ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION INC.

V.V. Soliven Avenue II, Cainta, Rizal

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS
ENGINEERING
Of
FOURTH YEAR STUDENTS
Microprocessor System

A Research Study on Intel Core i5 Processor

Presented by:
John R. Cariaga
Presented to:
Mr. Ivan Lee Mendoza

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Table of Contents
Title Page
Acknowledgement
I. Overview of the Research
Abstract
Introduction
II. RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
Statement of the Problem
Objectives
Significance of the Study
Review of Related Literature
Review of Related Literature
Scope and Delimitations
III. TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS
Physical Appearance
Parts and Function
Specification
IV. Features
V. Conclusion
VI. GLOSSARY
VII. REFERENCES

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We, the students of ICCT Colleges Foundation Inc., the success of any
project depend largely on the encouragement and guidelines of many others.
We take this opportunity to express our gratitude to the people who have
been instrumental in successful completion of this project.
We would like to show our greatest appreciation to our Professors
through his tremendous support and help and became motivated and
encouraged every time we attend his meeting. Without his encouragement
and guidance this project would not have materialized. The guidance and
support received from all the members who contributed and who are
contributing to this project, was vital for the success of the project. We are
grateful for their constant support and help.
Our deepest thanks to each of our member on this group for
accomplishing this project through their financial and working supports and
same also for our great parents who never stop supporting our studies by
giving us comfort, inspiration and lessons for making this project more
possible.
Most of all, a big thanks to our Lord Almighty God for the glory of each
of the day we expend and by giving us knowledge, guidance and strength to
make these project more efficient and worthy.

Abstract
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Processor is the portion of a computer system that carries out the

instructions of a computer program, and is the primary element carrying out
the computer's functions. This term has been in use in the computer industry
at least since the early 1960s.
The

form,

design

and

implementation

of

CPUs

have

changed

dramatically since the earliest examples, but their fundamental operation

remains much the same.
Process is a program in execution. A process is more than the program
code which is known sometimes as a text section. It also includes the current
activity, as represented by the value of the program counter & the contents
of the processor's registers.
Process

generally

includes

the

process

stack,

which

contains

temporary data (such as method parameters, return addresses, local

variables), and data section, which contains global variables.

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Introduction
Core i5 is a brand name used by Intel for several microprocessors, the
first of which were introduced in late 2009. It is positioned between the
mainstream Core i3 & Core 2 and the high-end Core i7 & Xeon brands.
Core i5, like Core i7, is based on the Nehalem microarchitecture. The
first Core i5 was introduced on September 8, 2009 and is a mainstream
variant of the Core i7, initially only quad-core desktop processors based on
Lynnfield,

with

dual-core

mobile

(Arrandale)

and

desktop

processors

(Clarkdale) following in 2010.

Intel released the first Core i5 processor: The Core i5 750, which is a
2.66 GHz quad-core Lynnfield processor with Hyper-threading disabled.
Lynnfield Core i5 processors have an 8 MB L3 cache, a DMI bus running at
2.5 GT/s and support for dual-channel DDR3-800/1066/1333 memory.

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Statement of the Problem

Have you ever notice the difference if you have a new desktop or
laptop featuring a microprocessor with great performance in terms of
multitasking and latest or heavy applications?
Did you satisfy with the speed of your laptop/desktop or did you find
trouble in meeting the system requirements for your program, software or
any application?

Objectives
General
To create a simple analysis about Intel Core i5 processor in terms of
its performance and capabilities
Specific
To show what are the actual appearance of Intel Core i5 in terms of
perspective view inside and outside of that processor.
To list its basic specification, special features, advantages and
disadvantages.

Significance of the Study

In this study you can found out what are some important terms you
need to know as a consumer if you are going to buy you own personal
computer or a desktop, laptop, mobile and etc. A processor like core i5 is

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made for mainstream users who care about performance that we can also
see on its specification, special features and advantages.

Review of Related Literature

45 nm technology
Not since the late 1960s have computer chips seen as dramatic an
improvement as Intel's new 45 nanometer (nm) transistors, Intel Co-founder
Gordon Moore says. As part of this new technology breakthrough, Intel has
announced it will use two new materials to build the insulating walls and
switching gates of its 45nm transistors. Hundreds of millions of these
microscopic transistors -- or switches -- will be inside the next generation
Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Core 2 Quad and Xeon families of multi-core
processors. The company also said it has five early-version products up and
running -- the first of 15 45nm processor products planned from Intel. The
early versions of the new chip will be targeted at different computer market
segments including Windows Vista, Mac OS X, and Windows XP and Linux
operating systems.
As for the size, the CPUs arent shrinking. In many cases, theyre growing.
The size we refer to is the size of an individual transistor within the CPU. The
smaller each transistor is the more of them will fit in you CPU, allowing for
faster CPUs with more stuffed crammed in. Smaller transistors also switch
faster, allowing higher clock speeds, and use less power.

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The Intel Core i5 consider having an excellent performance because of
its processors. The one that process for about 45 nm and 32 nm indicates
the size of transistor inside that processor.
Microarchitecture
Intel is pushing of what they called Nehalem microarchitecture into
mainstream PCs with the release of its first Core i5 chip which is also known
as Core i5-750 which has been introduced on September 8, 2009; it is a
quad-core processor aimed at desktop PCs where multimedia is a priority. It
is the first chip based on the Nehalem design that will be aimed at PCs priced
for the mainstream. Nehalem boasts improvements that make it faster and
more power-efficient than its predecessors.
The Core i5-750 runs at 2.66GHz and has 8MB of cache. It draws 95
watts of power and is priced at $196 when bought in volume.
Nehalem was a significant architectural upgrade for Intel, and it usually
takes a year for a chip maker to bring new technology to mainstream
audiences.
Nehalem integrates a memory controller onto the chip to provide a
faster access path to memory. Current mainstream chips have a memory
controller on the chipset. Nehalem also provides a faster pipe for the CPU to
communicate with system components like a graphics card.
The chip is being manufactured using the 45-nanometer process. Its
launch comes just a few weeks ahead of the Intel Developer Forum (IDF),
where Intel is expected to shed some light on chips manufactured with the
more advanced 32-nm process. Intel is starting to manufacture 32-nm chips
for mainstream desktops and laptops by the end of that year.

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Intel Processor Architecture

Some of the recently released microprocessor by Intel:
NetBurst (microarchitecture)
Core (microarchitecture)
Nelahem (microarchitecture)
Sandy Bridge (microarchitecture
NetBurst (microarchitecture)

The NetBurst

microarchitecture,

called P68 inside Intel,

was

the

successor to the P6 microarchitecture in the x86 family of CPUs made

by Intel.

The first CPU to use this architecture was the Willamette core of the
Pentium 4 and the first of the Pentium 4 CPUs

All subsequent Pentium 4 and Pentium D variants have also been

based on NetBurst.

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The NetBurst microarchitecture includes features such as :

Front-Side Bus

Hyper Pipelined Technology

This is the name given to the 20-stage instruction pipeline within

the Willamette core

Rapid Execution Engine

With this technology, the two ALUs in the core of the CPU are
double-pumped

Execution Trace Cache

It stores decoded micro-operations, so that when executing a

new instruction, instead of fetching and decoding the instruction
again, the CPU directly accesses the decoded micro-ops from the
trace cache, thereby saving considerable time.

Nehalem (Microcomputer)

Nehalem is the codename for Intel processor microarchitecture,

successor to the Core microarchitecture.

Nehalem processors use the 45 nm process.

The first processor released with the Nehalem architecture was the
desktop Core i7, which was released in November 2008.

Nehalem, a recycled codename, refers to a completely different

architecture from Netburst

Focus on performance

Utilize higher clock speeds and are more energy-efficient

Hyper-threading reintroduced.

412 MB L3 cache

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Native (all processor cores on a single die) quad- and octa-core

processors

Intel QuickPath Interconnect in high-end models replacing the legacy

front side bus

Integrated memory controller supporting two or three memory

channels of DDR3 SDRAM

2nd generation Intel Virtualization Technology which introduced

Extended Page Table support

Sandy Bridge (micro Computer)

Sandy

Bridge is

the codename for

a microarchitecture developed

by Intel beginning in 2005 for central processing units in computers to

replace the Nehalem microarchitecture. Intel demonstrated a Sandy Bridge
processor in 2009, and released first products based on the architecture in
January 2011 under the Core brand.

Upgraded features from Nehalem include:

Shared L3 cache includes the processor graphics
64-byte cache line size
Two load/store operations per CPU cycle for each memory
channel
Decoded micro-operation cache and enlarged, optimized branch
predictor
Improved

performance

for transcendental

mathematics, AES

encryption (AES instruction set), and SHA-1 hashing

256-bit/cycle ring bus interconnect between cores, graphics,
cache and System Agent Domain
Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX) 256-bit instruction set with
wider vectors, new extensible syntax and rich functionality

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Intel Quick Sync Video, hardware support for video encoding and
decoding
Up to 8 physical cores or 16 logical cores through Hyperthreading
Family of Processor
This new family of processors consists of three classes
core i3, core i5 and core i7.

The Intel core i3 series has been made to cater to the entry level
desktop and laptop computer market.

The core i5 series is aimed at the mid-level computing segment.

The core i7 series is stuffed with high performance processors that can
serve the high end market.

Every series of processors comes with a lot of variety, in terms of

processing speed and features.
Focus on Core i5 Processor

Intel has just announced their latest lineup of Core i5 processors.

Sandy Bridge, as the new architecture is called by engineers is Intel's

new microarchitecture, following Nehalem.

The new processors are produced on Intel's 32 nm production process

which has reached maturity over the last few months.

The core i5 line consists of three separate series of processors with

i) DualCore Core i5 Processors
ii) QuadCore Core i5 Processors

The Dual Core Core i5, as well as quad cores come with 4 threads each.

The clocking frequency ranging from 2.933 GHz to 3.2 GHz

4 MB to 8 MB L3 cache

Direct media interface

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Intel HD graphics

Intel smart cache technology

Hyper-threading enabled

i5 chips are faster than the i3 chips

Core Confusion

Get faster CPU performance from Core i7 parts than Core i5

The majority of desktop Core i7 CPUs are quad-core processors, while

many mobile Core i5 processors are dual-core.

There are mobile dual-core Core i7 processors, and likewise several

desktop quad-core Core i5 processors.

Rare six-core Core i7, which are usually found with the desktop-only
Extreme Edition top-of-the-line models.

To get better performance in each generation, buy a processor with a

higher model number
Cache Memory

In addition to generally faster base clock speeds, Core i5 processors

have larger cache (on-board memory).

help the processor deal with repetitive tasks faster.

If you're editing and calculating spreadsheets, your CPU shouldn't have

to reload the framework the numbers sit in. This info will sit in the
cache so that when you change a number the calculations are almost
instantaneous.

Larger cache sizes help with multitasking as well, since background

tasks will be ready for when you switch focus to another window.

On currently available desktop processors, i5 CPUs have 3MB to 8MB of

L3 cache, while i7 processors have 8MB to 15MB.

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Background of the Study

With some knowledge about Microprocessors types, function or theory
of operation, and its production which is also based on the lesson we also
study in this subject, the researchers formulate this project entitled, A
Research Study on Intel Core i5 Processor. The growing industry of IC
production, the Intel microprocessor is the leading brand of all time in terms
of its great application in advance technologies, most commonly start in
computer and mobile devices. Thats why the researchers are inspired to
conduct the said study which will deal with one common processor not only
because of its popularity but also with its great features that varies each
year.

Advantage and Disadvantage of Intel Core i5

Intel core i5 is new family of microprocessors x 64-86 from Intel
occupy the middle ground in terms of cost and performance between
the cheaper microprocessors Intel Core i3 and more expensive Intel
Core i7. Announcement of processors for desktop Intel Core i5 held in
the autumn of 2009, and are based on the core Linnfield.
The following 2010 saw the light of Intel Core i5 on the new core
Clarkdale, which are equipped with an integrated graphics processor.
In early 2011, Intel released more effective and intelligent Intel Core i5
microprocessors based on the core Sandy Bridge. The existence of
four digits after the Intel Core i5 is its relation to the above
architecture. These processors are manufactured on 32 nm technology,
and

have

new

processor

socket

LGA

1155.

In

common

semiconductor chip contains cache memory, computing the core,

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graphics core and memory controller. Average production increased by
about 25%. The family of Sandy Bridge has 8 processors Core i5, which
just goes to show how Intel pays more attention to the middle class. In
the line of the above chips, only 3 microprocessor.
These microprocessors support automatic acceleration under
load (the so-called Turbo Boost technology and Turbo Boost 2.0) and
integrated memory controller. Some models have a built-in graphics
core. As well as other microprocessors manufactured socket LGA 1156
and LGA 1155 chipset connection is via bus DMI. The advantages of
Intel Core i5 microprocessors include their high energy efficiency. TDP
data processor ranges from 35 to 95 watts.
Intel Core seventh model, unlike the Intel Core Five, have a few
more cache memory and have the support of technology Hyper
Threading. By its value these two classes also differ greatly. If for Intel
Core i5 processors will have to pay 170 to $ 205, the Core i7 for more
than $ 300. Microprocessors 5th and seventh series have four cores
(with the exception of the six-core Intel Core-i7-980 and dual-core Intel
i5-2390T). At i3 processors have two cores. In addition, they do not
support this technology as Turbo Boost. These processors are not
suitable for very demanding customers.

Scope and Delimitation

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Our study only pertains to the term microarchitecture, code, and some
important microprocessor specification of Intel Core i5 based on the history
of its application, advantage and disadvantage, features and some
perspective view inside and outside of that processor like analyzing its parts
or actual physical structure. We are not focusing on a specific kind of Intel
Core i5 but we only give different example that is related or based on its
general description. All of the content of this paper may only be a
theoretical, or a part of review and study from the resources of our research.

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Tables and Illustration

Physical Appearance
Processor Package Assembly
Intel Core
i5-600

Top
Side View

IHS

Core (die)

Intel Core i5 Wafer

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Core

(die)

Core i5 Quad-Core
Structure

Sample Microarchitecture
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Bottom View of Processor Package

Pins
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Capacitor

No. of Pins: 1156

Model: Intel Core
i5-600

Package Size
The dimension is measured in mm

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Parts and Function

Package Assembly Parts
IHS (Integrated Heat Spreader) is the surface used to make
contact between the heat sink or other thermal solution of the CPU
processor
Core (die) is also called a processor die is a single continuous
piece of semiconductor material (usually a Silicon, a die can contain
any number of cores up to 6 available on market). It is where the
transistors making up the CPU actually reside.
Substrate is a solid substance or medium to which another
substance is applied and to which the second substance adheres. It
is material which is cut or formed into thin discs called wafers on
which the individual electronics components are made.
TIM (Thermal Interface Material) is thermally conductive materials
by definition are thermally conductive materials specially designed
to fill any voids or irregularities that may exist between the heat
sink and solid state relay. It is used to provide efficient thermal exchange
between the processor Integrated Heat Spreader (IHS) and the fan-heat sink.
LGA socket (Land Grid Array) is a type of surface mount
packaging for integrated circuits (ICs) that is notable for having the
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pins on the socket rather than the integrated circuit. It is a
packaging technology with square grid of contacts on the underside
of a processor package.
Capacitor it is serves as a reservoir of charge to supply the
instantaneous charge requirements of the circuit locally so the
charge need not come through the inductance of power trace. A
smaller cap (typ. 0.01 F 0.1 F) as physically close to the power
pins of the chip as is possible. Capacitor also shorts the high
frequency noise away from the chip.
Core (die) Parts]
Processor Graphics - is sometimes called as Intel HD Graphics, is
a series of Intel integrated graphics processors introduced in 2010
that are manufactured on the same die as the processor, together
forming an accelerated processing unit especially enhance such 3D
gaming, videos and etc.
Core - is a processing unit which reads in instructions to perform specific actions.
Instructions are chained together so that, when run in real time, they make up your
computer experience.
Shared L3 Cache - Level 3 or L3 cache is specialized memory that
works hand-in-hand with L1 and L2 cache to improve computer
performance. L1, L2 and L3 cache are computer processing unit
(CPU) caches, verses other types of caches in the system such as
hard

disk

cache.

CPU

cache

caters

to

the

needs

of

the

microprocessor by anticipating data requests so that processing

instructions are provided without delay.
Memory Controller also known as Integrated Memory Controller
(IMC) is the memory controller hub of a chipset integrated into a
CPU. MCHs control the operation of memory.
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Specification
General Specification

Introduced in 2009.
It is a 64-bit P.
It has 4 physical cores.
Its clock speed is from 2.40 GHz

to 3.60 GHz.
It has 781 million transistors.
It has 64 KB of L1 cache per
core, 256 KB of L2 cache and 8
MB of L3 cache.

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Other Specification

Codename
Process
Platform
Architecture
Socket (LGA)
Intel chipset
support

Intel Core i5 Desktop Platform

Lynnfield
45nm
Desktop
Nehalem
1156

Clarkdale
32nm
Desktop
Westmere
1156

P57, H57, Q57 (will require FDI for

IGP)

Cores / Threads

P55, P57, H55, H57,

Q57
4/4

Hyper Threading

No

Yes

QPI / DMI
Memory

DMI
Dual-channel

DMI
Dual-channel

Turbo boost
L3 cache
45nm IGP
Availability

Yes
8MB
No
Q3 2009

Unknown
4MB
Yes
Q4 2009

2/4

Additional Specification

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Special Features
Some of the basic special features of Intel Core i5 are as follow:
1. Basically i5 processor are introduces to do the intelligent networking
and enhance the performance of the working for the sake of different
purposes such as for gaming, faster procession, reliable data
transmission etc.

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2. One of the important feature of the i5 processor is that it automatically

manages the power supply where needed and does not break the
speed and the performance of the system
3. I5 processors also allow the user to enjoy the heavy application with
the higher rate such as HD video composing, composing music and
many more.
4. I5 also provide the opportunity to use the system with multi-tasking.
5. I5 processor is also able to increase the memory of the system and
help users to work with the high bandwidth and great performance.
6. A big feature of the i5 processors is that they have ability to run two
multitasking processors together that are generally called as dual
processors and can increase the working performance of the system
efficiently.
7. Turbo boost technology of i5 processors is the key beneficial feature
of the i5 processor that allow the users to do their regular and
important working with the help of heavy applications
8. An i5 processor also consists of Hyper-Threading technology that
enables the users for multitasking and improves their business or
working on the two different tasks at the same time.

Turbo Boost feature

Turbo

Boost

refers

to

Intel's

"overclocking"

feature

built into its processors.

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It allows the processor to run faster than its base clock speed when
only one or two processor cores are needed (like when you're running a
single-threaded task that you want done now).

This provides users with the opportunity to turn off a core if its not
being utilized.

Both Core i5 and Core i7 processors use Turbo Boost

Hyper-Threading Technology
Intel Hyper-Threading uses multi-threading technology to make a
processor appear to have more cores than it physically has to the
operating system and applications.
Hyper-Threading technology is used to increase performance at multithreaded tasks.
The simplest multi-threaded situation is a multi-tasking user running
several programs simultaneously, but there are other tasks that take
advantage of Hyper-Threading
For instance multimedia operations (like transcoding, rendering, etc.)
and Web surfing (loading different elements like Flash content and
images simultaneously).
All Core i7 CPUs use Hyper-Threading,
A six-core CPU can handle 12 streams
Four core handles eight streams, and a dual-core handles four streams.
Core i5 uses Hyper-Threading to make a dual-core CPU act like a fourcore one, but if you have a Core i5 processor with four true cores, it
won't have Hyper-Threading.
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For the time being,

Hyper-Threading

handling 4 streams,

Core

i5

tops

out

at

using four real cores or

two cores with Hyper-Threading.

Integrated Graphics

Integrated graphics built into the processor core itself.

Previous Intel integrated graphics were built onto the motherboard

chipsets, rather than on the processor.

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Intel HD Graphics 2000/3000 in currently shipping Sandy Bridge

processors.

Integrated graphics saves power, since there won't be an extra

graphics chip on your laptop or desktop's motherboard using power.

Multicore-Microarchitecture (Microarchitecture)

A multi-core processor is a single computing component with two or

more independent actual central processing units (called "cores"),
which are the units that read and execute program instructions.

The instructions are ordinary CPU instructions such as add, move data,
and branch, but the multiple cores can run multiple instructions at the
same time, increasing overall speed for programs amenable to parallel
computing.

Manufacturers typically integrate the cores onto a single integrated

circuit die (known as a chip multiprocessor or CMP), or onto multiple
dies in a single chip package.

Single Core Architecture

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Multi Core Architecture

Multi-core CPU chip

The cores fit on a single processor socket

Also called CMP (Chip Multi-Processor)

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The Cores run in parallel

thread 2

thread 1

thread 4

thread 3

c
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Interaction with the Operating System

OS perceives each core as a separate processor

OS scheduler maps threads/processes to different cores
Most major OS support multi-core today: Window, Linux, Mac OS X,

Within each core, threads are time-sliced (just like on a

uniprocessor)

threads
1

threads
2

threads
3

threads
4

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Why multi-core

Difficult to make single-core clock frequencies even higher

Deeply pipelined circuits:
heat problems
speed of light problems
difficult design and verification
large design teams necessary
server farms need expensive
air-conditioning
Many new applications are multithreaded
General trend in computer architecture (shift towards more parallelism)

Concept of Core

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Conclusion

Multi-core chips an important new trend in computer architecture

Several new multi-core chips in design phases

Parallel programming techniques likely to gain importance

Turbo boost feature is implemented after Core i5 design. So it is main

feature of corei5.

Core i5 has Dual and Quad Core Both.

Glossary
DMI (Direct Media Interface) is a bus technology used in
Intel Core i5, i3, and i7 processors. The basic design or architecture is
that the processor communicated over a different channel with RAM, a
different channel with PCIe and a third channel DMI to communicate
with all other components of the computer. This increases the
performance significantly.
Chipset - is a set of electronics components in an integrated circuit that manage the
data flow between the processor, memory and peripherals.
Intel Chipset Support It install the latest software for your chipset,
which contains drivers for various components.
FDI ( Flexible Display Interface ) - is an interconnect created by
Intel in order to allow the communication of the HD Graphics
integrated GPU found on supported CPUs with the PCH south bridge
where display connectors are attached.

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IGP (Integrated Graphics Processor) is a graphics chip that is

integrated into a CPU. The IGP serves the same process the graphics
displayed on the computer
ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) is the core of any processor:
Its the unit that performs the calculations. A typical ALU will have two
input ports (A and B) and a result port (Y). It will also have a control
input telling it which operation (add, subtract, and, or, etc.) to perform
and additional outputs for condition codes (carry, overflow, negative,
zero result).
Register file is a means of memory storage within a computers
central processing unit (CPU). The computers register files contain bits
of data and mapping locations. These locations specify certain
addresses that are input components of a register file. Other inputs
include data, a read and write function and execute function.

Resources

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phpapp01
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2173

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https://forum-en.msi.com
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tmdg
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