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Chapter 2 OP Amp 2-1

This document describes the characteristics and functions of ideal operational amplifiers (op amps) and some common op amp configurations, including: - An ideal op amp has infinite input impedance and bandwidth, zero output impedance, infinite gain, and complete common mode rejection. - The inverting configuration produces an output voltage that is equal to the negative of the input voltage multiplied by a gain factor determined by resistor ratios. - The non-inverting configuration produces an output voltage that is equal to the input voltage multiplied by a gain factor greater than one, determined by resistor ratios. - A difference amplifier amplifies the difference between two input voltages while rejecting signals common to both inputs.

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228 views

Chapter 2 OP Amp 2-1

This document describes the characteristics and functions of ideal operational amplifiers (op amps) and some common op amp configurations, including: - An ideal op amp has infinite input impedance and bandwidth, zero output impedance, infinite gain, and complete common mode rejection. - The inverting configuration produces an output voltage that is equal to the negative of the input voltage multiplied by a gain factor determined by resistor ratios. - The non-inverting configuration produces an output voltage that is equal to the input voltage multiplied by a gain factor greater than one, determined by resistor ratios. - A difference amplifier amplifies the difference between two input voltages while rejecting signals common to both inputs.

Uploaded by

SRA893
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.1.2.

Function and Characteristics of Ideal Op Amp


V-

Voltage at the inverting terminal: vVoltage at the non-inverting terminal: v+

V+

Characteristics of Ideal OP Amp.


infinite input impedance (Zin = ): iin = 0
positive supply VCC
zero output impedance (Zout = 0) : vout = A(v2 v1)
zero common-mode gain (Acm = 0)
inverting input
complete common-mode rejection
output
infinite open-loop gain (A = )
non-inverting input
infinite bandwidth
negative supply VEE

2.1.2. Function and Characteristics of Ideal Op Amp


Differential and Common mode inputs
Two input signals: v1 and v2
Differential mode input: vId = v2 v1
Common mode input : vIcm = (v1 + v2)/2
v1 = vIcm vId /2
v2 = vIcm + vId /2
Analysis with OP amp
if OP Amp. is ideal (A = )
vout = A(v2-v1) v2-v1 = Vout /A 0
v2 = v1

if OP Amp. is not ideal ( A )


v2 v1

Zin = : iin = 0
Define currents in & out of input terminals
Find the relationship between vin and vout

2.2. The Inverting Configuration

Source is applied to inverting input


R1 and R2 form closed loop
Output is fed to the inverting input terminal
Non inverting input is grounded

if A = (ideal OP amp)
vO /vI = - R2/R1
Voltage gain is negative
Out of phase
Closed loop gain is independent of the open loop gain of the OP amp.
if A

R2

vO

vI
1

R1
1 ( R2
A

R1 )

2.2. The Inverting Configuration


Input Resistance : Rin = R1
Output Resistance: Rout = 0
Higher Rin Lower closed loop gain

Example 2.2:
Another Inverting Op-Amp

Q1: Derive an expression for the


closed-loop gain vOut/vIn
Q2: Design an inverting amplifier
closed loop gain of 100
input resistance of 1M.
Assume that one cannot use any
resistor with resistance larger
than 1M.

2.2.4. The Weighted Summer


weighted summer - closed-loop amplifier configuration which
provides an output voltage is weighted sum of the inputs.

2.3. The Non-Inverting Configuration


Source is applied to non-inverting input
R1 and R2 form closed loop
Output is fed to the inverting input terminal

Input Resistance : Rin =


Output Resistance: Rout = 0

if A =
vO /vI = 1 + R2 / R1
Voltage gain is positive
In phase
Closed loop gain is independent of the open loop gain of the OP amp.
if A
vO

vI

1 R2

R1
1 ( R2
R1 )
1
A

2.3.4 Buffer / Voltage-Follower Op-Amp Conf.

vO = vI
Input Resistance : Rin =
Output Resistance: Rout = 0
vO is equal (in both magnitude and phase) to vI
However, any current supplied to the load is drawn from
amplifier supplies (VCC, VEE) and not the input source (vI).

2.4. Difference Amplifiers


Closed-loop configuration
Responds to the difference between two input signals
Rejects signals that are common to the two.
Ideally
the amp will amplify only the differential signal (vId)
reject completely the common-mode input signal (vIcm)

However, a practical circuit will behave as below

vOUT Ad v Id Acm v Icm


common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR)
the degree to which a differential amplifier
rejects the common-mode input.

Ideally, CMRR =
Ad
Practically,
CMRR 20 log
Acm

2.4. Difference Amplifiers


The ideal op amp(A=) itself is a differential amplifier
v OUT = A(v2-v1)=AvId
But has an infinite output,
cannot be used by itself.

A difference Amplifier

vOUT Ad v Id Acm v Icm


vId = v2 v1 : Differential mode input:
vIcm = (v1 + v2)/2: Common mode input
Ad : Differential mode gain
Acm: Common mode gain

2.4. A Difference Amplifier


1 R2

R2
R1
vo
vI1
vI 2
R
R1
1 3
R4

1 R2

1 R2

R1 R2
R1 R2
1
(
) v Id (
) v Icm
R
2 1 R3
R1
R1
1 3
R4
R4

Ad v Id Acm v Icm
Choose,

R1 R3
R2 R4

Differential
input resistance

then

R2
R2
vo
v Id
(v I 2 v I 1 )
R1
R1

Rid = v Id / ii = 2R1

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