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NMR Good Notes

Three main techniques are used to determine the structures of unknown organic molecules, including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). NMR utilizes strong magnetic fields to differentiate nuclear dipoles. Nuclei in different locations in a molecule experience different local magnetic fields, resulting in unique resonance frequencies expressed as chemical shifts. Structure determination problems are solved using pure logic and interpreting NMR spectra.

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Mungara Srinivas
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118 views

NMR Good Notes

Three main techniques are used to determine the structures of unknown organic molecules, including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). NMR utilizes strong magnetic fields to differentiate nuclear dipoles. Nuclei in different locations in a molecule experience different local magnetic fields, resulting in unique resonance frequencies expressed as chemical shifts. Structure determination problems are solved using pure logic and interpreting NMR spectra.

Uploaded by

Mungara Srinivas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chemistry 2600 Lecture Notes

Chapter 15 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

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Structure Determination in Organic Chemistry: NMR Spectroscopy

Three main techniques are used to determine the structures of unknown organic molecules.

These methods are completely general, and can be used for molecular compounds of all the
elements

These methods are used in conjunction with the chemists knowledge of chemical formula,
chemical structure and composition of functional groups

Basic principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance


The Experiment

Some nuclei have nuclear magnetic moments; just as importantly, some do not

These moments may be dipoles or quadrupoles

Some commonly observed dipolar NMR nuclei in two classes:


(A)
Nuclei that are the major isotopes of the element in the natural form

(B)

Nuclei that are only minor constituents of the natural form of the element

Ignoring the theory of the NMR response entirely, we observe that nuclear dipoles are
differentiated in the presence of a strong magnetic field.

Field strengths: 5.87 Tesla (250 MHz 1 H frequency) 11.74 Tesla (500 MHz 1 H frequency)

NMR is insensitive because it is low energy: 1 H versus 13 C NMR response

Chemistry 2600 Lecture Notes

Chapter 15 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

The compound

Nuclei in different locations in a molecule experience different local magnetic fields

The unique resonance frequencies of nuclei in different types of nuclei are expressed in fieldindependent units and are then called the chemical shift
( FrequencyA FrequencyRef ) inHz = Chemical shift in ppm
A =
(
)
( Spectrometer Frequency ) in MHz

The standard reference compound for 1 H and 13 C NMR is tetramethylsilane, TMS

Rapidly moving nuclei experience an average local magnetic field

Rotation about single bonds is normally sufficient to render attached nuclei equivalent

Equivalent nuclei act as a single group rather than as individual nuclei: intensity

Double and triple bonds and aromatic compounds render attached nuclei rigid

Symmetry is used to identify equivalent and inequivalent nuclei in the NMR experiment

Spin-spin splitting between inequivalent nuclei is always expressed in Hz and is field


independent

The chemist

NMR is too complex to comprehend without advanced study

Structure determination problems are solved by using pure logic

Practice is the best teacher

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Chemistry 2600 Lecture Notes

Chapter 15 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

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Chemistry 2600 Lecture Notes

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Chemistry 2600 Lecture Notes

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Chemistry 2600 Lecture Notes

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Chemistry 2600 Lecture Notes

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Chemistry 2600 Lecture Notes

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Chemistry 2600 Lecture Notes

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Chemistry 2600 Lecture Notes

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Chemistry 2600 Lecture Notes

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Chemistry 2600 Lecture Notes

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Chemistry 2600 Lecture Notes

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Chemistry 2600 Lecture Notes

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Chemistry 2600 Lecture Notes

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Chemistry 2600 Lecture Notes

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Chemistry 2600 Lecture Notes

Chapter 15 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

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