GAMMA RAY
LOG
STT MIGAS BALIKPAPAN
28 Oktober 2014
OUTLINE
Tujuan Dari Gamma Ray Log
Theorytical Background
Log Display
GR Log Interpretation and Calculation
Environmental Effect Correction
Exercise
Spectral GR Log
OBJECTIVE
Mengidentifikasi Lithologi Secara General
GR Log kita gunakan untuk menentukan lapisan
mana yang merupakan reservoir dan lapisan mana
yang merupakan shale
Mengidentifikasi Kuantitas dari Shaliness
Meskipun GR Log memberikan respon bahwa suatu
lapisan itu reservoir, tapi belum tentu reservoir
tersebut murni sand
Depth Matching
Membandingkan respon dari cased hole log
dengan open hole log
Correlation Between Wells
Mengkorelasikan well yang memiliki respon log
yang sama.
THEORYTICAL BACKGROUND
Electron (negative charge)
Proton (positive charge)
Neutron (no electric charge)
Nucleus (protons + neutrons)
Electron shells
Number of protons = Number of electrons
Mass of proton Mass of neutron
Mass of electron is negligible
NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY
Stable Atom
The number of protons, Z, and
the number of neutrons, N, are
balanced.
Unstable Atom
The numbers of protons and
neutrons are not balanced. The
atom naturally evolves to a
stable element.
Radioactivity (U,Th,K)
The spontaneous transformation
of some elements into other
elements, accompanied by the
emission of , , or radiation.
LOG DISPLAY
The gamma ray is displayed in the left-hand track of the paper log.
Log scale is 0 to 150 API units.
A scale of 0 to 200 can also be used if log values are very high.
LOG INTERPRETATION AND CALCULATION
High gamma ray values (about 100 API units) are mostly
encountered in shales.
Organic shales may have much higher gamma ray values.
Clean reservoirs (without shale) normally have low
gamma ray values (15 to 25 API units).
Evaporites (halite, anhydrite) have low GR.
Coal beds have low GR
The gamma ray log is used to identify clean layers.
RADIOACTIVE RESERVOIRS
"Clean" formations are sometimes very radioactive:
Clean sands may contain feldspars, micas or other
radioactive minerals.
Clean carbonates may contain uranium salts.
Radioactive salts get deposited near the wellbore
over perforated intervals.
In this cases, the gamma ray overestimates the clay
content of the formation.
The spectral gamma ray log can help, as well as other
shale indicators.
GAMMA RAY RESPONSE IN CLASTICS
0
GAPI
150
Shale
Coal
GR max
GR min
Clean Sand
Shaly Sand
Carbonate
Shal
eOrganic Shale
SHALINESS FROM GAMMA RAY
A normalized gamma ray, or gamma ray index, IGR, is
computed from the measured gamma ray and the
minimum (sand) and maximum (shale) values.
IGR = (GR GRmin) / (GRmax GRmin)
Empirical transforms are used to convert this index to
shale fraction, Vsh:
- Linear
- Larionov (Older Rocks)
- Clavier et al.
- Stieber
- Larionov (Tertiary Rocks)
SHALINESS VS. GAMMA RAY INDEX
1.0
0.9
0.8
Shale Fraction, Vsh
0.7
Linear Scaling
Larionov (Older Rocks)
Clavier et al.
Stieber
Larionov (Tertiary Rocks)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Gamma Ray Index
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
CASED-HOLE CORRELATION TO OPENHOLE
One string of casing
Cased-hole Gamma Ray
Openhole Gamma Ray
CASED-HOLE CORRELATION TO OPENHOLE
Two strings of casing
Cased-hole Gamma Ray
Openhole Gamma Ray
WELL CORRELATION
LOG QUALITY CONTROL
Log is affected by:
Tool position (eccentered or centered),
Borehole size,
Mud weight,
Mud composition, in particular potassium,
Casing and cement.
Correction charts and software settings exist to correct
the GR log for these effects.
If the GR log is primarily used for correlation, corrections
are not always applied.
GAMMA RAY BOREHOLE CORRECTION
Reference Conditions:
Hole Diameter = 8 inches
Borehole Fluid = 10 lb/gal mud
Tool eccentered
Actual Conditions:
Hole Diameter > 8 inches
Borehole Fluid = 10 lb/gal mud
Tool eccentered
Some of the radioactive formation is missing: Gamma ray log is too
low.
Actual Conditions:
Hole Diameter = 8 inches
Borehole Fluid = heavy mud
Tool eccentered
Some gamma rays are absorbed by the mud: Gamma ray log is too
low.
Actual Conditions:
Hole Diameter = 8 inches
Borehole Fluid = 10 lb/gal mud
Tool centered
Some gamma rays are absorbed by the mud: Gamma ray log is too
low.
GAMMA RAY BOREHOLE CORRECTION
Halliburton Chart GR-1
GAMMA RAY BOREHOLE CORRECTION
Wmud = 10 lbm/gal
dhole = 8 inches
t = 7.04
Wmud 2.54(d hole ) 2.54(d sonde )
8.345
2
2
d -d
t Wmud hole sonde
2
(mud weight in lbm/gal, diameter in
inches)
(mud weight in g/cc, diameter in cm)
Schlumberger Chart GR-1
GAMMA RAY BOREHOLE CORRECTION
Compute gamma ray correction factor using
Schlumberger Chart GR-1 for the following conditions:
Mud Density = 1.40 g/cc
Borehole Diameter = 14.5 inches
Sonde Diameter = 3.375 inches
Sonde is eccentered
t = 1.40 (14.5 3.375) 2.54 / 2 = 19.8 g/cm2
Correction Factor = 1.35
GAMMA RAY BOREHOLE CORRECTION
t Wmud
d hole d sonde
2
Schlumberger Chart GR-1
CASED HOLE GAMMA RAY CORRECTION
Formation
Reference Conditions:
Hole Diameter = 8 inches
Borehole Fluid = 10 lbm/gal mud
Mud
Casing
Cement
CASED HOLE GAMMA RAY CORRECTION
(mud weight in lbm/gal, diameter in inches)
Schlumberger Chart GR-3
CASED HOLE GAMMA RAY CORRECTION
CASED HOLE GAMMA RAY CORRECTION
Borehole Diameter = 8.5 in
Casing OD = 7 in
Casing Weight = not given, assume 26 lb/ft
Casing ID = 6.276 in
Sonde Diameter = 3 3/8 in = 3.375 in
Mud Density = 1.79 g/cc lb/gal
Casing density = 7.96 g/cc
Cement density = 2.0 g/cc
CASED HOLE GAMMA RAY CORRECTION
Borehole Diameter = 8.5 in
Casing OD = 7 in
Casing Weight = not given, assume 26 lb/ft
Casing ID = 6.276 in
Sonde Diameter = 3 3/8 in = 3.375 in
Mud Density = 1.79 g/cc lb/gal
Casing density = 7.96 g/cc
Cement density = 2.0 g/cc
t = 18 correction factor = 1.7
CASED HOLE GAMMA RAY CORRECTION
Schlumberger Chart GR-3
Empirical Gamma Ray Normalization
In this case, we have both
openhole and cased-hole gamma
ray logs over the same interval.
Open-Hole GR
Cased-hole log
Open-hole log
Slope = 1.66
Cased-Hole GR
Why is GR Correction Important?
Correcting the gamma ray log for casing
effect is very important when splicing logs
recorded over separate drilling phases.
Is there a reservoir here?
Gamma Ray Splicing
Final log after
splicing and
patching.
LOGGING SPEED
SPECTRAL GR LOG
This
log records the individual concentration of
U, Th, K
Applications:
Clay identification
Complex lithology analysis
Organic matter identification
Better estimation of clay contents
GAMMA RAY ENERGY WINDOWS
Potassium
K+U+Th
Scale
X 10
Uranium
Thorium
0.5
W1
1
W2
1.5
W3
2
W4
Gamma ray energy (MeV)
2.5
W5
