0.1 a, but
max.
1 mm
0.5
h 1mm + 0.2 a, but
max.
4 mm
0.5
Not permitted,
0.5
Acceptance depends on
application, e.g. material,
corrosion protection
Acceptance depends on
application, e.g. material,
corrosion protection.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24
610
Temper colour
(Discolouration)
0.5
------------------------------------------------
100
Cracks
1001
Microcracks
2011
Gas pore
2012
Uniformly
distributed porosity
INTERNAL IMPERFECTIONS
All types of cracks except microcracks
and crater cracks
A crack usually only visible under the
microscope (50x)
The following conditions and limits for
imperfections shall be fulfilled:
a1: Maximum dimension of the area of
the
imperfections (inclusive of
systematic imperfection) related to the
projected area
0.5
Not permitted
0.5
Acceptance depends on
type of parent material
with particular reference
to crack sensitivity.
0.5
For single layer: 1.5%
For multi-layer: 3%
0.5
1.5%
0.5
d 0.3 s, but max. 4mm
d 0.3 a, but max. 4mm
Note: Porosity in the project area
depends on the numbers of layers
(volume of the weld)
a2: Maximum dimension of the crosssectional area of the imperfections
(inclusive of systematic imperfection)
related to the fracture area (only
applicable to test pieces: production test,
welder or procedure qualification tests)
b: Maximum dimension for a single pore
for
- Butt welds
2013
Fillet welds
Clustered
(Localized porosity)
0.5
Reference length for lp is for 100mm.
The total gas pore area within the cluster
is represented by a circle of diameter d A
surrounding all the gas pores.
dA 20mm or dA, max wp
The requirements for a single gas pore
shall be met by all the gas pores within
this circle.
A permitted porous area shall be local.
The
possibility
of
the
pore
cluster
masking other imperfections shall be
taken into consideration.
If D is less than dA1 or dA2, whichever is
smaller, then the total gas pore area is
represented by a circle of diameter d AC,
where dAC = dA1 + dA2 + D.
Systematic
cluster
porosity
is
not
dA1,
or
dAC,
permitted
dA
corresponds
to
dA2
whichever is applicable
5
2014
Linear porosity
Butt welds
0.5
Fillet welds
0.5
h 0.3 s, but max. 3mm
l s, but max. 50mm
h 0.3 a, but max. 3mm
l a, but max. 50mm
7
8
2015
2016
202
2024
Elongated cavity
wormholes
Butt welds
0.5
Fillet welds
0.5
Shrinkage cavity
Crater pipe
0.5
0.5 to 3
h 0.3 s, but max. 3mm
l s, but max. 50mm
h 0.3 a, but max. 3mm
l a, but max. 50mm
Not permitted
Not permitted
>3
10
300
301
302
303
304
11
3042
Solid inclusions
Slag inclusions
Flux inclusions
Oxide inclusions
Metallic
inclusions
other than copper
Copper inclusions
The larger value of h or l will be
measured
Butt welds
0.5
Fillet welds
0.5
Butt welds
Fillet welds
0.5
0.5
0.5
h 0.3 s, but max. 3mm
l s, but max. 50mm
h 0.3 a, but max. 3mm
l a, but max. 50mm
h 0.3 s, but max. 3mm
h 0.3 a, but max. 3mm
Not permitted
0.5
Not permitted
--------------------------------------------
12
401
4011
Lack of fusion
(incomplete fusion)
Lack of side wall
fusion
13
4012
Lack of inter-run
fusion
4013
Lack of root fusion
402
Lack of penetration
T joint (fillet weld)
0.5
Not permitted
T- Joint (partial penetration)
0.5
Short imperfections:
Butt joint: h 0.1 s or i,
but max. 1.5 mm
Fillet joint: h 0.1 a, but
max.
1.5 mm
Butt joint (partial penetration)
Butt joint (partial penetration)
0.5
Not permitted
507
Linear misalignment
5071
Linear misalignment
between plates
5072
Transversely circular
welds at cylindrical
hollow sections
IMPERFECTIONS IN JOINT GEOMETRY
The limits relate to deviations from the
correct position. Unless otherwise
specified, the correct position is that
when the centrelines coincide
Plates and longitudinal welds
0.5 to 3
Circumferential welds
h 0.2mm + 0.15 t
>3
h 0.15 t but max. 4mm
0.5
h 0.5 t but max. 3mm
617
None
Incorrect root gap
for fillet welds
Multiple
imperfections in any
cross section
Gap between the parts to be joined.
Gaps exceeding the appropriate limit
may, in certain cases, be compensated
for by a corresponding increase in the
throat thickness.
MULTIPLE IMPERFECTIONS
h1 + h 2 + h 3 + h 4 = h
0.5 to 3
h 0.3mm + 0.1 a
>3
h 0.5mm + 0.2 a, but
max. 3mm
0.5 to 3
Not permitted
>3
Maximum total height of
imperfections:
h 0.3 t or 0.2 a
h1 + h 2 + h 3 = h
None
Projected or crosssectional area in the
longitudinal
direction
Case 1 (D > l3)
h1 x l1 + h2 x l2+ h3 x l3 = h x l
0.5
h x l 8%
Case 2 (D < l3)
h1 x l 1+ h2 x l 2
h2+ h3
x D+h3 x l 3= h x l
2
The sum of the areas h x l shall be
calculated as a percentage to the
evaluation area lp x wp (case 1)
If D is smaller than the shorter length of
one of the neighbouring imperfections,
the fullest connection of the two
imperfections shall be applied to the sum
of imperfections (case 2)
