Descriptions for NSW (Mitchell)

Landscapes
Version 2 (2002)

Based on descriptions compiled by Dr. Peter Mitchell.

Visit us on the web:

www.environment.nsw.gov.au

Disclaimer
The descriptions in this document apply to the NSW (Mitchell) Landscapes version 2,
compiled in 2002 by Dr. Peter Mitchell under contract to the (then) NSW National Parks and
Wildlife Service.
Since the original mapping of NSW Landscapes in 2002, several more fine scale data layers
have been made available, including SPOT 5 satellite imagery, NSW wetlands, contours and
improved drainage layers. The availability of these finer scale data layers highlighted spatial
inconsistencies in the NSW Landscapes data layer, identifying areas where shifts in data have
occurred, or where the original digitising did not capture the intricacies of the underlying
environment. In response, in 2008 the Department of Conservation and Climate Change
(DECC) undertook a review of the bounds of the NSW Landscapes.
The analysis undertaken originally identified a range of errors and inaccuracies with the
bounds of the NSW Landscapes data layer, predominantly in the eastern half of the State,
including:

shifts in the Landscape polygons;

problematic outliers in the Landscape layers;
overlaps and gaps along Landscape boundaries;
inconsistencies in the delineation of some Landscapes.

Correction of these errors was undertaken by Eco Logical Australia under contract to DECC.
Correction of the NSW Landscapes layer was confined to fixing boundary errors, and no
attempt has been made to redefine the landscape classes, or their descriptions. The review has
resulted in a new version - version 3 - of the NSW landscapes layer being compiled and made
available. While the great majority of landscape descriptions have not been affected, a small
number of the landscape descriptions may no longer be entirely accurate if interpreted against
the spatial data provided for version 3.
Details of the original and update methodologies are available in the following documents:
Mitchell, P.B. (unpub). NSW ecosystems study: background and methodology. Unpublished
report to the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hurstville.
Eco Logical Australia, (2008). Editing Mitchell Landscapes, Final Report. A Report prepared
for the Department of Environment and Climate Change.

Table Of Contents
AA - Descriptions for Landscapes in the Australian Alps Bioregion ....................................... 4
BBS - Descriptions for Landscapes in the Brigalow Belt South Bioregion .............................. 9
BHC - Descriptions for Landscapes in the Broken Hill Complex Bioregion.......................... 16
CHC - Descriptions for Landscapes in the Channel Country Bioregion................................. 24
CP - Descriptions for Landscapes in the Cobar Peneplain Bioregion ..................................... 28
DRP - Descriptions for Landscapes in the Darling Riverine Plains Bioregion ....................... 44
MDD - Descriptions for Landscapes in the Murray Darling Depression Bioregion ............... 59
MUL - Descriptions for Landscapes in the Mulga Lands Bioregion ...................................... 67
NAN - Descriptions for Landscapes in the Nandewar Bioregion ........................................... 73
NET - Descriptions for Landscapes in the New England Tablelands Bioregion .................... 78
NNC - Descriptions for Landscapes in the NSW North Coast Bioregion............................... 82
NSS - Descriptions for Landscapes in the NSW South West Slopes Bioregion ..................... 89
RIV - Descriptions for Landscapes in the Riverina Bioregion.............................................. 101
SB - Descriptions for Landscapes in the Sydney Basin Bioregion ....................................... 106
SEC - Descriptions for Landscapes in the South East Corner Bioregion.............................. 125
SEH - Descriptions for Landscapes in the South East Highlands Bioregion ........................ 131
SEQ - Descriptions for Landscapes in the South East Queensland Bioregion...................... 144
SSD - Descriptions for Landscapes in the Simpson Strzelecki Bioregion ............................ 148

Descriptions of Mitchell Landscapes

AA - Descriptions for Landscapes in the Australian Alps
Bioregion
Meso: AA Alpine
Azo
Alpine Zone
AA Alpine
High plateau and block faulted ranges on Silurian-Devonian gneissic granite and granites,
with a linear unit of Ordovician greywacke, phyllite and schist above the tree line at 1800m.
Mountain peaks, scree slopes and tor covered rounded hills stand above the plateau, local
relief 450m. Relic Pleistocene cirque glacier landforms and glacial lakes, block streams and
periglacial solifluction lobes. Wet, uniform textured alpine humus soils and peat with
abundant organic matter, steep slopes have stonier, shallow profiles.
Tussock grasslands, alpine herb field, rare feldmark, snow patch communities, valley and
raised bogs, all with high endemism. Common species include; prickly snow grass (Poa
costiniana), alpine wallaby grass (Danthonia nudiflora), ribbony grass (Chionochloa frigida),
silver snow daisy (Celmisia asteliifolia), alpine sunray (Leuchrysum albicans), mountain
celery (Aciphylla glacialis), mountain plum pine (Podocarpus lawrencei), mountain gentian
(Gentianella diemensis), white purslane (Neopaxia australasica), coral heath (Epacris
gunnii), carpet heath (Pentachondra pumila), eye-bright (Euphrasia collina), sky lily
(Herpolirion novae-zelandiae), alpine rice-flower (Pimelea alpina), yellow kunzea (Kunzea
muelleri), silver ewartia (Ewartia nubigena), felted buttercup (Ranunculus muelleri),
anemone buttercup (Ranunculus anemoneus), sphagnum (Sphagnum cristatum), alpine bogrush (Schoenus calyptratus), and sedges (Carex spp).

Bos
Bogong Sub-alpine
AA Alpine
Peaks above the Bogong montane plateau and ridges on Devonian gneiss and massive granite,
granodiorite and diorite below the tree line with general elevation from 1300 to 1600m. Tor
covered rounded hills, rocky slopes and valley swamps developed in the dendritic drainage
network, local relief 300m. Uniform textured alpine humus and transitional alpine humus
soils and peat with abundant organic matter, steep slopes have stonier profiles over deeply
weathered bedrock. The boundary with montane communities is found at different levels on
different aspects.
Open to dense sub-alpine woodlands of snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) with patchy open
grasslands, fen, heath and bogs in the valleys controlled by cold air drainage and soil
moisture. Black sallee (Eucalyptus stellulata) marginal to streams. Typical shrubs and
ground cover species include; snow grasses (Poa spp.), wallaby grasses (Austrodanthonia
and Danthonia spp.), silver snow daisy (Celmisia asteliifolia), alpine orites (Orites
lancifolia), alpine hovea (Hovea montana), mountain shaggy-pea (Oxylobium alpestre),
alpine rice-flower (Pimelea alpina), speedwell (Veronica serpyllifolia), scaly everlasting
(Ozothamnus hookeri), Tasman flax-lily (Dianella tasmanica), mountain gentian (Gentianella
diemensis), variable groundsel (Senecio lautus), and native dandelion (Microseris lanceolata).

Cbs
Cabramurra - Kiandra Basalt Caps and Sands
AA Alpine
Extensively distributed Tertiary basalt flow remnants capping hills on the high plains. Fluvial
quartz gravels, sands and silts of former river channels are exposed beneath the basalt. Soil
materials and sediments from the basalt and quartz sands extend down slope over Ordovician

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meta-sediments or Silurian-Devonian granites toward the alpine valleys. Most basalt outcrops
are columnar jointed and formed periglacial block streams during the Pleistocene. General
elevation 1400 to 1650, local relief to 200m. Uniform and gradational, organic rich, brown
clay loams, often stony. This ecosystem extends to lower elevations in the South Eastern
Highlands biogeographical region where soils are deeper and redder, and the vegetation
reflects adjacent communities.
Open sub-alpine woodlands of snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) on the hills with extensive
open grasslands, heath and bogs in the valleys. Black sallee (Eucalyptus stellulata) along
streamlines on the valley floors. Associated shrubs and ground cover include; leafy bossiae
(Bossiaea foliosa), alpine oxylobium (Oxylobium alpestre), alpine daisy bush (Olearia
algida), candle heath (Richea continentis), alpine baeckea (Baeckea gunniana), long-leaf
hovea (Hovea longifolia), alpine phebalium (Leionema phylicicfolium), alpine orites (Orites
lancifolia), alpine hovea (Hovea montana), mountain shaggy-pea (Oxylobium alpestre), snow
grasses (Poa spp.), sedges (Carex spp.) and sphagnum (Sphagnum cristatum).

Chs
Chimneys Ridge Sub-alpine
AA Alpine
High plateau and block faulted ranges on Silurian-Devonian gneissic granite and granites, and
areas of Devonian rhyolite below the tree line with general elevation from 1500 to 1800m.
Peaks and tor covered rounded hills stand above the plateau, valley swamps developed in the
dendritic drainage network, local relief 300m. Limited areas of Pleistocene block streams and
slope deposits. Uniform textured alpine humus and transitional alpine humus soils and peat
with abundant organic matter, steep slopes have stonier profiles over deeply weathered
bedrock.
Open to dense sub-alpine woodlands of snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) with open
grasslands, fen, heath and bogs in the valleys controlled by cold air drainage and soil
moisture. Black sallee (Eucalyptus stellulata) marginal to streams. Typical shrubs and ground
cover species include; snow grasses (Poa spp.), wallaby grasses (Austrodanthonia and
Danthonia spp.), silver snow daisy (Celmisia asteliifolia), alpine orites (Orites lancifolia),
alpine hovea (Hovea montana), mountain shaggy-pea (Oxylobium alpestre), alpine riceflower (Pimelea alpina), speedwell (Veronica serpyllifolia), scaly everlasting (Ozothamnus
hookeri), Tasman flax-lily (Dianella tasmanica), mountain gentian (Gentianella diemensis),
variable groundsel (Senecio lautus), and native dandelion (Microseris lanceolata).

Jag
Jagungal Tops
AA Alpine
High plateau and block faulted ranges on Silurian-Devonian gneissic granite and granodiorite,
areas of Ordovician slates, chert, and phyllite below the tree line with general elevation from
1500 to 1800m. Peaks and tor covered rounded hills stand above the plateau, extensive valley
swamps developed in the dendritic drainage network, local relief 300m. Limited areas of
Pleistocene block streams and slope deposits. Uniform textured alpine humus and transitional
alpine humus soils and peat with abundant organic matter, steep slopes have stonier profiles
over deeply weathered bedrock.
Open to dense sub-alpine woodlands of snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) with open
grasslands, fen, heath and bogs in the valleys controlled by cold air drainage and soil
moisture. Black sallee (Eucalyptus stellulata) marginal to streams. Typical shrubs and ground
cover species include; snow grasses (Poa spp.), wallaby grasses (Austrodanthinia and
Danthonia spp.), silver snow daisy (Celmisia astelifolia), alpine orites (Orites lancifolia),
alpine hovea (Hovea montana), mountain shaggy-pea (Oxylobium alpestre), alpine riceflower (Pimelea alpina), speedwell (Veronica erpyllifolia), scaly everlasting (Ozothamnus
hookeri ), Tasman flax-lily (Dianella tasmanica), mountain gentian (Gentianella diemensis),
variable groundsel (Senecio lautus), and native dandelion (Microseris lanceolata).

Kxs

Kings Cross Sub-alpine

AA Alpine

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High plains environment on Ordovician sandstone, slate, quartzite and chert with limited
areas of Silurian-Devonian granites below the tree line with general elevation from 1500 to
1800m. Low rocky hills and tor covered rounded hills stand above the plain, valley swamps
developed in the dendritic drainage network, local relief 300m. Limited Pleistocene
solifluction slope deposits. Uniform textured alpine humus and transitional alpine humus soils
and peat with abundant organic matter, shallow stony profiles on metasediments and deeper
profiles on granites over deeply weathered bedrock.
Open to dense sub-alpine woodlands of snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) with open
grasslands, fen, heath and bogs in the valleys controlled by cold air drainage and soil
moisture. Black sallee (Eucalyptus stellulata) marginal to streams. Typical shrubs and ground
cover species include; snow grasses (Poa spp.), wallaby grasses (Austrodanthonia and
Danthonia spp.), silver snow daisy (Celmisia astelifolia), alpine orites (Orites lancifolia),
alpine hovea (Hovea montana), mountain shaggy-pea (Oxylobium alpestre), alpine riceflower (Pimelea alpina), speedwell (Veronica serpyllifolia ), scaly everlasting (Ozothamnus
hookeri), Tasman flax-lily (Dianella tasmanica), mountain gentian (Gentianella diemensis),
variable groundsel (Senecio lautus), and native dandelion (Microseris lanceolata).

Mai
Main Range Sub-alpine
AA Alpine
High plateau and block faulted ranges on Silurian-Devonian gneissic granite and granites,
with a linear unit of Ordovician greywacke, phyllite and schist below the tree line with
general elevation from 1500 to 1800m. Mountain peaks and tor covered rounded hills stand
above the plateau, extensive plains and valley swamps on a dendritic drainage network, local
relief 300m. Limited areas of Pleistocene block streams and slope deposits. Uniform textured
alpine humus and transitional alpine humus soils and peat with abundant organic matter, steep
slopes have stonier profiles over deeply weathered bedrock.
Open to dense sub-alpine woodlands of snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) with extensive
open grasslands, fen, heath and bogs controlled by cold air drainage and soil moisture. Black
sallee (Eucalyptus stellulata) marginal to streams on the high plains. Typical shrubs and
ground cover species include; snow grasses (Poa spp.), wallaby grasses (Austrodanthonia and
Danthonia spp.), silver snow daisy (Celmisia astelifolia), alpine orites (Orites lancifolia),
alpine hovea (Hovea montana), mountain shaggy-pea (Oxylobium alpestre), alpine riceflower (Pimelea alpina), speedwell (Veronica serpyllifolia ), scaly everlasting (Ozothamnus
hookeri), Tasman flax-lily (Dianella tasmanica), mountain gentian (Gentianella diemensis),
variable groundsel (Senecio lautus), and native dandelion (Microseris lanceolata).

Nml Namadgi Range Alpine

AA Alpine
Limited and isolated rocky peaks distributed in linear north-south chains at and above the tree
line at about 1600 to 1700m on Silurian-Devonian massive granite, granodiorite and
adamellite. Abundant rock outcrops and tors controlled by joint spacing, highly organic,
uniform textured alpine humus soil of variable depth, local relief to 200m.
Marginal alpine communities similar to the Alpine Zone ecosystem but with fewer species,
some endemism and a greater mixture of sub-alpine species from the adjacent Namadgi
Range Sub-alpine ecosystem.

Nma Namadgi Range Sub-alpine

AA Alpine
Steep ranges of Silurian-Devonian gneissic granite and granodiorite, with Ordovician slate,
chert, quartzite, phyllite and schist. Average elevation about 1500m, ecosystem boundaries
vary with aspect. Gradational sandy loams of transitional alpine humus soils merge at lower
altitudes with marginal red or yellow texture-contrast soils.
Generally dense sub-alpine snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora), much of which reflects recent
fire history, understorey shrubs include; alpine orites (Orites lancifolia), leafy bossiae

Page 6

(Bossiaea foliosa), yellow kunzea (Kunzea muelleri), alpine pepper (Tasmannia xerophila),
mountain shaggy-pea (Oxylobium alpestre), small-fruit hakea (Hakea microcarpa)

Tth
Tantangara High Plains and Peaks
AA Alpine
Extensive high plains and rocky peaks Silurian greywacke, siltstone, tuff and intermediate
volcanic rocks, small areas of granite below the tree line with general elevation from 1400 to
1700m. Rocky hills, slopes and wide valleys with swamps developed in the dendritic drainage
network, local relief 200m. Uniform textured alpine humus and transitional alpine humus
soils and peat with abundant organic matter, steep slopes have stonier profiles over deeply
weathered bedrock.
Open to dense sub-alpine woodlands of snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) with open
grasslands, fen, heath and bogs in the valleys controlled by cold air drainage and soil
moisture. Black sallee (Eucalyptus stellulata) marginal to streams. Typical shrubs and ground
cover species include; snow grasses (Poa spp.), wallaby grasses (Austrodanthionia and
Danthonia spp.), silver snow daisy (Celmisia asteliifolia), alpine orites (Orites lancifolia),
alpine hovea (Hovea montana), mountain shaggy-pea (Oxylobium alpestre), alpine riceflower (Pimelea alpina), speedwell (Veronica serpyllifolia), scaly everlasting (Ozothamnus
hookeri), Tasman flax-lily (Dianella tasmanica), mountain gentian (Gentianella diemensis),
variable groundsel (Senecio lautus), and native dandelion (Microseris lanceolata). Montane
communities are included on some aspects.
Meso: AA Montane

Bom Bogong Montane

AA Montane
Steep ranges and ridges on Silurian-Devonian granites and granodiorites. Rocky outcrops of
rounded tors common, steep bouldery stream beds. General elevation 800 to 1700m, local
relief 200 to 400m.
Gradational gritty loams grading upwards to transitional alpine humus soils. Tall forests of
alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis), brown barrel (Eucalyptus fastigata), and mountain gum
(Eucalyptus dalrympleana) with diverse shrubs and grasses merge upward to snow gum
(Eucalyptus pauciflora) communities. Drier aspects with red stringybark, (Eucalyptus
macrorhyncha) broad-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus dives), and white gum (Eucalyptus
rossii).

Crm Chimneys Ridge Montane

AA Montane
Steep slopes of the block faulted ranges on Silurian-Devonian gneissic granite and granites,
and areas of Devonian rhyolite below the tree line with general elevation from 1000 to
1500m. Granites are commonly deeply weathered but large tors also occur on spurs.
Gradational red and red-yellow gritty loams merging upward to uniform textured transitional
alpine humus profiles.
Tall forests in moist, high rainfall environments with; alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis),
mountain gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana), narrow-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus radiata),
manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), brown barrel (Eucalyptus fastigata), snow gum
(Eucalyptus pauciflora), mountain hickory wattle (Acacia obliquinervia) and silver wattle
(Acacia dealbata ssp. subalpina). Moist gullies with sphagnum bogs (Sphagnum cristatum),
candle heath (Richea continentis) and swamp heath (Epacris paludosa). Alpine acacia
(Acacia alpina) common on exposed aspects.

Dar
Dargals Montane
AA Montane
Steep slopes and western fall and ranges on Silurian and Silurian-Devonian massive and
gneissic foliated granite with abundant large rounded rocky outcrops. General elevation 1000
to 1500m. Deep gritty slope accumulations in streamlines with Pleistocene fans on the edge of

Page 7

broader valleys. Gradational gritty loams and transitional alpine humus soils. Alpine ash
(Eucalyptus delegatensis) and mountain gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana) interspersed with
snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) woodland on colder sites. Generally open but with fire
history affecting tree density. Sod tussock grassland dominated by snow grass (Poa spp.) with
scattered shrubs including; leafy bossiae (Boassiaea foliosa), yellow kunzea (Kunzea
muelleri), alpine pepper (Tasmannia xerophila), and mountain shaggy-pea (Oxylobium
aplestre).

Gee
Geehi Gorge
AA Montane
Steep sided western face of the Main Range including gorges of the Geehi and Murray
Rivers. Massive Silurian-Devonian granites faulted against Silurian mudstones and
sandstones and Ordovician quartzite and phyllites. Elevation range 500 to 1400m, slopes up
to 250. Extensive gravel beds on main valley floors with some terrace development. Soils and
vegetation vary considerably in an altitudinal sequence. At lower elevation soils are typically
texture-contrast profiles and their properties vary with bedrock. On dry aspects or welldrained granites, the forests are typified by red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrohyncha), white
gum (Eucalyptus rossii), broad-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus dives), candlebark (Eucalyptus
rubida), and brittle gum (Eucalyptus mannifera) with a diverse understorey of shrubs and
grasses. Black sallee (Eucalyptus stellulata) is found along low altitude stream banks. On
sedimentary rocks, or on moist aspects and at higher elevation, more common tree species
include; blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus), alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis), mountain gum
(Eucalyptus dalrympleana), narrow-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus radiata), manna gum
(Eucalyptus viminalis), and brown barrel (Eucalyptus fastigata). Moist gullies support soft
tree ferns (Dickinsonia antactica) with blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon), southern sassafras
(Atherosperma moschatum) and hazel pomaderris (Pomaderris aspera).
Kxm Kings Cross Montane
AA Montane
Areas marginal to Kings Cross Sub alpine plains where forest is found in warmer and moister
locations. Geology and soils are similar to the sub alpine environment, average elevation
about 1400m, local relief to 200m. Snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) still dominates the
vegetation but different aspects have alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis) and mountain gum
(Eucalyptus dalrympleana) communities.
Mam Main Range Montane
AA Montane
Well-drained steep slopes on Silurian-Devonian gneissic granite, granite and granodiorite and
Ordovician slate, chert, quartzite and phyllite. General elevation 1000 to 1500m but
ecosystem boundaries vary with aspect. Soils are intermediate in character between low
elevation texture-contrast profiles and higher elevation organic uniform profiles. Their
properties vary with bedrock; gritty clay loams on granites and pedal red to yellow clay
subsoils on meta-sediments.
Tall forests in moist, high rainfall environments with; alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis),
mountain gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana), narrow-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus radiata),
manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), brown barrel (Eucalyptus fastigata), snow gum
(Eucalyptus pauciflora), mountain hickory wattle (Acacia obliquinervia) and silver wattle
(Acacia dealbata ssp. alpina). Moist gullies support soft tree fern (Dicksonia antarctica), with
blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon), southern sassafras (Atherosperma moschatum) and hazel
pomaderris (Pomaderris aspera). Sphagnum bogs (Sphagnum cristatum) with candle heath
(Richea continentis) and swamp heath (Epacris paludosa) occur at the head of most creeks.

Nmr Namadgi Range Montane

AA Montane
High ranges on Silurian-Devonian massive and gneissic granites, general elevation 1100 to
1600m, local relief 300m. Moderately deeply weathered granite with coarse gritty uniform
sandy loams between outcrops and tors on ridges and steep slopes to red-yellow texturecontrast soils below about 1200m. On dry aspects or well-drained granite soils, the more open

Page 8

forests are typified by red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrohyncha), white gum (Eucalyptus
rossii), broad-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus dives), candlebark (Eucalyptus rubida) and
brittle gum (Eucalyptus mannifera) with a diverse understorey of shrubs and grasses. Moist
aspects carry alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis) and mountain gum (Eucalyptus
dalrympleana) communities.

Umb Upper Murrumbidgee Valley

AA Montane
Narrow valley and channels system of the Murrumbidgee above Cooma in montane and sub
alpine communities. The stream crosses numerous geological units and the valley is
dominated by sand and gravel alluvium with small fans alluvial fans developed at the mouths
of tributary streams where they impinge on the floodplain. Shallow uniform sandy soils with
moderate levels of organic matter and numerous areas of poor drainage. Dominant trees vary
with altitude and rainfall; snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) and black sallee (Eucalyptus
stellulata) woodland at higher levels and red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), white
gum (Eucalyptus rossii) dry forest at lower levels. Most of the valley is open sod tussock
grassland with areas of bog and swamp.
Yck
Yarrangobilly - Cooleman Karst
AA Montane
Steep hills and deep valleys on limited areas of Silurian and Devonian massive limestone and
marble including small unmapped occurrences at Jounama Creek, Quambat Flat and Lick
Hole. Major karst features including caves and dolines are well developed in the larger
deposits. Rock outcrop is common and soils developed in deep grikes are typically red, redbrown and brown structured loams and clay loams with alkaline pH.
The vegetation reflects local communities on adjacent rocks but usually includes unusual
species adapted to the high pH and calcium levels.

BBS - Descriptions for Landscapes in the Brigalow Belt

South Bioregion
Meso: BBS Collarenebri Interfluve
Ctd
Collarenebri Tablelands and Downs BBS Collarenebri Interfluve
Collarenebri Tablelands and Downs ecosystem is represented by the Araluen land system.
Low ridges, rounded hills and foot slopes on horizontal Cretaceous claystone, siltstone and
sandstone, general elevation 150 to 1290m, local relief 3 to 7m. Shallow to moderately deep
red earths, lithosols and calcareous red earths often with ferruginised and siliceous gravel.
Soils become deeper down slope and accumulate calcium carbonate in drainage lines. Dense
to scattered bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), wilga (Geijera parviflora), white cypress pine
(Callitris glaucophylla), budda (Eremophila mitchellii), belah (Casuarina cristata), nepine
(Capparis lasiantha), warrior bush (Apophyllum anomalum), ironwood (Acacia excelsa), wild
lemon (Canthium oleifolium), and wild orange (Capparis mitchellii) with abundant grasses;
red-leg grass (Bothriochloa macra), button grass (Dactyloctenium radulans), windmill grass
(Chloris truncata), mulga grass (Thyridolepis mitchelliana), wire grass (Aristida sp.), copper
burrs (Sclerolaena sp.) and forbs.

Meso: BBS Gwydir - Croppa Creek

Crf
Croppa Creek Channels and Floodplains
Croppa Creek

BBS

Gwydir

Page 9

Channels, floodplain, terraces and lagoons of Croppa Creek on Quaternary alluvium, general
elevation 275 to 200m, local relief 10m. Narrow levees with brown sandy clay and heavy
grey clay. Fringing river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) only a few trees wide in the
channel and on levees extending to heavier soils on the floodplain with myall (Acacia
pendula), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolium) and belah (Casuarina cristata) woodland.

Meso: BBS Gwydir - Croppa Creek Outwash

Ccp
Croppa Clay Plains
BBS Gwydir - Croppa Creek Outwash
Extensive alluvial fans and rolling downs on Quaternary sediments and planar surfaces of
Cretaceous calcareous silty sandstones and shales on either side of Croppa and Gil Gil Creeks
draining from the Yallaroi Basalts Ecosystem. General elevation 275 to 230m, local relief 5m.
Deep grey to black clay uniform cracking soils of moderate fertility. Bimble box (Eucalyptus
populnea) and belah (Casuarina cristata) woodlands, remnant brigalow (Acacia harpophylla)
on heavier soils with gilgai. Patches of myall (Acacia pendula) and rosewood (Alectryon
oleifolium) with grasses.
Meso: BBS Lake Basins
Ohl
Old Harbour Lagoon
BBS Lake Basins
Isolated closed drainage basin forming a circular ephemeral lagoon about 2km in diameter at
360m elevation. Lunette with woodland on the eastern shore, tree species unknown. Similar
to many dry lakes in the Western Division but much further east than most.
Meso: BBS Liverpool Plains
Brc
Breeza Hills Basalt Caps
BBS Liverpool Plains
Tertiary basalts over Jurassic quartz sandstones and alluvial sediments derived from these.
Undulating low stony hills, long slopes with sandy wash and heavy clays in the valley floors.
General elevation 350 to 760m, local relief 250m. Stony black or red-brown loam and clay
loam on basalt ridges and slopes. White box (Eucalyptus albens), white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla), kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus), rough-barked apple (Angophora
floribunda), broad-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa) and grasses on ridges. Black cypress
pine (Callitris endlicheri), Port Jackson fig (Ficus rubiginosa), red ash (Alphitonia excelsa),
budda (Eremophila mitchellii), wilga (Geijera parviflora), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolium)
and whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca) on lower slopes.
Brz
Breeza Hills Sandstone - Shale Slopes
BBS Liverpool Plains
Ridges and stepped low hills on horizontal upper Permian sandstone, conglomerate and coal
measures, Triassic quartz and lithic sandstone and Jurassic quartz and lithic sandstone with
thin shales. Exhumed landscapes exposed by erosion of Tertiary Liverpool range basalts.
General elevation 350 to 680m, local relief 120m. Yellow and brown earthy sands, red-brown
earths on long slopes, yellow harsh texture-contrast soils in streamlines. White box
(Eucalyptus albens), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), tumbledown red gum (Eucalyptus
dealbata), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi), narrow-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus
crebra), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolium), wilga
(Geijera parviflora), motherumbah (Acacia cheelii) and kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus)
with grassy understorey. River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) on all streams.
Kgs
Kerringle Outwash Sands
BBS Liverpool Plains
Outwash slopes and small coalescing alluvial fans with multiple incised streams on Tertiary
and Quaternary sands derived from the Bugaldie Uplands ecosystem. General elevation 300
to 400m, local relief 20m. Red loamy sand, loam and brown clays. Bimble box (Eucalyptus
populnea) with white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), wilga (Geijera parviflora) and

Page 10

budda (Eremophila mitchellii) on red soils, belah (Casuarina cristata) and brigalow (Acacia
harpophylla) on brown clays.

Lip
Liverpool Alluvial Plains
BBS Liverpool Plains
Quaternary alluvial plains and outwash fans derived from Tertiary basalts. Permian and
Triassic quartz sandstones with minor basalt caps. Undulating hills and sloping plains with
alluvial channels and floodplains. General elevation 300 to 350m, local relief <10m.
Extensive black earths on low angle slopes. Deep black and brown cracking clays, alluvial
soils and red or brown texture-contrast soils on slopes below sandstone. Open grasslands of
plains grass (Austrostipa aristiglumis), Panicum sp., windmill grass (Chloris truncata) and
blue grass (Dichanthium sericeum) on black earths with occasional myall (Acacia pendula),
white box (Eucalyptus albens), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), bimble box (Eucalyptus
populnea) and wilga (Geijera parviflora). River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) along
streams.
Mop Mooki - Namoi Channels and Floodplains
BBS Liverpool Plains
Channels, floodplains and terraces of the Mooki and Namoi Rivers on the Liverpool Plains
Ecosystem in Quaternary fluvial sediments. General elevation 275 to 350m, local relief 20m.
Brown clays and recent alluvium. River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), river oak
(Casuarina cunninghamiana), rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda) with plains grass
(Austrostipa aristiglumis) and couch (Sporobolus mitchelli).
Mos Mooki Swamps and Lagoons
BBS Liverpool Plains
Wetlands on Quaternary fluvial plans associated with the Mooki catchment on the Liverpool
Alluvial Plains Ecosystem. The largest feature is the ephemeral Lake Goran with clay lunette
at 310m elevation. Deep grey clays with high carbonate and sodium content over a shallow
saline aquifer. Sparse river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and bimble box (Eucalyptus
populnea) on grasslands of plains grass (Austrostipa aristiglumis) wire grasses (Aristida sp.)
and wallaby grass (Austrodanthonia sp.). Cumbungi (Typha orientalis) and lignum
(Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) on claypans with a fringe of river red gum (Eucalyptus
camaldulensis).
Nbp Nombi Plateau and Pinnacles
BBS Liverpool Plains
Rounded and conical volcanic peaks and domes of Jurassic trachyte with low angle debris
slopes standing above rolling plateau and low hills, general elevation 500 to 770m, local relief
to 250m. Soils vary with slope position, relatively light textured and shallow on rubble to
heavy brown to black clays on flats and valley floors. Open woodland and extensive
grasslands, slender rats tail grass (Sporobolus elongatus) and early spring grass (Eriochloa
psuedo-acrotricha) on rubble slopes, spear grasses (Austrostipa sp.) with Bothriochloa sp. at
lower levels on heavier soils.
Unl
Upper Namoi Swamps and Lagoons
BBS Liverpool Plains
Linear swamps and abandoned channels on the floodplain of the Namoi River in Quaternary
fluvial sediments, usually separated from the channel by low levees, elevation 250m, local
relief <5m. Fringing river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and bimble box (Eucalyptus
populnea) with grasses, cumbungi (Typha orientalis) and common reed (Phragmites
australis).
Meso: BBS Liverpool Range
Cto
Coolah Tops
BBS Liverpool Range
High ridge top plateau remnants on the western end of the Liverpool Range on Tertiary basalt
flows. General elevation 1000 to 1250m, local relief 75m. Shallow stony self-mulching dark
coloured clay loams and clays. Open grasslands with silvertop stringybark (Eucalyptus
laevopinea), mountain gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana), manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis)

Page 11

and snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) on crests, rough-barked apple (Angophora

floribunda), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), apple box (Eucalyptus bridgesiana) and
blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon) on lower slopes.

Liv
Liverpool Range Valleys and Footslopes
BBS Liverpool Range
Multiple Tertiary basalt flows with intervening sediments and ash fall material, overlying
Jurassic quartz sandstones and shale. Long slopes below the Liverpool Tops ecosystem,
general elevation 450 to 1000m, local relief to 400m. Shallow stony clay soils on steep slopes
grading to deep black earths on lower slopes. Tallow wood (Eucalyptus microcorys),
blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) and blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) on basaltic eastern
slopes with small areas of vine forest. White box (Eucalyptus albens) with rough-barked
apple (Angophora floribunda), belah (Casuarina cristata) in the creeks on northern aspects.
Yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), Blakelys red gum
(Eucalyptus blakelyi) and sweet pittosporum (Pittosporum undulatum) on southern aspects.
Warm temperate rainforest elements of brown beech (Pennantia cunninghamii) with fern
understorey along creek lines at the eastern end of the range. Sandstone gullies with grey gum
(Eucalyptus punctata), narrow-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus sparsifolia), broad-leaved
ironbark (Eucalyptus fibrosa ssp. fibrosa), currawang (Acacia doratoxylon), forest phebalium
(Phebalium ambiens), Australian boxthorn (Bursaria spinosa), and hopbush (Dodonaea sp.).
River oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) along lower streams. Extensive open areas with
grasslands merging to the Liverpool Alluvial Plains Ecosystem.
Lta
Liverpool Tops
BBS Liverpool Range
Undulating plateau top above 1000m altitude, on Tertiary basalt with steep margins grading
down to the Liverpool Range Valleys and Footslopes Ecosystem, local relief 200 to 500m.
Stony red brown loams, open forest of silvertop stringybark (Eucalyptus laevopinea), manna
gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) and mountain gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana) with snow gum
(Eucalyptus pauciflora) in cold air drainage hollows. Small areas of dry rainforest in sheltered
locations with southern aspects on the eastern end of the range.
Meso: BBS Pilliga
Bup Bugaldie Uplands
BBS Pilliga
Stepped stony ridges on Jurassic quartz sandstone with some conglomerate, shale and
occasional interbedded basaltic volcanic rocks. General elevation 350 to 490m local relief 50
to 150m, extensive joint controlled stream network. Abundant outcrop on ridge tops with thin
discontinuous soils with stony, sandy profiles and low nutrients. Down slope texture-contrast
soils are more common typically with harsh clay subsoils and deep uniform or gradational
yellow-brown sands on the valley floors. Patches of green mallee (Eucalyptus viridis) and
white mallee (Eucalyptus dumosa), clumps of curracabah (Acacia concurrens) and
motherumbah (Acacia cheelii) amongst red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon) and black
cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri) with shrubby understorey including rusty spider flower
(Grevillea floribunda), mint bush (Prostanthera sp.), nodding blue lily (Stypandra glauca)
and rock fern (Cheilanthes sieberi) on ridges and stony slopes. Narrow-leaved ironbark
(Eucalyptus crebra), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), black cypress pine
(Callitris endlicheri), brown bloodwood (Corymbia trachyphloia) and rough-barked apple
(Angophora floribunda) on the sandy flats. White box (Eucalyptus albens) and Port Jackson
fig (Ficus rubiginosa) on the volcanics.
Cas
Cassilis Slopes
BBS Pilliga
Undulating hills with dendritic drainage on sub-horizontal Jurassic and Triassic quartz
sandstone, siltstone and shale. General elevation 400 to 600m, local relief 100m.
Topographically below the Liverpool Range basalts but partly influenced by them on some
valley floors. White box (Eucalyptus albens), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), Blakelys
red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi), and rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda), with grasses.

Page 12

Cup Cubbo Uplands

BBS Pilliga
Pilliga horizontal Jurassic quartz sandstones, limited shales, Tertiary basalt caps and plugs
plus the sediments derived from these rocks. Stepped sandstone ridges with low cliff faces
and high proportion of rock outcrop. Long gentle outwash slopes intersected by sandy
streambeds and prior stream channels. A few patches of heavy clay. General elevation 400 to
550m, local relief 50m. On sandstone, the ridge tops have thin discontinuous soils with stony,
sandy profiles and low nutrients. Down slope texture-contrast soils are more common
typically with harsh clay subsoils and in the valley floors sediments tend to be sorted into
deep sands with yellow earthy profiles, harsh grey clays, or more texture-contrast soils with a
greater concentration of soluble salts. The sandstone outcrop areas support various forests and
woodlands including; blue-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus fibrosa ssp. nubila), scribbly gum
(Eucalyptus rossii), black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri), whitewood (Atalaya
hemiglauca), and rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda). Stony hills in the north of the
region carry mallee patches with; silver-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus melanophloia), spotted
gum (Corymbia maculata), and smooth-barked apple (Angophora costata). Gentler sandstone
slopes over most of the region carry; narrow-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra), white
cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), patches of
green mallee (Eucalyptus viridis) and broombush heath (Melaleuca uncinata). In western and
northern sections on texture-contrast or more uniform harsh clay soils forests of Pilliga box
(Eucalyptus pilligaensis), grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa), bimble box (Eucalyptus
populnea), and fuzzy box (Eucalyptus conica) are found with stands of bull oak
(Allocasuarina luehmannii), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolium), whitewood (Atalaya
hemiglauca), wilga (Geijera parviflora), belah (Casuarina cristata), yarran (Acacia
homalophylla), and budda (Eremophila mitchellii).
Gos
Goonoo Slopes
BBS Pilliga
Extensive undulating to stepped low hills with long slopes on sub-horizontal Triassic/Jurassic
quartz sandstone, conglomerates, siltstone, shale and some coal. General elevation 300 to
500m with overall westerly slope, poorly defined drainage network, local relief to 30m. Stony
yellow earths with sandstone outcrop on ridgelines to yellow harsh texture-contrast soils in
shallow valleys. Broad-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus fibrosa ssp. fibrosa) and black cypress
pine (Callitris endlicheri) on ridges, broad-leaved ironbark, narrow-leaved ironbark
(Eucalyptus crebra), red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), fringe myrtle (Calytrix
tetragona), spur-wing wattle (Acacia triptera), dainty phebalium (Phebalium obcordatum),
daphne heath (Brachyloma daphnoides) on slopes with patches of green mallee (Eucalyptus
viridis), Dwyers mallee gum (Eucalyptus dwyeri) and broombush (Melaleuca uncinata).
Grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa), red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), red stringybark
(Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), fuzzy box (Eucalyptus conica) and Blakelys red gum
(Eucalyptus blakelyi) with knob sedge (Carex inversa), and tall sedge (Carex appressa) along
streams.
Meh Merrygoen Hills and Slopes
BBS Pilliga
Low hills and ranges on Triassic/Jurassic conglomerate, quartz sandstone and claystone with
exposures of undifferentiated Palaeozoic schist, phyllite and slate in valleys. General
elevation 400 to 550m, local relief 50m. Shallow stony yellow earths with sandstone outcrop
on ridgelines merging to yellow harsh texture-contrast soils in shallow valleys. Broad-leaved
ironbark (Eucalyptus fibrosa ssp. fibrosa), narrow-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra), red
ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), black cypress
pine (Callitris endlicheri) with fringe myrtle (Calytrix tetragona), spur-wing wattle (Acacia
triptera), sword-leaf wattle (Acacia gladiiformis), drooping cassinia (Cassinia arcuata), and
silver wattle (Acacia dealbata). Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi), grey box
(Eucalyptus microcarpa) with grasses and sedges on valley floors.
Mlh

Mollyan Hills

BBS Pilliga

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Flat topped low ridges and rises on Jurassic lithic sandstone, conglomerate and interbedded
dolerite. General elevation 500 to 600m, local relief 50m. Shallow stony yellow earths with
sandstone outcrop on ridgelines merging to yellow harsh texture-contrast soils down slope.
Shallow stony brown clay loams on basalt. Red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), red
stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri), narrowleaved ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra), with fringe myrtle (Calytrix tetragona), spur-wing
wattle (Acacia triptera), sword-leaf wattle (Acacia gladiiformis), drooping cassinia (Cassinia
arcuata), and silver wattle (Acacia dealbata) on sandstone. White box (Eucalyptus albens),
Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi) and grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) with grasses
on dolerite.

Myg Myall Glen Basalts

BBS Pilliga
Low rises above the plain on Tertiary basalt, elevation approximately 250m, local relief not
known. Basalt 5m thick probably derived as a valley fill from the Warrumbungles. No
available data on soils or vegetation. Very limited area.
Pup
Purlewaugh Plains
BBS Pilliga
Rolling elevated plains on sub-horizontal Jurassic lithic sandstone, shale, claystone and thin
coal measures and Quaternary alluvium, general elevation 500 to 570m, local relief <30m.
Yellow harsh texture-contrast soils on slopes grading to deep earthy sands and red earths on
foot slopes. Woodland and forest of narrow-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra), silverleaved ironbark (Eucalyptus melanophloia), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi), Pilliga
box (Eucalyptus pilligaensis), brown bloodwood (Corymbia trachyphloia), white cypress pine
(Callitris glaucophylla), black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri), budda (Eremophila
mitchellii), wilga (Geijera parviflora), Macrozamia sp. several acacia (Acacia sp.) and
grasses.
Trp
Trinkey Plateau
BBS Pilliga
Undulating plains and low hills on sub-horizontal Jurassic quartz sandstone, general elevation
500 to 670m, local relief 50m. Yellow harsh texture-contrast soils, earthy sands and red
earths. Black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri) with motherumbah (Acacia cheelii) and
curracabah (Acacia concurrens) on sandstone ridges, narrow-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus
crebra), silver-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus melanophloia), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus
blakelyi), grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa), brown bloodwood (Corymbia trachyphloia), red
stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), with several acacia (Acacia sp.) and grasses on
slopes. River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and rough-barked apple (Angophora
floribunda) along streams.
Ucp
Upper Castlereagh Alluvial Plains
BBS Pilliga
Northern Outwash Tertiary and Quaternary alluvial fans and stream terraces. Sloping plains
with alluvial fans that are coarser and steeper than the Gwydir Fans downstream General
elevation 420 to 580m, local relief 5 to 30m. Red loams and heavy brown clays. Bimble box
(Eucalyptus populnea) with white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), wilga (Geijera
parviflora) and budda (Eremophila mitchellii) on red soils, belah (Casuarina cristata) and
brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) on brown clays.
Ucl
Upper Castlereagh Channels and Floodplains
BBS Pilliga
Channel, floodplain and terraces on the Castlereagh River diverted around the Warrumbungle
central volcano. General elevation 350 to 600m, local relief 25 to 40m. Deep sand in the
streambed and banks, brown loamy sand on Quaternary alluvium on the floodplain and
terraces. Mixed river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and river oak (Casuarina
cunninghamiana) along the channel, yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) and rough-barked
apple (Angophora floribunda) with grassy understorey on the floodplain and terraces.
Meso: BBS Pilliga Outwash

Page 14

Bcf
Baradine - Coghill Channels and Floodplains BBS Pilliga Outwash
Sandy incised channels and distributary streams on Quaternary alluvium in fans of Coghill
and Baradine Creeks flowing from the sandstones of the Pilliga forest. General elevation 170
to 210m, local relief 10m. Deep texture-contrast soils with harsh clay subsoils, grey clay with
gilgai and uniform deep yellow sands. Sediments and soils become finer down valley merging
with the Coghill Alluvial Plains ecosystem. Gallery woodland dominated by river red gum
(Eucalyptus camaldulensis) along the channels. Other species including; bimble box
(Eucalyptus populnea), Pilliga box (Eucalyptus pilligaensis), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus
blakelyi), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) and red ironbark (Eucalyptus
sideroxylon) and occasional silver-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus melanophloia).
Bdp Baradine Alluvial Plains
BBS Pilliga Outwash
Similar to Baradine - Coghill Channels and Floodplains Ecosystem with slightly more
western influence in the vegetation. floors and channels on Quaternary alluvial fans derived
from Jurassic quartz sandstone. Long shallow slopes of alluvial fans, broken by abandoned
stream channels, patches of heavy grey clay and incised sandy bed streams. General elevation
280 to 160m, local relief 5 to 15m. Deep texture-contrast soils with harsh clay subsoils, grey
clay with gilgai and linear strings of uniform deep yellow sands (sand monkeys). Limited
areas of source bordering dune on the eastern side of the main streams. Sediments and soils
become finer down fan merging with the Coghill Alluvial Plains ecosystem. Gallery
woodland dominated by Baradine red gum (Eucalyptus dealbata) and river red gum
(Eucalyptus camaldulensis) along the channels. Other species include; bimble box
(Eucalyptus populnea), Pilliga box (Eucalyptus pilligaensis), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus
blakelyi), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon)
and silver-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus melanophloia). Belah (Casuarina cristata), yarran
(Acacia homalophylla), budda (Eremophila mitchellii), wilga (Geijera parviflora), whitewood
(Atalaya hemiglauca), warrior bush (Apophyllum anomalum) and rosewood (Alectryon
oleifolium) on heavier soils.
Cgp Coghill Alluvial plains
BBS Pilliga Outwash
Distal parts of the Quaternary alluvial fans largely derived from Jurassic quartz sandstone on
streams draining from the Pilliga forests. Long gentle slopes broken by sandy abandoned
stream channels (sand monkeys), patches of heavy grey clay, and contemporary incised
stream channels. General elevation 200 to 280m, local relief 5 to 9m. Deep texture-contrast
soils with harsh clay subsoils, grey clay with gilgai. Open forest of white cypress pine
(Callitris glaucophylla), bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), Pilliga box (Eucalyptus
pilligaensis), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi), and red ironbark (Eucalyptus
sideroxylon). Brown bloodwood (Corymbia trachyphloia) and grass trees (Xanthorrhoea sp.)
on sand monkeys. Patches of bull oak (Allocasuarina luehmannii) or brigalow (Acacia
harpophylla) on gilgai in heavy clay. Baradine red gum (Eucalyptus dealbata) and river red
gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) in creek lines.
Meso: BBS Talbragar Basalts
Dbb Dubbo Basalts
BBS Talbragar Basalts
Slightly elevated plains and low hills on flat lying Tertiary basalt and trachyte flows, roughly
parallel to the present course of the Talbragar and Macquarie Rivers. General elevation 300 to
330m, local relief 10m. Shallow stony red-brown clay loam and clay, self-mulching and with
moderate fertility. Open white box (Eucalyptus albens), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora)
and rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda) with diverse grasses.
Meso: BBS Warrumbungles
Mnh

Marron Hills

BBS Warrumbungles

Page 15

Wide linear ridge of Tertiary basalt flow parallel to the Castlereagh River. General elevation
400 to 500m, local relief 25m. Shallow stony red-brown and brown clay loam and clay
gradational profiles of moderate fertility. Open white box (Eucalyptus albens), yellow box
(Eucalyptus melliodora), grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa), and rough-barked apple
(Angophora floribunda) with diverse grasses.

Wbs Warrumbungle Slopes

BBS Warrumbungles
Ridges and valleys rising to the Warrumbungle Tops Ecosystem, the lower part of a central
volcanic complex of trachyte, basalts and pyroclastics with a diameter of about 25km. Radial
drainage pattern, general elevation 580 to 1000m, local relief 50 to 250m. Stony debris slops
with brown loamy matrix and brown texture-contrast soils on foot slopes with gravelly sands
and loamy sands in alluvium. Woodlands of white box (Eucalyptus albens), narrow-leaved
ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) and acacia (Acacia
sp.) on upper slopes. Yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), red stringybark (Eucalyptus
macrorhyncha), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakleyi), rough-barked apple (Angophora
floribunda) and river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) on lower slopes and stream edges.
Scribbly gum (Eucalyptus rossii) and brown bloodwood (Corymbia trachyphloia) on lower
sandstone slopes. Abundant grasses in all communities.
Wbt Warrumbungle Tops
BBS Warrumbungles
Summit of dissected crater with trachyte plugs, spires, domes and eroded dykes of the
Warrumbungle volcano. Elevation 1000 to 1210m, local relief on single features about 200m.
Very large proportion of rock outcrop, thin stony brown loam in crevices. Dwyers gum
(Eucalyptus dwyeri), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), snow gum (Eucalyptus
pauciflora) and tick bush (Kunzea ambigua) with acacia (Acacia sp.) and diverse heath
patches.

Meso: BBS Yallaroi

Stm
Strathmore Sandstones
BBS Yallaroi
Rolling hills and downs on Jurassic calcareous lithic sandstone, quartz sandstone, siltstone,
mudstone and thin coal seams. General elevation 250 to 400m, local relief 50 to 80m. Brown
and grey, hard setting sandy clay loam over dark clay, and dark texture-contrast profiles with
shallow gilgai. Mixed ironbarks (Eucalyptus sp.) and brown bloodwood (Corymbia
trachyphloia) woodland, remnant brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) shrublands, extensively
cleared.
Ybs
Yallaroi Basalts
BBS Yallaroi
Rolling hills and flat top ridges on Tertiary basalt flows over Jurassic quartz and lithic
sandstone. General elevation 300 to 530m, local relief 100m. Shallow stony, red or brown,
well-structured clays with high nutrient values. Similar but thicker soils on the slopes and the
valley floors. Woodland and open forest of; white box (Eucalyptus albens), with silver-leaved
ironbark (Eucalyptus melanophloia), white wood (Atalaya hemiglauca), bull oak
(Allocasuarina luehmannii), ironbarks (Eucalyptus sp.), brown bloodwood (Corymbia
trachyphloia) and brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) on alluvial clays. River red gum
(Eucalyptus camaldulensis) on all streams.

BHC - Descriptions for Landscapes in the Broken Hill

Complex Bioregion
Meso: BHC Barrier

Page 16

Bps
Barrier Alluvial Plains
BHC Barrier
Barrier Alluvial Plains ecosystem includes parts of six land systems: Allandy, Caloola,
Conservation, Fowlers, Langawirra and Mundi Mundi.
Extensive Quaternary alluvial and colluvial plains with aeolian deposition, narrow drainage
lines with levees, moderately scalded back plains and terminal flood-plains with pans and
extensive gilgai, relief 2 to 10m. Red and brown texture-contrast soils, some hard-setting,
some with strong surface crusts. Areas of low dunes of deep red clayey sand, sandy earths.
Deep self-mulching brown and grey cracking clays, saline calcareous and gypsic at variable
depths along drainage tracts.
Treeless to sparse mulga (Acacia aneura), prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae), belah (Casuarina
cristata) whitewood (Atalaya hemigluaca), narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonea attenuata),
bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria), low bluebush (Maireana astrotricha), copperburr
(Sclerolaena sp.), and Mitchell grass (Astrebla sp.) with sparse bladder saltbush (Atriplex
vesicaria). Dunes with scattered mulga, white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), scattered
hopbush and abundant grasses. River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), prickly wattle and
western boobialla (Myoporum montanum) on sub-terminal minor creeks. Canegrass
(Eragrostis australasica) and fringing black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) on pans.

Bds
Barrier Downs
BHC Barrier
Barrier Downs ecosystem includes parts of nine land systems: Bancannia, Cymbric, Floods
Creek, Gap Hills, Katalpa, Nine Mile, Nundora, Nuntherungie and Oak Vale.
A complex landscape of the low strike ridges of rock outcrop, slopes and outwash areas of the
Barrier Ranges. Steeply rolling lowlands on pre-Cambrian dolomite and calcareous shale and
steeply dipping Devonian sandstone and conglomerate, with dense incised drainage, relief to
30m. Lithosols or shallow calcareous sandy loams on ridges, contour banded slopes of
alternating stony red desert loams and stone-free red clays or solonized brown soils on long
slopes. Dunes of deep clayey sand. Stony reddish-brown calcareous sandy loams, along
drainage tracts, alluvial flats with brown self-mulching cracking clays.
Ridges with scattered mulga (Acacia aneura), prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae), low bluebush
(Maireana astrotricha), scattered black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata), dead finish (Acacia
tetragonophylla), some pearl bluebush (Maireana sedifolia) and isolated harlequin fuchsia
(Eremophila duttonii). Slopes with isolated mulga and needlewood (Hakea leucoptera) with
scattered shrubs; local stands of dense low bluebush, contour banded bladder saltbush
(Atriplex vesicaria), cabbage-tree wattle (Acacia cana), belah (Casuarina cristata), and pearl
bluebush (Maireana sedifolia), with local clumps of moderately dense belah (Casuarina
cristata) and mulga, abundant bottlewashers (Enneapogon sp.) and copperburr (Sclerolaena
sp.). Flats with copperburr, thorny saltbush (Rhagodia spinescens) and grasses and drainage
lines with prickly wattle, western boobialla (Myoporum montanum), sandalwood (Santalum
lanceolatum), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolium), belah (Casuarina cristata), white cypress
pine (Callitris glaucophylla) and black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens). River red gum
(Eucalyptus camaldulensis) along larger streams.

Bfl
Barrier Fresh Lakes and Swamps
BHC Barrier
Barrier Fresh Lakes and Swamps ecosystem includes parts of two land systems: Fort Grey,
and Karumpito.
Small lakes with low lunettes in Quaternary dunefields, relief 3 to 15m. Lakebeds of cracking
or non-cracking clays and solonized brown soils, with sandy deposits around shorelines and
lunettes on the eastern margin.

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Bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea) or black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) and hybrids around
shorelines. Pans and swamps of deep, widely cracking self-mulching grey and brown clays
with canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) and lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) in
centres and black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata) on margins. Sandy calcareous gypseous
soil on lunettes with rosewood (Alectryon oleifolium), belah (Casuarina cristata), punty bush
(Senna eremophila), black bluebush, twinleaf (Zygophyllum sp.), isolated mulga (Acacia
aneura) and bottlewashers (Enneapogon sp.).

Brs
Barrier Ranges
BHC Barrier
Barrier Ranges ecosystem includes parts of six land systems: Barrier, Faraway, Mulga Dam,
Nundooka, Umberumberka and Wonaminta.
Densely dissected ranges mainly of lower to middle Proterozoic metamorphic rocks including
several varieties of gneiss, schist, amphibolite and pegmatites with north-east structural
trends. Steep, partly bevelled, asymmetric strike ridges on associated dipping upper
Proterozoic quartzite, sandstone and shales. Relief 30 to 200m. Trellised drainage patterns,
narrow and incised in higher relief country. Rock outcrop and lithosols on upper slopes, red
texture-contrast soils, locally calcareous, and contour banded steps on lower slopes. Shallow
reddish-brown calcareous stony loamy sands on calcareous sandstone. Drainage tracts with
reddish brown and yellowish-brown texture-contrast soils with coarse sands in channels.
Rocky crests with little soil support scattered mulga (Acacia aneura), dead finish (Acacia
tetragonophylla), black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata) and bottlewashers (Enneapogon
sp.). Upper slopes carry mulga, black bluebush, pearl bluebush (Maireana sedifolia), bladder
saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.) and grasses. Thorny saltbush
(Rhagodia spinescens), prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae), belah (Casuarina cristata) and
black bluebush on lower slopes. Alluvial flats support black bluebush, bladder saltbush
(Atriplex vesicaria), belah, prickly wattle, copperburr, bottlewashers (Enneapogon sp.), Sida
sp., and grasses. River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) along larger channels.

Bpl
Barrier Salt Lakes and Playas
BHC Barrier
Barrier Salt Lakes and Playas ecosystem is made up of part of the Cobham land system.
Widely distributed Quaternary saline lakes and clay playas with bare, flat, crusted floors of
salty grey and brown clay. Pans with deep self-mulching brown cracking clays and brown
clays with strong surface crusts, canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) and lignum
(Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) in centres with chenopods and prickly wattle (Acacia
victoriae) along margins. Swamp basins and channels with deep self-mulching brown and
grey cracking clays, some with extremely deep and wide cracks. Shrubs and canegrass with
fringing black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) on pan margins with sandy surfaces over earthy
pans. Lunettes to 10m, of deep, brown clayey sand with open mulga (Acacia aneura),
turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), pearl bluebush (Maireana sedifolia) and forbs and grasses.

Bsp
Barrier Sandplains
BHC Barrier
Barrier Sandplains ecosystem includes parts of six land systems: Duntroon, Haythorpe, Kars,
Nelia, Nucha and Rodges.
Extensive undulating Quaternary sandplains and alluvial plains with isolated low sandy rises
and patches of broad east-west trending dunes and small and large drainage sinks occasional
lakes, relief 5 to 10m. Sandy red earths and calcareous red earths, earthy pans at depth. Dunes
of calcareous sandy earths or sands. Solonized brown soils in sinks with brown and grey
cracking clay in pans.
Moderate to sparse mulga (Acacia aneura), belah (Casuarina cristata), leopardwood
(Flindersia maculosa), nelia (Acacia loderi), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolium), punty bush

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(Senna eremophila), clumps of turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), moderate to dense prickly

wattle (Acacia victoriae), cabbage-tree wattle (Acacia cana), narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea
attenuata), emu bush (Eremophila longifolia) and boobialla (Myoporum montanum), variable
speargrass (Austrostipa variabilis), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.), cannonball burr
(Sclerolaena paradoxa) and other grasses and forbs. Dunes with rosewood, red mallee
(Eucalyptus socialis), narrow-leaf hopbush, turpentine and grasses. Fringing black box
(Eucalyptus largiflorens), bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea) with canegrass (Eragrostis
australasica) and lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) on depressions.

Btl
Barrier Tablelands
BHC Barrier
Barrier Tablelands ecosystem includes parts of four land systems: Flat Top, Lintis Vale,
Pulgamurtie and Quarry View.
Dissected rolling stony tablelands on Cretaceous claystone and sandstone, and Tertiary
silcrete with breakaways, isolated silcrete-capped mesas and surrounding stony slopes and
plains. Some associated Quaternary sandplain and occasional low dunes. Narrow incised
drainage, relief 40 to 80m. Boulder strewn mesa tops, discontinuous rocky cliffs at the
breakaway over slopes with stony mantles and brown loamy lithosols, calcareous red earths,
solonised brown soils, red desert loams with red clays in gilgai depressions grade to deep
neutral reddish-brown sands and loams in drainage tracts. Red sands and calcareous red earths
on dunes and sandplains.
Essentially treeless tableland surfaces, with sparse shrubland, mainly of bladder saltbush
(Atriplex vesicaria) and grasses, rare mulga (Acacia aneura), dead finish (Acacia
tetragonophylla), cabbage-tree wattle (Acacia cana) and gidgee (Acacia cambagei). Stony
slopes with sparse to moderate mulga, belah (Casuarina cristata) nelia (Acacia loderi), satiny
bluebush (Maireana georgei), bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria), black bluebush
(Maireana pyramidata), prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.) and
extensive Mitchell grass (Astrebla sp.). Open mulga with white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla) on dunes, dense mulga in sandy drainage lines.

Ctl
Corona - Teamsters Limestone
BHC Barrier
Corona - Teamsters Limestone ecosystem includes parts of two land systems: Corona and
Teamsters.
Steep dipping upper Proterozoic limestones with associated conglomerate and sandstone
forming low ridges, rolling hills and valleys flanking ranges, deeply incised drainage, relief to
30m. Rocky limestone ridges and footslopes, relief to 50m. Bouldery outcrop with thin
calcareous lithosols.
Loose stony calcareous sandy loam on ridges with pearl bluebush (Maireana sedifolia),
bottlewashers (Enneapogon sp.) and copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.). Contour banded slopes
with bare stony desert loams alternating with red clay steps with bladder saltbush (Atriplex
vesicaria) and grasses. Locally moderate curly mallee (Eucalyptus gillii), gallweed
(Zygophyllum apiculatum), three-winged bluebush (Maireana triptera), copperburr,
bottlewashers and forbs. Belah (Casuarina cristata) and rosewood (Alectryon oleifolium)
elsewhere. Prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae) and black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata) on
brown and red texture-contrast soils with river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) fringing
major drainage tracts.

Meso: BHC Mootwingee

Mwa Mootwingee - Wonaminta Alluvial Plains
BHC Mootwingee
Mootwingee-Wonaminta Alluvial Plains ecosystem includes parts of seven land systems:
Allandy, Caloola, Conservation, Fowlers, Sturt, Yancannia and Yapunyah.

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Broad to narrow floodplains, channels with levees and moderately scalded back plains.
Terminal flood outs with pans and extensive gilgai. Relief 3 to 8m. Reddish-brown sandy and
loamy, hard-setting texture-contrast soils often with loose sand cover. Brown clays with
strong surface crusts, deep self-mulching brown and grey cracking clays saline calcareous and
gypsic at variable depths. Banks of gravel and sandy beds in drainage channels.
Sparse mulga (Acacia aneura), whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca), prickly wattle (Acacia
victoriae), punty bush (Senna eremophila), bushy groundsel (Senecio cunninghamii),
scattered bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria), thorny saltbush (Rhagodia spinescens), Sturt's
pigface (Aizoon quadrifidum) with Mitchell grass (Astrebla sp.). Fringing river red gums
(Eucalyptus camaldulensis) on larger channels and black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) on
pans with dense canegrass (Eragrostis australasica).

Mww Mootwingee - Wonaminta Downs

BHC Mootwingee
Mootwingee-Wonaminta Downs ecosystem includes parts of eight land systems: Bancannia,
Cymbric, Flat Top, Katalpa, Nundora, Nuntherungie, Oakvale and Pulchra.
Steeply rolling lowlands on pre-Cambrian dolomite and calcareous shale, with dense incised
drainage, relief to 30m. Isolated silcrete capped mesas with discontinuous rocky cliffs at the
breakaway, relief to 80m. Extensive contour banded plains, relief to 10m. Associated
drainage lines and occasional dunes. Shallow calcareous sandy loams on crests often stony.
Stony contour banded slopes with red desert loams and sparse vegetation alternating with
bands of stone-free red clays in gilgai depressions. Loamy alluvial soils in drainage lines,
dunes of deep red clayey sand.
Mainly treeless hillcrests and mesa tops with low bluebush (Maireana astrotricha), scattered
black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata), some pearl bluebush (Maireana sedifolia) and
isolated harlequin fuchsia (Eremophila duttonii), occasional mulga (Acacia aneura) and
gidgee (Acacia cambagei). Slopes with isolated mulga, needlewood (Hakea leucoptera),
scattered shrubs, local stands of dense low bluebush, black bluebush, bladder saltbush
(Atriplex vesicaria), abundant bottlewashers (Enneapogon sp.) and copperburr (Sclerolaena
sp.), Mitchell grass (Astrebla sp.) and sparse belah (Casuarina cristata). Dunes with open
mulga, white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), and abundant forbs and grasses. Alluvial
valleys with prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae), cabbage-tree wattle (Acacia cana), sandalwood
(Santalum lanceolatum), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolium), belah, white cypress pine and
black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) or river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) on drainage
lines.

Mwd Mootwingee - Wonaminta Dunes

BHC Mootwingee
Mootwingee-Wonaminta Dunes ecosystem is made up of part of the Marrapina land system.
Partly aligned low dunes of Quaternary age, relief to 6m. Deep red clayey sand, with narrow
flat swales of sandy red earths overlying earthy pans, dense white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla) with sparse mulga (Acacia aneura) on dunes, canegrass (Eragrostis
australasica) in swales.

Mwf Mootwingee - Wonaminta Footslopes

BHC Mootwingee
Mootwingee-Wonaminta Footslopes ecosystem includes parts of two land systems:
Euramurtie and Tekum.
Footslopes and low stony rises on flat-lying Devonian sandstones, relief to 20m. Red massive
loamy sand with mantles of silcrete, scattered mulga (Acacia aneura), bluebush (Maireana
sp.), dead finish (Acacia tetragonophylla), belah (Casuarina cristata), woollybutt (Eragrostis
eriopoda), kerosene grass (Aristida contorta), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.) and forbs.

Page 20

Yellow-red loamy sands with narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata) and turpentine
(Eremophila sturtii) on lower slopes. Dunes and rises of red loamy sands, scattered mulga,
rosewood (Alectryon oleifolium), ruby saltbush (Enchylaena tomentosa), belah, narrow-leaf
hopbush. Prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae) and bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea) on minor
streams, river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra) on
major streams. Sand plains of calcareous and neutral red earths, scattered to moderate
leopardwood (Flindersia maculosa), rosewood, belah, sparse narrow-leaf hopbush and punty
bush (Senna eremophila), kerosene grass and wiregrass (Aristida sp.).

Mwl Mootwingee - Wonaminta Fresh Lakes

BHC Mootwingee
Mootwingee-Wonaminta Fresh Lakes is made up of part of the Fort Grey land system.
Small shallow lakes with low lunettes in Quaternary dune fields. Massive brown clay soils,
bare surfaces. Pans and swamps of deep, widely cracking self-mulching grey and brown clays
with canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) and lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) in
centres and black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata) on margins. Isolated mulga (Acacia
aneura) on lunettes.

Mwn Mootwingee - Wonaminta Linear Dunes

BHC Mootwingee
Mootwingee-Wonaminta Linear Dunes ecosystem includes parts of two land systems:
Copago and Gumpopla.
Quaternary dune fields with east-west trending dunes, broad swales and small drainage lines,
sinks and swamps, relief to 5m, and widely spaced parallel dunes with alluvial corridors and
pans, relief to 10m. Calcareous red earths, solonized brown soils, red sands and red sandy
earths.
Scattered to moderate mulga (Acacia aneura), belah (Casuarina cristata) and rosewood
(Alectryon oleifolium); clumped narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata) and punty bush
(Senna eremophila); speargrass (Austrostipa variabilis), cannon-ball (Sclerolaena paradoxa),
copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.) and forbs. Bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea) and black box
(Eucalyptus largiflorens) including hybrids with turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), prickly
wattle (Acacia victoriae), canegrass (Eragrostis australasica), annual saltbush (Atriplex
muelleri) and bluebush (Maireana sp.) in swamps and sinks. Bare scalded alluvial flats with
sandy red earths and texture-contrast soils and open mulga and shrubs. Crusty brown clays in
pans with canegrass, black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata) and fringing black box.

Mwr Mootwingee - Wonaminta Ranges

BHC Mootwingee
Mootwingee-Wonaminta Ranges ecosystem includes parts of four land systems: Bynguano,
Faraway, Kayrunnera and Wonaminta.
Closely dissected rounded ridges of pre-Cambrian schist, slate and phyllite, gently dipping
Devonian sandstone and conglomerate ranges with steep cliff faces and more gentle back
slopes and narrow valleys, relief to 150m. Flattish-crested hills on basic dykes in phyllite of
Pre-Cambrian age, relief to 15m. Rock outcrop, boulders and lithosols on crests with pockets
of reddish-brown calcareous sandy loam. Slopes with lithosols and brownish calcareous
loams, contour banded slopes; bare stony areas alternate with calcareous red earths. Sandy red
earths and texture-contrast soils in valleys.
Crests and rocky areas support sparse mulga (Acacia aneura), umbrella mulga (Acacia
brachystachya), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), western red box (Eucalyptus
intertexta), fuchsia bush (Eremophila sp.), dead-finish (Acacia tetragonophylla), caustic vine
(Sarcostemma australe), pearl bluebush (Maireana sedifolia), rock fern (Cheilanthes
tenuifolia) and rock isotome (Isotoma petraea). Rounded low hills with curly mallee
(Eucalyptus gillii), belah (Casuarina cristata), and black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata).
Slopes with beefwood (Grevillea striata), prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae), broad-leaf

Page 21

hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), short grasses and forbs.
Contour banded slopes; bare stony areas alternate with bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria)
and black bluebush. Drainage tracts carry black bluebush, bladder saltbush, belah and western
boobialla (Myoporum montanum) on minor channels, and river red gum (Eucalyptus
camaldulensis) on larger channels.

Mwp Mootwingee - Wonaminta Salt Lakes and Playas

BHC Mootwingee
Mootwingee-Wonaminta Salt Lakes and Playas ecosystem is made up of part of the Cobham
land system.
Widely distributed shallow saline lakes and clay playas of Quaternary age with bare, flat,
crusted floors of salty grey and brown clay. Pans with deep self-mulching brown cracking
clays and brown clays with strong surface crusts, canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) and
lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) in centres with chenopods and prickly wattle (Acacia
victoriae) along margins. Swamp basins and channels with deep self-mulching brown and
grey cracking clays, some with extremely deep and wide cracks. Shrubs and canegrass with
fringing black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) on pan margins with sandy surfaces over earthy
pans. Lunettes to 10m, of deep, brown clayey sand with open mulga (Acacia aneura),
turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), pearl bluebush (Maireana sedifolia) and forbs and grasses.

Mws Mootwingee - Wonaminta Sandplains

BHC Mootwingee
Mootwingee-Wonaminta Sandplains ecosystem includes parts of five land systems:
Duntroon, Mutapa, Nucha, Rodges and Vidale.
Slightly undulating Quaternary sandplain with small flats, drainage lines and depressions,
relief to 5m. Patches of east-west trending dunes with broad to narrow swales and many small
rounded depressions, relief to 7m. Calcareous red earths, some reddish texture-contrast soils
on plains, red sands and sandy earths on dunes, solonized brown soils in swales and sinks.
Sandplains with moderate to sparse mulga (Acacia aneura), belah (Casuarina cristata),
rosewood (Alectryon oleifolium), leopardwood (Flindersia maculosa), moderate to dense
prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae), boobialla (Myoporum montanum), narrow-leaf hopbush
(Dodonaea attenuata), punty bush (Senna eremophila), emu bush (Eremophila longifolia),
variable speargrass (Austrostipa variabilis), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.), cannonball burr
(Sclerolaena paradoxa) and other grasses and forbs. Dunes with sparse to moderate belah,
rosewood, mulga, needlewood (Hakea leucoptera), narrow-leaf hopbush, turpentine
(Eremophila sturtii), and scattered black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata) with grasses.
Black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), lignum
(Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), canegrass (Eragrostis australasica), and neverfail
(Eragrostis setifolia) in drainage lines and sinks.

Mwt Mootwingee - Wonaminta Tablelands

BHC Mootwingee
Mootwingee-Wonaminta Tablelands ecosystem includes parts of four land systems: Flat Top,
Kara Hill, Pulgamurtie and Ravendale.
Plateau with escarpments on horizontal Devonian sandstone, dissected rolling stony
tablelands on Cretaceous claystone and sandstone with breakaways, isolated boulder strewn
silcrete capped mesas, discontinuous rocky cliffs and surrounding plains, relief 40 to 80m.
Plateau with yellowish-red lithosols. Slopes with brown loamy lithosols, red desert loams
with red clays in gilgai depressions grade to deep neutral reddish-brown sands and loams in
drainage tracts.
Plateau and mesa tops essentially treeless except for occasional patches of mulga (Acacia
aneura) or gidgee (Acacia cambagei). Stunted mulga, white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla) and cabbage-tree wattle (Acacia cana) at the breakaway. Slopes with bladder

Page 22

saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria), black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata), pearl bluebush

(Maireana sedifolia) and some mulga. River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) along
larger creek banks.

Meso: BHC Scropes

Sra
Scropes Alluvial Plains
BHC Scropes
Scropes Alluvial Plains ecosystem is made up of part of the Fowlers land system.
Narrow floodplains, channels with levees and moderately scalded back plains. Sandy loam
reddish-brown surfaced texture-contrast soils, brown clays with strong surface crusts with
fine sand and silt. Sand in creek beds.
Prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae), and river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) in upper
reaches, scattered bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria) with grasses and forbs downstream.

Srd
Scropes Downs
BHC Scropes
Scropes Downs ecosystem includes parts of four land systems: Cymbric, Euramurtie,
Nuntherungie and Oakvale.
Undulating stony plains and lowlands with contour bands and sand-covered footslopes on
pre-Cambrian quartzite, dolomite and calcareous shale, with dense incised drainage, relief to
30m. Shallow stony reddish-brown calcareous sandy loams, deeper and better developed
along drainage tracts. Footslopes of red desert loams and contour bands of stone-free red
clays alternating with bare stony red desert loams.
Black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata), bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria), with local
clumps of moderately dense belah (Casuarina cristata), and mulga (Acacia aneura).
Scattered to moderate leopardwood (Flindersia maculosa), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolium),
narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata), dead finish (Acacia tetragonophylla), with dense
cabbage-tree wattle (Acacia cana), pearl bluebush (Maireana sedifolia), kerosene grass
(Aristida contorta), wiregrass (Aristida sp.), woollybutt (Eragrostis eriopoda), copperburr
(Sclerolaena sp.) and forbs. Drainage tracts with western boobialla (Myoporum montanum),
saltbush (Atriplex sp.) and black bluebush on minor streams. River red gum (Eucalyptus
camaldulensis) and kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra) on major streams.

Srl
Scropes Linear Dunes
BHC Scropes
Scropes Linear Dunes is made up of part of the Copago land system.
Quaternary dune field with east-west trending dunes, broad swales and small drainage lines,
sinks and swamps, relief to 5m. Calcareous red earths, solonized brown soils, red sands and
red sandy earths; scattered to moderate mulga (Acacia aneura), belah (Casuarina cristata)
and rosewood (Alectryon oleifolium); clumped narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata)
and punty bush (Senna eremophila); variable speargrass (Austrostipa variabilis), cannon-ball
(Sclerolaena paradoxa), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.) and forbs. Bimble box (Eucalyptus
populnea) and black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) including hybrids with turpentine
(Eremophila sturtii), prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae), canegrass (Eragrostis australasica),
annual saltbush (Atriplex muelleri) and bluebush (Maireana sp.) in swamps and sinks.

Srg
Scropes Ranges
BHC Scropes
Scropes Ranges ecosystem is made up of part of the Scopes land system.
Rounded rocky ridges and lower hills of partly silicified lower Ordovician sandstone,
quartzite and conglomerate, partially overlain by Quaternary aeolian material, relief to 70m.

Page 23

Shallow, stony sandy soils, grading to calcareous red earths and stony red desert loams,
calcareous red earths and red texture-contrast soils in valleys.
Moderate to scattered mulga (Acacia aneura) and belah (Casuarina cristata), scattered to
locally dense jockey's cap (Prostanthera striatiflora), thorny saltbush (Rhagodia spinescens),
dead finish (Acacia tetragonophylla), green fuchsia bush (Eremophila serrulata) and other
shrubs. Dense clumps of black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata) and low-bluebush (Maireana
astrotricha) on upper slopes. Lower slopes partly contour banded with stony red desert loams
with belah, mulga, short-winged copperburr (Sclerolaena brachyptera), grey poverty bush
(Sclerolaena sp.), variable speargrass (Austrostipa variabilis), and bottlewashers
(Enneapogon sp.). River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) along main channels.

Sry
Scropes Salt Lakes and Playas
BHC Scropes
Scropes Salt Lakes and Playas ecosystem is made up of part of the Birdwood land system.
Small, shallow relict lakes and lunettes of Quaternary age with extensive associated
sandplains and isolated dunes. Lake floors of highly saline, gypseous or calcareous grey clays
with chenopods, canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) and forbs. Lunettes and dunes of deep
sandy red earths with mallee (Eucalyptus sp.) and porcupine grass (Triodia irritans).
Sandplain of scalded to sandy solonized brown soils with belah (Casuarina cristata),
rosewood (Alectryon oleifolium), sugarwood (Myoporum platycarpum) and mallee plus
abundant grasses and forbs.

Srs
Scropes Sandplains
BHC Scropes
Scropes Sandplains ecosystem includes parts of six land systems: Duntroon, Haythorpe,
Kars, Mutapa, Nelia and Nucha.
Slightly undulating Quaternary sandplain with small flats, drainage lines and depressions.
Areas of east-west trending dunes and irregular rises often associated with large lakes. Broad
swales, relief 3 to 10m. Sandy red earths and calcareous red earths, red texture-contrast soils
and brown clays in depressions.
Moderate to sparse mulga (Acacia aneura), belah (Casuarina cristata), scattered to dense
black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata), leopardwood (Flindersia maculosa), prickly wattle
(Acacia victoriae), boobialla (Myoporum montanum), narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea
attenuata), punty bush (Senna eremophila), emu bush (Eremophila longifolia), variable
speargrass (Austrostipa variabilis), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.), cannonball burr
(Sclerolaena paradoxa) and other grasses and forbs. Bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea),
black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) and dense
canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) in sinks.

CHC - Descriptions for Landscapes in the Channel Country

Bioregion
Meso: CHC Bulloo
Blc
Bulloo Channels and Floodouts
CHC Bulloo
Bulloo Channels and Floodouts ecosystem is made up of part of the Bullagree land system.
Extensive Quaternary floodout pans of the Bulloo overflow; compact saline grey clays with
canegrass (Eragrostis australasica), lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) and ephemerals.

Page 24

Brown sand hummocks with lignum and old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) over short
grass and ephemerals, patches of black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) on sandy banks.

Bld
Bulloo Linear Dunes
CHC Bulloo
Bulloo Linear Dunes ecosystem includes parts of two land systems: Gumpopla and
Marrapina.
Widely spaced parallel and partly aligned dunes of Quaternary age with alluvial corridors and
pans, relief to 10m. Deep red and yellow clayey sand with narrow flat swales of sandy red
earths overlying earthy pans.
Sparse mulga (Acacia aneura), dense white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), whitewood
(Atalaya hemiglauca), old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia), forbs and grasses on dunes.
Bare scalded alluvial flats with sandy red earths and texture-contrast soils with open mulga
and shrubs. Crusty brown clays in pans with canegrass (Eragrostis australasica), black
bluebush (Maireana pyramidata), and fringing black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens).

Bll
Bulloo Littoral and Lunettes
CHC Bulloo
Bulloo Littoral and Lunettes ecosystem includes parts of two land systems: Teurika and
Tongowoko.
Sandy littoral zone, delta fans, remnant lunettes and associated pans, and dunes of Quaternary
age in the Bulloo overflow, relief to 15m. The sandy littoral zone consists of loose white to
reddish-yellow sands with abundant pedestalled canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) and
sparse forbs and grasses, bare scalded areas with saline layered silty sediments. Isolated
depressions of self-mulching grey clay with extremely deep and wide cracks and canegrass.
The elongated sand hills are of loose pale sand and loamy sand, severely scalded with sparse
mulga (Acacia aneura), Sturt's pigface (Aizoon quadrifidum), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii)
and grasses. Pans and swamp with deep, self mulching brown and grey cracking clays with
canegrass, old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) and grasses. Sandplain with deep reddishyellow clayey sand with sparse mulga, whitewood (Atalaya hemigluaca) and grasses.

Blp
Bulloo Salt Lakes and Playas
CHC Bulloo
Bulloo Salt Lakes and Playas ecosystem is made up of part of the Cobham land system.
Widely distributed saline lakes and clay playas of Quaternary age with bare, flat, crusted
floors of salty grey and brown clay. Pans with deep self-mulching brown cracking clays and
brown clays with strong surface crusts, canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) and lignum
(Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) in centres with chenopods and prickly wattle (Acacia
victoriae) along margins. Swamp basins and channels with deep self-mulching brown and
grey cracking clays, some with extremely deep and wide cracks.
Shrubs and canegrass with fringing black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) on pan margins with
sandy surfaces over earthy pans. Lunettes up to 10m relief of deep, brown clayey sand with
open mulga (Acacia aneura), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), pearl bluebush (Maireana
sedifolia) and forbs and grasses.

Bla
Bulloo Sandplains
Sandplains ecosystem is made up of part of the Nucha land system.

CHC Bulloo

Slightly undulating plains of Quaternary aeolian sand and alluvium with small pans, relief to
5m. Sandy calcareous red earths, earthy pans at depth with scattered mulga (Acacia aneura),
rosewood (Alectryon oleifolium) and abundant grasses. Small depressions with sandy red

Page 25

earths, calcareous at shallow depths, locally with lime exposed. Pans of brown and grey
cracking clay with perennial grasses and fringing black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens).

Meso: CHC Tibooburra

Tba
Tibooburra Alluvial Plains
CHC Tibooburra
Tibooburra Alluvial Plains ecosystem includes parts of seven land systems: Allandy, Caloola,
Conservation, Fowler, Gum Vale, Narriarra and Sturt.
Extensively scalded alluvial plains, narrow floodplains, channels with levees and moderately
scalded back plains of Quaternary alluvium. Terminal floodplains with anastomosing
channels, pans and extensive gilgai, scattered low dunes. Relief to 8m. Reddish-brown sandy
and loamy, hard-setting texture-contrast soils often with loose sand cover across plains.
Brown clays with strong surface crusts, deep self-mulching brown and grey cracking clays
saline calcareous and gypseous at variable depths in pans and floodouts. Levees with deep
fine sand and silt. Red clayey sand in dunes, sand in creek beds, sandy hummocks around
shrubs.
Sparse mulga (Acacia aneura), whitewood (Atalaya hemigluaca), prickly wattle (Acacia
victoriae), punty bush (Senna eremophila), bushy groundsel (Senecio cunninghamii), thorny
saltbush (Rhagodia spinescens), extensive Mitchell grass (Astrebla sp.) on plains. Prickly
wattle, bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria), thorny saltbush in floodouts. Canegrass
(Eragrostis australasica) and fringing black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) on pans, river red
gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca) with some gidgee
(Acacia cambagei) along major creeks.

Tbd Tibooburra Downs

CHC Tibooburra
Tibooburra Downs ecosystem includes parts of eight land systems: Bancannia, Katalpa,
Nundora, Nuntherungie, Oakvale, Olive Downs, Onepah and Pulchra.
Stony alluvial plains of Quaternary age, relief to 3m. Contour banded stony red desert loams
and self-mulching clays in depressions. Dunes of deep clayey sand. Stony reddish-brown
calcareous sandy loams, along drainage tracts, alluvial flats with brown self-mulching
cracking clays. Contour banded undulating treeless plain; relief to 15m. Bare stony rises of
brown desert loams and stone-free deep brown clays with Mitchell grass (Astrebla sp.) and
bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria). Areas of highly gypseous yellowish-brown calcareous
loams and clay loams with frequent mudstone rock outcrop and sparse perennial grasses and
forbs. Alluvial flats with brown self-mulching cracking clays.
Slopes with isolated mulga (Acacia aneura) and needlewood (Hakea leucoptera) with
scattered shrubs; local stands of dense low bluebush (Maireana astrotricha), contour banded
bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria), cabbage-tree wattle (Acacia cana), belah (Casuarina
cristata), and pearl bluebush (Maireana sedifolia), with local clumps of moderately dense
belah, and mulga, abundant bottlewashers (Enneapogon sp.) and copperburr (Sclerolaena
sp.). Flats with copperburr, thorny saltbush (Rhagodia spinescens) and Mitchell grass.
Drainage lines with prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae), western boobialla (Myoporum
montanum), sandalwood (Santalum lanceolatum), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolium), belah,
white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) and black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens). River red
gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) along larger streams.

Tbf
Tibooburra Fresh Lakes and Swamps
CHC Tibooburra
Tibooburra Fresh Lakes and Swamps ecosystem is made up of part of the Fort Grey land
system.

Page 26

Small lakes with low lunettes in dune fields. Alluvial, lacustrine and aeolian sediments of
Quaternary age. Massive brown clay soils, bare surfaces. Pans and swamps of deep, widely
cracking self-mulching grey and brown clays with canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) and
lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) in centres and black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata),
on margins. Isolated mulga (Acacia aneura) on lunettes.

Tbr
Tibooburra Ranges
CHC Tibooburra
Tibooburra Ranges ecosystem includes parts of five land systems: Black Stump, Faraway,
Mount Arrowsmith, Tibooburra and Wonaminta.
Steep, partly bevelled ridges and slopes on pre-Cambrian to Ordovician quartzite, sandstone,
slate, phyllite, and basic volcanic rocks. Trellis drainage pattern, relief to 150m. Massive
rounded granite hills with tors, up to 25m relief. Dissected uplands on Cretaceous sandstone
and conglomerate with long, gently undulating slopes on mudstones, relief to 20m. Rocky
crests and upper slopes with little soil. Scalded, stone strewn areas of brown desert loam,
reddish, loamy sand lithosols, locally calcareous, becoming redder and better developed down
slope. Long lower slopes with red earths and texture-contrast soils with calcareous subsoils
overlying hardpans or sandstone. Yellowish-red gritty neutral sandy loam lithosols on granite.
Gravelly alluvium with reddish-brown texture-contrast soils in drainage tracts.
Rocky crests with scattered mulga (Acacia aneura), cabbage-tree wattle (Acacia cana), dead
finish (Acacia tetragonophylla), pearl bluebush (Maireana sedifolia), and bladder saltbush
(Atriplex vesicaria). Slopes with desert poplar (Codonocarpus cotinifolius), belah (Casuarina
cristata), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolium), mulga, gidgee (Acacia cambagei) and abundant
chenopods. Sparse sandalwood (Santalum lanceolatum), bladder saltbush, and grasses on
granite slopes. Curly mallee (Eucalyptus gillii), belah, and black bluebush (Maireana
pyramidata), on calcareous rocks. Desert paper-bark (Melaleuca glomerata), prickly wattle
(Acacia victoriae), thorny saltbush (Rhagodia spinescens), coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca)
and river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) on larger channels.

Tbp Tibooburra Salt Lakes and Playas

CHC Tibooburra
Tibooburra Salt Lakes and Playas ecosystem is made up of part of the Cobham land system.
Widely distributed saline lakes and clay playas of Quaternary age with bare, flat, crusted
floors of salty grey and brown clay. Pans with deep self-mulching brown cracking clays and
brown clays with strong surface crusts, canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) and lignum
(Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) in centres with chenopods, and prickly wattle (Acacia
victoriae) along margins. Swamp basins and channels with deep self-mulching brown and
grey cracking clays, some with extremely deep and wide cracks.
Shrubs and canegrass with fringing black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) on pan margins with
sandy surfaces over earthy pans. Lunettes up to 10m, of deep, brown clayey sand with open
mulga (Acacia aneura), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), pearl bluebush (Maireana sedifolia)
and forbs and grasses.

Tbs
Tibooburra Sandplains
CHC Tibooburra
Tibooburra Sandplains ecosystem includes parts of two land systems: Nucha and Rodges.
Slightly undulating sandplains and alluvial plains of Quaternary age with small pans, relief to
5m. Sandy calcareous red earths, earthy pans at depth with scattered mulga (Acacia aneura),
rosewood (Alectryon oleifolium) and abundant grasses. Small depressions with sandy red
earths, calcareous at shallow depths, locally with lime exposed. Pans of brown and grey
cracking clay with perennial grasses and fringing black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens). Brown
clays with strong surface crusts on alluvial plains with belah (Casuarina cristata), cabbage-

Page 27

tree wattle (Acacia cana), leopardwood (Flindersia maculosa), turpentine (Eremophila

sturtii) and grasses.

Tbt
Tibooburra Tablelands
CHC Tibooburra
Tibooburra Tablelands ecosystem includes parts of three land systems: Flat Top, Quarry View
and Pulgamurtie.
Stony tablelands on Cretaceous sandstones and isolated silcrete capped mesas and
surrounding plains, relief to 80m. Also, dissected rolling stony tablelands on Cretaceous
sandstone and mudstone with breakaways, relief to 40m. Boulder strewn mesa tops
essentially treeless, discontinuous rocky cliffs at the breakaway over slopes with brown loamy
lithosols and sparse vegetation.
Footslopes with stony mantles, red and brown desert loams supporting bladder saltbush
(Atriplex vesicaria), black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata), thorny saltbush (Rhagodia
spinescens) and grasses. Red desert loams with red clays in gilgai depressions grade to deep
neutral reddish-brown sands and loams in drainage tracts.
Shrublands, mainly of bladder saltbush, with pearl bluebush (Maireana sedifolia) on slopes
and some mulga (Acacia aneura), gidgee (Acacia cambagei) and western bloodwood
(Corymbia terminalis) on hills. Scarps with brown loamy lithosols, bouldery mantles with
scattered mulga, bastard mulga (Acacia clivicola) and rock fuchsia bush (Eremophila
freelingii). Gidgee patches on lower slopes.

CP - Descriptions for Landscapes in the Cobar Peneplain

Bioregion
Meso: CP Barnato
Bdn Barnato Downs
CP Barnato
Barnato Downs ecosystem includes parts of six land systems: Boulkra, Cottage, Ironstone,
Lilyvale, Taringa and Wilsons Tank.
Undulating rounded Devonian quartzite and sandstone ridges with small plateau, footslopes,
and narrow and broad drainage flats, relief to 10m, occasionally to 20m. Includes areas of
Tertiary silcrete ridges with long low slopes and broad level plains, relief to 20m. Some
ridges are partly covered by aeolian sand. Shallow, stony, loamy and sandy soils on crests.
Ferruginous red earths on lower slopes and in drainage lines. Deep, calcareous red earths and
solonized brown soils with gilgai on plateau. Red earths and red texture-contrast soils on
lower slopes, passing to deeper clays with gilgai, texture-contrast soils and solonized brown
soils on lower slopes and in drainage lines.
Moderate to scattered mulga (Acacia aneura), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolium), turpentine
(Eremophila sturtii), ironwood (Acacia excelsa), silver cassia (Senna artemisioides), western
red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), leopardwood (Flindersia maculosa), narrow-leaf hopbush
(Dodonaea viscosa), warrior bush (Apophyllum anomalum), and rare brigalow (Acacia
harpophylla) on crests and slopes. Mulga, red box, white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla), yarran (Acacia homalophylla), budda (Eremophila mitchellii) and emu bush
(Eremophila longifolia) on slopes. Bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), wilga (Geijera
parviflora), white cypress pine, some mulga, yarran and abundant grasses including kangaroo
grass (Themeda triandra) in drainage lines.

Page 28

Bis
Barnato Incised Streams
CP Barnato
Barnato Incised Streams ecosystem includes parts of three land systems: Kaleno, Wrightville
and Yanda.
Major drainage lines with Quaternary alluvium draining north off the Cobar Peneplain. Partly
scalded plains with few small drainage sinks, floodplains with stable incised and slightly
sinuous channels, slightly terraced tributary drainage lines, small stony or sandy rises, relief
to 3m. Reddish texture-contrast soils and red earths on plains, often gravely with some
hardpan development. Sandy soils on rises and in creek channel.
Dense ironwood (Acacia excelsa), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), belah
(Casuarina cristata), scattered bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), mulga (Acacia aneura),
and rosewood (Alectryon oleifolium), with dense turpentine (Eremophila sturtii) and narrowleaf hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa) and grasses on the plains. Dense bimble box and white
cypress pine in drainage sinks, river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), budda (Eremophila
mitchellii), lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), rushes and grasses along creek channels.
Ironwood (Acacia excelsa) and mulga on stony rises.

Bih
Barnato Isolated Hills
CP Barnato
Barnato Isolated Hills ecosystem includes parts of two land systems: Booroondarra and
Mulga Downs.
Low, bevelled and rounded strike ridges rocky cliffs and footslopes of Devonian quartzite,
sandstone and conglomerate and with narrow alluvial valleys, relief to 200m. Shallow, stony
sandy lithosols becoming deeper and better developed down slope, narrow valleys of red
earths, incised drainage tracts with bare rock or sandy beds and levees.
Moderate to dense mallee (Eucalyptus sp.), currawang (Acacia doratoxylon), white cypress
pine (Callitris glaucophylla), western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), mulga (Acacia aneura)
and green fuchsia bush (Eremophila serrulata) on upper slopes and scarps; abundant mulga,
moderate silver cassia (Senna artemisioides), narrow-leaf wax flower (Eriostemon linearis)
and other shrubs with long greybeard grass (Amphipogon caricinus), wire grass (Aristida sp.),
and purple love grass (Eragrostis lacunaria) on lower slopes. White cypress pine and bimble
box (Eucalyptus populnea) along creeks. Dense red mallee (Eucalyptus socialis) with
porcupine grass (Triodia irritans) on sand accumulations.

Blk
Barnato Lakes
CP Barnato
Barnato Lakes includes parts of part of two land systems: Barnato and Tiltagara.
Level plains with shallow lakes with in-flowing creeks, lunettes, channels and low stony rises
in Quaternary alluvium, relief 3 to 10m. Beds of heavy clay soils with fairy grass when dry.
Shallow sandy surface deposit, around shorelines, with dense bimble box (Eucalyptus
populnea), canegrass (Eragrostis australasica), rushes and neverfail (Eragrostis setifolia).
Lunettes of shallow to deep solonized brown soils over calcrete with belah (Casuarina
cristata), mallee (Eucalyptus sp.), bimble box, rosewood (Alectryon oleifolium), narrow-leaf
hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa), warrior bush (Apophyllum anomalum), twin-leaf (Zygophyllum
apiculatum), and variable spear grasses (Austrostipa variabilis). Inflowing channels of clay
soils or calcareous red earths with dense bimble box. Calcareous red earths and red texturecontrast soils with gravel lag on rises and plains with scattered belah (Casuarina cristata)
yarran (Acacia homalophylla), bimble box, wilga (Geijera parviflora), white cypress pine
(Callitris glaucophylla), warrior bush, windmill grass (Chloris truncata), copperburr
(Sclerolaena sp.) and forbs.

Bln

Barnato Linear Dunes

CP Barnato

Page 29

Barnato Linear Dunes ecosystem includes parts of two land systems: Blackfella and Lachlan
Downs.
Low sloping sandplains of Quaternary sediment with small drainage sinks and some low
linear dunes with relief to 3m. This abuts and partly overlies ranges and hills, relief to 20m.
Deep red sandy earths, calcareous red earths and sands with dense mallee (Eucalyptus sp.),
broombush (Melaleuca uncinata), western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), narrow-leaf
hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa), porcupine grass (Triodia irritans), paper daisy (Helichrysum
sp.), and sparse forbs and perennial short grasses. Solonized brown soils, calcareous red
earths and non-cracking clays on plains and isolated sinks with black box (Eucalyptus
largiflorens), bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghammii),
New Zealand spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), emu bush
(Eremophila longifolia) and neverfail (Eragrostis setifolia).
.

Bpa
Barnato Plains
CP Barnato
Barnato Plains ecosystem includes parts of two land systems: Coronga and Korreo.
Colluvial and alluvial rolling sandy plains of Quaternary sediments on western sides of hills
and ranges on Devonian bedrock, relief to 15m. Low stony rises and poorly defined drainage
lines, relief to 2m. Moderately deep to deep neutral red earths with hardpan and gravel; dense
to moderate mulga (Acacia aneura), western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), ironwood
(Acacia excelsa), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), punty bush (Senna eremophila),
turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), budda (Eremophila mitchellii), wire grass (Aristida sp.),
variable spear grass (Austrostipa variabilis), kerosene grass (Aristida contorta) on plains and
rises. Bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), turpentine, ironwood (Acacia excelsa) and grasses
in drainage lines. Loamy colluvial soils and calcareous red earths on plains, deep red siliceous
sands on dunes, texture-contrast soils in valleys. White cypress pine and sandhill wattle
(Acacia ligulata) on dunes.

Bwv Barnato Wide Valleys

CP Barnato
Barnato Wide Valleys ecosystem includes parts of three land systems: Cubba, Meadows and
Mulchara.
Terraced broad plains with drainage lines of major and minor narrow stable channels. Isolated
sand dunes and sandy rises, relief to 3m. Deep red earths, calcareous red earths and poorly
structured texture-contrast soils on plains, with texture-contrast soils on lower terraces and
non-cracking clays in some channels. Sands on dunes and creek levees.
Scattered to moderate white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) and ironwood (Acacia
excelsa), with dense clumps of turpentine (Eremophila sturtii) and narrow-leaf hopbush
(Dodonaea viscosa) on plains. Scattered bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), white cypress
pine, mulga (Acacia aneura), ironwood, and dense to moderate budda (Eremophila
mitchellii), turpentine and narrow-leaf hopbush on terraces. Dense bimble box in drainage
sinks, river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and bimble box along creek channels,
perennial short grasses and forbs throughout.

Brg
Belarabon Range
CP Barnato
Belarabon Range ecosystem includes parts of two land systems: Booroondarra and Mulga
Downs.
Low bevelled and rounded strike ridges and footslopes, rocky cliffs of Devonian quartzite,
sandstone, conglomerate and shale with narrow alluvial valleys, relief to 200m. Shallow,
sandy lithosols becoming deeper and better developed down slope, narrow valleys of red
earths, incised drainage tracts with bare rock or sandy creek beds and levees.

Page 30

Moderate to dense mallee (Eucalyptus sp.), currawang (Acacia doratoxylon), white cypress
pine (Callitris glaucophylla), western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), mulga (Acacia aneura)
and green fuchsia bush (Eremophila serrulata) on upper slopes and scarps; abundant mulga,
moderate silver cassia (Senna artemisioides), narrow-leaf wax flower (Eriostemon linearis)
and other shrubs with long greybeard grass (Amphipogon caricinus), wire grass (Aristida sp.),
and purple love grass (Eragrostis lacunaria) on lower slopes. White cypress pine and bimble
box (Eucalyptus populnea) along creeks. Dense red mallee (Eucalyptus socialis) with
porcupine grass (Triodia irritans) on sand accumulations.

Mma Marma Hills

CP Barnato
Marma Hills ecosystem includes parts of two land systems: Booroondarra and Mulga Downs.
Low bevelled and rounded strike ridges, rocky cliffs and footslopes of Devonian quartzite,
sandstone, conglomerate and shale with narrow alluvial valleys, relief to 200m. Shallow,
sandy lithosols becoming deeper and better developed down slope, narrow valleys of red
earths, incised drainage tracts with bare rock or sandy creek beds and levees.
Moderate to dense mallee (Eucalyptus sp.), currawang (Acacia doratoxylon), white cypress
pine (Callitris glaucophylla), western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), mulga (Acacia aneura)
and green fuchsia bush (Eremophila serrulata) on upper slopes and scarps; abundant mulga,
moderate silver cassia (Senna artemisioides), narrow-leaf wax flower (Eriostemon linearis)
and other shrubs with long greybeard grass (Amphipogon caricinus), wire grass (Aristida sp.),
and purple love grass (Eragrostis lacunaria) on lower slopes. White cypress pine and bimble
box along creeks (Eucalyptus populnea). Dense red mallee (Eucalyptus socialis) with
porcupine grass (Triodia irritans) on sand accumulations.

Gcx
Mt Grenfell Ridges
CP Barnato
Mt Grenfell Ridges landscape includes parts of eight land systems: Booroondarra, Coronga,
Euramurtie, Ironstone, Lilyvale, Lynwood, Mulga Downs and Wilsons Tank.
Bevelled and rounded Devonian quartzite, sandstone and conglomerate strike ridges, rocky
cliffs, colluvial slopes, narrow to broad drainage lines, relief 30 to 180m. Associated colluvial
and alluvial plains, low stony rises, sand-covered footslopes and sandplains, outwash plain on
the edge of ranges, with a few low dunes, creek channels and terminal drainage sinks, relief 5
to 20m. Rocky upper slopes and ridges, sandy lithosols becoming deeper and better developed
down slope, narrow valleys of red earths, incised drainage tracts with bare rock or sandy
creek beds and levees. Moderately deep to deep neutral red earths with hardpan and gravel on
lower colluvial slopes. Shallow stony ferruginous clay loam soils on low crests and upper
slopes, with ferruginous red earths on lower slopes and in drainage lines. Footslopes of red
desert loams with mantles of silcrete boulders, outwash plains with calcareous red earths with
sandy surface, sands in channels and on dunes.
Upper slopes and scarps carry moderate to dense grey mallee (Eucapytus morrisii), currawang
(Acacia doratoxylon), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), western red box
(Eucalyptus intertexta), mulga (Acacia aneura), silver cassia (Senna artemisioides), and green
fuchsia bush (Eremophila serrulata). Mid to lower slopes support abundant mulga, belah
(Casuarina cristata), yarran (Acacia homalophylla), moderate silver cassia, narrow-leaf wax
flower (Eriostemon linearis), western red box, ironwood (Acacia excelsa)), white cypress
pine, punty bush (Senna eremophila), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), and budda (Eremophila
mitchellii) with long greybeard grass (Amphipogon caricinus), wire grass (Aristida sp.), and
purple love grass (Eragrostis lacunaria). Surrounding sandy footslopes and plains carry
moderate mulga, red box, rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), leopardwood (Flindersia
maculosa), narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa), ruby saltbush (Enchylaena tomentosa),
black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata), dead finish (Acacia tetragonophylla), belah

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(Casuarina cristata), wire grass (Aristida sp.), variable spear grass (Austrostipa variabilis),
woollybutt (Eragrostis eriopoda), kerosene grass (Aristida contorta) and copperburr
(Sclerolaena sp.). Dense red mallee (Eucalyptus socialis) with porcupine grass (Triodia
irritans) on sand accumulations. White cypress pine and bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea)
with kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra) along creeks.

Nkb Neckarbo Range

CP Barnato
Neckarbo Range landscape includes parts of two land systems: Booroondarra and Mulga
Downs.
Low bevelled and rounded Devonian quartzite, sandstone and conglomerate strike ridges,
rocky cliffs, colluvial slopes, narrow to broad drainage lines, relief 50 to 120m. Shallow,
sandy lithosols becoming deeper and better developed down slope, narrow valleys of red
earths, incised drainage tracts with bare rock or sandy creek beds and levees.
Moderate to dense mallee (Eucalyptus sp.), currawang (Acacia doratoxylon), white cypress
pine (Callitris glaucophylla), western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), mulga (Acacia aneura)
and green fuchsia bush (Eremophila serrulata) on upper slopes and scarps; abundant mulga,
moderate silver cassia (Senna artemisioides), narrow-leaf wax flower (Eriostemon linearis)
and other shrubs with long greybeard grass (Amphipogon caricinus), wire grass (Aristida sp.),
and purple love grass (Eragrostis lacunaria) on lower slopes. White cypress pine and bimble
box (Eucalyptus populnea) along creeks. Dense red mallee (Eucalyptus socialis) with
porcupine grass (Triodia irritans) on sand accumulations.

Meso: CP Cobar
Cbh Canbelego - Boppy Hills
CP Cobar
Canbelego - Boppy Hills landscape includes parts of three land systems: Boppy, Mineshaft
and Wynwood.
Strike ridges, isolated peaks, of Devonian quartz-feldspar porphyry and low ranges, hills and
footslopes of Silurian and Ordovician phyllite, slate, quartzite, schist and shale with narrow
incised drainage tracts, relief 50 to 180m. Extensive rock outcrop with sandy and loamy
lithosols grading to rubbly red earths down slope with uniform sandy soils along incised
drainage channels.
Open to dense grey mallee (Eucalyptus morrisii) and green mallee (Eucalyptus viridis), some
mulga (Acacia aneura), currawang (Acacia doratoxylon), white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla), western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), and scattered red ironbark
(Eucalyptus sideroxylon) on ridges and hills. Western golden wattle (Acacia decora), silver
cassia (Senna artemisioides), cough bush (Cassinia laevis), wonga vine (Pandorea
pandorana), budda (Eremophila mitchellii), broad-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa), rock
fern (Cheilanthes sieberi), variable spear grass (Austrostipa variabilis), white-top
(Austrodanthonia caespitosa), wire grass (Aristida sp.), kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra)
and forbs.

Crb
Cobar Basalt Hills
Cobar Basalt Hills landscape is made up of part of the Kergunyah land system.

CP Cobar

Plateau or peaked ridges on Tertiary basalt, relief to 80m. Shallow, stony, brown sandy soils,
becoming slightly deeper and better developed down slope, support wilga (Geijera
parviflora), kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus), beefwood (Grevillea striata), bimble box
(Eucalyptus populnea), western bloodwood (Corymbia terminalis), ironwood (Acacia
excelsa), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii); medics, galvanised burr (Scleroleana birchii),
perennial short grasses and forbs.

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Crd
Cobar Downs
CP Cobar
Cobar Downs landscape includes parts of seven land systems: Cobar, Coolabah, Ironstone,
Killala, Kopyje, Pirillie and Prattenville.
A landscape complex of slightly undulating rounded ridges and higher residuals of many
Ordovician and Silurian sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, undulating rounded Devonian
sandstone ridges or low plateau, rounded ridges with siliceous and ferruginous stones from
Cretaceous or Tertiary conglomerates. Occasional overlying sand dune. Well defined
dendritic drainage lines vary from broad to narrow, relief 10 to 20m. Scattered rock outcrop
on ridges, stony surfaces common on slopes. Shallow gravelly loamy soils, or ferruginous
clay loam on ridges, grading to deeper acid and neutral red earths with hardpan down slope
and calcareous red earths with areas of gilgai in drainage lines. Deep sands, sandy earths, and
red earths on dunes.
Moderate to dense mulga (Acacia aneura), green mallee (Eucalyptus viridis), red mallee
(Eucalyptus socialis), belah (Casuarina cristata) on crests. White cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla), bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea) western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta),
wilga (Geijera parviflora), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), budda (Eremophila mitchellii),
punty bush (Senna eremophila), yarran (Acacia homalophylla), coolabah apple (Angophora
melanoxylon), emu bush (Eremophila longifolia), whitewood (Atalaya hemigluaca), hopbush
(Dodonaea sp.) and ironwood (Acacia excelsa) with many other woody species and grasses
on slopes. Bimble box, white cypress pine, broad-leaved hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa), budda
and curly windmill grass (Enteropogon acicularis) along drainage lines. Coolabah apple and
quinine bush (Alstonia constricta) on dunes.

Crg
Cobar Granite Downs
CP Cobar
Cobar Granite Downs landscape is made up of part of the Tindera land system.
Low rounded ridges on Silurian granite, with occasional outcrops, relief to 10m. Shallow
loamy soils, grading down slope to deeper neutral red earths with hardpan. Dense to moderate
mulga (Acacia aneura), bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), emu bush (Eremophila
longifolia), broad-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa) and budda (Eremophila mitchellii);
variable speargrass (Austrostipa variabilis), wiregrass (Aristida sp.), woollybutt (Eragrostis
eriopoda) and forbs.

Cri
Cobar Incised Streams
CP Cobar
Cobar Incised Streams landscape is made up of part of the Yanda land system.
Major drainage lines flowing to the Darling River off the Cobar Peneplain. Floodplains of
Quaternary alluvium with stable incised slightly sinuous channels, small stony rises, relief to
3m. Deep red earths with hardpan on plains with scattered to dense bimble box (Eucalyptus
populnea), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius),
mulga (Acacia aneura), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), budda (Eremophila mitchellii),
wiregrass (Aristida sp.), variable spear grass (Austrostipa variabilis), Queensland blue grass
(Dichanthium sericeum), red-leg grass (Bothriochloa macra), and Panicum sp. Dense bimble
box, white cypress pine, budda and lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghammii) in the creek
lines. Ironwood (Acacia excelsa) and mulga on stony rises.

Crh
Cobar Isolated Hills
CP Cobar
Cobar Isolated Hills landscape includes small areas of two land systems: Boppy and
Mineshaft.
Isolated low strike ridges, hills and footslopes of Ordovician and Silurian phyllite, slate,
schist, some Devonian quartzite, occasional igneous rocks and shale, relief typically less than

Page 33

40 to 60m. Scattered rock outcrop with sandy and loamy lithosols grading to red texturecontrast soils earths down slope with red earths and uniform sandy soils along drainage
channels.
Open to dense grey mallee (Eucalyptus morrisii) and green mallee (Eucalyptus viridis), some
mulga (Acacia aneura), currawang (Acacia doratoxylon), white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla), western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), and scattered red ironbark
(Eucalyptus sideroxylon) on ridges and hills. Western golden wattle (Acacia decora), silver
cassia (Senna artemisioides), broad-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa), wedge-leaf hopbush
(Dodonaea viscosa), variable spear grass (Austrostipa variabilis), mulga grass (Thyridolepis
mitchelliana) and rock fern (Cheilanthes sieberi).

Crs
Cobar Plains
CP Cobar
Cobar Plains landscape includes parts of two land systems: Coronga and Kenilworth.
Colluvial and alluvial plains, low stony rises and poorly defined drainage lines with few
larger swamps with lunettes, overall relief to 3m locally to 10m on some swamps and
lunettes. Moderate to deep neutral red earths with hardpan and gravel.
Dense to moderate mulga (Acacia aneura), western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), bimble
box (Eucalyptus populnea), ironwood (Acacia excelsa), white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla), punty bush (Senna eremophila), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), budda
(Eremophila mitchellii), emu bush (Eremophila longifolia), wiregrass (Aristida sp.), variable
spear grass (Austrostipa variabilis) and kerosene grass (Aristida contorta) on plains. Bimble
box, turpentine and grasses in drainage lines. Grey cracking clays with gilgai, and red texturecontrast soils in larger swamps with scattered to dense bimble box, lignum (Muehlenbeckia
cunninghammii), wiregrass, woollybutt (Eragrostis eriopoda), windmill grass (Chloris
truncata), kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra), dark roly-poly (Sclerolaena muricata), medics
and burr.

Crt
Cobar Tablelands
Cobar Tablelands landscape consists of parts of Jacks land system.

CP Cobar

Small low plateau and associated slopes on Tertiary silicified sandstone, relief 30 to 40m.
Brown sandy to loamy lithosols on crests, red earths and brown texture-contrast soils on
slopes.
Scattered wilga (Geijera parviflora), mulga (Acacia aneura), beefwood (Grevillea striata),
supplejack (Ventilago viminalis) and ironwood (Acacia excelsa) with budda (Eremophila
mitchellii), hopbush (Dodonaea sp.) and dogwood (Myoporum deserti) on crests. Moderate
leopardwood (Flindersia maculosa), scattered wilga, mulga, budda and grasses on the slopes.

Gun Gunderbooka Range

CP Cobar
Gunderbooka Range landscape includes parts of two land systems: Booroondarra and
Mineshaft.
Prominent range of Devonian quartzite, conglomerate and shale folded into a shallow
syncline with high rocky cliffs, stepped slopes and surrounding debris slopes, relief to 300m.
Extensive areas of bare rock and sandy lithosols becoming deeper and better developed down
slope, narrow valleys of red earths, incised drainage tracts with bare rock. Shallow gravelly
loamy soils grading to deeper acid and neutral red earths with hardpan down slope and in
drainage lines.
Moderate to dense mulga (Acacia aneura), green mallee (Eucalyptus viridis), and white
cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) on upper slopes. Moderate to dense mallee, currawang

Page 34

(Acacia doratoxylon), white cypress pine, western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), mulga and
green fuchsia bush (Eremophila serrulata) on upper slopes and scarps; abundant mulga,
moderate silver cassia (Senna artemisioides), narrow-leaf wax flower (Eriostemon linearis)
and other shrubs with long greybeard grass (Amphipogon caricinus), wire grass (Aristida sp.),
and purple love grass (Eragrostis lacunaria) on lower slopes. White cypress pine, river red
gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and bimble box along creeks.

Oxr
Oxley Range
CP Cobar
Oxley Range landscape includes parts of two land systems: Booroondarra and Cobar.
Isolated peaks of Devonian quartzite, sandstone and conglomerate, low rocky cliffs, relief to
200m. Extensive areas of bare rock and sandy lithosols becoming deeper and better developed
down slope, narrow valleys of red earths, incised drainage tracts with bare rock. Shallow
gravelly loamy soils grading to deeper acid and neutral red earths with hardpan down slope
and in drainage lines.
Moderate to dense mulga (Acacia aneura), green mallee (Eucalyptus viridis), and white
cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) on upper slopes. Moderate to dense mallee, currawang
(Acacia doratoxylon), white cypress pine, western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), mulga and
green fuchsia bush (Eremophila serrulata) on upper slopes and scarps; abundant mulga,
moderate silver cassia (Senna artemisioides), narrow-leaf wax flower (Eriostemon linearis)
and other shrubs with long greybeard grass (Amphipogon caricinus), wire grass (Aristida sp.),
and purple love grass (Eragrostis lacunaria) on lower slopes. White cypress pine and bimble
box (Eucalyptus populnea) along creeks.

Sgh
Shearlegs Hills
CP Cobar
Shearlegs Hills landscape is made up of parts of three land systems: Boppy, Glenown and
Mineshaft.
Hilly to steep country of strike ridges, hills and footslopes on Ordovician and Silurian schist,
phyllite, quartz greywacke, slate, and mudstone, relief 70 to 160m. Rock outcrop common
with sandy and loamy lithosols grading to red earths down slope.
Dense grey mallee (Eucalyptus morrisii) and green mallee (Eucalyptus viridis), white cypress
pine (Callitris glaucophylla) and bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea). Western golden wattle
(Acacia decora), Deanes wattle (Acacia deanei), broad-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa),
twiggy daisy-bush (Olearia ramulosa), cough bush (Cassinia laevis), variable spear grass
(Austrostipa variabilis), long greybeard grass (Amphipogon caricinus) and wire grass
(Aristida sp.).

Meso: CP Cocoparra
Bgp
Burgooney Plains
CP Cocoparra
Burgooney Plains landscape is made up of part of the Burgooney land system.
Extensive plains and low angle footslopes of Quaternary colluvium and alluvium, with low
hills and rises of Devonian sandstones and siltstones, relief 5 to 15m.
Lithosols and calcareous red earths with moderate to dense bimble box (Eucalyptus
populnea), currawang (Acacia doratoxylon), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla),
Dwyers mallee gum (Eucalyptus dwyeri), red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), pointed
mallee (Eucalyptus socialis), red mallee (Eucalyptus oleosa), wilga (Geijera parviflora),
sugarwood (Myoporum platycarpum) and grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa). Dense patches
of punty bush (Senna eremophila), wedge-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa) and Deanes
wattle (Acacia deanei) with speargrass (Austrostipa sp.), wallaby grass (Austrodanthonia sp.)
and annual grasses and forbs.

Page 35

Cor
Cocoparra Ranges and Footslopes
CP Cocoparra
Cocoparra Ranges and Footslopes landscape is made up of part of land systems: Cocoparra
and Naradhan.
Steep crested ranges, ridges, hills and associated footslopes of Quaternary colluvium with
outcrops of upper Devonian sandstone, conglomerate and siltstones. Cliff faces to 30m,
bouldery hill slopes with overall relief to 260m. Extensive rock outcrop, shallow sandy
lithosols, acid, neutral and calcareous red earths on slopes and deep sandy alluvium in creek
lines.
On ranges; scattered white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), currawang (Acacia
doratoxylon), Dwyers mallee gum (Eucalyptus dwyeri), and red ironbark (Eucalyptus
sideroxylon); locally dense broombush (Melaleuca uncinata), hill tea-tree (Leptospermum
divaricatum), urn heath (Melichrus urceolatus), wedge-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa),
punty bush (Senna eremophila), cough bush (Cassinia laevis), sugarwood (Myoporum
platycarpum), grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa), wilga (Geijera parviflora), and Deanes
wattle (Acacia deanei); rock fern (Cheilanthes sieberi), wire grass (Aristida sp.), mulga grass
(Thyridolepis mitchelliana), short grasses and forbs. On lower slopes bimble box (Eucalyptus
populnea), white cypress pine, mallees, yarran (Acacia homalophylla), wilga, emu bush
(Eremophila longifolia) and various acacia with grasses and forbs.

Chl
Curriba Basalt Hills
CP Cocoparra
Curriba Basalt Hills landscape is represented by parts of the Gulgo land system.
Rounded hills and small plateau on Tertiary basalt, relief 100 to 220m. Loamy lithosols and
friable red earths with widespread cover of boulders. White cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla), kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus), bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea),
western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), wilga (Geijera parviflora), western golden wattle
(Acacia decora), eastern cottonbush (Maireana microphylla) and grasses.

Sch
Scotts Craig Hills
CP Cocoparra
Scotts Craig Hills landscape includes parts of two land systems: Belford and Booroondarra.
Bevelled and rounded strike ridges, rocky cliffs, footslopes and drainage lines in Silurian and
Devonian quartzite, lithic sandstone, conglomerate and small areas of granite, relief 70 to
100m. Sandy and loamy lithosols on ridges grading to deep red earths downslope and in
valleys. Incised drainage tracts with bare rock or sandy creek beds and levees.
Scattered to dense white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), belah (Casuarina cristata) and
western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta) on ridges, scattered to dense white cypress pine,
bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), isolated clumps of narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea
attenuata) and scattered budda (Eremophila mitchellii) with grasses in valleys. Moderate to
dense mallee, currawang (Acacia doratoxylon), white cypress pine, western red box, mulga
(Acacia aneura) and green fuchsia bush (Eremophila serrulata) on upper slopes and scarps;
abundant mulga, moderate silver cassia (Senna artemisioides), narrow-leaf wax flower
(Eriostemon linearis) and other shrubs with grasses on lower slopes. River red gum
(Eucalyptus camaldulensis), white cypress pine and bimble box along creeks.

Spd
Shepherds Hill
CP Cocoparra
Shepherds Hill landscape is made up of part of the Shepherds Hi11 land system.
Strike belt of high rounded hills on Silurian quartz-feldspar porphyry, rhyolites and tuffs
interbedded with slate and chert, relief to 70m.

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Rock outcrop and sandy lithosols on crest with sparse Dwyers mallee gum (Eucalyptus
dwyeri), western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus), mulga
(Acacia aneura), wilga (Geijera parviflora) and currawang (Acacia doratoxylon). Neutral red
earths and texture-contrast soils on slopes with moderate to dense green mallee (Eucalyptus
viridis), bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), curly-bark
wattle (Acacia curranii), shrubby rice-flower (Pimelea microcephala), long greybeard grass
(Amphipogon caricinus), white-top (Austrodanthonia caespitosa), mulga grass (Thyridolepis
mitchelliana), and variable speargrass (Austrostipa variabilis) on lower ridges and flats.

Meso: CP Nymagee
Bel
Belmont Hills
CP Nymagee
Belmont Hills landscape includes parts of two land systems: Belmont and Brooklyn.
Undulating, rounded, low rocky hills and low strike ridges, colluvial debris slopes and creek
lines on Ordovician slates and phyllite, relief to 80m. Gravelly red and brown texture-contrast
soils with quartz gravel sheets on the surface, shallow soils over bedrock on upper slopes,
deeper over colluvium on lower slopes.
Patches of green mallee (Eucalyptus viridis) on stony ridges. Woodlands of Dwyers mallee
gum (Eucalyptus dwyeri), red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla), currawang (Acacia doratoxylon), and grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) with
scattered kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus), wilga (Geijera parviflora), budda (Eremophila
mitchellii) and occasional rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius) on slopes. Bimble box (Eucalyptus
populnea) along creek lines Ridge top patches of green mallee (Eucalyptus viridis), acacia
(Acacia sp.), white cypress pine and occasional small stands of black cypress pine (Callitris
endlicheri). Extensively modified by clearing and regeneration.

Bkr
Black Range
CP Nymagee
Black Range landscape includes parts of five land systems: Boona, Boppy, Mineshaft,
Warrowie and Wynwood.
Strike ridges, isolated peaks, of Devonian quartz-feldspar porphyry, low ranges, hills and
footslopes of Silurian and Ordovician phyllite, slate, quartzite, schist and shale, and low
ridges and tors of Silurian granite. All with narrow incised drainage tracts, relief 50 to 270m.
Extensive rock outcrop with sandy and loamy lithosols grading to rubbly red earths and red
texture-contrast soils down slope with uniform sandy soils along sinuous incised drainage
channels.
Open to dense grey mallee (Eucalyptus morrisii) and green mallee (Eucalyptus viridis), some
mulga (Acacia aneura), currawang (Acacia doratoxylon), white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla), western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea),
Dwyers mallee gum (Eucalyptus dwyeri), kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus) and scattered
red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon) on ridges and hills. Western golden wattle (Acacia
decora), silver cassia (Senna artemisioides), cough bush (Cassinia laevis), wonga vine
(Pandorea pandorana), budda (Eremophila mitchellii), broad-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea
viscosa), rock fern (Cheilanthes sieberi), variable spear grass (Austrostipa variabilis), whitetop (Austrodanthonia caespitosa), wire grass (Aristida sp.), kangaroo grass (Themeda
triandra) and forbs. Bimble box or river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) with grasses
along streams.

Bon
Boona Mountains
CP Nymagee
Boona Mountains landscape includes parts of five land systems: Boona and Murtonga.

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Prominent strike ridges of Devonian pebbly quartz sandstone, and shales, limited areas of
limestone. Low cliffs alternate with soil covered benches, relief to 210m. Thin, stony, sandy
loams grade to red and red-yellow texture-contrast profiles on slopes.
Crests and upper slopes dominated by green mallee (Eucalyptus viridis), or Dwyers mallee
gum (Eucalyptus dwyeri), currawang (Acacia doratoxylon), hill tea-tree (Leptospermum
divaricatum), and stunted white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla). Mid-slopes red
ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon) and white cypress pine, lower slopes red ironbark, grey
box (Eucalyptus microcarpa), bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea) with a mixed acacia (Acacia
sp.) understorey.

Bjh
Buckambool - Jackermaroo Hills
CP Nymagee
Buckambool-Jackermaroo Hills landscape includes parts of four land systems: Belford,
Booroondarra, Mulga Downs and Warrowie.
Bevelled and rounded strike ridges and rocky cliffs of Devonian quartzite, sandstone and
conglomerate, relief to 200m. Lower, partly bevelled rocky hills and footslopes with narrow
alluvial valleys, relief to 30m. Associated areas of low ridges with outcrops and tors of granite
with narrow, incised drainage, relief to 30m. Sandy and loamy lithosols on ridges grading to
deep red earths down slope and in valleys. Incised drainage tracts with bare rock or sandy
creek beds and levees.
Scattered to dense white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), belah (Casuarina cristata),
western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), mallee (Eucalyptus sp.), currawang (Acacia
doratoxylon), mulga (Acacia aneura), silver cassia (Senna artemisioides), and green fuchsia
bush (Eremophila serrulata) on ridges and scarps. Scattered to dense white cypress pine,
bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), isolated clumps of narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonea
attenuata) and scattered budda (Eremophila mitchellii) with wire grass (Aristida sp.) and
variable speargrass (Austrostipa variabilis) on slopes and valleys. River red gum (Eucalyptus
camaldulensis), white cypress pine, and bimble box along creeks. In granite areas; Dwyers
mallee gum (Eucalyptus dwyeri), tumbledown red gum (Eucalyptus dealbata), white cypress
pine, western red box, kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus), bimble box, scattered western
golden wattle (Acacia decora), variable spear grass, and wire grass. River red gum and
bimble box along major creeks. Dense red mallee (Eucalyptus socialis) with porcupine grass
(Triodia irritans) on occasional sand accumulations.

Fif
Fifield Intrusives
Fifield Intrusives landscape is represented by the Fifield land system.

CP Nymagee

Undulating hills and gentle slopes on Devonian gabbro - peridotite intrusions, relief to 40m.
Deep uniform and gradational soil profiles of dark brown loams and clay loams supporting
grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) and red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon) with bimble box
(Eucalyptus populnea) along the creek lines. Extensively cleared and cultivated.

Gbr Gilgunnia - Broken Ranges

CP Nymagee
Gilgunnia-Broken Ranges landscape includes parts of seven land systems: Belford,
Booroondarra, Boppy, Eremeran, Mineshaft, Warrowie and Wynwood.
Complex ranges of bevelled and rounded Devonian quartzite, sandstone and conglomerate
over Ordovician or Silurian phyllite and schist. Strike ridges, rocky cliffs, and peaks. Steep
slopes with narrow incised drainage lines, relief to 200m. Rounded ridges of quartzite,
conglomerate, and sandstone, relief to 180m. Some areas of rounded ranges and hills on
Silurian quartz-feldspar porphyry, or granite with tors, incised sandy channels, relief to 100m.
In some locations the landscape is reduced to rocky hills and footslopes. Rock outcrop on

Page 38

crests, abundant surface stone with loamy and sandy lithosols grading to deep red earths down
slope and in valleys. Incised drainage tracts with bare rock or sandy beds and levees.
Scattered to dense white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), belah (Casuarina cristata),
western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), grey mallee (Eucalyptus morrisii), green mallee
(Eucalyptus viridis), mulga (Acacia aneura), currawang (Acacia doratoxylon), Dwyers
mallee gum (Eucalyptus dwyeri), western golden wattle (Acacia decora), silver cassia (Senna
artemisioides), mint bush (Prostanthera sp.), twiggy daisy bush (Olearia ramulosa), wedgeleaf hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa), cough bush (Cassinia laevis) and green fuchsia
(Eremophila serrulata) with variable spear grass (Austrostipa variabilis), wire grass (Aristida
sp.) on ridges, upper slopes and scarps. Scattered to dense white cypress pine, bimble box
(Eucalyptus populnea), budda (Eremophila mitchellii), green mallee, red box, kurrajong
(Brachychiton populneus), abundant mulga, moderate silver cassia, narrow-leaf wax flower
(Eriostemon linearis), isolated clumps of narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata) and
scattered western golden wattle, wonga vine (Pandorea pandorana), budda, wire grass, long
grey beard grass (Amphipogon caricinus) and variable spear grass on lower slopes. White
cypress pine, bimble box and river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) fringing creeks.

Mer Meryula Alluvial Plains

CP Nymagee
Meryula Alluvial Plains landscape includes parts of three land systems: Bulbodney, Meryula
and Verona.
Floodplains, gilgai plains and terrace remnants of Quaternary alluvium and distal colluvium
adjacent to the narrow incised channel of Bulbodney Creek, partly underlain by a thin veneer
of Jurassic conglomerate, sandstones and claystones, relief 1 to 2m. Mostly brown and grey
clays on alluvium with uniform or gradational light coloured sandy profiles with limited
development of yellow texture-contrast soils on claystones.
Open cleared grasslands on the plains. Originally white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla),
with emergent bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) and an
understorey of rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus), yarran
(Acacia homalophylla) and budda (Eremophila mitchellii). Black box (Eucalyptus
largiflorens), myall (Acacia pendula), warrior bush (Apophyllum anomalum), climbing
saltbush (Einadia nutans), buckbush (Salsola kali) and Mitchell grass (Astrebla sp.), along the
main creeks. Bimble box and belah (Casuarina cristata) along tributary streams.

Ngb Nangerybone Hills

CP Nymagee
Nangerybone Hills landscape includes parts of seven land systems: Boppy, Eremeran,
Mineshaft, Shepherds Hill, Warrowie and Yarambie.
Rounded ridges of Devonian quartzite, conglomerate, and sandstone, over Ordovician or
Silurian phyllite and schist, narrow incised drainage lines, relief to 180m. High peaked, steep
hillcrests with tors of granite; poorly defined radial drainage, relief to 100m. Strike ridges of
highly-rounded hills on Silurian quartz-feldspar porphyry, rhyolites and tuffs interbedded
with slate and chert, relief 15 to 50m. Abundant rock outcrop with shallow sandy lithosols on
crests. Shallow gravelly loams, grading to deep acid and neutral red earths with hardpan
downslope, red earths with abundant surface grit on granites and in drainage lines.
Grey mallee (Eucalyptus morrisii), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), Dwyers
mallee gum (Eucalyptus dwyeri), mulga (Acacia aneura), kurrajong (Brachychiton
populneus), currawang (Acacia doratoxylon), bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), western
golden wattle (Acacia decora), silver cassia (Senna artemisioides), mint bush (Prostanthera
sp.), cough bush (Cassinia laevis), variable spear grass (Austrostipa variabilis), wire grass
(Aristida sp.), and rock fern (Cheilanthes sieberi) on crests. Bimble box and grasses increase
down slope with green mallee (Eucalyptus viridis), white cypress pine, western red box
(Eucalyptus intertexta), broad-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa sp. spatulata), long greybeard

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grass (Amphipogon caricinus var. caricinus), rough spear grass (Austrostipa scabra var.
scabra), and rock fern (Cheilanthes sieberi). Lower slopes and flats with dense red mallee
(Eucalyptus socialis), moderate western red box, white cypress pine, budda (Eremophila
mitchellii), warrior bush (Apophyllum anomalum), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), curly-bark
wattle (Acacia curranii), shrubby rice-flower (Pimelea microcephala), long greybeard grass,
white-top (Austrodanthonia caespitosa), mulga grass (Thyridolepis mitchelliana), and
variable speargrass. Dense white cypress pine, bimble box, broad-leaf hopbush, budda, and
kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra) along drainage lines. River red gum (Eucalyptus
camaldulensis) and bimble box along major creeks.

Ngd Nymagee Downs

CP Nymagee
Nymagee Downs landscape includes parts of eleven land systems: Boulkra, Cobar, Cottage,
Hartwood, Ironstone, Killala, Kopyje, Lilyvale, Taringa and Yackerboon.
Undulating rounded Ordovician, Silurian or Devonian quartzite, sandstone or phyllite ridges
with narrow and broad drainage flats, relief 10 to 20m. Undulating silcrete ridges with long
low slopes and broad level plains, relief to 20m. Drainage lines up to 1 km wide. Shallow,
stony, loamy and sandy soils on crests, deep, calcareous red earths and solonized brown soils
with gilgai on plateau, grading to deeper acid, neutral or calcareous red earths and red texturecontrast soils with hardpan down slope.
Bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), mallee
(Eucalyptus sp.), mulga (Acacia aneura), warrior bush (Apophyllum anomalum), rosewood
(Alectryon oleifolius), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea
attenuata), western golden wattle (Acacia decora), budda (Eremophila mitchellii), kurrajong
(Brachychiton populneus), silver cassia (Senna artemisioides), broad-leaved hopbush
(Dodonaea viscosa), wire grass (Aristida sp.), rough spear grass (Austrostipa scabra), red-leg
grass (Bothriochloa macra), and windmill grass (Chloris truncata) on crests. Bimble box, red
box, wilga (Geijera parviflora), turpentine, budda, punty bush (Senna eremophila), hopbush
(Dodonaea sp.), yarran (Acacia homalophylla) and ironwood (Acacia excelsa) with many
other woody shrubs and grasses on lower slopes. Western red box, bimble box, yarran and
budda with grasses in drainage lines.

Ngg
Nymagee Granite Downs
CP Nymagee
Nymagee Granite Downs landscape includes parts of two land systems: Majuba and
Penshurst.
Slightly undulating footslope and outwash areas from the Wynwood land system, derived
from quartz feldspar porphyry, relief to 8m. Also, very broad undulating lowlands and
residuals with scattered granite outcrops and tors, incised drainage, relief to 8m. Red earths
with areas of sandy and loamy lithosols.
Scattered to dense white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), bimble box (Eucalyptus
populnea), belah (Casuarina cristata), western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), needlewood
(Hakea leucoptera), isolated budda (Eremophila mitchellii), punty bush (Senna eremophila),
Deanes wattle (Acacia deanei), variable spear grass (Austrostipa variabilis), white-top
(Austrodanthonia caespitosa), wire grass (Aristida sp.), and purple love grass (Eragrostis
lacunaria). Red earths with surface mantle of grit on lower slopes with white cypress pine,
bimble box, rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), needlewood, kurrajong (Brachychiton
populneus), isolated clumps of mallee (Eucalyptus sp.). Dense bimble box and river red gum
(Eucalyptus camaldulensis) along minor drainage tracts with abundant grasses.

Ngi
Nymagee Incised Streams
CP Nymagee
Nymagee Incised Streams is represented by parts of the Yanda land system.

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Narrow floodplains of Quaternary alluvium with stable incised channels, relief to 3m.
Calcareous and neutral red earths, often with a hardpans, and gravelly alluvium in the stream
line.
Dense bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea) and white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), but
often cleared. Clumped turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), budda (Eremophila mitchellii) on
plains with ironwood (Acacia excelsa) and sparse mulga (Acacia aneura) on stony rises.
Numerous grasses.

Ngh Nymagee Isolated Bedrock Hills

CP Nymagee
Nymagee Isolated Bedrock Hills landscape includes parts of five land systems; Belford,
Booroondarra, Mineshaft, Mulga Downs and Wynwood.
Isolated rounded hills, low strike ridges and rocky cliffs with associated drainage lines and
lower slopes of Ordovician, Silurian or Devonian quartzite, sandstone, conglomerate, quartzfeldspar porphyry, phyllite, slate and schist. Relief 20 to 70m. Rocky outcrops, sandy
lithosols becoming deeper and better developed down slope, narrow valleys of red earths,
incised drainage tracts with bare rock or sand.
Moderate to dense mulga (Acacia aneura), grey mallee (Eucalyptus morrisii), currawang
(Acacia doratoxylon), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), western red box
(Eucalyptus intertexta), silver cassia (Senna artemisioides), and green fuchsia bush
(Eremophila serrulata) on upper slopes and scarps. Abundant mulga, moderate silver cassia,
green mallee (Eucalyptus viridis), belah (Casuarina cristata), narrow-leaf wax flower
(Eriostemon linearis) and other shrubs with long greybeard grass (Amphipogon caricinus),
wire grass (Aristida sp.), and purple love grass (Eragrostis lacunaria) on lower slopes.
Scattered to dense white cypress pine, bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), isolated clumps of
narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata) and scattered budda (Eremophila mitchellii) with
wire grass and variable speargrass (Austrostipa variabilis), in valleys. White cypress pine and
bimble box along creeks, river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) fringing larger creeks,
dense red mallee (Eucalyptus socialis) with porcupine grass (Triodia irritans) on sand
accumulations.

Ngl
Nymagee Linear Dunes
CP Nymagee
Nymagee Linear Dunes landscape includes parts of three land systems: Bindi, Glenlea and
Lachlan Downs.
Extensive Quaternary alluvial and aeolian deposits reworked into east-west orientated dunes
and plains of alluvial and aeolian deposits with small level open areas, relief to 10m. Low
sloping sandplains with some dunes, abutting and partly overlying ranges and hills, relief to
20m. Plains of deep calcareous red earths with dense mallee and broombush. Dunes of deep
red siliceous sends and sandy earths with calcareous red earths and red texture-contrast soils
on plains, swales with deep calcareous red earths and red texture-contrast soils.
Dense mallee (Eucalyptus sp.), broombush (Melaleuca uncinata) and porcupine grass
(Triodia irritans) on dunes. Western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), hooked needlewood
(Hakea tephrosperma), punty bush (Senna eremophila) and grasses in swales. Plains and
dunes of dense red mallee (Eucalyptus socialis), broombush, porcupine grass, short grasses
and forbs. Open corridors with western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), mulga (Acacia
aneura), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), punty bush, wire grass (Aristida sp.)
other grasses and forbs.

Nga
Nymagee Ranges
CP Nymagee
Nymagee Ranges landscape includes parts of six land systems: Boppy, Eremeran, Glenown,
Mineshaft, Warrowie and Wynwood.

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Rounded strike ridges of folded Ordovician and Silurian sandstone, quartzite, phyllite and
shale with strongly-benched slopes, relief to 140m. Rounded ridges of Devonian quartzite,
conglomerate, and sandstone, over Ordovician or Silurian phyllite and schist, narrow incised
drainage lines, relief to 180m. Steep hillcrests and low ridges with tors of granite or Silurian
quartz-feldspar porphyry, relief to 30m. Abundant rock outcrop with sandy and loamy
lithosols becoming deeper down slope and in drainage tracts. Abundant surface grit on granite
hills.
Moderate to dense grey mallee (Eucalyptus morrisii), green mallee (Eucalyptus viridis),
Dwyers mallee gum (Eucalyptus dwyeri), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla),
currawang (Acacia doratoxylon), mulga (Acacia aneura), western golden wattle (Acacia
decora), twiggy daisy bush (Olearia ramulosa), wedge-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa),
silver cassia (Senna artemisioides), mint bush (Prostanthera sp.) and rock fern (Cheilanthes
sieberi) on upper slopes. Dense green mallee (Eucalyptus viridis), white cypress pine, bimble
box (Eucalyptus populnea), wonga vine (Pandorea pandorana), western red box (Eucalyptus
intertexta), broad-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa), long greybeard grass (Amphipogon
caricinus), rough spear grass (AustroAustrostipa scabra) and wire grasses (Aristida sp.) on
lower slopes. White cypress pine and bimble box with western golden wattle (Acacia decora)
and kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra) becoming dominant in drainage lines. River red gum
(Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and bimble box along major creeks.

Ngs
Nymagee Sandplains
CP Nymagee
Nymagee Sandplains landscape includes parts of five land systems: Karwarn, Lysmoyle,
Nombinnie, Romani and Wyloona.
Level sandplains of Quaternary alluvium with low hummocky rises, isolated low rises of
Silurian siltstone and sandstone, relief 2 to 4m. Calcareous red earths and solonized brown
soils with hummocks of deep, red siliceous sands.
Dense belah (Casuarina cristata), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), white mallee (Eucalyptus
dumosa), red mallee (Eucalyptus socialis), porcupine grass (Triodia irritans), mallee cypress
pine (Callitris verrucosa), broombush (Melaleuca uncinata), spur-wing wattle (Acacia
triptera), spine bush (Acacia colletioides), cactus pea (Bossiaea walkeri), with white cypress
pine (Callitris glaucophylla), wilga (Geijera parviflora), needlewood (Hakea leucoptera),
scattered warrior bush (Apophyllum anomalum), narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata),
turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), variable spear grass (Austrostipa variabilis), medics
(Medicago sp.), blue crowfoot (Erodium cygnorum), paper daisies (Helichrysum sp.). Bimble
box (Eucalyptus populnea) and river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) along through
running creeks. Western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), bimble box, white cypress pine,
yarran (Acacia homalophylla), rosewood, wilga (Geijera parviflora), and kurrajong on low
rocky rises.

Ngw Nymagee Wide Valleys

CP Nymagee
Nymagee Wide Valleys landscape includes parts of two land systems: Needlewood and
Pangee.
Extensive level plains of Quaternary alluvium on granite, relief to 2m. Also with in-flowing
broad drainage lines, small swamps and through-running incised channels, relief 5m.
Calcareous red earths with thin surface mantle of grit support open bimble box (Eucalyptus
populnea), western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla), yarran (Acacia homalophylla), needlewood (Hakea leucoptera), scattered
budda (Eremophila mitchellii), warrior-bush (Apophyllum anomalum), Deanes wattle
(Acacia deanei), narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata), eastern cottonbush (Maireana
microphylla), wiregrass (Aristida sp.), variable spear grass (Austrostipa variabilis), and forbs.

Page 42

Creeks, with broad concave channels, and minor drainage tracts and isolated subterminal pans
of grey clay with river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), bimble box, and scattered lignum
(Muehlenbeckia cunninghammii). Mottled yellow texture-contrast soils in swamps with
bimble box and lignum. Alluvial soils of medium and coarse texture in channels with bimble
box, river red gum, rushes, nardoo (Marsilea drummondii) and grasses.

Pap
Pangee Alluvial Plains
CP Nymagee
Pangee Alluvial Plains landscape is represented by the Pangee land system.
Extensive plains of Quaternary alluvium draining from undulating country on the eastern
edge of the Cobar peneplain, relief to 3m. Deep calcareous red earths with hardpan at depth.
Scattered bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla),
warrior bush (Apophyllum anomalum), budda (Eremophila mitchellii), wire grass (Aristida
sp.), umbrella grass (Digitaria sp.), windmill grass (Chloris truncata), variable spear grass
(Austrostipa variabilis), other grasses and forbs. Through-running creeks with incised
channels and flats with dense bimble box or river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis),
sedges and grasses. Scattered small swamps with yellowish texture-contrast soils.

Tot
Tottenham Hills
CP Nymagee
Tottenham Hills landscape includes parts of two land systems: Albert and Tottenham.
Undulating hills and low stony rises and lower slopes on Ordovician slate, schist, phyllite,
quartz greywacke and quartzite with minor inter-bedded volcanics, relief 30 to 60m. Red and
yellow texture-contrast soils, poorly drained with harsh clay B horizons along drainage lines,
extensive surface gravels and stone layers of white quartz.
Woodlands and open-forest of grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa), white cypress pine
(Callitris glaucophylla), with wilga (Geijera parviflora), budda (Eremophila mitchellii),
broad-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa), shrubby understorey and sparse grasses. Bimble box
(Eucalyptus populnea) and belah (Casuarina cristata) tend to concentrate on lower slopes and
along drainage lines. Some mallee ridges carry black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri) and
red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon).

Wyr Waranary - Yathong Ranges

CP Nymagee
Waranary-Yathong Ranges landscape includes parts of four land systems: Belford,
Booroondarra, Mulga Downs and Taringa.
Devonian quartzite, sandstone and conglomerate strike ridges, rocky cliffs, and associated
slopes. Relief 30 to 200m. Undulating Tertiary silcrete ridges with long low slopes and broad
level plains, relief to 20m. Sandy lithosols becoming deeper and better developed down slope,
narrow valleys of red earths, incised drainage tracts with bare rock or sandy beds and levees.
Scattered to dense mallee (Eucalyptus sp.), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), belah
(Casuarina cristata), mulga (Acacia aneura), and western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta) on
ridges, scattered to dense white cypress pine, bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), currawang
(Acacia doratoxylon), isolated clumps of narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata) and
scattered budda (Eremophila mitchellii) with long greybeard grass (Amphipogon caricinus),
wire grass (Aristida sp.), and purple love grass (Eragrostis lacunaria) and variable speargrass
(Austrostipa variabilis) on slopes and valleys. Dense red mallee (Eucalyptus socialis) with
porcupine grass (Triodia irritans) on sand accumulations. White cypress pine, bimble box and
river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) along creeks.

Page 43

DRP - Descriptions for Landscapes in the Darling Riverine

Plains Bioregion
Meso: DRP Lower Darling
Lda
Lower Darling Alluvial Plains
DRP Lower Darling
Lower Darling Alluvial Plains landscape includes parts of three land systems: Canally,
Denian and Teryawynia.
Sca1ded alluvial flats and sand dunes of Quaternary sediments adjacent to the Darling River floodplain.
Floodplain, backplains and sinuous ephemeral channels, dunes in some channel loops, relief to 7m.
Flats of silty or cracking grey clays, dunes and sandplains of deep sandy brown soils or texture-contrast
soils, locally calcareous. Plains with sandy red and yellow texture-contrast and alluvial soils. Grey
cracking clays in channels, reddish-brown texture-contrast soils on plains and sands on dunes.

Sparse prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae) and occasional clumps of narrow-leaf hopbush
(Dodonaea attenuata), moderate bluebush (Maireana sp.), annual forbs, tall kerosene grass
(Aristida browniana) and variable speargrass (Austrostipa variabilis) on dunes. Channels,
floodplains and margins of the flats lined with black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), lignum
(Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), canegrass (Eragrostis australasica), copperburr (Sclerolaena
sp.), saltbush (Atriplex sp.) and annual forbs, scattered black box, river red gum (Eucalyptus
camaldulensis) and river cooba (Acacia stenophylla), lignum, and annual grasses. River red
gum around billabongs.

Ldc
Lower Darling Channels and Floodplains
DRP Lower Darling
Lower Darling Channels and Floodplains landscape includes parts of three land systems:
Acres Billabong, Ana Branch and Darling.
Lower Darling River frontage and broad floodplains of Quaternary alluvial sediment. Highly
sinuous intermittently flowing anabranches with channels, narrow plains between channel
loops, and lateral floodouts, adjacent to the Nelyambo land system, with associated channels,
billabongs, swamps, lunettes and plains. Channels incised 10 to 15m. Heavy grey cracking
clays with some sandy earths and sands within channel loops. Self-mulching and cracking
grey clays with areas of scalded red and brown texture-contrast soils on plains. Lunettes and
rises of deep siliceous sands and granulated clay. Grey self-mulching to silty clays; calcareous
loamy sand to deep sandy red soils on levees and sand hills.
Sparse to moderate coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca) and black box (Eucalyptus
largiflorens), with river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) along channel banks; annual
forbs, copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.) and saltbush (Atriplex sp.). Scattered black box and river
cooba (Acacia stenophylla) with dense lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) and nitre
goosefoot (Chenopodium nitrariaceum) on plains. Abundant ephemerals after flooding.
Prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae), narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata) and occasional
bluebush (Maireana sp.) on lunettes and sand hills.

Ldf
Lower Darling Fresh Lakes and Swamps
DRP Lower Darling
Lower Darling Lakes and Swamps landscape includes parts of four land systems:
Gunnaramby, Popiltah, Thackenbie and Travellers.
Small to very large fresh water lakes and swamps with eastern shore lunettes and associated
feeder channels. Filled by floodwaters from the Lower Darling River, relief 10 to 20m. Grey

Page 44

cracking clays with gilgai and brown texture-contrast soils in lakes, channels and swamps.
Lunettes of calcareous cemented siliceous sands and bleached sands or texture-contrast soils.
Lake beds with dense lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) and nitre goosefoot
(Chenopodium nitrariaceum); margins and channels of black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens),
coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca), moderate to dense prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae) and
river cooba (Acacia stenophylla), over sparse chenopods and forbs. Lunettes with scattered
prickly wattle, belah (Casuarina cristata), mallee (Eucalyptus sp.), white cypress pine
(Callitris glaucophylla), sandhill wattle (Acacia ligulata), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius),
needlewood (Hakea leucoptera), whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca), turpentine (Eremophila
sturtii), sandhill canegrass (Zygochloa paradoxa), sparse to moderate black bluebush
(Maireana pyramidata), sparse bottlewashers (Enneapogon sp.), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.)
and annual forbs.

Lds
Lower Darling Salt Lakes and Playas
DRP Lower Darling
Lower Darling Salt Lakes and Playas landscape is made up of part of the Birdwood land
system.
Small relict lakes and lunettes of Quaternary age with extensive associated sandplains and
isolated dunes. Lunettes relief to 10m, dunes to 7m. Lake floors of highly saline, gypseous or
calcareous grey clays. Lunettes and dunes of deep sandy red earths, copi rises with sandy red
texture-contrast soils. Sandplain of scalded to sandy solonized brown soils.
Lake beds with chenopods, canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) and forbs. Sandy soils with
mallee (Eucalyptus sp.), and porcupine grass (Triodia irritans). Open mallee and chenopods
on copi. Sandplains with belah (Casuarina cristata), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius),
sugarwood (Myoporum platycarpum) and mallee plus abundant grasses and forbs.

Men Menindee Sandplains

DRP Lower Darling
Menindee Sandplains landscape includes parts of two land systems: Belvedere and Menilta.
Slightly undulating, partly scalded sandplains with areas of aligned and non-aligned dunes
and isolated depressions in Quaternary aeolian sediments, relief to 10m. Sandplains of sandy
loam to sandy solonized brown soils or texture-contrast soils, dunes of sandy soils,
depressions of grey clays. Sandy to loamy solonized brown soils in swales.
Dunes with clumped belah (Casuarina cristata), mallee (Eucalyptus sp.), rosewood
(Alectryon oleifolius), sugarwood (Myoporum platycarpum), white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla), black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), native
cherry (Exocarpus cuppressiformis) and porcupine grass (Triodia irritans). Sandplains with
similar vegetation plus bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.) and
grasses. Belah (Casuarina cristata), black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) and dillon bush
(Nitraria billardieri) on grey clays in depressions. Black box and canegrass (Eragrostis
australasica) around depressions. Variable spear grass (Austrostipa variabilis), bottlewashers
(Enneapogon sp.), cannonball burr (Sclerolaena paradoxa), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.) and
forbs throughout.

Scx
Sayers Lake
DRP Lower Darling
Sayers Lake landscape includes parts of three land systems: Denian, Gunnaramby and Sayers.
Broad relict drainage depressions in Quaternary fluvial, lacustrine and aeolian sediments with
extensive sandplains, dunes and alluvial plains bordering floodplains, relief to 7m. Fresh
water lakes and swamps of the Teryaweynya Creek overflow. Lake beds and floodplains of
grey cracking clays with gilgai. Plains with sandy red and yellow texture-contrast and alluvial

Page 45

soils; solonized brown soils, calcareous red earths, brown non-cracking structured clays;
dunes with sands and sandy texture-contrast soils.
Floodplains and channels with black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), lignum (Muehlenbeckia
cunninghamii), canegrass (Eragrostis australasica), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.), chenopods
and annual forbs. Extensive lakebed plains of canegrass with sparse black box, prickly wattle
(Acacia victoriae), clumps of narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata), turpentine
(Eremophila sturtii), moderate black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata), bottlewashers
(Enneapogon sp.), and annual forbs. Fringing black box, river cooba (Acacia stenophylla),
sparse prickly wattle and occasional clumps of narrow-leaf hopbush. Sparse bimble box
(Eucalyptus populnea), black box, rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), nelia (Acacia loderi),
prickly wattle, narrow-leaf hopbush and black bluebush on rises. Moderate bluebush
(Maireana sp.), annual forbs, tall kerosene grass (Aristida browniana) and variable speargrass
(Austrostipa variabilis) on dunes.

Meso: DRP Mid Darling

Mda Mid-Darling Alluvial Plains
DRP Mid Darling
Mid-Darling Alluvial Plains landscape includes parts of five land systems: Buckanbe,
Canally, Denian, Dunoak and Hermidon.
Level plains, sca1ded alluvial flats and adjacent low terraces with occasional sand dunes in
Quaternary sediments, relief 1 to 10m. Self-mulching cracking grey, brown and red clays,
moderate areas of partly scalded yellow texture-contrast soils across the floodplain. Sandy
yellow or red texture-contrast soils, occasional solonized brown soils on terraces
approximately 3m above the floodplain.
Floodplains often treeless with sparse lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), Mitchell grass
(Astrebla sp.), Queensland blue grass (Dichantheum sericeum), bottlewashers (Enneapogon
sp.), neverfail (Eragrostis setifolia), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.), annual saltbushes (Atriplex
sp.) and forbs. Rises with clumps of black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), belah (Casuarina
cristata), mallee (Eucalyptus sp.), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), leopardwood (Flindersia
maculosa), whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca), warrior bush (Apohyllum anomalum), and
prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae) over bluebush (Maireana sp.) and grasses. Depressions
rimmed with black box, lignum, eurah (Eremophila bignoniflora), chenopods and canegrass
(Eragrostis australasica). River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), bimble box (Eucalyptus
populnea), or coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca) around billabongs. Dunes with fringing black
box, sparse prickly wattle and occasional clumps of narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea
attenuata), moderate bluebush, annual forbs, tall kerosene grass (Aristida browniana) and
variable speargrass (Austrostipa variabilis).

Mdn Mid-Darling Channels and Floodplains

DRP Mid Darling
Mid-Darling Channels and Floodplains landscape includes parts of six land systems: Acres
Billabong, Budda, Hermidon, Long Meadow, Mid-Darling and Nelyambo.
Active floodplain with highly sinuous intermittently flowing anabranches with channels, and
lateral floodouts, terrace patches with recent and ancient dunes. Channels incised 10 to 15m.
Quaternary alluvium of heavy grey cracking clays with some sandy earths and sands within
channel loops, terrace plains with sandy yellow texture-contrast, red or yellow sands in dunes.
Mainly open with scattered clumps of coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca) and black box
(Eucalyptus largiflorens), isolated rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), whitewood (Atalaya
hemiglauca), eurah (Eremophila bignoniflora), lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), nitre
goosefoot (Chenopodium nitrariaceum), neverfail (Eragrostis setifolia), Warrego summergrass (Paspalidium jubiflorum), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.), annual saltbushes (Atriplex sp.)

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and forbs. Sparse to moderate coolibah and black box, with river red gum (Eucalyptus
camaldulensis) along channel banks. Lignum, canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) and eurah
(Eremophila bignoniflora), in pans. Terrace plains with sparse whitewood (Atalaya
hemigluaca), black box, prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae), clumps of narrow-leaf hopbush
(Dodonaea attenuata), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), bottlewashers (Enneapogon sp.) and
annual forbs. Dunes with fringing black box, coolibah, sparse prickly wattle and occasional
clumps of narrow-leaf hopbush, annual forbs, tall kerosene grass (Aristida browniana) and
variable spear grass (Austrostipa variabilis).

Mdi Mid-Darling Isolated Hills

DRP Mid Darling
Mid Darling Isolated Hills landscape includes parts of two land systems: Booroondarra and
Mulga Downs.
Strike ridges, low bevelled and rounded hills and footslopes, rocky cliffs and narrow alluvial
valleys, in Devonian quartzite, sandstone and conglomerate, relief to 20m. Shallow, stony
sandy lithosols becoming deeper and better developed down slope, narrow valleys of red
earths, incised drainage tracts with bare rock or sandy creek beds and levees.
Moderate to dense mallee (Eucalyptus sp.), currawang (Acacia doratoxylon), white cypress
pine (Callitris glaucophylla), western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), mulga (Acacia aneura)
and green fuchsia bush (Eremophila serrulata) on upper slopes and scarps; abundant mulga,
moderate silver cassia (Senna artemisioides), narrow-leaf wax flower (Eriostemon linearis)
and other shrubs with long greybeard grass (Amphipogon caricinus), wire grass (Aristida sp.),
and purple love grass (Eragrostis lacunaria) on lower slopes. White cypress pine and bimble
box (Eucalyptus populnea) along creeks. Dense red mallee (Eucalyptus socialis) with
porcupine grass (Triodia irritans) on sand accumulations.

Mdl Mid-Darling Lakes and Swamps

DRP Mid Darling
Mid-Darling Lakes and Swamps landscape includes parts of two land systems: Popelloe and
Thackenbie.
Small to very large lakes of Quaternary age frequently filled by floodwaters from the Darling
River and scalded plains with small stranded lakes and cane grass swamps, relief to 7m. Large
lake beds with eastern shore lunettes and narrow inter-connecting channels. Lunettes of sandy
calcareous or texture-contrast soils, relief to 15m.
Red texture-contrast soils with shallow sandy surface, sparse needlewood (Hakea leucoptera),
nelia (Acacia loderi), bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae),
turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), bottlewashers (Enneapogon sp.), copperburr (Sclerolaena
sp.), annual saltbushes (Atriplex sp.) and forbs on the plains. Small lakes of heavy grey clay
with overlying sandy deposits around shorelines, fringing black box (Eucalyptus
largiflorens), bimble box, annual saltbushes, copperburr, rat's-tail couch (Sporobolus
mitchelli) and forbs. Coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca) and canegrass (Eragrostis
australasica) on pans of compact heavy clays with sparse coolibah and black box. Lunettes
with rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), needlewood (Hakea leucoptera), whitewood (Atalaya
hemiglauca), turpentine and grasses.

Mds Mid-Darling Plains

DRP Mid Darling
Mid-Darling Plains landscape is made up of part of the East Toorale land system.
Plains of Quaternary alluvium with poorly defined drainage lines, small internally draining
sinks and swamps, relief to 5m. Calcareous sandy to loamy red earths, red and brown texturecontrast soils with cracking or plastic grey to brown clays in swamps.

Page 47

Scattered to dense belah (Casuarina cristata), ironwood (Acacia excelsa), bimble box
(Eucalyptus populnea), mulga (Acacia aneura), coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca), some
gidgee (Acacia cambagei), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), budda (Eremophila mitchellii),
warrior bush (Apophyllum anomalum), narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata) on plains.
Bimble box, coolibah, bluebush (Maireana sp.); cotton bush (Maireana aphylla), neverfail
(Eragrostis setifolia), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.), galvanised burr (Sclerolaena birchii) and
forbs on floodplain, swamps and sinks.

Mdt Mid-Darling Tablelands

DRP Mid Darling
Mid-Darling Tablelands landscape includes parts of three land systems Prattenville,
Pulgamurtie and Womparley.
Low rounded ridges with surface siliceous stones and boulders, relief to 10m. Dissected low
stony tablelands of Tertiary silcrete on Cretaceous sandstone with breakaways, relief to 30m.
Often partly obscured by sandplain. Shallow to moderately deep acid loamy to sandy red
earths. Brown lithosols and deeper red desert loams with red clays in gilgai depressions on
lower slopes.
Mulga (Acacia aneura), western bloodwood (Corymbia tesselaris), desert poplar
(Codonocarpus cotinifolius), silver cassia (Senna artemisioides), narrow-leaf hopbush
(Dodonaea attenuata), and grasses on the plateau. Scattered mulga, and cabbage-tree wattle
(Acacia cana) on scarps, moderate to scattered mulga, bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea),
whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca), ironwood (Acacia excelsa), scattered budda (Eremophila
mitchellii), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), emu bush (Eremophila longifolia), dead finish
(Acacia tetragonophylla), wild orange (Capparis mitchellii), woollybutt (Eragrostis
eriopoda), wire grass (Aristida sp.), and copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.) with poorly developed
contour banding on lower slopes extending to mulga groves and bimble box in major drainage
lines. Bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria), black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata), prickly
wattle (Acacia victoriae), and grasses elsewhere.

Meso: DRP Upper Darling

Lrd
Lightning Ridge Tablelands and Downs
DRP Upper Darling
Lightning Ridge Tablelands and Downs landscape includes parts of Lightning Ridge land
system.
Gravelly red ridges, sandy plateau, slopes and dendritic drainage lines on Cretaceous
claystone, siltstone and sandstone, relief to 20m. Shallow to moderately deep red earths with
sandy or gibber surfaces. Small depressions of grey-brown non-cracking clays.
Dense to moderate white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), western bloodwood
(Corymbia terminalis), mulga (Acacia aneura), bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), silverleaved ironbark (Eucalyptus melanophloia) with wilga (Geijera parviflora), ironwood
(Acacia excelsa), budda (Eremophila mitchellii), wild lemon (Canthium oleifolium), emu
bush (Eremophila longifolia), silver cassia (Senna artemisioides), turpentine (Eremophila
sturtii) and narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata). Bimble box, wilga and rosewood
(Alectryon oleifolius) on lower slopes and around depressions. General ground cover of
copper burr (Sclerolaena sp.), wanderrie grass (Eriachne sp.), bandicoot grass (Monachather
paradoxa), galvanised burr (Sclerolaena birchii), rock fern (Cheilanthes sieberi) and forbs.

Udi
Upper Darling Isolated Hills
DRP Upper Darling
Very small flat top hills and rises of Tertiary quartz sandstone and conglomerate that are
probably fluvial terrace remnants in the Barwon Channel and Floodplain landscape. Isolated

Page 48

by floodwaters, expected to have red-brown texture-contrast soils and different vegetation,

but no specific data is available.

Meso: DRP Upper Darling Bogan - Macquarie

Bop
Bogan Alluvial Plains DRP Upper Darling Bogan - Macquarie
Bogan Alluvial Plains landscape includes parts of five land systems: Budenda, Eurie, Geera,
Nidgery and Pendia.
Partly scalded, higher level plains along the Bogan River of Holocene alluvium represented
by the meander plain and backplain facies of the Marra Creek Formation. Narrow, defined
drainage lines and swamps, extensive gilgai in grey and brown clays, occasional lagoons,
swamps and remnant lakes, some with low lunettes, relief to 3m. Red brown texture-contrast
soils on plains with brown and grey cracking clays in sinuous patterns on backplains and light
orange-brown fine to medium sands in channels and occasional source bordering dunes.
Scattered to moderate coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca), black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens),
whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca), leopardwood (Flindersia maculosa), myall (Acacia
pendula), bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), belah (Casuarina cristata), wilga (Geijera
parviflora), budda (Eremophila mitchellii), nepine (Capparis lasiantha), warrior bush
(Apophyllum anomalum) with grasses and some saltbushes (Atriplex sp.) on plains. Belah
(Casuarina cristata), bimble box, river cooba (Acacia stenophylla), eurah (Eremophila
bignoniflora), lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), neverfail (Eragrostis setifolia),
Warrego summer-grass (Paspalidium jubiflorum), windmill grasses (Chloris sp.), copperburr
(Sclerolaena sp.) and forbs on brown and grey clays. Black box, eurah and lignum in
depressions. White cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) on sandy soils.

Boc
Bogan Channels and Floodplains
DRP Upper Darling Bogan Macquarie
Bogan Channels and Floodplains landscape includes parts of six land systems: Bogan,
Budenda, Eurie, Hermidon, Long Meadow and Upper Darling.
Floodplains of sinuous perennial and ephemeral tributaries of the Bogan River, channels
incised 5 to 10m into Holocene alluvium of the Marra Creek formation. Marginal extensive
scalded plains with highly sinuous ephemeral streams, channels incised to 2m, few pans,
relief to 5m. Deep cracking, crab-holey, grey clays, clay loams and isolated areas of redbrown texture-contrast soils.
Dense belah (Casuarina cristata), whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca), black box (Eucalyptus
largiflorens), budda (Eremophila mitchellii), myall (Acacia pendula), yarran (Acacia
homalophylla), belah (Casuarina cristata), saltbushes (Atriplex sp.) and blue bushes
(Maireana sp.) on plains. Fringing river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), black box,
bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca), river cooba (Acacia
stenophylla), along channels. Belah (Casuarina cristata), lignum (Muehlenbeckia
cunninghamii), canegrass (Eragrostis australasica), and eurah (Eremophila bignoniflora), in
pans. Cumbungi (Typha orientalis) in still waterholes. Wide variety of grasses including;
neverfail (Eragrostis setifolia), umbrella canegrass (Leptochloa digitata), Warrego summer
grass (Paspalidium jubiflorum), fairy grass (Sporobolus caroli), and Mitchell grasses
(Astrebla sp.).

Bls
Bogan Swamps and Lagoons
DRP Upper Darling Bogan - Macquarie
Bogan Swamps and Lagoons landscape includes parts of the Budenda land system.

Page 49

Small pans, depressions and swamps of Quaternary alluvium on the Bogan floodplain, often
sinuous channel remnants or sub-circular features, with rare lunette development, relief to 3m.
Compact grey and brown clays, gilgai on gravelly brown clay.
Fringing bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), eurah (Eremophila bignoniflora), and river red
gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis). Swamp floors with clumped lignum (Muehlenbeckia
cunninghamii), and extensive canegrass (Eragrostis australasica). White cypress pine
(Callitris glaucophylla) and rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius) on lunettes. Gilgai with open to
dense belah (Casuarina cristata), occasional budda (Eremophila mitchellii), grey box
(Eucalyptus microcarpa) and bimble box.

Cwp (now BCP)

Boggy Cowal Alluvial Plains
DRP Upper Darling Bogan
- Macquarie
Pleistocene fluvial sediments of backplain facies of the Carrabear Formation associated with
the Boggy Cowal distributary stream system. Medium to heavy grey cracking clays with
extensive gilgai. Carbonate nodules common in the subsoil and worked to gilgai crests, local
relief to 2m.
Extensive grasslands with scattered stands of myall (Acacia pendula), bimble box
(Eucalyptus populnea), black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) and belah (Casuarina cristata).

Bcc
Boggy Cowal Channels and Floodplains
DRP Upper Darling Bogan Macquarie
Pleistocene fluvial sediments of channel and meander plain facies of the Carrabear Formation
associated with the Boggy Cowal distributary stream system. Sediments are mainly fine
sands, relatively clean in channels and forming structureless red-brown loamy sand on the
plains.
Originally mainly white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) woodland, now extensively
cleared. Slightly heavier soils in shallow depressions dominated by bimble box (Eucalyptus
populnea), belah (Casuarina cristata) and myall (Acacia pendula).

Bcl
Boggy Cowal Swamps and Lagoons DRP Upper Darling Bogan - Macquarie
Ephemeral Pleistocene circular or sinuous swamps and lagoons in depressions in the alluvial
plains. Some recognised as Depression Facies in the Carrabear Formation, local relief to 5m
and some are linked to source bordering dunes or low lunettes on their eastern side.
Fringing river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii)
and grasses on the depression floor and white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) on
adjacent lunettes or sand bodies.

Bcp (now BWS) Bugwah Alluvial Plains

DRP Upper Darling Bogan - Macquarie
Pleistocene fluvial sediments of backplain facies of the Bugwah Formation associated with
the Bugwah Cowal distributary stream system, relief to 3m. Yellow-brown to grey-brown
silty clay with patches of sand and carbonate nodules, often with gilgai. Slightly elevated
areas with red-brown texture-contrast soils.
Grasslands and saltbushes (Atriplex sp.) with scattered clumps of coolibah (Eucalyptus
microtheca), black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), belah (Casuarina cristata), lignum
(Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) and myall (Acacia pendula).

Buf
Bugwah Channels and Floodplains
DRP Upper Darling Bogan Macquarie
Pleistocene fluvial sediments of channel, meander plain and crevasse splay facies of the
Bugwah Formation associated with the Bugwah Cowal distributary stream system. Sinuous

Page 50

channels, levees and oxbows with evident scroll bar patterns and outbreaks of sediment onto
the adjacent Bugwah Alluvial Plains in crevasse splay deposits, local relief 3 to 5m. Channels
with light brown silty clay and plains with scalded red-brown texture-contrast soils and grey
cracking clay.
Channels support open woodland of fringing river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and
river cooba (Acacia stenophylla). Plains have woodlands of wilga (Geijera parviflora),
leopardwood (Flindersia maculosa), bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), and chenopods with
locally dense belah (Casuarina cristata), whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca), myall (Acacia
pendula), coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca), black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), river cooba,
budda (Eremophila mitchellii), lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), saltbushes (Atriplex
sp.), grasses and forbs.

Bwl
Bugwah Swamps and Lagoons
DRP Upper Darling Bogan - Macquarie
Rare ephemeral Pleistocene circular or sinuous swamps and lagoons in depressions in the
alluvial plains, relief to 5m and some are linked to source bordering dunes or low lunettes on
their eastern side.
Fringing river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii)
and grasses on the depression floor and white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) on
adjacent lunettes or sand bodies.

Bwp Burroway Plains

DRP Upper Darling Bogan - Macquarie
Burroway Plains landscape includes parts of two land systems: Budenda and Hermidon.
Pleistocene fluvial sediments of backplain facies of the Bugwah Formation associated with
the Gunningbar Creek distributary stream system of the distal Macquarie-Bogan alluvial fan.
Scalded plains with highly sinuous through-running ephemeral streams, channels incised to
5m, few pans. Red and brown texture-contrast soils, grey cracking clays in channels.
Grasslands and saltbushes with locally dense belah (Casuarina cristata), leopardwood
(Flindersia maculosa), whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca), myall (Acacia pendula) and budda
(Eremophila mitchellii). Neverfail (Eragrostis setifolia), umbrella canegrass (Leptochloa
digitata), Warrego summer-grass (Paspalidium jubiflorum), fairy grass (Sporobolus caroli),
annual saltbushes (Atriplex sp.), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.) and forbs. Black box
(Eucalyptus largiflorens), coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca) and river cooba (Acacia
stenophylla), scattered lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) and eurah (Eremophila
bignoniflora), on channels and lagoons.

Mcp Macquarie Alluvial Plains

DRP Upper Darling Bogan - Macquarie
Holocene fluvial sediments of backplain facies of the Marra Creek Formation associated with
the Macquarie River main alluvial fan and distributary stream system, relief 1 to 3m. Dark
yellow-brown silty clay with patches of sand and carbonate nodules deposited from
suspended sediments in floodwater, often with gilgai. Slightly elevated areas with red-brown
texture-contrast soils.
Open grasslands with scattered coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca), black box (Eucalyptus
largiflorens), river cooba (Acacia stenophylla), bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), belah
(Casuarina cristata), lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) and myall (Acacia pendula).

Mcf
Macquarie Channels and Floodplains DRP Upper Darling Bogan - Macquarie
Holocene fluvial sediments of the channel and meander facies of the Marra Creek Formation
associated with the Macquarie River main alluvial fan and distributary stream system, relief
in the channels to 15m. Highly sinuous narrow channels partly entrenched in the meander
plain and partly breaking out into multiple distributaries to the marshes. Brown to grey silt,

Page 51

cracking clay with lenses and layers of light grey sand and abundant organic matter.
Streamflow is permanent and the channel has large pools and multiple benches on the steep
banks.
River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), river cooba
(Acacia stenophylla) and some coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca) on channel margins. Plains
support open grasslands with scattered coolibah, black box, bimble box (Eucalyptus
populnea), belah (Casuarina cristata), eurah (Eremophila bignoniflora), myall (Acacia
pendula), lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), and chenopods.

Mqm Macquarie Marshes

DRP Upper Darling Bogan - Macquarie
Holocene fluvial sediments of the floodbasin, abandoned floodbasin, wetland and lagoon
facies of the Marra Creek Formation of the Macquarie Marshes, local relief to 5m.
Throughflow wetlands of permanent to semi-permanent water with open pools connected by a
complex of trellis patterned channels. Main channels flow through the marshes but at higher
levels of river discharge the floodbasins are inundated. There may be some water contribution
from groundwater discharge. Organic rich surface mud over sticky blue-grey clay, silty clay
in the channel banks. Gilgai are common on the margins of the swamplands. Changes in river
flow, channel erosion and potential salinity are of concern.
Water depth and period of flooding strongly control vegetation patterns. Open water carries
aquatic plants such as eel weed (Vallisneria gigantea), water-milfoil (Myriophyllum sp.),
floating pondweed (Potamogeton tricarinatus) and starfruit (Damasonium minus). Extensive
wet grasslands with beds of common reed (Phragmites australis), cumbungi (Typha
orientalis) and water couch (Paspalum paspalodes) are found in more permanent waters.
River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), river cooba (Acacia stenophylla), common reed
and cumbungi line the channel margins. Less frequently flooded meadows support mixed
grasslands, sedges and lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii). Higher and relatively dry
floodplain woodland margins carry coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca), black box (Eucalyptus
largiflorens), river red gum and lignum and dry woodlands with wilga (Geijera parviflora),
bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), black box, yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), Blakely's
red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi) and chenopods are located on red soils on the margins.

Maa Marra Alluvial Plains

DRP Upper Darling Bogan - Macquarie
Holocene fluvial sediments of backplain facies of the Marra Creek Formation along the Marra
Creek distributary stream system of the Macquarie River alluvial fan, relief 1 to 3m. Dark
yellow-brown silty clay with patches of sand and carbonate nodules deposited from
suspended sediments in floodwater, often with gilgai. Slightly elevated areas with red-brown
texture-contrast soils.
Open grasslands with scattered coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca), black box (Eucalyptus
largiflorens), river cooba (Acacia stenophylla), bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), belah
(Casuarina cristata), lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) and myall (Acacia pendula).

Mal
Marra Swamps and Lagoons DRP Upper Darling Bogan - Macquarie
Holocene fluvial sediments of the lagoon facies of the Marra Creek Formation and occasional
Pleistocene (?) circular or sinuous swamps in depressions in the alluvial plains, some are
linked to source bordering dunes or low lunettes on their eastern side, relief to 5m. Organic
rich mud over sticky blue-grey clay.
Fringing river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca),
lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) and grasses, aquatic plants and beds of common reed
(Phragmites australis).

Mfo

Mount Foster

Page 52

DRP Upper Darling Bogan - Macquarie

Elongate ridge and low rounded hills of early Devonian porphyritic quartz monzonite.
Bouldery rock outcrop is common with thin gritty loams on benches and in joint crevices,
lower slopes with thicker cover of sandy red-brown texture-contrast soil, relief to 90m.
Open cover of stunted tumbledown red gum (Eucalyptus dealbata), some white cypress pine
(Callitris glaucophylla), western pittosporum (Pittosporum phylliraeoides), wilga (Geijera
parviflora), peach bush (Ehretia membranifolia) and wonga vine (Pandorea pandorana).

Trt
Trangie Terrace
DRP Upper Darling Bogan - Macquarie
The oldest fluvial units recognised in the upper section of the Macquarie-Bogan alluvial fan.
Slightly elevated plain with northwest slope of late Pliocene and Pleistocene fluvial sand and
gravel channel facies on an abandoned meander plain with flanking silty clay with sand layers
of backplain facies of the Trangie Formation. Red texture-contrast soils are widespread with
red sandy loams on coarser sediments, overall relief 5 to 7m.
Mostly spear grass (Austrostipa sp.) and wallaby grass (Austrodanthonia sp.) with scattered to
dense patches of myall (Acacia pendula) or bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea). The myall
country probably originally carried an old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) understorey
but little remains. White cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), budda (Eremophila mitchellii)
and wilga (Geijera parviflora) on sandy soils. Extensively grazed and cultivated.

Meso: DRP Upper Darling Castlereagh - Barwon

Clp
Castlereagh Alluvial Plains DRP Upper Darling Castlereagh - Barwon
Holocene fluvial sediments of backplain and channelised backplain facies of the Marra Creek
Formation associated with the Castlereagh River main alluvial fan and distributary stream
system, relief 1 to 3m. Dark yellow-brown silty clay with patches of sand and carbonate
nodules deposited from suspended sediments in floodwater, often with gilgai. Slightly
elevated areas with red-brown texture-contrast soils.
Open grasslands with scattered coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca), black box (Eucalyptus
largiflorens), river cooba (Acacia stenophylla), bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), belah
(Casuarina cristata), lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), saltbush (Atriplex sp.), warrior
bush (Apophyllum anomalum) and myall (Acacia pendula).

Clc
Castlereagh Channels and Floodplains
DRP Upper Darling Castlereagh Barwon
Holocene fluvial sediments of the channel and meander plain facies of the Marra Creek
Formation associated with the Castlereagh River alluvial fan and distributary stream system,
relief in the channels 10 to 15m. Stream flow is nearly permanent. Sinuous channels
entrenched in the meander plain with a fine sand bed load. Banks and plains with brown to
grey silt, cracking clay layers of red-brown sand. Areas of streambed aggradation reported
near Coonamble and sand is moving downstream.
River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), river cooba
(Acacia stenophylla) and coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca) on channel margins. Plains
support open grasslands with scattered coolibah, black box, bimble box (Eucalyptus
populnea), belah (Casuarina cristata), wilga (Geijera parviflora), lignum (Muehlenbeckia
cunninghamii) and myall (Acacia pendula).

Cll Castlereagh Swamps, Lagoons and Dunes DRP Upper Darling Castlereagh Barwon
Holocene fluvial sediments of the wetland, floodbasin, abandoned floodbasin and lagoon
facies of the Marra Creek Formation in the Castlereagh Marshes, local relief to 5m. Through
flow wetlands of permanent to semi-permanent water with open pools connected by a

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complex of trellis patterned channels. Main channels flow through the marshes but at higher
levels of river discharge the floodbasins are inundated. Organic rich surface mud over sticky
blue-grey silty clay, silts and fine sand in the channel banks.
Water depth and period of flooding strongly control vegetation patterns. Open water carries
aquatic plants such as eel weed (Vallisneria gigantea), water-milfoil (Myriophyllum sp.),
floating pondweed (Potamogeton tricarinatus) and starfruit (Damasonium minus). Extensive
beds of common reed (Phragmites australis) and lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) are
found in more permanent waters. River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), black box
(Eucalyptus largiflorens), river cooba (Acacia stenophylla) and coolibah (Eucalyptus
microtheca) line the channel margins. Less frequently flooded meadows support grasslands of
water couch (Paspalum paspalodes) and sedges. Higher and relatively dry margins carry
scattered coolibah, black box, bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), yellow box (Eucalyptus
melliodora), belah (Casuarina cristata), eurah (Eremophila bignoniflora), myall (Acacia
pendula), lignum, and saltbush (Atriplex sp.).

Nad Namoi Aeolian Sands DRP Upper Darling Castlereagh - Barwon

Limited distribution Holocene source bordering sand dunes aligned along the channels and
abandoned channels of the Namoi river system, relief to 5m. Poorly sorted, friable light
orange-brown fine quartz sand, clay content and compaction increases with depth.
White cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) is characteristic, generally with a ground cover of
grasses.

Nap Namoi Alluvial Plains

DRP Upper Darling Castlereagh - Barwon
Holocene fluvial sediments of backplain and channelised backplain facies on the Namoi River
and its effluent streams, relief 1 to 5m. Dark yellow-brown to brown silty clay with patches of
sand and carbonate nodules deposited from suspended sediments in floodwater, often with
gilgai. Slightly elevated areas with red-brown texture-contrast soils.
Open grasslands with scattered coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca), black box (Eucalyptus
largiflorens), river cooba (Acacia stenophylla), bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), belah
(Casuarina cristata), lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), chenopods, warrior bush
(Apophyllum anomalum) and myall (Acacia pendula). Extensively cleared, cropped and
grazed.

Nac
Namoi Channels and Floodplains
DRP Upper Darling Castlereagh Barwon
Holocene fluvial sediments of channel and meander plain facies of the Namoi River alluvial
fan and distributary stream system, relief in the channels 10 to 15m. Stream flow is nearly
permanent. Sinuous channels entrenched in the meander plain with a fine sand bed load.
Banks and plains with brown to grey silt, cracking clay layers of red-brown sand.
Fringing river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), river
cooba (Acacia stenophylla) and coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca) with understorey of
grasses, and saltbushes (Atriplex sp.).

Tep
Teridgerie Alluvial Plains
DRP Upper Darling Castlereagh Barwon
Holocene fluvial sediments of backplain and channelised backplain facies on the Teridgerie
Creek, relief to 10m. Brown silty clay with patches of sand and carbonate nodules deposited
from suspended sediments in floodwater, often with gilgai in grey and brown clays. Elevated
areas with red-brown texture-contrast soils. Sediment grain size increases toward the ranges.

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Open grasslands with scattered coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca), black box (Eucalyptus
largiflorens), river cooba (Acacia stenophylla), bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), belah
(Casuarina cristata), lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), chenopods, warrior bush
(Apophyllum anomalum) and myall (Acacia pendula). Extensively cleared, cropped and
grazed.

Tef
Teridgerie Channels and Floodplains DRP Upper Darling Castlereagh Barwon
Holocene fluvial sediments of channel and meander plain facies of the Teridgerie Creek
alluvial fan and distributary stream system, relief in the channels to 10m. Sinuous channels
entrenched in the meander plain with a fine sand bed load. Banks and plains with brown to
grey silt, cracking clay layers of red-brown sand.
Fringing river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), river
cooba (Acacia stenophylla) and coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca) with understorey of
grasses, and chenopods.

Meso: DRP Upper Darling Culgoa - Warrambool

Cna Culgoa - Narran Alluvial Plains
DRP Upper Darling Culgoa Warrambool
Culgoa-Narran Alluvial Plains landscape includes parts of seven land systems: Cartlands,
Dumble, Gingie, Goodooga, Nidgery, Tatala and Toulby.
Level and slightly elevated floodplains and plains on Quaternary alluvium interspersed by
broadly looping migrating drainage channels and low sandy rises. Poorly defined drainage
lines and swamps, associated sand hills and hummocks, relief 1 to 8m. Brown non-cracking
and cracking clays with areas of grey cracking clays in depressions and red-brown and yellow
texture-contrast soils on rises. Sand hills with yellow sands, yellow texture-contrast soils
interspersed with grey cracking and non-cracking clays.
Dense clumps of gidgee (Acacia cambagei), with leopardwood (Flindersia maculosa),
rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius) and myall (Acacia pendula); scattered warrior bush
(Apophyllum anomalum), nepine (Capparis lasiantha), wild orange (Capparis mitchellii),
thorny saltbush (Rhagodia spinescens), buckbush (Salsola kali) and flowering lignum
(Eremophila polyclada), occasional brigalow (Acacia harpophylla), understorey of neverfail
(Eragrostis setifolia), perennial and annual saltbushes (Atriplex sp.), rigid panic (Panicum
prolutum), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.), other grasses and forbs. Large areas of open Mitchell
grasses (Astrebla sp.) with minor clumps of gidgee and whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca).
Coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca), black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), river cooba (Acacia
stenophylla), eurah (Eremophila bignoniflora), flowering lignum, annual saltbush (Atriplex
muelleri) with occasional river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) on grey clays in channels
and channelled floodplain. Dense to moderate white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla),
bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), leopardwood, belah (Casuarina cristata), wilga (Geijera
parviflora), sandplain wattle (Acacia murrayana), budda (Eremophila mitchellii), supplejack
(Ventilago viminalis), quinine bush (Alstonia constricta), sandhill riceflower (Pimelea
penicillaris), and grasses on sandy rises.

Cnf
Culgoa - Narran Channels and Floodplains DRP Upper Darling Culgoa Warrambool
Culgoa-Narran Channels and Floodplains landscape includes parts of six land systems: Long
Meadow, Rostella, Upper Darling, Warrego, Wombeira and Wongal.
Highly-channelised floodplains with small scalded areas, level and slightly undulating
Quaternary alluvium. Poorly defined minor drainage lines, small elevated areas and sand

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dunes within channel loops, relief 1 to 8m. Deep cracking, often crab-holey grey clays,
isolated areas of yellow and red-brown texture-contrast and compact clay soils. Higher
ground and Warrego river floodplains of sands and red earths with extensive scalds.
Open plains with scattered clumps of coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca), black box
(Eucalyptus largiflorens), isolated rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), leopardwood (Flindersia
maculosa) occasional gidgee (Acacai cambegei), whitewood (Atalaya hemigluaca), eurah
(Eremophila bignoniflora), lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), and nitre goosefoot
(Chenopodium nitrariaceum). Ground cover of neverfail (Eragrostis setifolia), Warrego
summer-grass (Paspalidium jubiflorum), copperburr (Scleroleana sp.), annual saltbushes
(Atriplex sp.) and forbs. Sandy areas with bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), wilga (Geijera
parviflora), needlewood (Hakea leucoptera), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucopylla),
budda (Eremophila mitchellii), nepine (Capparis lasiantha), prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae)
and warrior bush (Apophyllum anomalum). Grey clays in depressions and pans with coolibah,
bimble box, eurah, lignum and grasses. Moderate to dense coolibah, river red gum
(Eucalyptus camaldulensis), black box, river cooba (Acacia stenophylla), eurah, and lignum
on main channels.

Ccf
Culgoa Channels and Floodouts
DRP Upper Darling Culgoa Warrambool
Culgoa Channels and floodouts landscape is made up of part of the Nidgery land system.
Level floodplains of Quaternary alluvium with narrow, poorly defined drainage lines swamps
and floodout areas, relief to 1m. Deep grey cracking clays with minor areas of red-brown
texture-contrast soils. Dense to sparse coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca), myall (Acacia
pendula), eurah (Eremophila bignoniflora), lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), neverfail
(Eragrostis setifolia), fairy grass (Sporobolus caroli), Warrego summer-grass (Paspalidium
jubiflorum), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.), annual saltbush (Atriplex muelleri) and forbs.

Ncx
Narran Lakes
DRP Upper Darling Culgoa - Warrambool
Narran Lakes landscape includes parts of two land systems: Narran and Rotten Plain.
Extensive lakebeds and terminal wetlands with associated discontinuous lunettes and sandy
levee, drainage depressions and isolated salina, periodically inundated by Narran River, relief
to 5m. Includes level low-lying backplains of Quaternary alluvium, usually surrounded by red
country; depressed to 3m. Grey cracking clays with yellow, red and brown texture-contrast
soils on lunettes and levees, non-cracking clays in depressions and salinas.
Isolated coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca), fringing river red gum (Eucalyptus
camaldulensis), river cooba (Acacia stenophylla) and eurah (Eremophila bignoniflora),
around the lake. Dense clumps of lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), rats-tail couch
(Sporobolus mitchelli), sedges, neverfail (Eragrostis setifolia), and Warrego summer grass
(Paspalidium jubiflorum) on the lakebed. Treeless levee and lunette with old man saltbush
(Atriplex nummularia), dillon bush (Nitraria billardierei), miljee (Acacia oswaldii), budda
(Eremophila mitchellii), annual saltbushes (Atriplex sp.), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.),
grasses and forbs. Samphires (Arthrocnemum sp.), poverty bush (Sclerolaena sp.), parakeelya
(Caladrinia balonensis) with annual saltbushes on salinas.

Meso: DRP Upper Darling Gwydir - Macintyre

Bad
Barwon Aeolian Sands DRP Upper Darling Gwydir - Macintyre
Limited distribution Holocene source bordering sand dunes aligned along the channels and
abandoned channels of the Barwon River system, relief to 5m. Probably includes some
unrecognised low lunettes on the eastern side of relic lake features. Poorly sorted, friable
orange-brown fine quartz sand, clay content and compaction increases with depth.

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Open white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) and carbeen (Corymbia tessellaris) is
characteristic generally with a ground cover of grasses.

Bap
Barwon Alluvial Plains
DRP Upper Darling Gwydir - Macintyre
Barwon Alluvial Plains landscape includes parts of seven land systems: Gingie, Jomara,
Llanillo, Nidgery, Rugby, Tatala and Wombeira.
Highly channelised floodplain with small scalded areas, relief to lm. Level and slightly
elevated floodplains of Holocene alluvium of the backplain facies of the Marra Creek
Formation with shallow discontinuous drainage lines and small low sandy rises, relief to 3m.
Areas of associated sand hills and hummocks interspersed with depressions, relief to 8m.
Grey cracking and non-cracking days on plains, with brown texture-contrast soils on rises.
Sands interspersed with yellow texture-contrast soils, grey cracking and non-cracking clays in
sand hill areas.
Myall (Acacia pendula), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca),
belah (Casuarina cristata), wilga (Geijera parviflora), bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea),
whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca), leopardwood (Flindersia maculosa), gidgee (Acacia
cambagei), thorny saltbush (Rhagodia spinescens), Mueller's saltbush (Atriplex muelleri),
wild orange (Capparis mitchellii), buck bush (Salsola kali), warrior bush (Apophyllum
anomalum), budda (Eremophila mitchellii), nepine (Capparis lasiantha), Mitchell grasses
(Astrebla sp.), neverfail (Eragrostis setifolia), goathead burr (Sclerolaena bicornis),
copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.), and Warrego summer-grass (Paspalidium jubiflorum), on lower
clay plains and drainage lines. Coolibah, black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), river cooba
(Acacia stenophylla), eurah (Eremophila bignoniflora), and flowering lignum (Eremophila
polyclada) in depressions and channels. Dense to moderate white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla), bimble box, leopardwood, belah (Casuarina cristata), wilga (Geijera
parviflora), sandplain wattle (Acacia murrayana), prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae), budda,
quinine bush (Alstonia constricta), sandhill riceflower (Pimelea penicillaris) and grasses on
sandy rises.

Baf
Barwon Channels and Floodplains
DRP Upper Darling Gwydir Macintyre
Barwon Channels and Floodplains landscape includes parts of five land systems: Eurie, Long
Meadow, Mid-Darling, Nidgery and Upper Darling.
Floodplains of sinuous perennial and ephemeral tributaries of the Barwon River. Holocene
alluvium of the channel and meander plain facies of the Marra Creek Formation. Channels in
defined drainage lines with levees and swamps incised to 2 to 15m into alluvium. Deep grey
cracking clays, often crab-holey, with minor areas of red-brown texture-contrast soils on
slight elevations.
Narrow fringing river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and coolibah (Eucalyptus
microtheca) forests along deeper main channels. Floodplains with scattered to moderate
coolibah, black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca), isolated
rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), belah (Casuarina cristata), river cooba (Acacia stenophylla),
eurah (Eremophila bignoniflora), lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), nitre goosefoot
(Chenopodium nitatriaceum), neverfail (Eragrostis setifolia), Warrego summer-grass
(Paspalidium jubiflorum), windmill grasses (Chloris truncata), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.)
and forbs. Sparse gidgee (Acacia cambagei) on elevated areas.

Gyp

Gwydir Alluvial PlainsDRP Upper Darling Gwydir - Macintyre

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Holocene fluvial sediments of backplain and channelised backplain facies on the Gwydir
River fan, relief 2 to 5m. Grey and brown silty clay deposited from suspended sediments in
floodwater, often with gilgai. Elevated margins with red-brown texture-contrast soils.
Open to scattered myall (Acacia pendula), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), coolibah
(Eucalyptus microtheca), belah (Casuarina cristata), wilga (Geijera parviflora), bimble box
(Eucalyptus populnea), whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca), leopardwood (Flindersia
maculosa), gidgee (Acacia cambagei), thorny saltbush (Rhagodia spinescens), Mueller's
saltbush (Atriplex muelleri), wild orange (Capparis mitchellii), buck bush (Salsola kali),
warrior bush (Apophyllum anomalum), budda (Eremophila mitchellii), nepine (Capparis
lasiantha), Mitchell grasses (Astrebla sp.), neverfail (Eragrostis setifolia), goathead burr
(Sclerolaena bicornis), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.), and Warrego summer-grass
(Paspalidium jubiflorum), on lower clay plains and drainage lines. Coolibah, black box
(Eucalyptus largiflorens), river cooba (Acacia stenophylla), eurah (Eremophila bignoniflora),
and flowering lignum (Eremophila polyclada) in depressions and channels. Dense to
moderate white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), bimble box, leopardwood, belah
(Casuarina cristata), wilga, sandplain wattle (Acacia murrayana), prickly wattle (Acacia
victoriae), budda, quinine bush (Alstonia constricta), sandhill riceflower (Pimelea
penicillaris) and grasses on sandy rises. Extensively cleared, cropped and grazed.

Gyc
Gwydir Channels and Floodplains
DRP Upper Darling Gwydir Macintyre
Holocene fluvial sediments of channel and meander plain facies of the Gwydir River alluvial
fan and distributary stream system, relief in the channels 5 to 10m. Streamflow is nearly
permanent. Sinuous channels entrenched in the meander plain with a silt and clay suspended
load and some fine sand bed load. Banks and plains with brown to grey silt and cracking grey
or brown clay minor areas of red-brown texture-contrast soils on low levees. The Gwydir raft
is major coarse woody debris dam choking a main channel and diverting flow.
Narrow fringing river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and coolibah (Eucalyptus
microtheca) with river paper-bark (Melaleuca trichostachya) along deeper main channels.
Floodplains with scattered to moderate coolibah, black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens),
whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca), isolated rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), belah (Casuarina
cristata), river cooba (Acacia stenophylla), eurah (Eremophila bignoniflora), lignum
(Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), nitre goosefoot (Chenopodium nitatriaceum), neverfail
(Eragrostis setifolia), Warrego summer-grass (Paspalidium jubiflorum), windmill grasses
(Chloris sp.), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.) and forbs. Bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea) on
western plains, yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) and rough-barked apple (Angophora
floribunda) on the distal fan and higher red brown soil on terraces. Sparse gidgee (Acacia
cambagei) on elevated areas.

Gyl
Gwydir Swamps and Lagoons DRP Upper Darling Gwydir - Macintyre
Holocene fluvial sediments of lagoon and wetland facies with occasional Pleistocene (?)
circular or sinuous swamps in depressions in the alluvial plains, some are linked to source
bordering dunes or low lunettes on their eastern side, relief to 5m. Organic rich mud over
sticky blue-grey clay.
Fringing river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca),
lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) and grasses, aquatic plants and beds of common reed
(Phragmites australis) and lignum. Bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea) on claypans.

Mad Macintyre Aeolian Sands

DRP Upper Darling Gwydir - Macintyre

Limited distribution Holocene source bordering sand dunes aligned along the channels and
abandoned channels of the Macintyre River system, relief to 5m. May includes some

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unrecognised low lunettes on the eastern side of relic lake features. Poorly sorted, friable
orange-brown fine quartz sand, clay content and compaction increases with depth.
Open forest of white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) and carbeen (Corymbia tessellaris)
is characteristic, generally with a ground cover of grasses.

Mci
Macintyre Alluvial Plains
DRP Upper Darling Gwydir - Macintyre
Holocene fluvial sediments of meander plain and backplain facies on the Macintyre River,
relief 5 to 12m. Brown silty clay with patches of sand and carbonate nodules deposited from
suspended sediments in floodwater, often with gilgai in grey and brown clays. Elevated areas
with red-brown texture-contrast soils. Sediment grain size increases toward the ranges.
Open grasslands with scattered coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca), black box (Eucalyptus
largiflorens), river cooba (Acacia stenophylla), bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), belah
(Casuarina cristata), lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), chenopods, warrior bush
(Apophyllum anomalum), gidgee (Acacia cambagei) and myall (Acacia pendula). Sparse
white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) on lighter textured soils. Patches of brigalow
(Acacia harpophylla) on heavy soils with gilgai. Extensively cleared, cropped and grazed.

Mcl
Macintyre Swamps and Lagoons
DRP Upper Darling Gwydir Macintyre
Holocene fluvial sediments of lagoon and wetland facies with occasional Pleistocene (?)
circular or sinuous swamps in depressions in the alluvial plains, some are linked to source
bordering dunes or low lunettes on their eastern side, relief to 5m. Organic rich mud over
sticky blue-grey clay.
Fringing river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca),
lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) and grasses, aquatic plants and beds of common reed
(Phragmites australis) and lignum.

MDD - Descriptions for Landscapes in the Murray Darling

Depression Bioregion
Meso: MDD Ivanhoe - Nangara
Bkh Bokara Hills
MDD Ivanhoe - Nangara
Bokara Hills landscape includes parts of three land systems: Booroondarra, Coonavitra and
Mulga Downs.
Low bevelled and rounded strike ridges, rocky cliffs and footslopes of Devonian quartzite,
sandstone and conglomerate with narrow alluvial valleys, relief to 200m. Shallow, stony
sandy lithosols becoming deeper and better developed down slope, valleys of red earths,
incised drainage tracts with bare rock or sandy creek beds and levees.
Moderate to dense mallee (Eucalyptus sp.), currawang (Acacia doratoxylon), white cypress
pine (Callitris glaucophylla), western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), mulga (Acacia aneura)
and green fuchsia bush (Eremophila serrulata) on upper slopes and scarps; abundant mulga,
moderate silver cassia (Senna artemisiodes), narrow-leaf wax flower (Eriostemon linearis)
and other shrubs with grasses on lower slopes. White cypress pine and bimble box
(Eucalyptus populnea) along creeks. Dense red mallee (Eucalyptus socialis) with porcupine
grass (Triodia irritans) on sand accumulations. Footslopes of calcareous red earths with sandy

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surface; moderate clumps of rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), leopardwood (Flindersia

maculosa) and belah (Casuarina cristata), small clumps of turpentine (Eremophila sturtii)
and black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata) with variable spear grass (Austrostipa variabilis),
bottlewashers (Enneapogon sp.), and cannon-ball (Sclerolaena paradoxa) underneath.

Hsp
Hillston Sandplains
MDD Ivanhoe - Nangara
Hillston Sandplains landscape includes parts of three land systems: Lysmoyle, Karwarn and
Nombinnie.
Level to undulating sandplain of Quaternary aeolian sands and limited alluvium, relief 2 to
4m. Calcareous red earth and solonized brown soils with deep siliceous sands on hummocks.
Extensive dense mallee and broombush communities. Red mallee (Eucalyptus socialis), white
mallee (Eucalyptus dumosa), broombush (Melaleuca uncinata), spur wing wattle (Acacia
triptera), with belah (Casuarina cristata), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), warrior bush
(Apophyllum anomalum), budda (Eremophila mitchellii), white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla), needlewood (Hakea leucoptera), hopbush (Dodonea sp.), turpentine
(Eremophila sturtii), occasional ironbark (Eucalyptus sp.) and kurrajong (Brachychiton
populneus), variable spear grass (Austrostipa variabilis), medics (Medicago sp.) and forbs.

Iap
Ivanhoe - Nangara Alluvial Plains
MDD Ivanhoe - Nangara
Ivanhoe-Nangara Alluvial Plains landscape includes parts of two land systems: Curranyalpa
and Fulham.
Extensive plains of Quaternary alluvium with small areas of low rises, drainage sinks, and
occasional ancient and recent dunes, relief to 7m. Solonized brown soils with few crab-holes
and scattered rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius) and belah (Casuarina cristata), bottlewashers
(Enneapogon sp.) and variable spear grasses (Austrostipa variabilis) on the plain. Low rises
of calcareous red earths and occasionally sands, with ironwood (Acacia excelsa), mulga
(Acacia aneura) and rosewood, and forbs. Turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), narrow-leaf
hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata), annual forbs and short grasses on plains. Deep sands and
solonized brown soil in dunes with scattered rosewood, belah, leopardwood (Flindersia
maculosa), turpentine, narrow-leaf hopbush and grasses. Drainage sinks of calcareous red
earths or non-cracking clay soils with dense bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), turpentine,
emu bush (Eremophila longifolia), neverfail (Eragrostis setifolia) and forbs.

Idn
Ivanhoe - Nangara Dunes
MDD Ivanhoe - Nangara
Ivanhoe-Nangara Dunes landscape includes parts of three land systems: Gundigoono,
Keewong and Mandleman.
Low rounded dunes of Quaternary sand with small level areas, drainage sinks and lunettes,
relief to 10m. Dunefield of parabolic and unaligned dunes merging into slightly undulating
sandplains, relief to 7m. Dunes oriented both east-west and north-south with red sandy earths
and solonized brown soils. Swales of calcareous red earths and solonized brown soils. Sinks
and swamps on calcareous red earths and non-cracking clays with dense bimble box
(Eucalyptus populnea).
Isolated flats of solonized brown soils with belah (Casuarina cristata) and rosewood
(Alectryon oleifolius). Moderate to dense narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata), pituri
(Duboisia hopwoodii), woollybutt (Eragrostis eriopoda), wire grass (Aristida sp.) and forbs
on dunes. Swales with scattered white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) and ironwood
(Acacia excelsa), narrow-leaf hopbush, turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), kerosene grass
(Aristida contorta), variable spear grass (Austrostipa variabilis) and woollybutt (Eragrostis
eriopoda). Bimble box, turpentine and emu bush (Eucalyptus longifolia) on sinks. Lunettes
with bimble box and needlewood (Hakea leucoptera).

Ifl

Ivanhoe - Nangara Fresh Lakes and Swamps MDD Ivanhoe - Nangara

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Ivanhoe-Nangara Fresh Lakes and Swamps landscape is made up of part of the Karumpito
land system.
Small lakes and lunettes of Quaternary age with local catchments in red country of the Nelia
land system, relief 3 to 15m. Lake beds of cracking or non-cracking clays and solonized
brown soils, with sandy deposits around shorelines and lunettes on the eastern margin.
Bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea) or black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) and hybrids around
shorelines, lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) and canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) on
beds. Sandy calcareous gypseous soil on lunettes with rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), belah
(Casuarina cristata), punty bush (Senna eremophila), black bluebush (Maireana
pyramidata), twin-leaf (Zygophyllum apiculatum) and bottlewashers (Enneapogon sp.).

Iih
Ivanhoe - Nangara Isolated Hills
MDD Ivanhoe - Nangara
Ivanhoe-Nangara Isolated Hills landscape includes parts of three land systems:
Booroondarra, Lilyvale and Mulga Downs.
Low bevelled and rounded strike ridges, rocky cliffs and footslopes of Devonian quartzite,
sandstone and conglomerate, with narrow alluvial valleys, relief to 200m. Some rounded
ridges partly covered by Quaternary aeolian sand, minor narrow incised drainage lines, relief
to 20m. Shallow, stony sandy lithosols becoming deeper and better developed downslope,
narrow valleys of red earths, incised drainage tracts with bare rock or sandy beds and levees.
Moderate to dense mallee (Eucalyptus sp.), currawang (Acacia doratoxylon), white cypress
pine (Callitris glaucophylla), western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), mulga (Acacia aneura)
and green fuchsia bush (Eremophila serrulata) on upper slopes and scarps; abundant mulga,
moderate silver cassia (Senna artemisiodes), narrow-leaf wax flower (Eriostemon linearis)
and other shrubs with long greybeard grass (Amphipogon caricinus), wire grass (Aristida sp.),
and purple love grass (Eragrostis lacunaria) on lower slopes. Dense red mallee (Eucalyptus
socialis) with porcupine grass (Triodia irritans) on sand accumulations. Bimble box
(Eucalyptus populnea) and mulga along drainage lines.

Ild
Ivanhoe - Nangara Linear Dunes
MDD Ivanhoe - Nangara
Ivanhoe-Nangara Linear Dunes landscape includes parts of eight land systems: Arumpo, Bell
Vale, Blackfella, Bulla Park, Cairo, Glenlea, Lachlan Downs and Tiltagoona.
Parallel east-west trending dunes of Quaternary sands with narrow to broad swales and
sandplain, small depressions and channels, relief 3 to 10m. Eastern margins low sloping
sandplains with some dunes, abutting and partly overlying ranges and hills, relief to 20m.
Deep calcareous red earths, loamy sand to red siliceous sand. Deep clayey sands, sandy
earths, reddish-brown clay soils, red texture-contrast soils in swales and on sandplains.
Solonized brown clay soils in sinks and channels.
Dense red mallee (Eucalyptus socialis), broombush (Melaleuca uncinata), narrow-leaf
hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata), porcupine grass (Triodia irritans) and paper daisy
(Helichrysum sp.), moderate mulga (Acacia aneura), white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla), western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), on dunes and sandplains. Other dunes
support rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), belah (Casuarina cristata), western red box, white
cypress pine, mulga and locally dense narrow-leaf hopbush with tall kerosene grass (Aristida
browniana). Swales with belah (Casuarina cristata), rosewood, bimble box (Eucalyptus
populnea), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), emu bush (Eremophila longifolia), neverfail
(Eragrostis setifolia), bottlewashers (Enneapogon sp.), variable speargrass (Austrostipa
variabilis), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.) and forbs. Some open corridors with western red
box, mulga, white cypress pine, punty bush (Senna eremophila), wiregrass (Aristida sp.),
other grasses and forbs. Isolated sinks with black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), bimble box,

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lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), emu bush

(Eremophila longifolia), and New Zealand spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides). A few
channels with river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) in grey clays.

Irl
Ivanhoe - Nangara Relic Lakes
MDD Ivanhoe - Nangara
Ivanhoe-Nangara Relic Lakes landscape includes parts of two land systems: Dalmoreve and
Sayers.
Broad relict drainage depressions of Quaternary age with small sub-circular to irregular
remnant lakes, partially overlain by scalded sandplains with low lunettes, relief to 6m.
Depressions and lake beds of grey heavy clays with bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), black
box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) and canegrass (Eragrostis australasica), belah (Casuarina
cristata), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), yarran (Acacia homalophylla) and black
bluebush (Maireana pyramidata). Small canegrass swamps. Sandplains of calcareous sandy
red duplex soils with scattered rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), belah (Casuarina cristata)
and yarran over variable stands of bluebush (Maireana sp.) and dillon bush (Nitraria
billardierei). Treeless lunettes of scalded texture-contrast soils or deep sands with locally
dense bluebush (Maireana sp.). Also, solonized brown soils, calcareous red earths, brown
non-cracking structured clays with sparse rosewood, nelia (Acacia loderi), prickly wattle
(Acacia victoriae), narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata) and black bluebush on rises.

Isl
Ivanhoe - Nangara Salt Lakes and Playas
MDD Ivanhoe - Nangara
Ivanhoe-Nangara Salt Lakes and Playas landscape is made up of part of the Birdwood land
system.
Small relict lakes and lunettes with of Quaternary age with extensive associated sandplains
and isolated dunes.
Lake floors of highly saline, gypseous or calcareous grey clays with chenopods, canegrass
(Eragrostis australasica) and forbs. Lunettes and dunes of deep sandy red earths with mallee
(Eucalyptus sp.) and porcupine grass (Triodia irritans). Sandplain of scalded to sandy
solonized brown soils with belah (Casuarina cristata), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius),
sugarwood (Myoporum platycarpum) and mallee plus abundant grasses and forbs.

Isp
Ivanhoe - Nangara Sandplains
MDD Ivanhoe - Nangara
Ivanhoe-Nangara Sandplains landscape includes parts of nineteen land systems: Ashmont,
Bindi, Coonavitra, Frenchmans, Hatfield, Karwarn, Lysmoyle, Manara, Mulururu, Nangara,
Nelgadale, Nelia, Nombinnie, Overnewton, Roto, Vidale, Wilkurra, Wyloona and Yallock.
Extensive, slightly undulating, partially scalded sandplains of Quaternary alluvial and aeolian
deposits with a few east-west dunes, isolated small depressions and small drainage sinks.
Includes aeolian sand accumulation on range footslopes, relief 3 to 10m. Solonized brown
soils and texture-contrast soils on the plains. Deep calcareous red earths, red clayey sands,
sandy earths, and red and brown sands on dunes. Swales with deep calcareous red earths and
red texture-contrast soils. Non-cracking brown and grey clays in depressions.
Dense red mallee (Eucalyptus socialis), white mallee (Eucalyptus dumosa), broombush
(Melaleuca uncinata), spurwing wattle (Acacia triptera), mallee cypress pine (Callitris
verrucosa), and porcupine grass (Triodia irritans). Clumps of rosewood (Alectryon
oleifolius), belah (Casuarina cristata), mulga (Acacia aneura), white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla), with narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata), leopardwood (Flindersia
maculosa), small clumps of turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), black bluebush (Maireana
pyramidata) or pearl bluebush (Maireana sedifolia) with variable speargrass (Austrostipa
variabilis), bottlewashers (Enneapogon sp.), cannon-ball (Sclerolaena paradoxa ), copperburr
(Sclerolaena sp.) and forbs on the plains. Open patches of western red box (Eucalyptus

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intertexta), belah (Casuarina cristata), white cypress pine and wilga (Geijera parviflora).
Black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) and hybrids, dense bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea),
lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) canegrass (Eragrostis australasica), nitre goosefoot
(Chenopodium nitrariaceum) and annual saltbush (Atriplex sp.) in swamps and pans. River
red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) on rare through running creeks.

Mrg Maccullochs Range

MDD Ivanhoe - Nangara
Maccullochs Range landscape is made up of the Maccullochs land system.
Rolling, rounded low range of Devonian sandstone, quartzite and shale, with thin Quaternary
aeolian sand accumulations. Scarps to 20m, overall relief to 70m.
Rock outcrop and shallow lithosols with mulga (Acacia aneura), rosewood (Alectryon
oleifolius), emu bush (Eremophila longifolia), narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata),
and (Senna sp.) on scarps. Calcareous red earths and red sandy earths on slopes and drainage
lines with, moderate to dense mulga, western red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), belah
(Casuarina cristata), leopardwood (Flindersia maculosa), punty bush (Senna eremophila),
emu bush, variable speargrass (Austrostipa variabilis), bottlewashers (Enneapogon sp.),
mallee saltbush (Atriplex stipitata), paper daisies (Helichrysum sp.) and forbs.

Meso: MDD Mallee Cliffs

Mcu Mallee Cliffs Dunes
MDD Mallee Cliffs
Mallee Cliffs Dunes landscape is made up of part of the Mandleman land system.
Quaternary dunefields of parabolic and unaligned dunes merging into slightly undulating
sandplains, relief to 7m. Dunes and swales of deep red-brownish earthy sands with uniformly
dense mallee (Eucalyptus sp.) and porcupine grass (Triodia irritans). Isolated flats of
solonized brown soils with belah (Casuarina cristata) and rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius).

Mld Mallee Cliffs Linear Dunes

MDD Mallee Cliffs
Mallee Cliffs Linear Dunes landscape includes parts of two land systems: KI Downs and
Arumpo.
Extensive Quaternary dunefields and sandplains, relief to 7m. Deep brownish sands and
calcareous earths with dense mallee (Eucalyptus sp.), belah (Casuarina cristata) and
rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius) with porcupine grass (Triodia irritans). Narrow swales of
calcareous loamy red earths with belah, rosewood, scattered shrubs, variable speargrass
(Austrostipa variabilis), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.) and forbs.
Mla
Mallee Cliffs Salt Lakes and Playas
MDD Mallee Cliffs
Mallee Cliffs Salt Lakes and Playas landscape is made up of part of the Birdwood land
system.
Small relict lakes and lunettes of Quaternary age with extensive associated sandplains and
isolated dunes. Lake floors of highly saline, gypseous or calcareous grey clays with
chenopods, canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) and forbs. Lunettes and dunes of deep sandy
red earths with mallee (Eucalyptus sp.), and porcupine grass (Triodia irritans). Sandplain of
scalded to sandy solonized brown soils with belah (Casuarina cristata), rosewood (Alectryon
oleifolius), sugarwood (Myoporum platycarpum) and mallee plus abundant grasses and forbs.

Mcs Mallee Cliffs Sandplains

MDD Mallee Cliffs
Mallee Cliffs Sandplains landscape includes parts of twelve land systems: Ashmont,
Bulgamurra, Frenchmans, Gulthul, Hatfield, Menilta, Mulurulu, Overnewton, Quambi, Roo
Roo, Trelega and Wilkura.

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Extensive, slightly undulating sandplain of Quaternary aeolian sands with east-west trending
dunes, often with blowouts, partly scalded broad swales and small depressions, relief 6 to
10m. Solonized brown soils, calcareous loamy sand, and texture-contrast soils on the plain,
red and brown sands on dunes, non-cracking grey or brown clays in depressions.
Rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), sugarwood
(Myoporum platycarpum), belah (Casuarina cristata), dense clumps of black bluebush
(Maireana pyramidata), or pearl bluebush (Maireana sedifolia), with variable speargrass
(Austrostipa variabilis), bottlewashers (Enneapogon sp.) and copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.) on
plains. Scattered rosewood, belah, mallee patches (Eucalyptus sp.), with isolated porcupine
grass (Triodia irritans), white cypress pine, narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata),
punty bush (Senna eremophila) and grasses on dunes. Annual saltbush (Atriplex sp.),
canegrass (Eragrostis australasica), lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) and nitre
goosefoot (Chenopodium nitrariaceum) in depressions usually fringed by black box
(Eucalyptus largiflorens).

Meso: MDD Mungo - Marona

Mun Mungo - Marona Dunes
MDD Mungo - Marona
Mungo-Marona Dunes landscape is made up of part of the Mandleman land system.
Quaternary dunefield of parabolic and unaligned dunes merging into slightly undulating
sandplains, relief to 7m. Dunes and swales of deep red-brownish earthy sands with uniformly
dense mallee (Eucalyptus sp.), and porcupine grass (Triodia irritans). Isolated flats of
solonized brown soils with belah (Casuarina cristata) and rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius).

Mul Mungo - Marona Lakes and Swamps

MDD Mungo - Marona
Mungo-Marona Lakes and Swamps landscape is made up of part of the Gunnaramby land
system.
Fresh water lakes and swamps of the Willandra Creek overflow. Lake beds of Quaternary
alluvium of grey cracking clays with gilgai. Dense lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii)
and nitre goosefoot (Chenopodium nitrariaceum); margins of grey clays with black box
(Eucalyptus largiflorens) and river cooba (Acacia stenophylla) over sparse chenopods and
forbs. Scalded red texture-contrast soils on swamp margins and levees with chenopods.

Muu Mungo - Marona Linear Dunes

MDD Mungo - Marona
Mungo-Marona Linear Dunes landscape is made up of part of the Arumpo land system.
Parallel east-west trending dunes and sandplain of Quaternary aeolian sands with deep loamy
sand to sandy red soils, relief to 7m. Dense mallee (Eucalyptus sp.) and areas of porcupine
grass (Triodia irritans) on dunes and sandplain. Narrow swales of calcareous loamy red
earths with belah (Casuarina cristata), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), scattered shrubs,
variable speargrass (Austrostipa variabilis), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.) and forbs.

Mur Mungo - Marona Relic Lakes

MDD Mungo - Marona
Mungo-Marona Relic Lakes landscape includes parts of three land systems: Dalmoreve,
Marona, and Youhl.
Small relict lakes of Quaternary age, some irregularly shaped adjacent to riverine plains, and
pans, usually with well-developed lunettes and extensive associated dunefields, relief to 6m.
Basin floors of highly saline, gypseous or calcareous grey clays, treeless, with dense bladder
saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria) and bluebush (Maireana sp.); basin margins and slopes of
calcareous red or brown scalded texture-contrast soils with scattered belah (Casuarina

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cristata) and rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius). Sandplains of calcareous sandy red texturecontrast soils with scattered rosewood, belah and yarran (Acacia homalophylla) over variable
stands of bluebush and dillon bush (Nitraria billardierei). Treeless lunettes of scalded texturecontrast soils or deep sands with locally dense bluebush. Lunettes and dunes of deep sandy
red soils with dense mallee (Eucalyptus sp.), porcupine grass (Triodia irritans), scattered
black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata) and bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria). Depressions
and lake beds with white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), yarran and black bluebush
(Maireana pyramidata). Small canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) swamps.

Mus Mungo - Marona Sandplains

MDD Mungo - Marona
Mungo - Marona Sandplains landscape includes parts of four land systems: Bulgamurra,
Mulurulu, Overnewton and Wilkurra located east of the Mungo Lakes Complex.
Quaternary aeolian sands formed into sandplains and hummocky low dunes, relief 3 to 8m,
with scattered depressions and swamps to 500m diameter. Brownish sands, red sandy earth
and solonized brown soils. Soils often calcareous.
White cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), belah (Casuarina cristata), rosewood (Alectryon
oleifolius) and mallee (Eucalyptus sp.). Scattered clumps of narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea
attenuata), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii) and black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata) with
variable speargrass (Austrostipa variabilis), copper burrs (Sclerolaena sp.) and forbs.

Mcx Mungo Lakes Complex

MDD Mungo - Marona
Mungo Lakes Complex landscape includes parts of three land systems: Garnpung, Leaghur
and Mungo.
Extensive dry lakes of Quaternary age with long low lunettes and wide inter-connecting
floodplains and channels, relief to 20m. Plains with high unstable dunes and lunettes around
relict lakes, relief 15 to 30m.
Lake beds of grey heavy clays or scalded red texture-contrast soils with scattered black box
(Eucalyptus largiflorens), sparse to dense stands of cotton bush (Maireana aphylla), bladder
saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria), old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia), and dillon bush
(Nitraria billardierei). Unstable crests and lunettes of deep white sands with sparse
vegetation. Stable crests of deep red sands with scattered white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla), belah (Casuarina cristata), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), mallee
(Eucalyptus sp.) abundant short grasses and forbs. Plains of red texture-contrast soils with
scattered belah and rosewood, and bluebush (Maireana sp.). Treeless depressions of grey
heavy clays with canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) or nitre goosefoot (Chenopodium
nitrariaceum). Lunettes and source bordering dunes of cemented siliceous sand and earthy
sands with belah, white cypress pine, sugarwood (Myoporum platycarpum), rosewood,
bluebush and grasses. Sandplains of calcareous, sandy red soils with scattered white cypress
pine and Severely gullied lunettes and dunes of deep, loosely cemented, whitish sands with
sugarwood, mallee and black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata).

Meso: MDD Scotia

Std
Scotia Dunes
MDD Scotia
Scotia Dunes landscape is made up of part of the Mandleman land system.
Quaternary dunefield of parabolic and unaligned dunes merging into slightly undulating
sandplains, relief to 7m. Dunes and swales of deep red-brownish earthy sands with uniformly
dense mallee (Eucalyptus sp.), and porcupine grass (Triodia irritans). Isolated flats of
solonized brown soils with belah (Casuarina cristata) and rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius).

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Stb
Scotia Groundwater Basins
MDD Scotia
Scotia Groundwater Basins landscape includes parts of four land systems: Birdwood,
Dalmoreve, Huntingfield and Marona.
Small sub-circular to irregular relict saline lakes and lunettes of Quaternary age with
extensive associated sandplains and isolated dunes, relief to 6m Lake floors of highly saline,
gypseous or calcareous grey clays with copi islands. Lunettes and dunes of deep sandy red
earths, sandplains of scalded to sandy solonized brown soils. Sandy to loamy solonized brown
soils in swales.
Lake floors with chenopods, canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) and forbs, margins with
belah (Casuarina cristata), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), yarran (Acacia
homalophylla) and black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata). Lunettes with mallee (Eucalyptus
sp.), porcupine grass (Triodia irritans) and locally dense bluebush (Maireana sp.). Sandplain
with belah, rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), sugarwood (Myoporum platycarpum) and mallee
plus abundant grasses and forbs.

Stl
Scotia Linear Dunes
MDD Scotia
Scotia Linear Dunes landscape includes parts of three land systems: Arumpo, Ennisvale and
Scotia.
Parallel east-west trending Quaternary dunes and sandplain of deep loamy sand to sandy red
soils, extensive gently undulating swales with aligned dunes and isolated flats, relief to 7m.
Dense mallee (Eucalyptus sp.), belah (Casuarina cristata), porcupine grass (Triodia irritans),
clumps of black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), pin-bush
wattle (Acacia burkittii), grasses and forbs. Narrow swales of calcareous loamy red earths.
Sandy solonized brown soils and red texture-contrast soils; dunes of deep brownish sands.
Dense mallee and/or belah, moderate to dense shrubs and porcupine grass, seasonally
abundant grasses and forbs on dunes. Dense belah and rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius) in
swales with turpentine and sugarwood (Myoporum platycarpum).
Sts
Scotia Sandplains
MDD Scotia
Scotia Sandplains landscape includes parts of twelve land systems: Ashmont, Belvedere,
Bulgamurra, Frenchmans, Hatfield, Haythorpe, Menilta, Overnewton, Quambi, Roo Roo,
Trelega and Wilkurra.
Slightly undulating Quaternary sandplains with areas of east-west trending sand dunes, relief
3 to 10m. Broad swales and small depressions. Solonized brown soils and texture-contrast
soils on the plains, red and brown sands and earthy sands on dunes, non-cracking clays in
depressions. Mallee (Eucalyptus sp.) porcupine grass (Triodia irritans), rosewood (Alectryon
oleifolius), belah (Casuarina cristata), bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria), sugarwood
(Myoporum platycarpum), occasional wilga (Geijera parviflora), white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla), moderate to dense stands of black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata) and pearl
bluebush (Maireana sedifolia), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), native cherry (Exocarpus
cupressiformis) with variable speargrass (Austrostipa variabilis), bottlewashers (Enneapogon
sp.), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.) and forbs on plains. Dunes with belah, white cypress pine,
mallee and narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata). Annual saltbush (Atriplex sp.) and
canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) in depressions rimmed by black box (Eucalyptus
largiflorens) and dillon bush (Nitraria billardierei).

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MUL - Descriptions for Landscapes in the Mulga Lands

Bioregion
Meso: MUL Paroo Warrego

Mmr Mt Murchison Hills and Ranges

MUL Paroo - Warrego

Mt Murchison Hills and Ranges landscape includes parts of two land systems: Euramurtie
and Mount Pleasant.
Rounded and partly bevelled ridges on steeply dipping Devonian sandstone and quartzite.
Isolated mesa remnants on Tertiary sandstone. Dendritic drainage, relief to 100m. Sand
covered footslopes and sandplains with low sandy rises and non-aligned dunes, relief to 20m.
Shallow stony soils on higher areas with belah (Casuarina cristata), mulga (Acacia aneura),
whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca), beefwood (Grevillea striata), dead finish (Acacia
tetragonophylla), emu bush (Eremophila longifolia), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.) and
kerosene grass (Aristida contorta). Moderate mulga with belah on mesa remnants. Footslopes
of red desert loams and mantles of silcrete, scattered mulga, bluebush (Maireana sp.), dead
finish, belah, woollybutt (Eragrostis eriopoda), kerosene grass, copperburr and forbs. Red
desert loams and coarse sand on lower slopes and drainage lines with rosewood (Alectryon
oleifolius), whitewood (Atalaya hemigluaca) and grasses. River red gum (Eucalyptus
camaldulensis) with kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra) along drainage lines.

Mpr Mt Pleasant Hills and Ranges

MUL Paroo - Warrego
Mt Pleasant Hills and Ranges landscape includes parts of two land systems: Euramurtie and
Mount Pleasant.
Rounded and partly bevelled ridges on steeply dipping Devonian sandstone and quartzite.
Isolated mesa remnants on Tertiary sandstone. Dendritic drainage, relief to 100m. Sand
covered footslopes and sandplains with low sandy rises and non-aligned dunes, relief to 20m.
Shallow stony soils on higher areas with belah (Casuarina cristata), mulga (Acacia aneura),
whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca), beefwood (Grevillea striata), dead finish (Acacia
tetragonophylla), emu bush (Eremophila longifolia), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.) and
kerosene grass (Aristida contorta). Moderate mulga with belah on mesa remnants. Footslopes
of red desert loams and mantles of silcrete, scattered mulga, bluebush (Maireana sp.), dead
finish, belah, woollybutt (Eragrostis eriopoda), kerosene grass, copperburr and forbs. Red
desert loams and coarse sand on lower slopes and drainage lines with rosewood (Alectryon
oleifolius), whitewood and grasses. River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) with kangaroo
grass (Themeda triandra) along drainage lines.

Pwa Paroo - Warrego Alluvial Plains

MUL Paroo - Warrego
Paroo-Warrego Alluvial Plains landscape includes parts of four land systems: Cartlands,
Colane, Manara and Stanbert.
Level floodplains and broad alluvial plains of Quaternary age with regular, small depressions
away from the channel zone, patches of stony plains and low sandy accumulations. Relief 1 to
5m. Brown non-cracking and cracking clays with areas of grey cracking clays and red-brown
and yellow texture-contrast soils on plains. Deep sandy red earths with earthy pans, locally
scalded on slightly higher ground. Sands and sandy earths on dunes. Depressions of sandy red
earths, sometimes with gilgai in grey cracking clays.

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Dense clumps of gidgee (Acacia cambagei), with mulga (Acacia aneura), leopardwood
(Flindersia maculosa), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), belah (Casuarina cristata) and myall
(Acacia pendula); scattered warrior bush (Apophyllum anomalum), nepine (Capparis
lasiantha), wild orange (Capparis mitchellii), flowering lignum (Eremophila polyclada),
neverfail (Eragrostis setifolia), annual saltbushes (Atriplex sp.), rigid panic (Panicum
prolutum), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.), other grasses and forbs. Coolibah (Eucalyptus
microtheca), black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) and
annual saltbush on grey clays in channels and channelled floodplain. Depressions rimmed
with bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), over tall grasses.

Pwc Paroo - Warrego Channels and Floodouts

MUL Paroo - Warrego
Paroo-Warrego Channels and Floodouts landscape includes parts of seven land systems:
Ledknapper, Long Meadow, Nidgery, Paroo, Tongo, Walkdens and Warrego.
Channels, floodplain and dune field islands of alluvium and aeolian sand of Quaternary age,
with occasional salinas and extensive scalds along the Paroo and Warrego Rivers, relief to
5m. Channels and floodplain of grey cracking, crab-holey clay. Reddish-brown loamy sands
on islands, yellow texture-contrast soils and sands on rises and hummocks.
Coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca), black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), yapunyah
(Eucalyptus ochrophloia), myall (Acacia pendula), river cooba (Acacia stenophylla), lignum
(Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), canegrass (Eragrostis australasica), tall spike rush
(Eleocharis sphacelata) along channels and fringing depressions. Some brigalow (Acacia
harpophylla), with lignum, eurah (Eremophila bignoniflora), flowering lignum (Eremophila
polyclada), and cane-grass, nitre goosefoot (Chenopodium nitrariaceum), neverfail
(Eragrostis setifolia), Warrego summer-grass (Paspalidium jubiflorum), copperburr
(Sclerolaena sp.), fairy grass (Sporobolus caroli), and annual saltbushes (Atriplex sp.) on grey
soils. Islands with open mulga (Acacia aneura), sandhill wattle (Acacia ligulata), narrow-leaf
hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius) and bottlewashers
(Enneapogon sp.). Gidgee (Acacia cambagei), belah (Casuarina cristata), ironwood (Acacia
excelsa), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), warrior bush (Apophyllum anomalum), budda
(Eremophila mitchellii), neverfail (Eragrostis setifolia), copperburr, and perennial grasses on
elevated areas with white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) and needlewood (Hakea
leucoptera) on sandy rises.

Pwh Paroo - Warrego Isolated Hills

MUL Paroo - Warrego
Paroo-Warrego Isolated Hills landscape includes parts of three land systems: Booroondarra,
Euramurtie and Mount Pleasant.
Rounded and partly bevelled ridges on steeply dipping Devonian sandstone and quartzite,
strike ridges and rocky cliffs, relief to 200m. Isolated mesa remnants on Tertiary sandstone
and conglomerate relief to 100m. Dendritic drainage. Sand covered footslopes and sandplains
with low sandy rises and non-aligned dunes, relief to 20m.
Shallow stony soils on higher areas with belah (Casuarina cristata), mulga (Acacia aneura),
whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca), beefwood (Grevillea striata), dead finish (Acacia
tetragonophylla), emu bush (Eremophila longifolia), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.) and
kerosene grass (Aristida contorta). Moderate to dense mallee (Eucalyptus sp.), currawang
(Acacia doratoxylon), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), western red box
(Eucalyptus intertexta), mulga (Acacia aneura) and green fuchsia bush (Eremophila
serrulata) on upper slopes and scarps. Moderate mulga with belah on mesa remnants.
Footslopes of red desert loams and mantles of silcrete, scattered mulga, bluebush (Maireana
sp.), dead finish, belah, woollybutt (Eragrostis eriopoda), kerosene grass, copperburr and
forbs. Red desert loams and coarse sand on lower slopes and drainage lines with abundant
mulga, moderate silver cassia (Senna artemisiodes), narrow-leaf wax flower (Eriostemon

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linearis), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), whitewood (Atalaya hemigluaca) and grasses.

White cypress pine and bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea) along creeks. River red gum
(Eucalyptus camaldulensis) with kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra) along main drainage
lines.

Pwl
Paroo - Warrego Linear Dunes
MUL Paroo - Warrego
Paroo-Warrego Linear Dunes includes parts of seven land systems: Copago, Gumbalie,
Gumpopla, Klondyke, Minetta, Tiltagoona and Wonga Lilli
Quaternary dunefields with east-west trending dunes, broad swales and small drainage lines,
sinks and swamps, relief to 5m, and widely spaced parallel dunes with alluvial corridors and
pans, relief to 10m. Also low dunefields with sandy flats.
Deep red clayey sand with earthy pans and sparse mulga (Acacia aneura), whitewood
(Atalaya hemiglauca), forbs and grasses on dunes. Bare scalded alluvial flats with sandy red
earths and texture-contrast soils and open mulga (Acacia aneura) and shrubs. Crusty brown
clays in pans with scattered bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), canegrass (Eragrostis
australasica), black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata) and fringing black box (Eucalyptus
largiflorens). Calcareous red earths, solonized brown soils, red sands and red sandy earths;
scattered to moderate mulga, belah (Casuarina cristata) and rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius);
clumped narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata) and punty bush (Senna eremophila);
variable speargrass (Austrostipa variabilis), cannon-ball (Sclerolaena paradoxa), copperburr
(Sclerolaena sp.) and forbs. Bimble box and black box (including hybrids) with turpentine
(Eremophila sturtii), prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae), canegrass (Eragrostis australasica),
annual saltbush (Atriplex sp.) and bluebush (Maireana sp.) in swamps and sinks. Bare scalded
alluvial flats with sandy red earths and texture-contrast soils and open mulga and shrubs.
Crusty brown clays in pans with canegrass, black bluebush and fringing black box.

Pwp Paroo - Warrego Plains

MUL Paroo - Warrego
Paroo-Warrego Plains landscape includes parts of two land systems: East Toorale and Myuna.
Plains of Quaternary alluvium with poorly defined drainage lines; small drainage sinks and
swamps, relief to 5m. Also landscape includes floodouts and low dunes, relief to 2m.
Calcareous sandy to loamy red earths, red and brown texture-contrast soils with cracking or
plastic grey to brown clays in swamps.
Scattered to dense belah (Casuarina cristata), ironwood (Acacia excelsa), bimble box
(Eucalyptus populnea), mulga (Acacia aneura), coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca), some
gidgee (Acacia cambagei), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), budda (Eremophila mitchellii),
warrior bush (Apophyllum anomalum), narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata) on plains.
Bimble box, coolibah, bluebush (Maireana sp.); cotton bush (Maireana aphylla), neverfail
(Eragrostis setifolia), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.), galvanised burr (Scleroleana birchii) and
forbs on floodplain, swamps and sinks. Also spotted fuchsia (Eremophila maculata), and
turpentine (Eremophila sturtii) with isolated leafless cherry (Exocarpus aphyllus).

Pwg Paroo - Warrego Salt Lakes

MUL Paroo - Warrego
Paroo-Warrego Salt Lakes is made up of part of the Arumpo and Cobham land systems.
Widely distributed saline lakes and clay playas of Quaternary age with bare, flat, crusted
floors of salty grey and brown clay. Swamp basins and channels with deep self-mulching
brown and grey cracking clays, some with extremely deep and wide cracks. Pans with deep
self-mulching brown cracking clays and brown clays with strong surface crusts.
Lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) and canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) with fringing
black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), chenopods and prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae) on pan

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margins with sandy surfaces over earthy pans. Lunettes to 10m, of deep, brown clayey sand
with open mulga (Acacia aneura), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), pearl bluebush (Maireana
sedifolia) and forbs and grasses.

Pws
Paroo - Warrego Sandplains
MUL Paroo - Warrego
Paroo-Warrego Sandplains landscape includes parts of twelve land systems: Avondale,
Denian, Duntroon, Ellerslie, Glenmore, Goonery, Gumbalara, Janina, Oulilla, Trilby, Vidale
and Waverley.
Level sandplains of Quaternary age with broad rises. Areas of longitudinal dunes with
numerous blowouts, small lakes and few drainage tracts, relief 3 to 8m. Deep calcareous
sandy red earths sandy red and yellow texture-contrast on plains and rises with loamy red
earths, sandy texture-contrast soils and grey non-cracking clays in depressions and sinks.
Dunes with deep red or brown siliceous sands and earthy sands, swales of loamy solonized
brown soils with brown cracking clays in pans and swamps.
Dense mallee (Eucalyptus sp.) and/or belah (Casuarina cristata) and rosewood (Alectryon
oleifolius) with dense mulga (Acacia aneura), bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), gidgee
(Acacia cambagei), rosewood, white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), silver-leaved
ironbark (Eucalyptus melanophloia), wild lemon (Canthium oleifolium), wilga (Geijera
parviflora), ironwood (Acacia excelsa), mulga, sandplain wattle (Acacia murrayana),
bluebush (Maireana sp.), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea
attenuata), emu bush (Eremophila longifolia), budda (Eremophila mitchellii), and variable
speargrass (Austrostipa variabilis) on sandplains and dunes. Swales with moderate to dense
belah, rosewood with woollybutt (Eragrostis eriopoda), black bluebush (Maireana
pyramidata), bottlewashers (Enneapogon sp.) and variable spear grass. Bimble box, coolibah
(Eucalyptus microtheca) and black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) with punty bush (Senna
eremophila), turpentine, lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), canegrass (Eragrostis
australasica), eurah (Eremophila bignoniflora), and wire grass (Aristida sp.) in depressions.

Pwt
Paroo - Warrego Tablelands and Downs
MUL Paroo - Warrego
Paroo-Warrego Tablelands and Downs landscape includes parts of nine land systems:
Glenhope, Kanimbla, Lansdowne, Nulty Springs, Nundora, Oakvale, Petita, Pirillie and
Womparley.
Rounded low hills and ridges, stony plains of Cretaceous and Tertiary silicified shale,
sandstone, conglomerate, and quartzite with sand dunes, hummocks, pans and incised
drainage lines, relief 5 to 50m. Defined dendritic drainage, small lakes and occasional
overlying sand dune. Shallow, stony loamy soils grading into red earths in drainage tracts and
grey and brown clays in depressions. Contour banding of stony red desert loams and selfmulching clays. Reds siliceous sands and sandy earths in dunes, grey self-mulching clays in
depressions.
Rocky slopes support supplejack (Ventilago viminalis), whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca),
western bloodwood (Corymbia terminalis), bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), beefwood
(Grevillea striata), mulga (Acacia aneura), umbrella mulga (Acacia brachystachya),
leopardwood (Flindersia maculosa), thorny saltbush (Rhagodia spinescens), shrubby rice
flower (Pimelea microcephala), warrior bush (Apophyllum anomalum), green hopbush
(Dodonaea petiolaris), silver cassia (Senna artemisiodes), budda (Eremophila mitchellii),
climbing saltbush (Einadia nutans), silky bluebush (Maireana villosa), leopardwood,
turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae), harlequin fuchsia bush
(Eremophila duttonii) with bottlewashers (Enneapogon sp.), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.) and
grasses. Low dunes with silver-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus melanophloia), coolibah apple
(Angophora melanoxylon) and quinine bush (Alstonia constricta). Bimble box, cotton bush

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(Maireana aphylla), black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata), copperburr and grasses in

swampy depressions.

Meso: MUL Urisino

Usa
Urisino Alluvial Plains
MUL Urisino
Urisino Alluvial Plains landscape includes parts of three land systems: Colane, Sturt and
Yancannia.
Severely scalded plains of Quaternary alluvium with ill-defined drainage lines. Sandy red
earths and loose yellowish-red loamy sands overlying earthy pans, loose sand cover. Small
depressions away from channel zone.
Floodouts with canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) and black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens),
and channel zones with dense river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), coolibah
(Eucalyptus microtheca), river cooba (Acacia stenophylla) and abundant perennial grasses.
Scattered mulga (Acacia aneura) and bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), areas of dense
woody shrubs over grasses and forbs. Pans of sandy red earths, sometimes with gilgai in grey
cracking clays; rimmed with bimble box, sparse grasses and forbs. Channels broad and
shallow, of red earthy sands, locally with deep white sandy drifts supporting a gallery
community of bimble box, over tall grasses and forbs.

Usl
Urisino Linear Dunes
MUL Urisino
Urisino Linear Dunes landscape includes parts of three land systems: Border, Gumpopla and
Wonga.
Widely spaced parallel dunes of Quaternary age with alluvial corridors and pans, relief to
10m. Also low dunefields with sandy flats. Deep red clayey sand with earthy pans and sparse
mulga (Acacia aneura), whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca), forbs and grasses on dunes. Bare
scalded alluvial flats with sandy red earths and texture-contrast soils and open mulga and
shrubs. Crusty brown clays in pans with scattered bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea),
canegrass (Eragrostis australasica), black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata) and fringing
black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens).

Uss
Urisino Sandplains
MUL Urisino
Urisino Sandplains landscape includes parts of two land systems: Reola and Waverley.
Extensive slightly undulating sandplain of Quaternary aeolian sand with broad dendritic
drainage pattern. Sandy alkaline red earths with earthy pans, locally scalded, relief to 5m.
Deep sandy to sandy loam red earths with well formed groves of dense mulga (Acacia
aneura) with ironwood (Acacia excelsa) and bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea) on sandplain
slopes. Trees become continuous along the drainage tracts. Isolated swamps of grey and
brown clay ringed by black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) with lignum (Muehlenbeckia
cunninghamii) on the floors. Also, small depressions of cracking red clayey soils, abundant
perennial grasses and forbs.

Ust
Urisino Tablelands and Downs
MUL Urisino
Urisino Tablelands and Downs landscape includes parts of three land systems: Petita,
Pulgamurtie and Womparley.
Dissected rolling stony tablelands on Cretaceous sandstone with breakaways, relief to 40m.
Includes stony plains to low hills on Tertiary silcrete, relief to 10m. Brown lithosols and
deeper red desert loams with red clays in gilgai depressions on lower slopes. Shallow reddishbrown desert loams, commonly obscured by drifts of red sands.

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Boulders and stones on ridge crests with loamy lithosols and mulga (Acacia aneura), dead
finish (Acacia tetragonophylla), desert poplar (Codonocarpus cotinifolius), silver cassia
(Senna artemisiodes), turkey bush (Eremophila sp.), three-winged bluebush (Maireana
triptera), grasses and copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.). Mulga, western bloodwood (Corymbia
terminalis), desert poplar, silver cassia (Senna artemisiodes), narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea
attenuata), and grasses on the plateau. Poorly developed contour banding on lower slopes,
mulga groves and bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea) in major drainage lines. Bladder
saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria), black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata), prickly wattle (Acacia
victoriae), and grasses elsewhere.

Meso: MUL White Cliffs

Wca White Cliffs Alluvial Plains
MUL White Cliffs
White Cliffs Alluvial Plains landscape includes parts of eight land systems: Allandy, Caloola,
Colane, Conservation, Fowlers, Sturt, Yancannia and Yapunyah.
Extensively scalded alluvial flats, terminal floodplains with pans and gilgai Broad alluvial
plains with regular, small depressions away from channel zone. Relief to 1m. Brown clays
with stony surface on floodplains, loamy surfaced brown texture-contrast soils and brown
clays, both with strong surface crusts, deep self-mulching brown and grey cracking clays
saline calcareous and gypseous at variable depths. Extensive grasslands of neverfail
(Eragrostis setifolia), Mitchell grasses (Astrebla sp.), with dark roly-poly (Sclerolaena
muricata), cottonbush (Maireana aphylla), canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) and annual
saltbushes (Atriplex sp.). Sparse mulga (Acacia aneura), whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca),
prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae), bushy groundsel (Senecio cunninghamii), and thorny
saltbush (Rhagodia spinescens). Rare dunes with mulga. Canegrass, bimble box (Eucalyptus
populnea), and fringing black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), on pans. Fringing river red gum
(Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and bimble box along channels. Prickly wattle, scattered bladder
saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria), yapunyah (Eucalyptus ochrophloia), scattered eurah
(Eremophila bignoniiflora) and flowering lignum (Eremophila polyclada) in floodouts.

Wcs White Cliffs Sandplains

MUL White Cliffs
White Cliffs Sandplains landscape is made up of part of the Rodges land system.
Quaternary sandplains and alluvial plains with low sandy rises, relief to 3m. Sandy calcareous
red earths and texture-contrast soils on the plains with open mulga (Acacia aneura), shrubs
and grasses. Brown clays with strong surface crusts on alluvial plains with belah (Casuarina
cristata), cabbage-tree wattle (Acacia cana), leopardwood (Flindersia maculosa), turpentine
(Eremophila sturtii) and grasses. Pans of texture-contrast soils with calcareous subsoils with
lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) and fringing black
box (Eucalyptus largiflorens).

Wct
White Cliffs Tablelands and Downs
MUL White Cliffs
White Cliffs Tablelands and Downs landscape includes parts of fourteen land systems: Flat
Top, Glenhope, Katalpa, Nundora, Oakvale, Pelita, Pirillie, Pulchra, Pulgamurtie, Purnanga,
Quarry View, Questa Park, Womparley and Wongal.
Extensive gently undulating stony plateau escarpment, slopes and drainage lines on horizontal
Cretaceous sandstone, mudstone and Tertiary silcrete, relief more than 30m. Partly obscured
by sandplain and associated floodplains with extensive scalded areas, relief to 2m. Mainly
shallow acidic reddish-brown lithosols and reddish-brown sandy earths. Small areas of deeper
desert loams with shallow gilgai. Contour bands of stone-free red cracking clays and stony
red desert loams with hardpans. Floodplains with grey cracking clays and large areas of
yellow and red-brown texture-contrast soils.

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Mulga (Acacia aneura), western bloodwood (Corymbia terminalis), umbrella mulga (Acacia
brachystachya), black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata), belah (Casuarina cristata),
rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), leopardwood (Flindersia maculosa), desert poplar
(Codonocarpus cotinifolius), silver cassia (Senna artemisiodes), cabbage-tree wattle (Acacia
cana), narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata) and grasses on the plateau and escarpment.
Poorly developed contour banding on lower slopes, mulga groves and bimble box (Eucalyptus
populnea) in major drainage lines. Floodplains with isolated whitewood (Atalaya
hemiglauca), river cooba (Acacia stenophylla), gidgee (Acacia cambagei), coolibah
(Eucalyptus microtheca), three-winged bluebush (Maireana triptera), lignum (Muehlenbeckia
cunninghamii), neverfail (Eragrostis setifolia), Mitchell grass (Astrebla sp.), rigid panic
(Panicum prolutum), annual saltbushes (Atriplex sp.), bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria),
black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata), bottlewasher (Enneapogon sp.) and streaked-poverty
bush (Sclerolaena tricuspis). Drainage lines support belah, rosewood and some river red gum
(Eucalyptus camaldulensis).

NAN - Descriptions for Landscapes in the Nandewar

Bioregion
Meso: NAN Ashford

Ask
Ashford Karst
NAN Ashford
Steep rocky hills and open valley on Permo-Carboniferous massive limestone with karst
features of caves and sinkholes. Folded and faulted limestone outcrop structurally controlled.
General elevation 500m, local relief 50 to 80m. Thin, dark, alkaline, pedal clays on limestone,
brown gritty texture-contrast soils on adjacent slopes on lithic sandstones, hornfels and
granite. Woodland with; white box (Eucalyptus albens), inland grey box (Eucalyptus
microcarpa), and kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus) on the limestone.
Ash
Ashford Mole Valleys
NAN Ashford
Wide valleys and low rolling hills on gently dipping Permo-Carboniferous lithic sandstones,
mudstones, conglomerate and some tuffaceous sediments. General elevation 300 to 400m,
local relief 75m. Rock outcrop with thin sands on upper slopes. Uniform to gradational
yellow loamy sands and yellow texture-contrast soils on shale benches, lower slopes and
valley floors. Woodland species include; tumbledown red gum (Eucalyptus dealbata),
Caleys ironbark (Eucalyptus caleyi) and black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri) on rocky
ridges, narrow-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra) and orange gum (Eucalyptus prava) on
slopes, yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) and rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda.)
on floodplains with river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) along the stream banks.
Ber
Bebo Ranges and Slopes
NAN Ashford
Moderately steep, rocky ranges with tor covered peaks and low angle coarse sand debris
slopes with boulders on Permian granite. Cut by deep gorges of major streams, general
elevation 400 to 760m, local relief 250m. Gritty shallow uniform profiles merging to tallow
harsh red and yellow texture-contrast soils that are prone to gully development on lower
slopes. Granite peaks have locally endemic joint crevice heath communities. Woodland of
tumbledown red gum (Eucalyptus dealbata), black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri), red
ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), narrow-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra) with a variety
of shrubs such as silver wattle (Acacia dealbata) and cough bush (Cassinia laevis) and sparse
grasses. Poorly drained alluvium on valley floors with silver-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus

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melanophloia) and bull oak (Allocasuarina luehmannii). Small areas of dry closed forest in
protected sites.

Duc
Dumaresq Channels
NAN Ashford
Channel, floodplain and terraces of the Dumaresq River on Quaternary sands and gravels.
General elevation 300 to 400m, local relief 25m. Undifferentiated sand and loamy sand
alluvium. Gallery forest of mixed river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), river oak
(Casuarina cunninghamiana) with understorey of weeping bottle brush (Callistemon
viminalis), and river paperbark (Melaleuca trichostachya) with spiny-headed matt rush
(Lomandra longifolia), tall sedge (Carex appressa), and giant sedge (Cyperus exaltatus).
Dug Dumaresq Gorges
NAN Ashford
Steep rocky slopes with massive outcrop and tor topography of gorges cut through Permian
granite of the Bebo Range Landscape. Rapids in the Severn River. General elevation 400 to
480m, local relief 80m. Abundant rock outcrop with thin uniform coarse sands and clayey
sand between boulders. Coarse sands and massive boulders in stream beds. Sparse to dense
stunted woodland of; tumbledown red gum (Eucalyptus dealbata), white cypress pine
(Callitris glaucophylla), black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri), Port Jackson fig (Ficus
rubiginosa) with river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) along the stream banks.
Mov Mole Valley
NAN Ashford
Channel, floodplain and terraces of the Mole River on Quaternary alluvium below lower
Permian conglomerate, lithic sandstone and minor siltstone. General elevation 370 to 600m,
local relief 30m. Sand and loamy sand on the floodplain, gradational sandy loam on terraces.
River oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) and some river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis)
along the streams, rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda) and yellow box (Eucalyptus
melliodora) on the floodplain and terrace remnants.
Meso: NAN Inverell
Inb
Inverell Basalts
NAN Inverell
Undulating low hills of the New England Plateau on extensive basalt flows of a Tertiary lava
field. Sub-basaltic sands and gravels exposed at the edges of the flows. General elevation 450
to 900m, local relief 20 to 50m. Long hill slopes are stepped across different lava flows and
have a marked break of slope where buried sands and gravels are exposed Black structured
loam and clay thickening down slope to dense sticky black clay in drainage lines. Most basalt
soils have high nutrient levels and good water holding capacity. Exposed Tertiary sands have
coarse sandy soils that may develop podsol pans. Upper slopes with woodland to open forest
of; white box (Eucalyptus albens), silver-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus melanophloia), red
ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon). Lower slopes; yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora),
rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyii).
Manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) in valleys and around ridge top rock outcrops with
occasional snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora). River oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) along
all streams.
Ins
Inverell Plateau Slopes
NAN Inverell
Moderately steep hills and slopes with strong development of western drainage on the margin
of the Inverell Basalts landscape. Mixed zone of Tertiary basalt and colluvial and alluvial
debris derived from basalt with some exposure of underlying Permian granite and Palaeozoic
and Mesozoic sandstones. General elevation 500 to 700m, local relief 50 to 80m. Basalts
develop gradational structured loam profiles that thicken down slope and merge with dark
clay on valley floors. Soils on sedimentary rocks and granite are red to yellow uniform or
gradational earthy sand with occasional yellow texture-contrast soils on lower slopes.
Woodland of; white box (Eucalyptus albens), silver-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus
melanophloia), red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), Caleys ironbark (Eucalyptus caleyi),

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grading to lower slopes with yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), rough-barked apple
(Angophora floribunda), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyii) and white cypress pine
(Callitris glaucophylla). River oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) and occasional river red
gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) along the streams.

Meso: NAN Kaputar

Bsa
Belata Sands
NAN Kaputar
Westward sloping plains and downs with ephemeral creek channels on Tertiary poorly
cemented gravels, sand and clay. General elevation 220 to 260m, local relief <10m. Redbrown to red-yellow earths uniform or gradational profiles. Belah (Casuarina cristata)
woodlands with grasses and patches of bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea).
Kpf
Kaputar Hill Crest Flows and Sands
NAN Kaputar
Remains of a Tertiary central volcano with a thick sequence of basaltic lavas. Benched slopes
mark different lava flows. General elevation 500 to 1000m, local relief 250m. Frequent rock
outcrop interspersed with shallow stony brown loams. Black earth on lower slopes and
valleys. Silver-topped stringybark (Eucalyptus laevopinea), mountain gum (Eucalyptus
dalrympleana), broad-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus caliginosa), black cypress pine
(Callitris endlicheri), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), silver-leaved ironbark
(Eucalyptus melanophloia), narrow-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra), red stringybark
(Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), tumbledown red gum (Eucalyptus dealbata), Dwyers mallee
gum (Eucalyptus dwyeri) and patches of mallee and heath on stony ridges.
Kps
Kaputar Slopes
NAN Kaputar
Lower slopes of the Kaputar volcanic complex with radiating finger-like ridges capped by
basalt over lower Permian and Triassic quartz sandstone, lithic sandstone, silty sandstone,
conglomerate and thin coal measures. General elevation 300 to 500m, local relief 80m.
Shallow stony red-brown loam and clay loam in uniform profiles on basalt, yellow and
yellow-brown texture-contrast profile on sandstone, deep black earths in lowest valleys.
Kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), white box
(Eucalyptus albens), rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda) and Blakelys red gum
(Eucalyptus blakelyii) on lower slopes and valleys.
Kpt
Kaputar Tops
NAN Kaputar
Rugged steep rocky hills and peaks, exposed volcanic plugs and dykes of trachyte of the
Tertiary Kaputar volcano. Elevation 1000 to 1510m, local relief 400m. Thin stony brown
structured loams. Snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) and manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis),
on the highest tops with silvertop stringybark (Eucalyptus laevopinea), mountain gum
(Eucalyptus dalrympleana), broad-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus caliginosa), rough-barked
mountain gum (Eucalyptus aff. Cypellocarpa) and diverse heaths. Small areas of dry
rainforest in sheltered locations.

Meso: NAN Peel

Atk
Attunga Karst
NAN Peel
Limited areas middle Devonian steep dipping massive limestones with some karst features.
General elevation 400m, local relief 50 to 100m. Dark, alkaline, pedal uniform or gradational
clay. Open woodland of white box (Eucalyptus albens), rough-barked apple (Angophora
floribunda), lightwood (Acacia implexa), cooba (Acacia salicina) and Port Jackson fig (Ficus
rubiginosa).
Bwm

Baldwin Mountains

NAN Peel

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Steep asymmetric ranges on shallow dipping Devonian sandstone, conglomerate and

mudstone. General elevation 450 to 890m, local relief 300m. Extensive rock outcrop on the
edge of benches defined by bedding, thin stony loam, with occasional development of redyellow texture-contrast profiles over mudstone units. Deeper gradational and stony texturecontrast soils on slope aprons. No specific vegetation information is available, expected
species include; tumbledown red gum (Eucalyptus dealbata), black cypress pine (Callitris
endlicheri), ironbarks (Eucalyptus spp.) and stringybarks (Eucalyptus spp.).

Gph Gap Hills

NAN Peel
Moderately steep asymmetric range on shallow dipping Carboniferous conglomerate, lithic
sandstone, tuff and interbedded volcanics. General elevation 400 to 690m, local relief 200m.
Extensive rock outcrop, thin stony loam, with occasional development of red-yellow texturecontrast profiles. Deeper gradational and stony texture-contrast soils on slope aprons. No
specific vegetation information is available, expected species include; tumbledown red gum
(Eucalyptus dealbata), black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri), ironbarks (Eucalyptus spp.)
and stringybarks (Eucalyptus spp.).
Kvr
Kelvin Range
NAN Peel
Steep ranges with wide debris aprons on moderately dipping Carboniferous sandstone,
conglomerate, rhyodacite and tuff. General elevation 300 to 890m, local relief 500m. Shallow
stony sandy loam on ridges and slopes, texture-contrast in rubbly debris on the colluvial apron
shifting in colour from red brown on upper slopes to yellow on lower slopes. No specific
vegetation information is available, expected species include; tumbledown red gum
(Eucalyptus dealbata), black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri), ironbarks (Eucalyptus spp.)
and stringybarks (Eucalyptus spp.) on the slopes grading to white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla), white box (Eucalyptus albens) and western species on the lower slopes.
Nun Nundle Hills
NAN Peel
Complex of rounded steep hills on faulted steep dipping Devonian-Carboniferous felspathic
sandstone, mudstone and conglomerate. General elevation 450 to 1130m, local relief 300m.
Yellow harsh texture-contrast soils with uniform loam along valley floors Woodland of; white
box (Eucalyptus albens), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), yellow box (Eucalyptus
melliodora), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyii), with red ironbark (Eucalyptus
sideroxylon) on stony crests, mountain gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana) on floodplains, river
oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) and some river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) along
the stream banks. Hilly areas with woodland of; broad-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus
caliginosa), Youmans stringybark (Eucalyptus youmanii), white box (Eucalyptus albens),
orange gum (Eucalyptus prava), red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), black cypress pine
(Callitris endlicheri) and yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora).
Pef
Peel Channels and Floodplain
NAN Peel
Channel, floodplain, swamps, lagoons and terrace remnants on Quaternary alluvium, general
elevation 300 to 550m, local relief 20m. Downstream of Attunga the river is incised across
the geological structure. River oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) in higher sectors of the
channel merging with river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) as the floodplain widens.
Rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda) and yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) on the
floodplain.
Slp
Slippery Rock Range
NAN Peel
Steep structurally controlled linear ranges on moderately steep dipping folded Carboniferous
lithic sandstone, conglomerate, and interbedded acid and intermediate volcanics. The main
ridge and peaks are formed by a resistant andesite unit. General elevation 500 to 930m, local
relief 350m. Shallow stony sandy loam on ridges, benches and slopes, texture-contrast on
some benches and on rubbly debris on the colluvial apron, red-brown on upper slopes and
yellow on lower slopes. No specific vegetation information is available, expected species

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include; Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyii), orange gum (Eucalyptus prava),
tumbledown red gum (Eucalyptus dealbata), black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri),
ironbarks (Eucalyptus spp.) and stringybarks (Eucalyptus spp.) on the slopes grading to white
cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), white box (Eucalyptus albens) and western species on
the lower slopes. Manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) and possibly snow gum (Eucalyptus
pauciflora) on highest peaks.

Spy
Split Yard Plateau
NAN Peel
Complex ranges and steep sided peaks on folded and faulted Devonian and Carboniferous
conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone, andesite and tuff. The main range has a central valley
within a synclinal fold and the high peaks are formed by a rhyodacite unit. General elevation
600 to 910m, local relief 200m. Shallow stony sandy loam on ridges, stony gradational loam
and red-yellow texture-contrast on lower slopes. No specific vegetation information is
available, expected species include; Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyii), orange gum
(Eucalyptus prava), tumbledown red gum (Eucalyptus dealbata), black cypress pine (Callitris
endlicheri), ironbarks (Eucalyptus spp.) and stringybarks (Eucalyptus spp.) on the slopes
grading to white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), white box (Eucalyptus albens) and
western species on the lower slopes. Manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) and possibly snow
gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) on highest peaks.
Tmw Tamworth - Keepit Slopes and Plains
NAN Peel
Extensive area of undulating to rolling slopes and plains with low hills and low ranges
forming the western fall of the New England plateau. Complex geology of folded and faulted
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks with minor interbedded volcanics. Rock types include;
Silurian-Devonian chert, slate, phyllite, tuff, schist and Carboniferous conglomerate,
sandstone, mudstone, andesite and small areas of limestone. General elevation 500 to 800m,
local relief 250m, with some peaks reaching 1100m. Shallow stony soils on ridges. Texturecontrast soils on almost all slopes shifting in colour from red-brown on upper slopes to yellow
with harsh subsoils prone to gully development on lower slopes. White box (Eucalyptus
albens) grassy woodlands, with yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), Blakelys red gum
(Eucalyptus blakelyii), cooba (Acacia salicina) and lightwood (Acacia implexa) on lower
slopes. Rough barked apple (Angophora floribunda) and yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora)
on flats. River oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) along major streams with river red gum
(Eucalyptus camaldulensis) increasing to the west. Patches of red stringybark (Eucalyptus
macrorhyncha) and red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon) on steeper slopes in the east.
Nee
The Needles Basalt Peaks
NAN Peel
Steep conical mountain peaks linked by steep structurally controlled ridges on Tertiary quartz
dolerite intrusive volcanic rock. General elevation 450 to 940m, local relief 350m. No
specific soils or vegetation information is available. Soils are expected to be stony brown
structured loam and clay loam. Vegetation species expected include; white box (Eucalyptus
albens), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyii), orange gum (Eucalyptus prava),
tumbledown red gum (Eucalyptus dealbata), black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri),
ironbarks (Eucalyptus spp.) and stringybarks (Eucalyptus spp.) on the slopes. Manna gum
(Eucalyptus viminalis) and possibly snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) on highest peaks.
Patches of dry closed forest and rainforest understorey species such as figs (Ficus spp.) are
likely.
Uga
Upper Gwydir Channels and Floodplain
NAN Peel
Narrow channel, floodplain and terrace remnants of the Gwydir River and tributaries in its
headwaters on the New England plateau and crossing the western slopes. General
elevation300 to 800m, local relief nominal 20 to 40m. River oak (Casuarina
cunninghamiana) along the banks at higher elevation merging with river red gum (Eucalyptus
camaldulensis) at lower levels. Rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda), white box
(Eucalyptus albens) and yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) on the floodplain.

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Wck Werris Creek Basalt Hills and Valleys

NAN Peel
Undulating plain with low hills on gently folded lower Permian basalt, tuff and tuffaceous
sandstone, general elevation 500 to 550m, local relief 30 to 50m. Brown and red brown
gradational structured loam and clay loam merging with black sticky clay along streamlines.
Profiles thicken down slope and are of moderate fertility. White box (Eucalyptus albens)
grassy woodland originally widespread, now much cleared. Forest red gum (Eucalyptus
tereticornis), red stringy bark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha) and black cypress pine (Callitris
endlicheri) on slopes. River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) along streams.
Wds Woods Reef Serpentinite
NAN Peel
Steep stony hills along a linear outcrop of lower Permian serpentinite and associated basic
and ultrabasic intrusive rocks, general elevation 500 to 930m, local relief 200 to 350m. the
serpentinites have shallow stony profiles with concentrations of elements that are toxic to
many plants. Vegetation communities on these sites are always different from adjacent areas
but little work has been done. Known species include; a grassy woodland with an undescribed
stringybark (Eucalyptus spp.) similar to red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), roughbarked apple (Angophora floribunda), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), lightwood
(Acacia implexa), kangaroo thorn (Acacia paradoxa), northern silver wattle (Acacia
leucoclada), grass tree Xanthorrhoea glauca, and Triodia scariosa on northern slopes.
Undescribed species of; Homopholis spp., Hovea spp., Callistemon spp., Dianella spp.,
Minuria spp., Glycine spp. and Brachycome spp., are known to be present.

NET - Descriptions for Landscapes in the New England

Tablelands Bioregion
Meso: NET Armidale

Dsm Dingo Spur Meta-sediments

NET Armidale
Steep ranges and hills intersected by a dendritic drainage pattern leading into deep gorges
with high waterfalls on the Great Escarpment, extends west onto the tablelands. Gorges
incised into faulted, steep dipping Devonian quartzose sandstone, greywacke, massive
argillite and slate. Tablelands area on Permo-Carboniferous mudstone, lithic sandstone, tuff,
slate, hornfels and some schist. General elevation 300 to 1400m, local relief 600m. Shallow
stony loam on steep scree slopes with moderate organic content. Shallow gradational loam
and sandy loam elsewhere with deeper uniform profiles in low valleys. A very complex
vegetation environment encompassing coastal closed forests, dry hardwood forests and cold
high plateau components. Open forest of New England blackbutt (Eucalyptus andrewsii ssp.
campanulata), messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua), silvertop stringybark (Eucalyptus laevopinea)
with New England peppermint (Eucalyptus cinerea), snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) and
black sallee (Eucalyptus stellulata) in high cool environments. Dry closed forest species such
as; shatterwood (Backhousia sciadophora), giant stinging tree (Dendrocnide excelsa), shinyleaved stinging tree (Dendrocnide photinophylla), and yellow tulip (Drypetes australasica) in
lower moister environments and in patches on scree slopes where protected from fire. River
oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) along all streams and dry hardwood forests of; yellow box
(Eucalyptus melliodora), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyii), broad-leaved stringybark
(Eucalyptus caliginosa) and cabbage gum (Eucalyptus amplifolia) on valley floors.
Meso: NET Basalts
Etb

Ebor Tops Basalt

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NET Basalts

Hilly benched plateau with deeply dissected margin formed on Tertiary basalt with minor
trachyte. General elevation 1200 to 1500m, local relief 150m. Highest and steepest above the
Great Escarpment with 2000mm rainfall. Deep brown to red-brown well structured loams
with high organic content. Stony profiles on trachyte. Waterlogged clayey peat in some
valleys. Snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora), black sallee (Eucalyptus stellulata) woodland
with New England peppermint (Eucalyptus cinerea), messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua), manna
gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), shining gum (Eucalyptus nitens), and brown barrel (Eucalyptus
fastigata). Sphagnum (Sphagnum cristatum) peat, New England mallee ash (Eucalyptus
approximans) heaths on siliceous soils.

Gsb
Glenn Innes - Guyra Basalts
NET Basalts
Undulating to stepped hilly plateau with broad ridges, wide shallow valleys and high rounded
peaks on Tertiary basalt, general elevation 700 to 1510m, local relief 300m, average level of
the landscape 1300m. Brown structured stony loam and clay loam, on slopes, occasional red
structured loam with gradational profiles and deep dark self-mulching sticky clay on the
valley floors. Open woodland with snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora), black sallee
(Eucalyptus stellulata), manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), silvertop stringybark (Eucalyptus
laevopinea), and New England peppermint (Eucalyptus cinerea) in higher areas grading to
woodland of white box (Eucalyptus albens), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), roughbarked apple (Angophora floribunda) with manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) along streams
in lower areas. Extensive grassy understorey.
Meso: NET Glenn Innes - Guyra Lake Basins
Gls
Guyra Lagoons and Swamps NET Glenn Innes - Guyra Lake Basins
Closed drainage basins forming shallow swamps and lagoons on the Guyra plateau. Some
form on Tertiary basalt and others appear to be deflation basins in granite. Most have a low
clayey lunette on the eastern margin. General elevation 1300 to 1400m, local relief <10m.
Water levels vary over decades, and some drainage works have been undertaken but the
lagoons are mostly permanent and support aquatic plants such as tall spike rush and sedges.
Snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) woodlands on the lunettes with occasional mountain gum
(Eucalyptus dalrympleana), wattle-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus nicholii), New England
peppermint (Eucalyptus cinerea) and silver wattle (Acacia dealbata).
Meso: NET Granites
Etg
Ebor Tops Granite
NET Granites
Benched plateau with rounded low hills and swampy valleys on Permian granite and
granodiorite. General elevation 100 to 1600m, local relief 350m. Domed rock outcrop on the
peak, shallow uniform siliceous sand grading to yellow and gleyed texture-contrast soils in
valleys. Peak and ridges with shrubby open forest of; stunted broad-leaved stringybark
(Eucalyptus caliginosa), New England blackbutt (Eucalyptus andrewsii ssp. andrewsii),
wattle-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus nicholii), narrow-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus
radiata), mountain gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana). Forest of messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua)
and manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) in sheltered valleys with cool temperate closed forest
species. Mountain gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana), apple box (Eucalyptus bridgesiana), New
England peppermint (Eucalyptus cinerea) and snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) above
sedgeland and wet heath in wide valleys.
Gtg
Guyra Tops Granite
NET Granites
Undulating high plains and rounded peaks on Permian granite, granodiorite and other
intrusive rocks that form the substrate for, and surround the Glenn Innes - Guyra Basalt
landscape. General elevation 1300 to 1480m, local relief 250m. Gritty yellow texture-contrast
soils. Woodland and open forest of; New England peppermint (Eucalyptus cinerea), snow
gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora), black sallee (Eucalyptus stellulata), Blakelys red gum

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(Eucalyptus blakelyii), narrow-leaved black peppermint (Eucalyptus nicholii) and mountain

gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana).

Ing
Inverell Plateau Granites
NET Granites
Widely distributed and defined undulating plateau with domed peaks on Permian New
England granites and granodiorites. Several intrusions have distinctive contact ridges of
metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. The area includes Permian acid volcanics and pyroclastics
and some undifferentiated Permo-Carboniferous mudstone and lithic sandstone. General
elevation 900 to 1500m, local relief 200m. The highest elevations are along the eastern edge
above the Great escarpment, most of the plateau lies ate 900 to 1200m. As mapped this is a
large landscape and it might require subdivision on the basis of vegetation. Domed rock
outcrop is common with tors. Shallow gritty loam thickens downs lope to red or yellow earthy
sand and red, red-yellow and yellow texture-contrast soil on lower slopes and valley floors.
Wide valleys may have deep dark clay deposits in swampy streamlines. The vegetation varies
with topography, soil, drainage and temperature.
In dry areas open forest of; silvertop stringybark (Eucalyptus laevopinea), broad-leaved
stringybark (Eucalyptus caliginosa), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyii), narrow-leaved
peppermint (Eucalyptus radiata), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), apple box (Eucalyptus
bridgesiana), red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), Caleys ironbark (Eucalyptus caleyi),
rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda) and black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri).
In moist areas open forest of; New England peppermint (Eucalyptus cinerea), manna gum
(Eucalyptus viminalis), mountain gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana), New England blackbutt
(Eucalyptus andrewsii ssp. campanulata), diehard stringybark (Eucalyptus cameronii),
Deanes gum (Eucalyptus deanei), messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua), privet-leaved stringybark
(Eucalyptus ligustrina), Youmans stringybark (Eucalyptus youmanii), swamp gum
(Eucalyptus camphora), Gibraltar rock blackbutt (Eucalyptus pyrocarpa), tumbledown red
gum (Eucalyptus dealbata) and orange gum (Eucalyptus prava) sometimes with closed forest
species in the understorey especially in the eastern parts of the landscape.
In cold areas snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora), black sallee (Eucalyptus stellulata)
woodlands are the norm with manna gum and mountain gum along some streams.
Most granite peaks have specialised joint crevice heath communities typically with about 100
plant genera and almost always containing local endemic species. In this landscape the
following communities are recognised; Gonocarpus teucriodes - Isotoma axillaris herbfield
with black cypress pine, orange gum, tumbledown red gum, Caleys ironbark, and western
New England blackbutt. Babingtonia densifolia - Homoranthus prolixus shrubland with black
cypress pine, orange gum, tumbledown red gum, and Acacia neriifolia. New England tea tree
- Brachyloma saxicola heath on the escarpment of the Gibraltar Range with New England
mallee ash (Eucalyptus approximans), diehard stringybark, apple box, forest oak
(Allocasuarina torulosa), black cypress pine and orange gum.

Mnb Moonbi - Walcha Granites

NET Granites
Complex of steep ranges, plateau and rounded peaks with abundant large tors and rock domes
on Permian granite, granodiorite and porphyry, general elevation 500 to 1320m, local relief
100 to 300m with the plateau at an average of 1000 to 1150m. Soils vary with rock type,
depth of alteration and topographic position. Thin gritty loams near rock outcrop on crests,
uniform to gradational earths on gentle slopes and red and yellow texture-contrast profiles in
valleys. Vegetation also varies and includes open forest and woodland of; white cypress pine
(Callitris glaucophylla), white box (Eucalyptus albens), Caleys ironbark (Eucalyptus caleyi),
tumbledown red gum (Eucalyptus dealbata), silver-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus
melanophloia), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), orange gum (Eucalyptus prava),
silvertop stringybark (Eucalyptus laevopinea), western golden wattle (Acacia decora),
lightwood (Acacia implexa), kangaroo thorn (Acacia paradoxa), and hickory wattle (Acacia
obliquinervia) on lower western slopes. Prostanthera nivea - Acacia viscidula shrubland

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adjacent to rock outcrop with; orange gum, black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri),
tumbledown red gum, kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus), and Port Jackson fig (Ficus
rubiginosa).

Meso: NET Sediments and Meta-sediments

Brv
Bundarra Valley
NET Sediments and Meta-sediments
Rolling hills and the valley of the upper Gwydir River surrounded by ranges in adjacent
landscapes on Carboniferous folded greywacke, claystone, chert and basic volcanics, general
elevation 650 to 1050m, local relief 200m. Yellow harsh texture-contrast soils with some
accumulation of uniform loam along the river floodplain. Central valley and hills woodland
of; white box (Eucalyptus albens), red stringybark (Eucalyptus. macrorhyncha), yellow box
(Eucalyptus melliodora), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyii), with red ironbark
(Eucalyptus sideroxylon) on stony crests, mountain gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana) on
floodplains and river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) along the stream banks. Hilly
margins with woodland of; broad-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus caliginosa), Youmans
stringybark (Eucalyptus youmanii), white box (Eucalyptus albens), orange gum (Eucalyptus
prava), red ironbark, black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri) and yellow box (Eucalyptus
melliodora).
Meso: NET Walcha
Ams Apsley Meta-sediments
NET Walcha
Steep ranges and hills intersected by a dendritic drainage pattern leading into deep gorges
with high waterfalls on the Great Escarpment. Gorges incised into faulted, steep dipping
Silurian-Devonian and Permian greywacke, claystone, chert, jasper quartzite, schist, phyllite,
slate, tuff, basic volcanics and some limestone. General elevation 400 to 1250m, local relief
600m. Shallow stony loam on steep scree slopes with moderate organic content, shallow
gradation loam and sandy loam elsewhere. A very complex vegetation environment
encompassing coastal closed forests, dry hardwood forests and cold high plateau components.
Open forest of New England blackbutt (Eucalyptus andrewsii ssp. campanulata), messmate
(Eucalyptus obliqua), silvertop stringybark (Eucalyptus laevopina) with New England
peppermint (Eucalyptus nova-anglica), snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) and black sallee
(Eucalyptus stellulata) in high cool environments. Narrow-leaved black peppermint
(Eucalyptus cinerea) and Hillgrove gum (Eucalyptus michaeliana) on plateau margins. Dry
closed forest species such as; shatterwood (Backhousia sciadophora), giant stinging tree
(Dendrocnide excelsa), shiny-leaved stinging tree (Dendrocnide photinophylla), and yellow
tulip (Drypetes australasica) in lower moister environments and in patches on scree slopes
where protected from fire. River oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) along all streams and dry
hardwood forests of; yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus
blakelyii), broad-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus caliginosa) and cabbage gum (Eucalyptus
amplifolia) on low valley floors.
Nia
Niangala Plateau and Slopes
NET Walcha
High rolling plateau on steeply dipping Devonian slate, phyllite, tuff, sandstone,
conglomerate, chert and jasper, faulted Permian conglomerate, sandstone and mudstone,
Carboniferous sandstone, slate and schist with small areas of Permian granite, general
elevation 1050 to 1400m, local relief 100m. Substrate to the Tia Tops Landscape. Yellow and
brown texture-contrast soils with deeper loam on alluvium. Woodland of snow gum
(Eucalyptus pauciflora) and black sallee (Eucalyptus stellulata) on western ridges, with
manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) and mountain gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana) on midslopes and New England peppermint (Eucalyptus cinerea) in the valleys on cold sites. Open
forest of; broad-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus caliginosa), yellow box (Eucalyptus
melliodora), narrow-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus radiata), and narrow-leaved black
peppermint (Eucalyptus nicholii) on better soils. Tall open forest of; New England blackbutt

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(Eucalyptus andrerwsii ssp. campanulata), silver-top stringybark (Eucalyptus laevopinea),

diehard stringybark (Eucalyptus cameronii), narrow-leaved peppermint, on moist margins of
the plateau and grey box (Eucalyptus molucanna), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora),
Youmans stringybark (Eucalyptus youmanii) on dry margins. Silvertop stringybark and
lightwood (Acacia implexa) with white box (Eucalyptus albens) on northern slopes.

Tia
Tia Tops
NET Walcha
Small plateau with conical peaks and stepped slopes on Tertiary basalt immediately above the
Great Escarpment, general elevation 1100 to 1425m, local relief 200m. Red to brown
structured loam and clay loam gradational profiles with high fertility. Open forest to tall open
forest of; brown barrel (Eucalyptus fastigata), messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua), silvertop
stringybark (Eucalyptus laevopinea), and manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) and as closed
forests in protected valleys with cool temperate closed forest species in the understorey.
Urs
Uralla Basalts and Sands
NET Walcha
Undulating stepped high plateau on Tertiary basalt with underlying fluvial sand and gravel
resting on an exhumed landscape of Permian granites. General elevation 950 to 1250m, local
relief 150m. Red structured loams on ridges, brown structured gradational clay loams on
slopes, dark self-mulching clays in valleys and red or yellow earth on sands and exposed
granite. Open forest or woodland of manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) with some roughbarked apple (Angophora floribunda). Snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) and black sallee
(Eucalyptus stellulata) on cold valley floors and exposed peaks. Silvertop stringybark
(Eucalyptus laevopinea), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) and Blakelys red gum
(Eucalyptus blakelyii) on lower elevations in the west.
Ybb Yarrowitch Basalt Plateau
NET Walcha
Small plateau remnant on Tertiary basalt immediately above the Great Escarpment. An
easterly extension of the Tia Tops Landscape at a lower elevation and higher rainfall, general
elevation 950 to 1120m, local relief 100m. Red to brown structured loam and clay loam
gradational profiles with high fertility. Open forest to tall open forest of; brown barrel
(Eucalyptus fastigata), messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua), silvertop stringybark (Eucalyptus
laevopinea), and manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) with cool temperate closed forest species
in the understorey and as closed forest dominant communities, in protected valleys. Mostly
cleared.

NNC - Descriptions for Landscapes in the NSW North Coast

Bioregion
Meso: NNC Barrington - Gloucester
Btb
Barrington Tops Basalt
NNC Barrington - Gloucester
High plateau, peaks and ridges on Tertiary basalts, general elevation 1300 to 1600m, local
relief 100m. Basalt extends radially from the plateau capping long ridges to lower elevations.
Uniform profiles of alpine humus soils on the highest areas and deep red-brown to red
structured loam gradational profiles with thinner stony profiles on steeper slopes. Subtropical
closed forest on ridges and crests and in wider valleys of; sassafras (Doryphora sassafras),
crabapple (Schizomeria ovata), soft corkwood (Caldcluvia paniculosa), scentless rosewood
(Synoum glandulosum), churnwood (Citronella moorei), brown beech (Pennantia
cunninghamii), and yellow carabeen (Sloanea woollsii). Temperate closed forest dominated
by Antarctic beech (Nothofagus moorei) on basalt scree below cliffs.

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Btg
Barrington Tops Granite
NNC Barrington - Gloucester
High plateau and rounded peaks on Permian granite and granodiorite stratigraphically beneath
but sometimes physically above the Barrington Tops Basalt landscape. General elevation
1200 to 1600m, local relief 100m. Sandy alpine humus soils merging with red-brown
gradational earths. Open sub-alpine grasslands with snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) and
black sallee (Eucalyptus stellulata) margins on highest parts and in frost hollows. Silvertop
stringybark (Eucalyptus laevopinea), mountain gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana), mountain
mahogany (Eucalyptus notabilis), messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua), brown barrel (Eucalyptus
fastigata), manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), with shrubby understorey, grasses and fern
along stream lines at lower levels. Extensive sub-alpine valley floor sedge swamps and
isolated stands of tall grass trees (Xanthorrhoea spp.).
Btm Barrington Tops Meta-sediments
NNC Barrington - Gloucester
High plateau, peaks and ridges marginal to and lower than the Barrington Tops Granite
landscape on weakly metamorphosed Devonian siltstone and sandstone, Carboniferous
tuffaceous sandstone, mudstone, quartzose sandstone and conglomerate. Distinct radial
drainage pattern from the Barrington complex, general elevation 500 to 1200m, local relief
500m. Higher slopes with gradational structured loams support subtropical closed forest,
lower slopes and valleys with gradational and red-brown to yellow texture-contrast soils have
tall forest of Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna), tallow wood (Eucalyptus microcorys),
New England blackbutt (Eucalyptus andrewsii ssp. campanulata), rough-barked apple
(Angophora floribunda), forest oak (Allocasuarina torulosa), kangaroo grass (Themeda
triandra), blady grass (Imperata cylindrica)and bracken (Pteridium esculentum).
Mgs Manning Great Escarpment Southern Aspects
NNC
Barrington
Gloucester
Ridges and hills on weakly metamorphosed Devonian siltstone and sandstone, Carboniferous
tuffaceous sandstone, mudstone, quartzose sandstone and conglomerate. Overall southern and
eastern aspects, general elevation 400 to 800m, local relief 250m. Shallow brown earths,
grading to brown texture-contrast soils on lower slopes. Thin stony profiles on steep slopes,
yellow texture-contrast soils on high river terraces. The valleys contain forest and open forest
of spotted gum (Corymbia maculata), narrow-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra), white
mahogany (Eucalyptus acmenoides), large-fruited grey gum (Eucalyptus canaliculata),
cabbage gum (Eucalyptus amplifolia), grey box (Eucalyptus moluccana), rough-barked apple
(Angophora floribunda) and forest oak (Allocasuarina torulosa) with river oak (Casuarina
cunninghamiana) along the streams. In the east, lowland subtropical closed forest is found
with; brush box (Lophostemon confertus), Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna), yellow
carabeen (Sloanea woollsii), jackwood (Cryptocarya glaucescens), pigeonberry ash
(Cryptocarya erythroxylon), pepperberry tree (Cryptocarya obovata), bolly gum (Litsea
reticulata), sassafras (Doryphora sassafras), crabapple (Schizomeria ovata), white quandong
(Elaeocarpus kirtonii), and churnwood (Citronella moorei) with cabbage-tree palm (Livistona
australis) and bangalow palm (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana).
Mgw Manning Great Escarpment Western Aspects
NNC
Barrington
Gloucester
Folded and faulted weakly metamorphosed Devonian siltstone and sandstone, Carboniferous
tuffaceous sandstone, mudstone, quartzose sandstone lithic sandstone, conglomerate and
limited limestone. Overall western aspect, general elevation 400 to 800m, local relief 250m.
Shallow brown earths, grading to brown texture-contrast soils on lower slopes with harsh
subsoils. Thin stony profiles on steep slopes, yellow texture-contrast soils on high river
terraces. Woodland of; white box (Eucalyptus albens), silvertop stringybark (Eucalyptus
laevopinea), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis)
grading south and east to forest of; white mahogany (Eucalyptus acmenoides), large-fruited
grey gum (Eucalyptus canaliculata), tallow wood (Eucalyptus microcorys), silvertop
stringybark (Eucalyptus laevopinea) with grasses and ferns.

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Mrr Mount Royal Ridges

NNC Barrington - Gloucester
Steep ridges climbing to the Mount Royal Tops landscape on Devonian conglomerate,
breccia, greywacke, cherty argillite and mudstone, with some Carboniferous mudstone and
lithic sandstone. General elevation 400 to 700m, local relief 200m. Red-brown texturecontrast soils of variable depth related to slope angle. Subtropical closed forest similar to
Barrington Tops Basalt Landscape under the escarpment and along upper parts of streams.
River oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) and sandpaper fig (Ficus coronata) as a gallery forest
along lower parts of streams.
Mrt
Mount Royal Tops
NNC Barrington - Gloucester
High ridges on Tertiary basalts extending radially from a central high spine to lower
elevations, general elevation 600 to 1100m, local relief 250m. Uniform profiles of deep redbrown to red structured loam and thinner stony gradational profiles on steeper slopes. Tall
moist forest of New England blackbutt (Eucalyptus campanulata), Sydney blue gum
(Eucalyptus saligna), tallow wood (Eucalyptus microcorys), rough-barked apple (Angophora
floribunda), forest oak (Allocasuarina torulosa), kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra), blady
grass (Imperata cylindrica) and bracken (Pteridium esculentum).
Sgf
Scone - Gloucester Foothills
NNC Barrington - Gloucester
Foothills and ranges rising to the Manning Great Escarpment landscapes on extensively
faulted Carboniferous tuffaceous sandstone and pyroclastics, conglomerate, mudstone, lithic
sandstone, some limestone, and acid tuff. General elevation 200 to 600m, local relief 200m.
Thin stony loams and red brown to yellow texture-contrast soils with harsh subsoils in
valleys. Tall woodland and forest of; spotted gum (Corymbia maculata), large-fruited grey
gum (Eucalyptus canaliculata), white stringybark (Eucalyptus globoidea), narrow-leaved
ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra), rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda), forest red gum
(Eucalyptus tereticornis), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), white box (Eucalyptus
albens), with shrubs and grasses. Depauperate closed forest elements under cliff lines and in
narrow protected valleys. Swamp oak (Casuarina glauca) along slightly brackish drainage
lines otherwise river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) along most streams.
Meso: NNC Basalt Plateau
Com Comboyne Plateau
NNC Basalt Plateau
Small plateau on Tertiary basalt and dolerite with several trachyte plugs forming conical
peaks. General elevation 630 to 700m, peaks to 850m. Deep friable red loam. Mostly cleared
originally covered by; yellow carabeen (Sloanea woollsii), scentless rosewood (Synoum
glandulosum), black booyong (Argyrondendron actinophyllum) and soft corkwood
(Caldcluvia paniculosa).
Dob Dorrigo Basalts
NNC Basalt Plateau
Elongate ridge top plateau on Tertiary basalt flows, eastern extension of the Ebor Tops
landscape at lower elevation. General elevation 800 to 900m, local relief 50m. Deep, red and
red-brown well structured loams with high organic content in the topsoil and high fertility.
Originally a major area of mixed warm temperate and cool temperate closed forest now
mostly cleared. Subtropical closed forest of; red cedar (Toona australis), black booyong
(Argyrondendron actinophyllum), and socketwood (Daphnandra micrantha). Areas of;
shatterwood (Backhousia sciadophora), giant stinging tree (Dendrocnide excelsa), shinyleaved stinging tree (Dendrocnide photinophylla), and yellow tulip (Drypetes australasica).
Warm temperate species include; coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum), native tamarind
(Diploglottis australis), lilly pilly (Acmena spp.), pink cherry (Austrobuxus swainii), and
honeysuckle bush (Triunia youngiana). Cool temperate and moist hardwood species include;
Antarctic beech (Nothofagus moorei), blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon), forest oak
(Allocasuarina torulosa), coast banksia (Banksia integrifolia). The area contains a number of

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endemics including; Dorrigo waratah (Oreocallis pinnata), Dorrigo laurel (Cryptocarya spp.)
and Dorrigo plum (Endiandra introrsa).

Meso: NNC Coastal Barriers

Mmb Manning - Macleay Barriers and Beaches
NNC Coastal Barriers
Beaches, dunes, swamps and lagoons on Quaternary coastal sands, with inner and outer
barrier dune sequences, general elevation 0 to 25m, local relief 10 to 20m. Yellow or white
single grain quartz sand on destabilised dunes, well developed iron and humic podsols with
depth to pan varying with position in the dune sequence, topography and depth to
groundwater. Outer barrier; foredune with coast Spinifex coast wattle (Acacia sophorae), and
coast tea tree (Leptospermum laevigatum). Hind dunes with blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis),
pink bloodwood (Corymbia. intermedia), old man banksia (Banksia serrata) and rainforest
elements including blue lilly pilly (Syzygium oleosum), green tamarind (Elattostachys
nervosa), native guava (Rhodomyrtus psidioides), plum pine (Podocarpus elatus), tuckeroo
(Cupaniopsis anacardioides), bauerella (Sarcomelicope simplicifolia) and vines. Swampy
lagoon zone of wet heath and swamp forest between the barriers with; dense tea tree
(Leptospermum spp.), paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia), swamp oak (Casuarina glauca),
and swamp mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta). Inner barrier dunes tall forest of; blackbutt,
northern scribbly gum (Eucalyptus signata), needlebark stringybark (Eucalyptus
planchoniana) and red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera). Wet heath with lemon scented tea
tree (Leptospermum petersonii), prickly tea tree (Leptospermum. continentale), swamp
banksia (Banksia robur) rushes and sedges.
Mfb Myall - Forster Barrier
NNC Coastal Barriers
Beaches, dunes, swamps and lagoons on Quaternary coastal sands, with inner and outer
barrier dune and swamp sequences. Active dunes where destabilised. General elevation 0 to
50m, local relief 10 to 20m. Yellow or white single grain quartz sand on destabilised dunes,
well developed iron and humic podsols with depth to pan varying with position in the dune
sequence, topography and depth to groundwater. Outer barrier; foredune with coast spinifex
(Spinifex hirsutus), hind dunes with smooth-barked apple (Angophora costata), blackbutt
(Eucalyptus pilularis), red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera) and old man banksia (Banksia
serrata). Grasslands of kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra), blady grass (Imperata cylindrica)
and Lomandra longifolia at the inner edges of high dunes. Swampy lagoon zone of wet heath
and swamp forest between the barriers with; dense tea tree (Leptospermum spp.), paperbark
(Melaleuca quinquenervia), swamp oak (Casuarina glauca), and swamp mahogany
(Eucalyptus robusta) Inner barrier dunes; tall forest of smooth-barked apple, red bloodwood,
old man banksia and blackbutt. Small patches of closed forest of; yellow tulip (Drypetes
australasica), bauerella (Sarcomelicope simplicifolia), red olive plum (Cassine australis),
plum pine (Podocarpus elatus) and numerous vines.
Myh Myall River Channel and Floodplains
NNC Coastal Barriers
Channels, floodplain, terraces and estuary of the Myall River on Quaternary alluvium, general
elevation 0 to 25m, local relief 10m. Dark organic loams and silty clay on the floodplain,
gradational brown loams on terraces and organic sand in the estuary. Fringe forest in fresh
water of swamp oak (Casuarina glauca), swamp mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta) and
paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia). Wet forest of; rough-barked apple (Angophora
floribunda), spotted gum (Corymbia maculata), tallow wood (Eucalyptus microcorys) and
grey gum (Eucalyptus punctata) on low bedrock rises. Mangroves (Avicennia marina and
Aegiceras corniculatum) only occur where lagoons are frequently open.
Meso: NNC Manning - Macleay
Bec

Bellinger Channels and Floodplains

NNC Manning - Macleay

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Channels, narrow floodplain, terraces and estuary of the Bellinger River and tributaries on
Quaternary alluvium, general elevation 0 to 50m, local relief 15m. Dark organic loams and
silty clay on the floodplain, gradational brown loams on terraces and organic sand and silty
mud in the estuary. Flooded gum (Eucalyptus grandis) on alluvial river flats, river oak
(Casuarina cunninghamiana) along the banks. The estuary includes; grey mangrove
(Avicennia marina), river mangrove (Aegiceras corniculatum), milky mangrove (Excoecaria
agallocha), saltmarsh species and fresh water margins of swamp oak (Casuarina glauca) and
paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia).

Bcr
Brooms Head - Kempsey Coastal Ramp
NNC Manning - Macleay
Hills and low ranges of the coastal fall on lower Devonian greywacke, slate phyllite and
quartzite and Permian Phyllite and schistose sandstone. General elevation 50 to 450m, local
relief 300m. Thin, stony gradational loam and sandy loam on the slopes grading to yellowbrown texture-contrast soils on lower slopes and in valleys. Dry hardwood forest of; blackbutt
(Eucalyptus pilularis), Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna), and large-fruited blackbutt
(Eucalyptus pyrocarpa).
Brp
Brothers Peaks
NNC Manning - Macleay
Circular hills and sub-rounded peaks with radial drainage formed on Triassic stocks of diorite
and microgranite intruding early Triassic mudstone, lithic sandstone and coal measures of the
Lorne Basin. General elevation 50 to 560m, local relief 400m.Gritty uniform and gradational
sandy loam profiles grading to red-yellow texture-contrast profiles on lower slopes. South
east flanks carry subtropical closed forest with; yellow carabeen (Sloanea woollsii), sassafras
(Doryphora sassafras), myrtle ebony (Diospyros pentamera), soft corkwood (Caldcluvia
paniculosa), bangalow palm (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana) and epiphytes. On other
aspects brush box (Lophostemon confertus) is common.
Blg
Bulga Plateau
NNC Manning - Macleay
Isolated plateau remnant on lower Devonian schist, phyllite, slate chert, jasper, tuff, and less
metamorphosed sediments, general elevation 600 to 700m, local relief 50m. Thin stony loams
with moderate organic content on slopes with deeper gradational profiles on the plateau.
Moist hardwood forest with closed forest understorey; Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus
saligna), tallow wood (Eucalyptus microcorys), turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), brush
box (Lophostemon confertus), red bloodwood (Corymbia. gummifera), forest red gum
(Eucalyptus tereticornis) and broad-leaved apple (Angophora subvelutina).
Has
Hastings Channels and Floodplains NNC Manning - Macleay
Channels, floodplain, terraces and estuary of the Hastings River and tributaries on Quaternary
alluvium, general elevation 0 to 50m, local relief 15m. Dark organic loams and silty clay on
the floodplain, gradational brown loams on terraces and organic sand and silty mud in the
estuary. Flooded gum (Eucalyptus grandis) on alluvial river flats and river oak (Casuarina
cunninghamiana) along the banks. The estuary includes; grey mangrove (Avicennia marina),
river mangrove (Aegiceras corniculatum), milky mangrove (Excoecaria agallocha),
saltmarsh species and fresh water margins of swamp oak (Casuarina glauca) and paperbark
(Melaleuca quinquenervia).
Ina
Ingalba Coastal Hills
NNC Manning - Macleay
Coastal hills and slopes on lower Permian slate, phyllite, schistose sandstone and schistose
conglomerate. General elevation 0 to 830m, local relief 350m. Thin, stony gradational loam
and sandy loam on the slopes grading to yellow-brown texture-contrast soils on lower slopes
and in valleys. Dry coastal hardwood forest of; blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), spotted gum
(Corymbia maculata), large-fruited blackbutt (Eucalyptus pyrocarpa), tallow wood
(Eucalyptus microcorys), Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna), northern grey gum
(Eucalyptus propinqua), white mahogany (Eucalyptus acmenoides) and grey ironbark
(Eucalyptus paniculata).

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Mef
Macleay Escarpment Foothills
NNC Manning - Macleay
Ridges, hills and drainage basins leading up to the Great Escarpment on complex and poorly
known geology of Silurian-Devonian, Permian and Carboniferous schist, phyllite, slate,
quartzite, schistose sandstone, conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone, limited limestone and
interbedded volcanics. General elevation 200 to 500m, local relief 250m. Shallow brown
earths, grading to brown texture-contrast soils on lower slopes. Thin stony profiles on steep
slopes, yellow texture-contrast soils on high river terraces in wider valleys. The valleys and
near coastal sectors contain forest and open forest of spotted gum (Corymbia maculata),
narrow-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra), white mahogany (Eucalyptus acmenoides),
large-fruited grey gum (Eucalyptus canaliculata), cabbage gum (Eucalyptus amplifolia), grey
box (Eucalyptus moluccana), rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda) and forest oak
(Allocasuarina torulosa) with river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) along the streams. In
the west and extending into the gorges lowland subtropical closed forest is found with; brush
box (Lophostemon confertus), Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna), yellow carabeen
(Sloanea woollsii), jackwood (Cryptocarya glaucescens), pigeonberry ash (Cryptocarya
erythroxylon), pepperberry tree (Cryptocarya obovata), bolly gum (Litsea reticulata),
sassafras (Doryphora sassafras), crabapple (Schizomeria ovata), white quandong
(Elaeocarpus kirtonii), and churnwood (Citronella moorei) with cabbage-tree palm (Livistona
australis) and bangalow palm (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana). Dry closed forest on steep
sites protected from fire, small areas with cool temperate closed forest components on
southern aspects at higher altitudes. Limestone areas have not been mapped but include both
the Kunderang Brook and Willi Willi karst.
Maf Manning - Macleay Channels and Floodplains
NNC Manning Macleay
Channels, floodplain, terraces, swamps and estuary of the Manning and Macleay Rivers and
other coastal streams on Quaternary alluvium. Extensive floodplain swamps at tributary
junctions. General elevation 0 to 50m, local relief 15m. Dark organic loams and silty clay,
organic mud in the estuary. Flooded gum (Eucalyptus grandis) on alluvial river flats and river
oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) along the banks. Large freshwater wetlands with common
reed (Phragmmites australis), spike rush (Eleocharis spp.), water couch (Paspalum
paspaloides), broad-leaved paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) and swamp oak (Casuarina
glauca). The estuary includes; grey mangrove (Avicennia marina), river mangrove (Aegiceras
corniculatum), milky mangrove (Excoecaria agallocha) and saltmarsh communities.
Mml Manning - Macleay Coastal Alluvial Plains
NNC Manning Macleay
Wide valleys, channels, floodplains, swamps, and terraces of the Manning and Macleay rivers
and other coastal streams on Quaternary alluvium, general elevation 0 to 50m, local relief
15m. Dark organic loams and silty clay on the floodplain, gradational brown loams and
yellow-brown texture-contrast soil on terraces, organic silty mud in swamps.
Pmr Port Macquarie Coastal Ramp
NNC Manning - Macleay
Ranges and steep hills on the coastal fall on upper Permian pebbly mudstone, siltstone,
conglomerate and sandstone, Carboniferous lithic sandstone, greywacke, tuff, mudstone and
some limestone. General elevation 50 to 640m, local relief 350m. Higher slopes with
gradational structured loams merging to red-brown to yellow texture-contrast soils on lower
slopes and in valleys. Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), grey gum (Eucalyptus punctata),
white mahogany (Eucalyptus acmenoides), and brush cypress pine (Callitris macleayana) on
ridges. Tallow wood (Eucalyptus microcorys), Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna), brush
box (Lophostemon confertus), in valleys. Flooded gum (Eucalyptus grandis), turpentine
(Syncarpia glomulifera), with closed forest elements such as; crabapple (Schizomeria ovata),
sassafras (Doryphora sassafras), hard corkwood (Endiandra sieberi) and silver sycamore
(Cryptocarya spp.) on the flats.

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Sms Stroud Mountains

NNC Manning - Macleay
Northwest oriented ranges with high peaks and parallel valleys on extensively faulted and
folded middle Devonian lithic sandstones, mudstone, chert and minor volcanics,
Carboniferous conglomerate, lithic sandstone, mudstone, interbedded dacite and ignimbrite,
Permian pebbly lithic sandstone, with interbedded rhyolite, dacite and basalt. Strong
structural control, general elevation 50 to 680m, local relief 400m. Higher slopes with
gradational structured loams merging to red-brown to yellow texture-contrast soils on lower
slopes and in valleys. Mixtures of moist and dry forests and rainforest understorey with; brush
box (Lophostemon confertus), flooded gum (Eucalyptus grandis), turpentine (Syncarpia
glomulifera), scentless rosewood (Synoum glandulosum), lilly pilly (Acmena spp.), rose
maple (Cryptocarya erythroxylon), narrow-leaved palm lily (Cordyline stricta), southern
mahogany (Eucalyptus botryoides), spotted gum (Corymbia maculata) and grey ironbark
(Eucalyptus paniculata). River oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) along all major streams.
Tin
Tinebank Granites
NNC Manning - Macleay
Isolated conical peaks with abundant rock outcrop and radial drainage on Permian granite and
granodiorite General elevation 100 to 970m, local relief 600m. Gritty uniform red-brown
loamy sand near rock outcrop merging to deeper gradational yellow-brown profiles on lower
slopes. Subtropical to warm temperate closed forest of coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum),
sassafras (Doryphora sassafras) and crabapple (Schizomeria ovata) on southern aspects,
moist hardwood forest with grey gum (Eucalyptus punctata), white mahogany (Eucalyptus
acmenoides), merging to spotted gum (Corymbia maculata) and blackbutt (Eucalyptus
pilularis) elsewhere.
Vag
Valla Granite
NNC Manning - Macleay
Rounded isolated steep hills with radial drainage on small stocks of upper Permian granite
General elevation 50 to 450m, local relief 300m. Gritty uniform red-brown loamy sand near
rock outcrop merging to deeper gradational yellow-brown profiles on lower slopes. No details
known of the vegetation but expected to be dry coastal hardwood forest.
Wcf
Wauchope Coastal Foothills
NNC Manning - Macleay
Hills and ranges of the coastal fall with dendritic drainage on faulted Carboniferous lithic
sandstone, siltstone, tuff and some limestone. General elevation 50 to 460m, local relief
200m. Red and yellow texture-contrast soils throughout. Dry hardwood forests of; blackbutt
(Eucalyptus pilularis), white mahogany (Eucalyptus acmenoides), spotted gum (Corymbia
maculata), forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis), grey gum (Eucalyptus punctata) and red
bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera).
Meso: NNC Manning - Macleay Karst

Yek
Yessabah Karst
NNC Manning - Macleay Karst
Gentle hills and flats on lower Permian limestone with well developed karst features, general
elevation 200 to 250m, local relief 50m. Brown to red-brown structured clay and clay loam
with some deep pockets. Lowland subtropical closed forest of; Actephila lindleyi, yellow tulip
(Drypetes australasica), giant stinging tree (Dendrocnide excelsa), scentless rosewood
(Synoum glandulosum), Port Jackson fig (Ficus rubiginosa), shatterwood (Backhousia
sciadophora), white cedar (Melia azedarach), and small-leaved laurel (Cryptocarya spp.).
Hardwood forest on drier sites with; white mahogany (Eucalyptus acmenoides), small-fruited
grey gum (Eucalyptus propinqua), tallow wood (Eucalyptus microcorys), grey ironbark
(Eucalyptus paniculata), and pink bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia).
Meso: NNC Nymboida

Nge

Nymboida Great Escarpment

Page 88

NNC Nymboida

Ranges, peaks and steep escarpment with high waterfalls and deep gorges on main streams on
Permian/Carboniferous granite, granodiorite and small intrusions dolerite and amphibolite
within extensive area of moderately deformed Silurian-Devonian sandstone, greywacke, tuff,
phyllite and slate. Northern sector is on slightly deformed Permian dacite and pyroclastics
interbedded with conglomerate, sandstone and mudstone. General elevation 400 to 1400m,
local relief 500m. Soils vary from shallow gritty sandy loam through red and yellow earthy
gradational profiles to deep siliceous sands and loams on valley floors. Vegetation also varies
with elevation, aspect and soil quality. In the west closed cool temperate forest of coachwood
(Ceratopetalum apetalum), crabapple (Schizomeria ovata), soft corkwood (Caldcluvia
paniculosa) and yellow carabeen (Sloanea woollsii). At mid-altitude New England blackbutt
(Eucalyptus andrewsii ssp. campanulata) occurs with rainforest species in the understorey.
Toward the coast on drier sites tall forests of spotted gum (Corymbia maculata), red
bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera), mountain gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana), blackbutt
(Eucalyptus pilularis), narrow-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus radiata) and forest oak
(Allocasuarina torulosa). At low altitude on high quality sites subtropical closed forest with;
yellow carabeen, pigeonberry ash (Cryptocarya erythroxylon) and sour cherry (Syzgium
coryanthum). River oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) occurs along all streams.

Nms Nymboida Meta-sediments

NNC Nymboida
Ranges, peaks and steep escarpment with high waterfalls and deep gorges on main streams on
deformed steep dipping Carboniferous siliceous indurated mudstone, slate, chert and jasper,
general elevation 300 to 1300m, local relief 700m, slopes to 300. Strong structural control on
stream patterns and major topographic features, especially gorges and waterfalls. Soils are
generally thin, stony and of low fertility and subtropical closed forests only occur where plant
nutrients are available because of unusual rock types or through accumulation in the litter
cycle. On the margin of the Great Escarpment snow gum (Eucayptus pauciflora) woodland
and wet heath is found. Within the gorges scree slopes with dry closed forest and stands of
New England blackbutt (Eucalyptus andrewsii ssp. campanulata) merge down valley and
down slope into mixed warm temperate and subtropical closed forest groups with; coachwood
(Ceratopetalum apetalum), crabapple (Schizomeria ovata), yellow carabeen (Sloanea
woollsii), soft corkwood (Caldcluvia paniculosa), silvertop stringybark (Eucalyptus
laevopinea) and messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua). At lower elevations forests of; tallow wood
(Eucalyptus microcorys), silver-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus cephalocarpa) spotted gum
(Corymbia maculata), cabbage gum (Eucalyptus amplifolia), yellow box (Eucalyptus
melliodora), broad-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus caliginosa) and forest oak (Allocasuarina
torulosa) are mingled with stands of subtropical closed forest with; yellow carabeen,
pigeonberry ash (Cryptocarya erythroxylon), sour cherry (Syzgium corynanthum), brush box
(Lophostemon confertus), murrogun (Cryptocarya microneura), bolwarra (Eupomatia
laurina), scentless rosewood (Synoum glandulosum) and orange thorn (Citriobatus
lancifolius). River oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) occurs along all streams.
Meso: NNC Ultramafics
Nys
Nowendoc - Yarras Serpentinite
NNC Ultramafics
Isolated linear areas of lower Permian serpentinite and ultrabasic intrusives on low angle
slopes, general elevation 400m at Yarras, Mooral Creek, and Mount George, 900m at
Nowendoc, local relief 20 to 100m. Thin stony loam with high metal content, few details of
soil or vegetation are known but the area is expected to contain unusual species.

NSS - Descriptions for Landscapes in the NSW South West Slopes

Bioregion
Meso: NSS Karst

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Wkk Wellington - Molong Karst

NSS Karst
Discrete areas of strike ridges, and large outcrops with karst features on massive Ordovician
limestone, general elevation 600 to 350m, local relief 60m. Red-brown to red well structured
gradational loam and clay loam. Soil depth varies from a few centimetres up to 5m in deep
pockets. Grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) woodland with apple box (Eucalyptus
bridgesiana), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus
blakelyii), and kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus) on the limestone, yellow box (Eucalyptus
melliodora) and rough barked apple (Angophora floribunda) on adjacent slopes and river
flats, river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) along running streams.
Meso: NSS Lachlan
Cap Calarie Plains
NSS Lachlan
Undulating low hills and rises on folded steep dipping Ordovician quartz sandstone, slate and
chert, Silurian and Devonian quartzite, sandstone, conglomerate and small areas of limestone.
General elevation 250 to 300m, local relief 15m. Open woodlands of red ironbark (Eucalyptus
sideroxylon) and grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) with a grassy understorey.
Meso: NSS Lower Slopes

Aoh Albury - Oaklands Hills and Footslopes

NSS Lower Slopes
Isolated hills and rises on folded lower Ordovician greywacke, phyllite, chert, schist and
small areas of Silurian-Devonian granite, general elevation 150 to 480m, local relief 20 to
150m. Shallow gritty loam amongst rock outcrop on hills, red-brown texture-contrast soil on
slopes with bleached A2 horizons and strongly structured subsoil. Low open woodland of;
Dwyers mallee gum (Eucalyptus dwyeri), grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa), white box
(Eucalyptus albens), currawang (Acacia doratoxylon), drooping she-oak Allocasuarina
verticillata, with understorey of; Gonocarpus elatus, Erodium botrys, and nodding blue-lily
(Stypandra glauca). Yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) and grey box grassy woodlands on
foot slopes.
Adh Ardlethan Hills
NSS Lower Slopes
Ardlethan Hills Landscape includes the Ardlethan land system.
Rolling hills and rises on Ordovician quartzose sandstone, greywacke, chert, and phyllite,
general elevation 200 to 412m, local relief 50 to 60m. Stony red and brown texture-contrast
soils merging to calcareous red earth on valley floors. Woodlands of; bimble box (Eucalyptus
populnea), currawang (Acacia doratoxylon), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) and
red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon). Shrubs common including; western golden wattle
(Acacia decora), yarran (Acacia homalophylla), wilga (Geijera parviflora) and needle wattle
(Acacia rigens). Dense bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea) and black box (Eucalyptus
largiflorens) in the valleys. Large areas white (Eucalyptus dumosa), green (Eucalyptus
viridis) and red mallee (Eucalyptus socialis) with dwarf red ironbark, black cypress pine
(Callitris endlicheri) and mallee broombush (Melaleuca uncinata).

Bim Bimbi Plains

Bimbi Plains landscape includes the Bimbi land system.

NSS Lower Slopes

Quaternary alluvial plains from bedrock hills and ridges of the Gobondery/Gillenbine and the
Belmont/Brooklyn land systems. General elevation 200 to 250m, local relief 30m. Gravelly
clay loams and red brown clays, red-brown texture-contrast soils on higher slopes grading to
red-brown gradational and uniform profiles of clay loams and clays along creeks. Grey box
(Eucalyptus microcarpa) and white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) originally dominant,
sparse bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea) along creek lines. Mostly cleared and cultivated.

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Bro
Brokong Plains
NSS Lower Slopes
Quaternary alluvial plains, general elevation 170m, local relief <10m. Red-brown texturecontrast soils, extensively cleared and cropped, formerly grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa),
yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyii) and white
cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) woodland to open forest.
Bug
Buckingbong Gravels
NSS Lower Slopes
Slightly elevated relic plain on poorly consolidated Tertiary quartz gravel, sand and clay,
general elevation 130 to 170m, local relief <15m. Gravelly yellow earth, siliceous sands in
streambeds and occasional red-yellow texture-contrast soil on clays. White cypress pine
(Callitris glaucophylla) forest with grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa), yellow box
(Eucalyptus melliodora) and grasses including, spear grass (Stipa spp.), windmill grass
(Chloris spp.), wallaby grass (Danthonia spp.), wire grasses (Aristida spp.) and red-leg grass
(Bothriochloa macra).
Cls
Cowal Lakes, Swamps and Lunettes
NSS Lower Slopes
Ephemeral lakes, swamps and associated channels and lunettes on Quaternary alluvial clay,
sandy clay and sand, general elevation 200m, local relief 10 to 15m. Grey and brown cracking
clays with some Gilgai in channels and the lakebed, deep red-yellow siliceous sand on the
lunette. Lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) on the lakebed. Black box (Eucalyptus
largiflorens), river cooba (Acacia stenophylla) and river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis)
around the shore and on the lunette, and bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea) and myall (Acacia
pendula) on adjacent plains.
Gnm Ganantagi Mountain and Footslopes
NSS Lower Slopes
Ganantagi Mountain and Footslopes Landscape includes the Derriwong Mountain land
system.
Isolated rounded, rocky mountain peaks on Devonian granite and sandstone and conglomerate
with colluvial aprons of coarse debris. General elevation 250 to 450m, local relief 150m. Thin
stony sandy loam between rock outcrops grading to thick gravelly red-brown texture-contrast
soil on the aprons. Stunted white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) and Dwyers mallee
gum (Eucalyptus dwyeri) on the peaks. Bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), currawang
(Acacia doratoxylon), green mallee (Eucalyptus viridis), other acacia and shrubs on colluvial
slopes merge down slope to grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa), myall (Acacia pendula) and
spiny saltbush (Rhagodia spinescens) sometimes on heavy grey clay with deep gilgai.
Goh Goonumbla Hills
NSS Lower Slopes
Rounded low hills on Ordovician and Silurian sandstone, andesite, siltstone and phyllite with
a partial blanket of Tertiary(?) quartz gravels and sands. General elevation 290 to 390m, local
relief 70m. Stony yellow earths on the sands, thin brown structured loams on the hills
merging with red-brown and red texture-contrast soils on the flats. Open forest of grey box
(Eucalyptus microcarpa), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), with bimble box
(Eucalyptus populnea) in the creeks and red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon) with shrubs on
the gravels. Extensively cleared, grazed and cultivated
Gnr Gunningbland Range and Slopes
NSS Lower Slopes
Low ranges, strike ridges and isolated hills on lower Devonian dacite, rhyolite, quartz
sandstone, siltstone and minor conglomerate, general elevation 290 to 340m, local relief 30m.
Shallow red-brown texture-contrast soils with woodlands of; Dwyers mallee gum
(Eucalyptus dwyeri), red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla), currawang (Acacia doratoxylon), grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa), scattered
kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus), wilga (Geijera parviflora), budda (Eremophila
mitchellii) and occasional rosewood (Heterodendrum oleifolium) on slopes. Bull oak
(Allocasuarina luehmannii) and bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea) along creek lines.

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Jms
Jemalong Range and Slopes
NSS Lower Slopes
Prominent strike ridges of upper Devonian quartz sandstone. Oriented north south with welldefined water gaps. General elevation 250 to 400m, local relief 120 to 150m, and prominent
asymmetry with steeper eastern faces of stepped cliffs and narrow benches. Lower colluvial
slopes of coalescing alluvial fans on small streams. Thin very stony soils on ridges with
abundant currawang (Acacia doratoxylon), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), red
ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), Dwyers red gum (Eucalyptus dwyeri) and black cypress
pine (Callitris endlicheri). Deeper stony soils on lower slopes with grey box (Eucalyptus
microcarpa), red ironbark, bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea) and some white box
(Eucalyptus albens).
Lbc
Lachlan - Bland Channels and Floodplains NSS Lower Slopes
Extensive Quaternary alluvial plains at the break in slope between the western slopes and
western plains. Numerous tributary streams with levees and backplain swamps, occasional
lakebed. General elevation 200 to 280m, local relief <10m. Grey cracking clays with gilgai
along channels and in swamps. Low levees of red-brown sand or loamy sand on stream banks,
extensive red-brown structured texture-contrast soils on the plain. Extensively cleared and
cropped. Woodlands of bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), grey box (Eucalyptus
microcarpa), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) and white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla) with grasses. River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and river cooba
(Acacia stenophylla) along creeks, black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) lining back-plain
swamp margins. Lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), common reed (Phragmites
australis) and cane grass (Eragrostis australasica) on lake floors and larger swamps. Bull oak
(Allocasuarina luehmannii) and belah (Casuarina cristata) on extensive gilgai.
Lea
Leadley Hills
Leadley Hills landscape includes the Leadley land system.

NSS Lower Slopes

Rocky strike ridges and rounded peaks of Devonian siliceous lava, breccia and ignimbrite,
joint controlled drainage patterns, general elevation 250 to 370m, local relief 80m. Thin gritty
grey loams supporting stunted white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), currawang (Acacia
doratoxylon) and Dwyers mallee gum (Eucalyptus dwyeri) with diverse understorey of
acacia and other shrubs. Red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), grey box (Eucalyptus
microcarpa) and patches of green mallee (Eucalyptus viridis) in deeper sandy loam soils.
Dense patches of spur-wing wattle (Acacia triptera), possibly related to past fires.

Lkh Lockhart Hills and Footslopes

NSS Lower Slopes
Isolated steep rocky ridges on Devonian conglomerate, quartz sandstone and limited siltstone
standing as prominent peaks and ridges above the plain. General elevation 250 to 550m, local
relief 80 to 200m. Crests with thin stony sands and rock outcrop, benched slopes with
alternating rock outcrop and low cliffs and benches with gradational or occasional red-brown
texture-contrast soils. Wide foot slopes with layered colluvium, sandstone boulders and stony
brown harsh texture-contrast soils. Tumbledown red gum (Eucalyptus dealbata), red ironbark
(Eucalyptus sideroxylon), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), hill oak
(Allocasuarina verticallata), daphne heath (Brachyloma daphnoides), golden wattle (Acacia
pycnantha), and grasses. White cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) around the base of the
hill and black cypress (Callitris endlicheri) on the crests.
Mtl
Murrumbidgee - Tarcutta Lakes, Swamps and Lunettes
NSS Lower
Slopes
Back plain swamps with Quaternary fluvial and lacustrine sediments filled by high river
flows. General elevation 150m, local relief <5m. Heavy self-mulching and cracking grey or
brown clay, loamy sand lunette with red-brown gradational profile. Swamp floor with lignum
(Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) and cane grass (Eragrostis australasica), margins with black
box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) and river cooba (Acacia stenophylla), inlet/outlet channels lined

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with river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis). Lunettes with black box and white cypress
pine (Callitris glaucophylla).

Mtd Murrumbidgee - Tarcutta Source-bordering Dunes NSS Lower Slopes

Low sandy rises on Quaternary sand blow from adjacent river channels, general elevation
150m, local relief <5m. Red-brown gradational profile of loamy sand, white cypress pine
(Callitris glaucophylla) and grasses.
Nah Narromine Hills
NSS Lower Slopes
Low rounded hills standing above the alluvial plain on Ordovician and Devonian quartz
sandstone, siltstone, chert and phyllite, general elevation 240 to 290m, local relief 40m. Redbrown texture-contrast soils thicker on the western aspects. Woodlands of grey box
(Eucalyptus microcarpa), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), Dwyers mallee gum
(Eucalyptus dwyeri), and white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) with wilga (Geijera
parviflora), yarran (Acacia homalophylla) and other shrubs.
Quh Quandong Hills
NSS Lower Slopes
Low hills on Ordovician sandstone, slate and phyllite, general elevation 350 to 510m, local
relief 30 to 100m. Gravelly clay loams and red brown clays, red-brown texture-contrast soils
on higher slopes grading to red-brown gradational and uniform profiles of clay loams and
clays along creeks. Grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa), white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla), sparse bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea) along creek lines. Mostly cleared
and cultivated.
Sph
Springdale Hills
NSS Lower Slopes
Rounded ridges and a few peaks on Silurian sandstone, shale and acid volcanics, general
elevation 300 to 530m, local relief 150m. Gravelly uniform clay loams and red-brown
texture-contrast soils. Grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa), red ironbark (Eucalyptus
sideroxylon), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) and patches of mallee. Bimble box
(Eucalyptus populnea) along creek lines.
Tbm Talabung Mountain
NSS Lower Slopes
Isolated moderately steep peaks and hills on Devonian dacite, rhyolite, andesite and tuffs,
general elevation 300 to 550m, local relief 180m. Rocky peak with rubbly red-brown loamy
sand uniform and gradational profiles. White cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), Dwyers
red gum (Eucalyptus dwyeri) with spear grasses (Stipa spp.) and wallaby grass (Danthonia
spp.).
Tuh Tullamore Hills
NSS Lower Slopes
Strike ridges on either side of a broad synclinal fold on Devonian quartz sandstone, siltstone,
conglomerate, rhyolite, dacite, tuff and calcareous sandstone, general elevation 250 to 300m,
local relief 30m. Thin yellow and grey loams supporting stunted white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla), currawang (Acacia doratoxylon) and Dwyers mallee gum (Eucalyptus dwyeri)
with diverse understorey of acacia and other shrubs on ridges. Red ironbark (Eucalyptus
sideroxylon), grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) and patches of green mallee (Eucalyptus
viridis) with spur-wing wattle (Acacia triptera) in deeper sandy loam soils.
Wrs Warrumba Range and Slopes
NSS Lower Slopes
Prominent strike ridges and peaks on moderately folded Devonian rhyolite, dacite, tuff, quartz
sandstone, siltstone and conglomerate, general elevation 350 to 770m, local relief 250m.
Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyii) and black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri) on
ridges, yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) and grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) on slopes.
Wer

Weddin Range and Slopes

NSS Lower Slopes

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Prominent strike ridges, cliffs, peaks and benched slopes on moderately folded Devonian
quartz sandstone, siltstone and conglomerate, general elevation 350 to 720m, local relief
250m. Thin stony uniform sands on crests and benches, deeper red brown loamy sand on
slopes occasional red-brown texture-contrast soil. Crests with red ironbark (Eucalyptus
sideroxylon), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyii), red stringybark (Eucalyptus
macrorhyncha), white gum (Eucalyptus rossii), apple box (Eucalyptus bridgesiana), and
tumble down red gum (Eucalyptus dealbata). Slopes with white box (Eucalyptus albens),
yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), fuzzy box (Eucalyptus conica), and shrubby understorey
of hopbush (Dodonaea spp.) and wattles (Acacia spp.). Foot slopes with white cypress pine
(Callitris glaucophylla).

Meso: NSS Lower Slopes Basalts

Goo Goobothery Hills and Footslopes
NSS Lower Slopes Basalts
Goobothery Hills and Footslopes landscape is made up of part of the Goobothery land system.
Rounded and some linear ridges of Ordovician-Silurian phyllite, slate, sandstone, phyllite and
siltstone with narrow incised drainage lines on lower slopes. General elevation 250m, local
relief to 40 to 80m. The undulating to hilly country with lithosols supports dense Dwyers
mallee gum (Eucalyptus dwyeri) and currawang (Acacia doratoxylon), dense to scattered
punty bush (Cassia eremophila.), needle wattle (Acacia rigens) and wedge-leaf hopbush
(Dodonaea viscosa); wire grasses (Aristida spp.) and forbs.
Meso: NSS Lower Slopes Granites
Bbk Burrumbuttock Hills and Footslopes NSS Lower Slopes Granites
Rounded isolated hills with moderate slopes on Silurian-Devonian massive granite and
granodiorite, general elevation 300 to 490m, local relief 80 to 100m. Coarse sandy red-brown
earths with Dwyers mallee gum (Eucalyptus dwyeri), white box (Eucalyptus albens) and
currawang (Acacia doratoxylon).
Jhs
Junee Hills and Slopes
NSS Lower Slopes Granites
Rolling hills, low ranges and undulating plain on Silurian-Devonian massive granite and
granodiorite, general elevation 300 to 450m, local relief 60m. Coarse siliceous sands amongst
rock outcrop and tors, thin gritty red and yellow texture-contrast soils on slopes with harsh
blocky subsoil. Woodland of Dwyers red gum (Eucalyptus dwyeri) and red ironbark
(Eucalyptus sideroxylon) on high rocky areas. On slopes open forest of; grey box (Eucalyptus
microcarpa), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha) with patches of black cypress pine
(Callitris endlicheri) in rocky outcrops. River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and river
oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) along streams.
Man Manitoba Hills and Footslopes
NSS Lower Slopes Granites
Manitoba Hills and Footslopes landscape includes parts of two land systems: Manitoba and
Warrowie.
Low ridges with outcrops and tors of granite with narrow, incised drainage contributing to
major creeks. General elevation 200 to 310m, local relief to 30m. Calcareous and neutral red
earths with hills of shallow loamy and sandy lithosols with abundant surface grit grading into
red earths down slope. Moderate to open Dwyer's mallee gum (Eucalyptus dwyeri),
tumbledown gum (Eucalyptus dealbata), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), red box
(Eucalyptus polyanthemos), kurrajongs (Brachychiton populneus), bimble box (Eucalyptus
populnea), scattered western golden wattle (Acacia decora), variable spear grass (Stipa spp.),
and wire grass (Aristida spp). River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and bimble box
along major creeks. Also mallee (Eucalyptus spp.), sugarwood (Myaporum platycarpum),
grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa), yarran (Acacia homalophylla), Deans wattle (Acacia
deanei), grasses and forbs.

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Wae Warraderry Range

NSS Lower Slopes Granites
Rounded moderately steep ranges and hills on Ordovician phyllite and schist intruded by
Devonian granite, general elevation 350 to 570m, local relief 180m. Open forests of red
ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), red
stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha).
Meso: NSS Ultramafics

Tus
Cootamundra - Tumut Serpentinite and Ultramafics NSS Ultramafics
Narrow ridges of extended linear outcrops of Devonian schistose serpentine, amphibolite and
associated ultramafic rocks and sediments, general elevation 400 to 700m, local relief 120m.
Dark structured clay loam and clay with unusual mineral content. No details available on
vegetation but expected to be locally different and possibly to support rare species.
Meso: NSS Upper and Lower Slopes
Mtc
Murrumbidgee - Tarcutta Channels and Floodplains NSS Upper and Lower
Slopes
Channels, floodplain and terraces of Murrumbidgee tributaries on Quaternary alluvium,
general elevation 200 to 400m, local relief 25m. Undifferentiated organic sand and loam on
the floodplain, brown gradational loam and yellow texture-contrast soils on higher terraces.
River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) gallery woodland on banks, yellow box
(Eucalyptus melliodora) and grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) open woodland on floodplain
and terraces.
Meso: NSS Upper Slopes
Adr
Adrah Hills and Ranges
NSS Upper Slopes
Rolling hills, low ranges and peaks on Ordovician quartzose greywacke, slate, phyllite and
schist, general elevation 250 to 720m, local relief 200m. Stony, thin red and brown texturecontrast soils merging to yellow harsh texture-contrast soils on valley floors. Forest and
woodland of; tumbledown red gum (Eucalyptus dealbata), red stringybark (Eucalyptus
macrorhyncha), red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), red box (Eucalyptus polyanthemos),
grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa), apple box (Eucalyptus bridgesiana) and broad-leaved
stringybark (Eucalyptus caliginosa) on slopes, yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), white
box (Eucalyptus albens) and occasional Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyii) on flats
with kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra) and plains grass (Stipa aristiglumis).
Bov
Boorowa Volcanics
NSS Upper Slopes
Undulating low hills and rocky rises on Silurian dacite, crystal tuff, andesite and minor
sandstone, general elevation 550 to 650m, with peaks to 780m. Red and yellow gradational
earths, and yellow structured loams, thin stony loams within rock outcrops. Grassy woodland
of yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa), Blakelys red gum
(Eucalyptus blakelyii), red stringy bark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha) and occasional kurrajong
(Brachychiton populneus).
Cnb Canobolas Slopes
NSS Upper Slopes
Strike ridges, rounded hills, peaks and ranges on variable Ordovician-Silurian felspathic
sandstone, tuffaceous sandstone and thin limestone units, Silurian lithic sandstone, quartz
sandstone, tuff and quartz-felspar porphyry, Silurian-Devonian granite. General elevation 500
to 900m local relief 100m. Marked altitudinal shift in vegetation associations as rainfall
declines to the west. Red and yellow earth and yellow texture-contrast soils in the east with
grassy woodlands of; yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), grey box (Eucalyptus
microcarpa), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyii), apple box (Eucalyptus bridgesiana),
and broad-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus dives). Brown gradational sandy loam and harsh

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yellow texture-contrast soils in the west with woodlands and grassy open forest of; white box
(Eucalyptus albens), grey box, red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), red stringybark
(Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), with yellow box and rough-barked apple (Angophora
floribunda) on the flats and river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) along the streams.

Cbt
Carabost Hills and Ranges
NSS Upper Slopes
Steep dipping Lower Ordovician chert, slate, lithic sandstone, shale, phyllite schist and minor
basic volcanic rocks General elevation 250 to 720m, local relief 250m. Thin stony gradational
red brown earth and red-yellow texture-contrast soils. Dry forest of red stringybark
(Eucalyptus macrorhyncha) and broad-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus dives).
Cdc
Cudgegong Channels and Floodplains
NSS Upper Slopes
Channels, floodplains and terraces on Quaternary alluvium, general elevation 450 to 600m,
local relief 30m. Undifferentiated loam and sandy loam on the floodplains, dark gradational
loams on low terraces and re-yellow texture-contrast profiles on high terrace remnants against
steep hill slopes. River oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) along the streams, yellow box
(Eucalyptus melliodora), rough barked apple (Angophora floribunda) on floodplains and
terraces
with
grassy
understorey.
Epl
Eugowra Plains
NSS Upper Slopes
Alluvial plains and lower hill slopes of Lachlan River terraces and tributary valleys on
Quaternary alluvium. General elevation 250 to 300m, local relief 15m. Extensive red-brown
earths and cracking clay soils. Extensively cleared and farmed originally carried white
cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) and grey box (Eucalyptyus microcarpa) with yellow box
(Eucalyptus melliodora) communities and river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) adjacent
to stream lines. Includes small areas of low bedrock hills.
Frh
Frampton Hills
NSS Upper Slopes
Rounded ranges and hills with moderate slopes on Silurian slate, jasper, chert, amphibolite,
and Devonian dacite and mudstone, general elevation 400 to 720m, local relief 100m.
Shallow stony red brown structured loam. Open forest of grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa),
red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), Blakelys
red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyii) and black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri).
Glr
Gulgong Ranges
NSS Upper Slopes
Strike ridges with steep slopes and long debris aprons on complexly folded steep dipping
Silurian lithic sandstone, quartzite and phyllite, Devonian sandstone, siltstone, shale, rhyolite
and dacite. General elevation 550 to 980m, local relief 350m. Shallow stony red and yellow
texture-contrast soils with stony uniform loams on step slopes. Large areas of dense black
cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri) on slopes, red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha) and
white gum (Eucalyptus rossii) on ridges. Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyii), narrowleaved peppermint (Eucalyptus radiata) and white box (Eucalyptus albens) on lower slopes
grading to yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora).
Guh Gumble Hills
NSS Upper Slopes
Rolling hills with large tors and bouldery outcrop on Devonian granite with small areas of
Tertiary(?) cemented sand and gravel. General elevation 550 to 680m, local relief 40m.
Shallow gritty uniform sand below rock outcrops, dull yellow and grey harsh texture-contrast
soils on slopes, yellow earths on Tertiary sands. Dense black cypress pine (Callitris
endlicheri), tumbledown red gum (Eucalyptus dealbata), red stringybark (Eucalyptus
macrorhyncha), red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon) with dense shrubby understorey
including Grevillea floribunda.
Har

Harvey Ranges and Slopes

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NSS Upper Slopes

Prominent strike ridges and ranges with structurally controlled dip slope and escarpment
features on folded, moderately dipping Devonian conglomerate, sandstones, shale, rhyolite
and dacite. General elevation 400 to 770m, local relief 300m. Thin sands on crests amongst
abundant rock outcrop. Shallow red texture-contrast soils on shale benches, bouldery debris
slopes with sandy loam matrix merging with red-brown earths on lower slopes with sand and
gravel in streambeds. Woodlands and low forest of tumbledown red gum (Eucalyptus
dealbata), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), black cypress pine (Callitris
endlicheri), red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), patches of green mallee (Eucalyptus
viridis) and heath on crests. Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyii), and white cypress pine
(Callitris. glaucophylla) on lower slopes, yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) on streams and
flats.

Lgg
Lachlan Gorge
NSS Upper Slopes
Steep sided gorge on upper Lachlan River and tributaries which intersects north-south striking
ridges on Ordovician slate, greywacke, tuff, chert and dacite, Silurian shale, gneissic granite
and Devonian sandstone. General elevation 500 to 700m, local relief 80 to 120m. Thin sandy
loam in rock outcrop with limited development of red or yellow texture-contrast soil on
benches and small terrace remnants, sand and gravel in streambeds. Red box (Eucalyptus
polyanthemos), apple box (Eucalyptus bridgesiana), red stringybark (Eucalyptus
macrorhyncha), black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri) and tumbledown red gum
(Eucalyptus dealbata), river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) along stream banks.
Ltg
Lachlan Terrace Gravels
NSS Upper Slopes
Limited area of high terrace on Tertiary quartz gravel and sand, general elevation 350m, local
relief 15m. Gravelly red earth uniform profile. Grassy woodland of black cypress pine
(Callitris endlicheri) and red
Mah Manna Hills and Footslopes
NSS Upper Slopes
Isolated low rounded hills, foot slopes and wide colluvial aprons on the Lachlan alluvial plain
adjacent to the Ardlethan land system. Silurian and Devonian lithic sandstones and
conglomerates, general elevation 400 to 490m, local relief 60 to 80m. Stony read earth and
calcareous red earth, uniform and gradational profiles. Woodland of bimble box (Eucalyptus
populnea), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), Dwyers mallee gum (Eucalyptus
dwyeri), red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), patches of white mallee (Eucalyptus dumosa)
and red mallee (Eucalyptus socialis), western black wattle (Acacia hakeoided), western
golden wattle (Acacvia decora), spear grasses (Stipa spp.) and wire grass (Aristida spp.).
Mbr Marilba Range
NSS Upper Slopes
Steep strike ridges on steep dipping Devonian rhyolite, dacite, andesite, tuff and shale,
general elevation 550 to 840m, local relief 150m. Thin brown loams in rock outcrop grading
to red-yellow harsh texture-contrast soil on the slopes. Open grey box (Eucalyptus
microcarpa), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), red ironbark (Eucalyptus
sideroxylon), black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri) and tumbledown gum (Eucalyptus
dealbata). Yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) and limited river red gum (Eucalyptus
camaldulensis) along streams.
Min Minjary Hills and Ranges
NSS Upper Slopes
Steep hills and ranges on lower Silurian sandstone, greywacke, quartzite, dacite, tuff, and
phyllite, and Devonian ignimbrite and sandstone, general elevation 300 to 930m, local relief
400m. Rubbly scree with sandy loam matrix on steep slopes, thin red to yellow texturecontrast soils on lower slopes. Open forest of; grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa), white box
(Eucalyptus albens), apple box (Eucalyptus bridgesiana), red stringybark (Eucalyptus
macrorhyncha), red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), tumbledown gum (Eucalyptus
dealbata), broad-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus dives), black cypress pine (Callitris
endlicheri) with grasses and shrubs.

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Mor Molong Ridges

NSS Upper Slopes
Steep hills and strike ridges on tightly folded Devonian quartz and lithic sandstones, shale and
conglomerate with some limestone, minor chert and tuff, general elevation 530 to 780m, local
relief 200m. Stony uniform sand and loam in extensive rock outcrop along crests and upper
slopes, stony brown texture-contrast soil on lower slopes, red harsh texture-contrast soil on
flanks, gravel in stream beds. Black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri), Blakelys red gum
(Eucalyptus blakelyii), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha) and red ironbark
(Eucalyptus sideroxylon) with numerous shrubs on crests, grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa),
apple box (Eucalyptus bridgesiana) and white box (Eucalyptus albens) on slopes, yellow box
(Eucalyptus melliodora) and grey box on flats, river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and
river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) on larger streams, scattered kurrajong (Brachychiton
populneus) and white box on limestones.
Mls
Mullion Slopes
NSS Upper Slopes
Steep hills and strike ridges on tightly folded Ordovician andesite, conglomerate and tuff,
Silurian rhyolite and shale, Devonian quartz sandstones, slate and minor limestone, general
elevation 500 to 830m, local relief 200m. Stony uniform sand and loam in extensive rock
outcrop along crests, stony red and brown texture-contrast soil on slopes, yellow harsh
texture-contrast soil in valleys with some evidence of salinity. Gravel and sand in streambeds.
Open forest to woodland of; white gum (Eucalyptus rossii), brittle gum (Eucalyptus
mannifera), broad-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus dives), red box (Eucalyptus polyanthemos),
mountain grey gum (Eucalyptus cypellocarpa), white box (Eucalyptus albens) with yellow
box (Eucalyptus melliodora) on lower slopes and river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana)
along the streams.
Nar
Nangar Ranges
NSS Upper Slopes
Steep structurally controlled ridges and peaks with low cliffs on Devonian and Silurian lithic
sandstones, shales and occasional conglomerates. Small areas of granitic intrusions. Strong
dendritic drainage pattern. General elevation 500 to 770m, local relief to 300m. Shallow stony
soils on steep slopes with rubbly debris in gully lines, yellow texture-contrast soils on lesser
slopes. Grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) woodlands with red stringybark (Eucalyptus
macrorhyncha), red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon) and tumbledown gum (Eucalyptus
dealbata). Black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri) common on stony sites with white cypress
pine (Callitris glaucophylla) in lower positions on better soils. Numerous acacia and shrubs.
Ohp Ophir - Hargraves Plateau
NSS Upper Slopes
Subdued strike ridges and dissected plateau on tightly folded Silurian and Devonian dacite,
tuffaceous greywacke, crystal tuff, lithic sandstone and slate, general elevation 500 to 1000m,
local relief100 to 150m. Abundant rock outcrop with thin sandy loam grading to thin stony
red texture-contrast soil on slopes and yellow harsh texture-contrast soil with bleached A2
horizons in valleys. Woodland to open forest of broad-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus dives),
red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), scribbly gum (Eucalyptus rossii), candlebark
(Eucalyptus rubida), and yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) in lower positions. More
northerly areas include red box (Eucalyptus polyanthemos), mountain grey gum (Eucalyptus
cypellocarpa) and apple box (Eucalyptus bridgesiana).
Ttr
Table Top Range
NSS Upper Slopes
Isolated hills with low to moderates slopes on Devonian conglomerate, sandstone and shale,
general elevation 200 to 445m, local relief 100m. Shallow sandy red texture-contrast soils
with woodland and low forest of tumbledown red gum (Eucalyptus dealbata), red stringybark
(Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri) and red ironbark
(Eucalyptus sideroxylon), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) on flats, river red gum
(Eucalyptus camaldulensis) along larger streams.

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Tab
Talbragar - Upper Macquarie Terrace Sands and Gravels
NSS Upper
Slopes
Sandy Quaternary alluvial sediments on the floodplains and terraces of the Talbragar River,
general elevation 350 to 500m, local relief 30 to 40m. Red-brown and red-yellow earthy
sands with some yellow texture-contrast soils on the valley margins. River red gum
(Eucalyptus camaldulensis) along the channels, yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) and
rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda) with white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla)
on the plain.
Tum Tumut Channels and Floodplain
NSS Upper Slopes
Channel, floodplain and remnant terraces of Quaternary alluvium, general elevation 300 to
350m, local relief 25m. Gravel streambed, uniform dark brown loam on the floodplain,
yellow texture-contrast soil and rubbly loams on terraces and valley margins. River red gum
(Eucalyptus camaldulensis) along the stream, yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) on the
valley floor.
Uls
Ulandra - Narrabulla Hills and Slopes
NSS Upper Slopes
Rounded hills and isolated peaks on Silurian-Devonian granite, granodiorite and granite
gneiss, general elevation 300 to 930m, local relief 300m. Abundant rock outcrop, thin gritty
loams and shallow red-brown texture-contrast soils. Woodland of red stringybark (Eucalyptus
macrorhyncha), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyii), black cypress pine (Callitris
endlicheri), white box (Eucalyptus albens), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), long-leaved
box (Eucalyptus nortonii) and red box (Eucalyptus polyanthemos), with high diversity of
shrubs including Cootamundra wattle (Acacia baileyana).
Ulc
Upper Lachlan Channels and Floodplains
NSS Upper Slopes
Upper reaches of the Lachlan River passing through the central western tablelands to the
floodplains on the western slopes. The stream pattern cuts across the geologic structure
forming several narrow gorge sections with rocky walls and limited deposits of gravel
alluvium. River oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) dominant with river red gum (Eucalyptus
camaldulensis) and yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) becoming more common along the
downstream reaches.
Won Wonga Hills and Ranges
NSS Upper Slopes
Rolling hills, low rises and ridges on Ordovician siltstone, slate, quartzite and phyllite,
general elevation 250 to 370m, local relief 50m. Stony, thin red and brown texture-contrast
soils merging to yellow harsh texture-contrast soils on valley floors. High salinity in the
subsoil and some brackish flows in small creeks. Woodlands of; tumbledown red gum
(Eucalyptus dealbata), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha) and grey box (Eucalyptus
microcarpa) on slopes, yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), white box (Eucalyptus albens)
and occasional Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyii) on flats with kangaroo grass
(Themeda triandra) and plains grass (Stipa aristiglumis).
Bog
Bodangora Granite
NSS Upper Slopes
Isolated rounded mountain peak with common rock outcrop and tors on Carboniferous granite
and granodiorite, general elevation 500 to 740m, local relief 180m. Gritty gradational red
earth on the crest and red texture-contrast soil on the slopes. Forest of yellow box (Eucalyptus
melliodora), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyii), red stringybark (Eucalyptus
macrorhyncha), apple box (Eucalyptus bridgesiana), mountain gum (Eucalyptus
dalrympleana) and black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri).
NSS Upper Slopes Basalts
Wob Woodstock Basalts
NSS Upper Slopes Basalts
Rolling low hills on Ordovician andesite, tuff volcanic breccia and minor basalt, general
elevation 500 to 600m, local relief 50m. Gradational brown structured loam to red-brown

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earth and yellow harsh texture-contrast soil along valley floors. Woodland of grassy white
box (Eucalyptus albens) with minor grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa), red ironbark
(Eucalyptus sideroxylon) and red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), occasional apple
box (Eucalyptus bridgesiana) and rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda).

Meso: NSS Upper Slopes Granites

Adl
Adelong Granite Ranges
NSS Upper Slopes Granites
Steep hills and peaks on and Silurian gneissic granite and Devonian massive granite, general
elevation 500 to 760m, local relief 200m. Coarse loamy sand between rock outcrops and in
crevices, then gritty gradational profiles developing to yellow harsh texture-contrast soils on
lower slopes. Forests of yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), red stringybark (Eucalyptus
macrorhyncha), brittle gum (Eucalyptus mannifera), black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri)
and white gum (Eucalyptus rossii).
Cof
Coffin Rock Granite Hills
NSS Upper Slopes Granites
Rolling to steep rocky hills with broad crests on granite. General elevation 300 to 440m, local
relief <50m. Coarse gritty red and brown texture-contrast soils on crests and slopes merging
to yellow harsh texture-contrast or gradational soils on flats. Woodlands of; tumbledown red
gum (Eucalyptus dealbata), red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), red stringybark
(Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), white gum (Eucalyptus rossii), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus
blakelyii) and white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) with kangaroo grass (Themeda
triandra) and plains grass (Stipa aristiglumis).
Cop Cope Hills Granite
NSS Upper Slopes Granites
Undulating and rolling hills on Carboniferous granite and granodiorite, general elevation 500
to 740m, local relief 150m. Gritty gradational red earth and red texture-contrast soils. Forest
of yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyii), red
stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), apple box (Eucalyptus bridgesiana), mountain gum
(Eucalyptus dalrympleana) and black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri).
Geg
Geurie Granites
NSS Upper Slopes Granites
Low ranges and rounded hills with common rock outcrop and tors on massive Devonian
granite, general elevation 400 to 610m, local relief 180m. Gritty gradational red earth on the
crests, red texture-contrast soil on upper slopes grading to yellow harsh texture-contrast soil
along valley floors. Open forest of; red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), white cypress pine
(Callitris glaucophylla), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), yellow box (Eucalyptus
melliodora), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyii), and a shrubby understorey.
Tip
Tipperary Hills Granites
NSS Upper Slopes Granites
Rounded hills and peaks on Silurian massive and gneissic granite with some gneiss and schist,
general elevation 400 to 930m, local relief 350m. Gritty gradational red earths and red
texture-contrast soils. Forest of yellow box (Eucalyptus. melliodora), grey box (Eucalyptus
microcarpa), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyii), red stringybark (Eucalyptus
macrorhyncha), red box (Eucalyptus polyanthemos), apple box (Eucalyptus bridgesiana),
broad-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus dives) and black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri).
River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) along streams.
Wyh Wyangla Hills
NSS Upper Slopes Granites
Rounded hills, some steep slopes and partly dissected plateau with tors and massive outcrop
on Silurian massive and gneissic granite with some gneiss and schist, general elevation 400 to
750m, local relief 200m. Thin loamy sand between outcrops, red texture-contrast soils on
uppers lopes grading to yellow texture-contrast soils on lower slopes and accumulation of
siliceous coarse sands along streams. Open woodland of yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora),
red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), broad-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus dives) and

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Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyii) with kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra) and Poa
sp., mostly cleared and grazed. Patches of black cypress pines (Callitris endlicheri) on rocky
peaks.

Yos
Young Hills and Slopes
NSS Upper Slopes Granites
Rounded hills and some steep slopes to tor covered ridges on massive and gneissic SilurianDevonian granites and granodiorite, general elevation 400 to 730m, local relief 100 to 250m.
Gradational red earths on upper slopes and red-yellow texture-contrast soils on lower slopes
reflecting poorer drainage. Extensively cleared with patches of remaining woodland of white
box (Eucalyptus albens), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), broad-leaved peppermint
(Eucalyptus dives), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha) and Blakelys red gum
(Eucalyptus blakelyii).

RIV - Descriptions for Landscapes in the Riverina Bioregion

Meso: RIV Lachlan
Lac
Lachlan Channels and Floodplains
RIV Lachlan
Lachlan Channels and Floodplains landscape includes parts of seven land systems: Kiacatoo,
Kilfera, Lachlan, Lowbidgee, Murrumbidgee, Pangee and Riverland.
Quaternary alluvium on floodplains, active and inactive channels, billabongs, levees, swamps
and source bordering dunes of the Lachlan River and its effluent streams. Some areas of
associated sandplain, remnant lunettes, and slightly higher river terraces. Relief 2 to 10m.
Grey, red and brown cracking clays on lakes and plains, red, yellow and brown texturecontrast soils on levees. Deep self-mulching and cracking clays in channels, low rises of deep
brownish sands and solonized brown soils; fluvial backplains of scalded yellow texturecontrast soils. Prior streams and lunettes of loamy red texture-contrast soils and calcareous
earths.
River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and river cooba (Acacia stenophylla) with grasses
along channels. Nardoo (Marsilea drummondii), common reed (Phragmites australis) and
cumbungi (Typha orientalis) in waterholes. Abundant lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii)
and canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) with black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), myall
(Acacia pendula), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), burrs and grasses on grey soils. Myall
(Acacia pendula), cottonbush (Maireana aphylla) and annual grasses on levees. Extensive
areas of treeless plain away from the channels with bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria), old
man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia), nitre goosefoot (Chenopodium nitrariaceum), lignum,
dark roly-poly (Sclerolaena muricata) and grasses. Terraces with dense black box, lignum,
old man saltbush and nitre goosefoot. Sandplains and hummocks with scattered to clumped
dillon bush (Nitraria billardierei) and bluebush (Maireana sp.). Sandy rises, lunettes and
backplains of clumped mallee (Eucalyptus sp.) white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla),
prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae) and scattered shrubs. Belah (Casuarina cristata), white
cypress pine, and needlewood (Hakea leucoptera) on rare dunes.

Ldp Lachlan Depression Plains

RIV Lachlan
Lachlan Depression Plains landscape includes parts of the Willandra land system.
Quaternary alluvial plains with numerous circular depressions interpreted as high floodplains
or low terraces beyond the reach of average floodwaters. Sandy rises and levees trace
ancestral streams and stand above the general plain, relief 1 to 3m. Grey and brown cracking

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and non-cracking clays often with gilgai on the plains. Sands and red or brown texturecontrast soils on the higher ground.
Isolated black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), patches of myall (Acacia pendula) and prickly
wattle (Acacia victoriae) on the eastern plains with annual saltbushes (Atriplex sp.) and
grasses. Scattered white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), rosewood (Alectryon
oleifolius), belah (Casuarina cristata), wilga (Geijera parviflora), narrow-leaf hopbush
(Dodonaea attenuata) and grasses on sands. Bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria), annual
saltbush, burrs and grasses on scalded levees.

Lss
Lachlan Lakes, Swamps and Lunettes
RIV Lachlan
Lachlan Lakes, Swamps and Lunettes landscape includes parts of nine land systems:
Cargelligo, Gulthul, Gunnaramby, Lowbidgee, Mungo, Murrumbidgee, Riverland, Yanga and
Youhl.
Quaternary alluvium in lakebeds, swamps, salinas, shorelines, lunettes, feeder channels and
terraces of the river wetlands. Associated extensive sandplains and dunes. Relief to 7m.
Includes large relict lakes upstream of the Mungo system partially overlain by sandplains and
unstable dunes, flanked by high unstable lunettes, relief to 30m. Grey cracking clays with
gilgai on active lake beds and channels. Calcareous red earths on shorelines and shallow
sandy calcareous soils, or deep brownish sands and solonized brown soils on lunettes. Redbrown or grey, often saline clays on relic lakebeds. Sandplains of loamy to clay loam
calcareous earths with limestone nodules frequently exposed, dunes of deep red, yellow or
white sands. Prior streams and relic lunettes of loamy red texture-contrast soils and calcareous
earths.
Lake beds often flooded and treeless, with fringing black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens),
lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), nitre goosefoot (Chenopodium nitrariaceum), yanga
bush (Maireana brevifolia), and old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia). Lake margins,
lunettes and terraces with scattered bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), black box, white
cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), river cooba (Acacia stenophylla), dense areas of yanga
bush and abundant grasses. Floodplains and channels with river red gum (Eucalyptus
camaldulensis), scattered bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria), cottonbush (Maireana
aphylla), canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) and abundant grasses. Sandplains and dunes of
dense mallee (Eucalyptus sp.) scattered to clumped belah (Casuarina cristata), rosewood
(Alectryon oleifolius), needlewood (Hakea leucoptera), porcupine grass (Triodia irritans),
saltbushes (Atriplex sp.), bluebush (Maireana sp.) and grasses. Relic lunettes carry dense
stands of black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata), pearl bluebush (Maireana sedifolia), and
isolated white cypress pine or mallee.

Lpl
Lachlan Sandplains
RIV Lachlan
Lachlan Sandplains landscape includes parts of three land systems: Hatfield, Overnewton and
Gulthul.
Extensive slightly undulating Quaternary aeolian sands with isolated sandy hummocks and
depressions, relief 4 to 8m. Loamy to clay loam calcareous earths with limestone nodules
frequently exposed, solonized brown soils and sandy red and brown texture-contrast soils,
deep red sands on hummocks and dunes, grey clays in depressions.
Scattered clumps of white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), rosewood (Alectryon
oleifolius), and belah (Casuarina cristata), moderate to dense stands of black (Maireana
pyramidata) or pearl bluebush (Maireana sedifolia). Abundant short grasses and forbs,
turpentine (Eremophila sturtii), narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata), variable spear
grass (Austrostipa variabilis), bottlewashers (Enneapogon sp.), cannonball (Sclerolaena

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paradoxa), copperburr (Sclerolaena sp.). Isolated black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) around
depressions.

Lsp
Lachlan Scalded Plains
RIV Lachlan
Lachlan Scalded Plains landscape includes parts of four land systems: Marma, Oxford,
Pangee and Rata.
Quaternary alluvial plains with extensive scalding interpreted as relic floodplains or terraces.
Grey, brown and red cracking clays, red brown texture-contrast soils with scalds. Levees
traces evident, relief generally <1m, up to 5m on associated pans, swamps and lunettes.
Extensive bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria), cottonbush (Maireana aphylla), and dillon
bush (Nitraria billardierei), clumps of old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) with annual
saltbushes (Atriplex sp.) and grasses on the clay plains. Isolated yarran (Acacia homalophylla)
and scattered to dense black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata) with burrs and grasses on
texture-contrast soils of the levees and rises.

Meso: RIV Murray

Muc Murray Channels and Floodplains
RIV Murray
Murray Channels and Floodplains landscape includes parts of four land systems: Canally,
Murrumbidgee, Riverland and Wentworth.
Active channels and seasonally inundated floodplains of the Murray streams in Quaternary
alluvium with associated billabongs, swamps, channels, levees and source bordering dunes,
relief to 10m. Includes sca1ded alluvial flats, broad elevated floodplains and associated relict
channels; isolated sandy rises, relief to 5m.
Channel banks of grey and brown clays with river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), black
box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), and river cooba (Acacia stenophylla). River red gum around
billabongs with dense lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), common reed (Phragmites
australis) and cumbungi (Typha orientalis). Flats of silty or cracking grey clays, rimmed with
black box, lignum, and canegrass (Eragrostis australasica). Highest flooded terrace with
brown clays or red-brown texture-contrast soils carry yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora).
Dunes and sandplains of deep sandy brown soils or texture-contrast soils, locally calcareous,
with belah (Casuarina cristata), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), mallee
(Eucalyptus sp.) rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), needlewood (Hakea leucoptera) and
marginal clumps of black box, belah, prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae) over bluebush
(Maireana sp.) and grasses.

Mdp Murray Depression Plains

RIV Murray
Quaternary alluvial plains with numerous circular depressions interpreted as high floodplains
or low terraces beyond the reach of average floodwaters. Grey and brown cracking and noncracking clays often with gilgai on the plains. Sandy rises and levees trace ancestral streams
and stand above the general plain, relief 1 to 3m. Sands and red or brown texture-contrast
soils on the higher ground.
Isolated black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), patches of myall (Acacia pendula) and prickly
wattle (Acacia victoriae) with annual saltbushes (Atriplex sp.) and grasses. Scattered white
cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), rosewood (Alectryon oleifolius), belah (Casuarina
cristata), wilga (Geijera parviflora), narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata) and grasses
on sands. Bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria), annual saltbush, burrs and grasses on scalded
levees. Mostly cleared, cropped and grazed.

Mll

Murray Lakes, Swamps and Lunettes

RIV Murray

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Murray Lakes, Swamps and Lunettes landscape includes parts of two land systems: Leaghur
and Victoria.
Large active freshwater lakes and swamps frequently flooded by the river, generally round or
kidney shaped. Often nested within larger relic Quaternary lake features. Beaches, sand and
clay pellet lunettes and sand hills on the eastern margins. Lake beds and associated channels
of grey cracking clay, beaches of brown to white sands, lunettes of deep cemented yellow to
white sands, with or without interbedded strata of pelleted clay. Relief of lakes and channels
to 10m, lunettes to 20m.
Scattered black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis),
nitre goosefoot (Chenopodium nitrariaceum) and lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) on
lakebeds. Shallower swamps with cumbungi (Typha orientalis), common reed (Phragmites
australis), spike rush (Eleocharis sp.) and water couch (Paspalum paspalodes). Numerous
aquatic plants in standing water. Lunettes and sand hills with marginal river red gum, and
stands of white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), prickly wattle (Acacia victoriae),
sandhill wattle (Acacia ligulata), bluebush (Maireana sp.) and grasses.

Msl
Murray Scalded Plains
RIV Murray
Quaternary alluvial plains with extensive scalding interpreted as relic floodplains, terraces or
part of the Cadell tilt block. Red brown texture-contrast soils with extensive scalds. Prior
stream channels of deep coarse sands with sandy levees and grey, brown and red cracking
clays in depressions, relief 5 to 15m.
Mostly cleared, cropped and grazed. Formerly open woodland and grasslands of white
cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa), bull oak
(Allocasuarina luehmannii), and myall (Acacia pendula) with annual grasses and herbs.

Msd Murray Source-bordering Dunes

RIV Murray
Sandy rises adjacent to river channels or prior streambeds, deep red and brown sands and
loams, relief 3 to 12m. Often heavily grazed and subject to wind erosion.
White cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), needlewood (Hakea leucoptera), hooked
needlewood (Hakea tephrosperma), wilga (Geijera parviflora), bull oak (Allocasuarina
luehmannii), emu bush (Eremophila longifolia), miljee (Acacia oswaldii), yarran (Acacia
homalophylla), native quince (Petalostigma pubescens), and narrow leaf hopbush (Dodonaea
attenuata) with sparse grasses.

Meso: RIV Murrumbidgee

Mbc Murrumbidgee Channels and Floodplains
RIV Murrumbidgee
Murrumbidgee Channels and Floodplains landscape includes parts of three land systems:
Murrumbidgee, Lowbidgee and Riverland.
Quaternary alluvium on seasonally inundated floodplains, active and inactive channels,
billabongs, levees and swamps of the Murrumbidgee River and its effluent streams. Relief to
10m. Includes sca1ded alluvial flats, broad elevated floodplains and associated relict
channels; isolated sandy rises, relief to 5m. Grey and brown clay with occasional areas of low
sandy rise.
Open forest of river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), river cooba (Acacia stenophylla),
cooba (Acacia salicina), lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), nitre goosefoot
(Chenopodium nitrariaceum) with numerous grasses along the channels and floodplain. Black
box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) woodland with lignum, nitre goosefoot, thorny saltbush
(Rhagodia spinescens), old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) and annual saltbushes

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(Atriplex sp.) on more distal floodplains and back plains. Cumbungi (Typha orientalis),
common reed (Phragmites australis) and nardoo (Marsilea drummondii) in flooded
depressions.

Mud Murrumbidgee Depression Plains

RIV Murrumbidgee
Quaternary alluvial plains with numerous circular depressions interpreted as high floodplains
or low terraces beyond the reach of average floodwaters, relief to 10m. Grey to brown clays
and clay loams with linear patterns of sandy prior streams.
Now extensive grasslands of white-top, windmill grass, sand broom, and spear grasses,
heavily grazed and invaded by exotic species. Reported to have originally been myall (Acacia
pendula), old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) and bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria).
Sandy ridges of prior streams support patches of white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla),
with needlewood (Hakea leucoptera), western pittosporum (Pittosporum phylliraeoides) and
spear grasses (Austrostipa sp.).

Mbl Murrumbidgee Lakes, Swamps and Lunettes RIV Murrumbidgee

Murrumbidgee Lakes, Swamps and Lunettes landscape includes parts of the Cargelligo land
system.
Large active freshwater lakes and swamps frequently flooded by the river, sometimes near
permanent, generally round or kidney shaped. Often nested within larger relic Quaternary
lake features. May include areas of saline plains. Beaches, sand and clay pellet lunettes and
sand hills on the eastern margins. Lake beds and associated channels of grey cracking clay,
beaches of brown to white sands, lunettes of deep cemented yellow to white sands, with or
without interbedded strata of pelleted clay. Relief of lakes and channels to 8m, lunettes to
15m.
Scattered black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis),
nitre goosefoot (Chenopodium nitrariaceum), lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), yanga
bush (Maireana brevifolia) and old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) on lakebeds.
Shallower swamps with cumbungi (Typha orientalis), common reed (Phragmites australis),
bushy groundsel (Senecio cunninghamii), spike rush (Eleocharis sp.) and water couch
(Paspalum paspalodes). Numerous aquatic plants in standing water. Lunettes and sand hills
with marginal bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla),
yanga bush, bluebush (Maireana sp.) and grasses.

Mbd Murrumbidgee Scalded Plains

RIV Murrumbidgee
Quaternary alluvial plains with extensive scalding interpreted as relic floodplains or terraces.
Grey, brown and red cracking clays, red brown texture-contrast soils with scalds. Levees
traces evident, relief generally <1m, up to 5m on associated pans, swamps and lunettes.
Low shrublands and grasslands of bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria), other annual
saltbushes (Atriplex sp.), numerous burrs (Sclerolaena sp.), cottonbush (Maireana aphylla),
bush minuria (Minuria cunninghamii), white-top grass (Austrodanthonia caespitosa),
windmill grass (Chloris truncata), and hill wallaby grass (Austrodanthonia eriantha).

Mrd Murrumbidgee Source-bordering Dunes

RIV Murrumbidgee
Sandy rises adjacent to river channels and along prior streambeds, deep red and brown sands
and loams, relief 3 to 12m. Often heavily grazed and subject to wind erosion.
White cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), needlewood (Hakea leucoptera), hooked
needlewood (Hakea tephrosperma), wilga (Geijera parviflora), bull oak (Allocasuarina
luehmannii), emu bush (Eremophila longifolia), miljee (Acacia oswaldii), yarran (Acacia
homalophylla), native quince (Petalostigma pubescens), thorny saltbush (Rhagodia

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spinescens), western pittosporum (Pittosporum phylliraeoides), belah (Casuarina cristata),

some bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea), narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata) with
sparse grasses. Black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata) occurs in the shrub layer in western
areas.

SB - Descriptions for Landscapes in the Sydney Basin

Bioregion
Meso: SB Burragorang
Bvg
Burragorang Valley and Gorges
SB Burragorang
Deep steep sided benched slopes and gorge of the Wollondilly and Coxs Rivers incised into
mostly horizontal Triassic quartz sandstone conglomerate, siltstone, and shale, cliffs to 150m
high with waterfalls, general elevation 50 to 220, local relief 150m. The gorge widens
upstream and exposes underlying Permian chest, mudstones and conglomerate. Very
extensive rock outcrop, thin yellow to yellow-brown silty sand and gravel with occasional
white clay layers forming either shallow yellow earths or gleyed texture-contrast profiles. Red
bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera), turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), and rainforest
elements at the base of the gorge in sandstone. Steep debris slopes below cliff upstream with
forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), narrowleaved ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra), and brittle gum (Eucalyptus mannifera). Moist protected
environments with Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna), mountain grey gum, (Eucalyptus
cypellocarpa) yellow stringybark (Eucalyptus muelleriana) and gully gum (Eucalyptus
smithii). Gallery forest of river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) with round-leaved gum
(Eucalyptus deanii) and Camden white gum (Eucalyptus benthamii) along the main streams.
Nat
Nattai Plateau
SB Burragorang
Steeply dissected plateau remnants on lower Triassic lithic sandstone, shale and tuff,
abundant rock outcrop and cliffs, steep debris slopes, general elevation 600 to 700m, local
relief 80m. Shallow sand and occasional yellow texture-contrast soils. Forests of thin-leaved
stringybark (Eucalyptus eugenioides), broad-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus fibrosa ssp.
fibrosa), Port Jackson pine (Callitris rhomboidea), silvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi),
Blaxlands stringybark (Eucalyptus blaxlandii), brown barrel (Eucalyptus fastigata) and
manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis).
Smr Scotts Main Range
SB Burragorang
Linear ranges with small sandstone caps, string structural control of drainage by folded
Devonian basement, prominent cliff lines in Triassic units with joint control. Triassic lithic
sandstone, conglomerate and siltstone over Permian conglomerates and lithic sandstones
unconformably on upper Devonian quartzose sandstone and shale. General elevation 400 to
850m, local relief 250m with a few peaks to 1000m. Shallow sand and occasional yellow
texture-contrast soils. Woodland of; narrow-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra), grey gum
(Eucalyptus punctata), thin-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus eugenioides), scribbly gum
(Eucalyptus sclerophylla), and narrow-leaved apple (Angophora bakeri).
Sil
Silverdale Slopes
SB Burragorang
Moderately undulating slopes descending to the east on gently dipping Triassic shales and
sandstones. General elevation 230 to 630m, local relief 200m. Brown to yellow-brown
texture-contrast soils. Woodland to forest with a shrubby understorey, common species; grey
gum (Eucalyptus punctata), white box (Eucalyptus albens), grey ironbark (Eucalyptus
paniculata), narrow-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra), broad-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus

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fibrosa ssp. fibrosa), grey box (Eucalyptus moluccana), forest oak (Allocasuarina torulosa),
thin-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus eugenioides) and occasional turpentine (Syncarpia
glomulifera).

Meso: SB Capertee
Cpt
Capertee Plateau
SB Capertee
Wide valleys, low rolling hills below sandstone cliffs on Permian conglomerates, sandstones,
and shales with coal at the base of the Sydney Basin and exposure of underlying Devonian
shale, siltstone or quartzite. Small areas of Tertiary basalt. General elevation 800 to 1000m,
local relief 100-120m. Isolated flat top mountains in the valleys formed as pinnacles or
remnant pieces of plateau. Shoulder slopes with stone pillars or pagodas above steep
canyons on tributary streams falling into gorges. Low gradient swampy streamlines. Shallow
stony texture-contrast profiles, usually with gritty well drained A-horizons, over tough yellow
or grey poorly drained clays. Bouldery debris with clay matrix below cliffs (talus). Organic
sand in swamps. Red brown structured loams on basalt. Woodlands of; rough-barked apple
(Angophora floribunda), red stringybark (Euscalyptus macrorhyncha), red box (Eucalyptus
polyanthemos), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi)
with shrubby understorey and wallaby grass (Austrodanthonia sp.) in open valleys. Scribbly
gum (Eucalyptus sclerophylla), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), red box and
broad-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus fibrosa ssp. fibrosa) on talus slopes. Silvertop ash
(Eucalyptus sieberi) and Sydney peppermint (Eucalyptus piperita) on sandstone peaks. Dwarf
casuarina (Allocasuarina nana), tea-tree (Leptospermum sp.), and sedge on pagoda margins.
Csl
Capertee Slopes
SB Capertee
Steep debris slopes below the Cherry Tree Plateau landscape in Permian lithic sandstones,
conglomerate, shale and coal measures extending to the valley floors where steep dipping
Devonian quartz sandstone, slate and tuff is exposed. General elevation 500 to 800m, local
relief 100m. Stony yellow and grey texture-contrast soils. Debris slopes woodland and open
forest of; scribbly gum (Eucalyptus rossii), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), red
box (Eucalyptus polyanthemos), narrow-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra), with mountain
grey gum (Eucalyptus cypellocarpa), thin-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus eugenioides), and
yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) in sheltered sites. Lower slopes woodland with; yellow
box, Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi), white box (Eucalyptus albens) and narrowleaved ironbark.
Crl
Cherry Tree Plateau
SB Capertee
Flat topped plateau remnants of Tertiary basalt caps over horizontal Triassic quartz sandstone
and shale. General elevation 800 to 1000m, local relief 150m. Red, well-structured, fertile
clay loams and light clay on basalt, gradational brown loams below the basalt. Tall forest of
manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) and Blaxlands stringybark (Eucalyptus blaxlandii) with
ferns.
Meso: SB Cataract
Dfs
Darkes Forest Sands
SB Cataract
Upland swamps on Quaternary slope mantles and sand accumulations at the heads of streams
on the Woronora Plateau, general elevation 350 to 400m, local relief <20m. Individual
swamps are widely distributed and isolated in each catchment. Saturated humic clayey sands
over weathered sandstone up to 3m deep. Well-drained red and yellow earth with ironstone
concretions on adjacent ridges. Scribbly gum (Eucalyptus rossii), narrow-leaved stringybark
(Eucalyptus sparsifolia) and dwarf red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera) on swamp margins.
Sedge heath complex with Banksia oblongifolia, Hakea teretifolia, Cryptandra ericoides,
Grevillea parviflora and mat-rush (Lomandra sp.), small grass trees and numerous sedge
species. Thickets of heath banksia (Banksia ericifolia), dagger hakea (Hakea teretifolia), and

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tea-tree (Leptospermum sp.) thickets with swamp banksia (Banksia robur) along drainage
lines. Silvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi), red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera) and snappy
gum (Eucalyptus racemosa) on the earths.

Ung Upper Nepean Gorges

SB Cataract
Steep sided benched slopes of the Nepean River tributaries on Triassic quartz sandstones,
general elevation 250 to 350m, local relief 80m. Shallow well-drained sands with limited
development of yellow texture-contrast soils on benches underlain by clayey sandstone of
thin shale units. Gully forests of grey gum (Eucalyptus punctata), blackbutt (Eucalyptus
pilularis), smooth-barked apple (Angophora costata), red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera),
silvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi), and blue-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus agglomerata).
Shrubby understorey with native cherry (Exocarpus cupressiformis), woolly pomaderris
(Pomaderris lanigera), hairpin banksia (Banksia spinulosa), cone sticks (Petrophile sp.), and
narrow-leaved geebung (Persoonia linearis).
Wpp Woronora Plateau
SB Cataract
Extensive plateau developed on Triassic quartz sandstone with benched low angle slopes and
a marked break to steep sided deep valleys controlled by joint patterns. General elevation 400
to 500m, local relief 100m. Small areas of nodular ironstone on ridge crests, deep uniform
sands or texture-contrast soils on slopes and deep uniform grey or white organic sands on
swampy valley floors. Rock outcrop common on ridgelines and in creeks, absent from most
slopes. Woodlands with shrubby understorey of silvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi), Sydney
peppermint (Eucalyptus piperita), old man banksia (Banksia serrata), smooth-barked apple
(Angophora costata), on ridges. Shrublands of heath banksia (Banksia ericifolia), hairpin
banksia (Banksia spinulosa), dagger hakea (Hakea teretifolia), she-oak (Allocasuarina sp.)
and soft geebung (Persoonia mollis) with Gahnia sp., on slopes and extensive hanging
swamps in saturated organic sands on the lowest slopes and valley floors with heath of;
Hakea sp., swamp banksia (Banksia robur), button grass (Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus)
and grass trees (Xanthorrhoea sp.). Contour parallel patterned ground of ridges and trenches
is common.
Meso: SB Coastal Barriers
Bhb Bherwerre Barrier
SB Coastal Barriers
Beach, dune and intermittently closed and open lagoon complexes of the South Coast.
Quaternary quartz sand in dunes with muddy sands in the lagoons, general elevation 0 to 15m,
local relief 5 to 10m. Coastal barriers extend from clean dune sands to deep podsols in
Pleistocene dunes. Sand dunes have barrier sequence of coast tea-tree (Leptospermum
laevigatum), coast banksias (Banksia integrifolia), coast wattles (Acacia longifolia ssp.
sophorae) merging to protected forests and scrubs with smooth-barked apple (Angophora
costata), red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera), forest oak (Allocasuarina torulosa),
southern mahogany (Eucalyptus botryoides) and blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis). Swamp oak
(Casuarina glauca), salt marsh and mangrove sequence in estuaries, common reed
(Phragmites australis) and Juncus sp., in fresher waters.
Lab
Lake Illawarra Barrier
SB Coastal Barriers
This landscape is substantially altered by urban and industrial development but would
originally have a very similar structure and composition to the Seven Mile Barrier Landscape.
General elevation 0 to 25m, local relief 5m. Eel grass (Zostera capricorni) on the lake floor,
common reed (Phragmites australis) in fresh swamps and lakes margins, limited grey
mangrove (Avicennia marina) and saltmarsh near lagoon mouths and in more open estuaries.
Slb
Seven Mile Barrier
SB Coastal Barriers
Quaternary coastal barrier system. A series of quartz sand dunes formed into parallel multiple
beach-ridges north of the mouth of the Shoalhaven River. General elevation 0 to 25m, local

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relief 8m. Ridges increase in ages, degree of soil development and vegetation composition
from the beach inland. Adjacent to the beach face coastal spinifex (Spinifex hirsutus), coast
tea-tree (Leptospermum laevigatum), and coast wattle (Acacia longifolia ssp. sophorae)
dominate a high, steep dune with little soil development. Across the lower, inner ridges a tall
forest of blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), southern mahogany (Eucalyptus botryoides), red
bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera), old man banksia (Banksia serrata) smooth-barked apple
(Angophora costata) with occasional macrozamia (Macrozamia sp.) and thick bracken
(Pteridium esculentum) cover on soils with characteristic podsol profiles that increase in
degree of development inland. The innermost ridge lies adjacent to extensive swamps and
wetlands formed on organic rich quartz sands.

Snb
Sydney - Newcastle Barriers and Beaches
SB Coastal Barriers
Quaternary coastal sediments on long recurved quartz sand beaches between rocky headlands
backed by sand dunes and intermittently closed and open lagoons. Includes areas of more
extensive high dunes often located on top of the headlands. General elevation 0 to 30m, local
relief 10m. Cliff top dunes may be found as high as 90m above sea level. Distinct zonation of
vegetation and increasing soil development from the beach to the inland dunes. At the beach;
spinifex (Spinifex hirsutus), spiky mat-rush (Lomandra longifolia), coast wattle (Acacia
longifolia ssp. sophorae) and coast tea-tree (Leptospermum laevigatum) colonise the frontal
dune in which there is little soil development. Coast banksia (Banksia integrifolia) and old
man banksia (Banksia serrata) are found on the second dunes and these merge with more
complex forest containing blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), red bloodwood (Corymbia
gummifera), grass trees (Xanthorrhoea sp.) and numerous understorey shrubs on deep sands
that have an organic rich A horizon, a bleached A2 horizon and the initial development of
weak iron or organic pans in the sandy subsoil. Well-developed, deep podsol profiles are
present in cliff top dunes with swampy swales indicating that these forms are probably older
than the coastal dunes. Vegetation of Banksia aemula heathland and open scrub of coast
banksia (Banksia integrifolia), coast rosemary (Westringea fruticosa), coast tea-tree and grass
tree, with dwarfed smooth-barked apple (Angophora costata) and red bloodwood. Freshwater
sedge swamps in larger areas of sand. In the lagoons salinity varies depending on tidal
flushing and they are often surrounded by broad-leaved tea-tree (Melaleuca quinquenervia)
and swamp oak (Casuarina glauca). Water margins are occupied by Juncus sp. and common
reed (Phragmites australis) in fresh water areas. Grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) may
occur in some tidal inlets.
Meso: SB Cumberland
Asp
Ashfield Plains
SB Cumberland
Undulating hills and valleys on horizontal Triassic shale and siltstone, occasional quartz
sandstones especially near the margin of the Port Jackson landscape. General elevation 0 to
45m, local relief <20m. Coastal extension of the Cumberland Plain landscape. Red and brown
texture-contrast soils on crests grading to yellow harsh texture-contrast soils in valleys. Open
forest of broad-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus fibrosa ssp. fibrosa), grey box (Eucalyptus
moluccana), with tea-tree (Leptospermum sp.) along creeks and forests of turpentine
(Syncarpis glomulifera), red mahogany (Eucalyptus resinifera), grey gum (Eucalyptus
punctata), Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna) and blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) with a
grassy understorey of kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra) on moister sites.
Cpl
Cumberland Plain
SB Cumberland
Low rolling hills and valleys in a rain shadow area between the Blue Mountains and the coast
on horizontal Triassic shales and lithic sandstones forming a down-warped block on the
coastal side of the Lapstone monocline. Intruded by a small number of volcanic vents and
partly covered by Tertiary river gravels and sands (Hawkesbury-Nepean Terrace Gravels
landscape). Quaternary alluvium along the mains streams. General elevation 30 to 120m,
local relief 50m. and sometimes affected by salt in tributary valley floors. Pedal uniform red

Page 109

to brown clays on volcanic hills. Red and brown texture-contrast soils on crests grading to
yellow harsh texture-contrast soils in valleys. Woodlands and open forest of grey box
(Eucalyptus moluccana), forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis), narrow-leaved ironbark
(Eucalyptus crebra), thin-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus eugenioides), cabbage gum
(Eucalyptus amplifolia) and broad-leaved apple (Angophora subvelutina). Grassy to shrubby
understorey often dominated by Australian boxthorn (Bursaria spinosa), poorly drained
valley floors, often salt affected with swamp oak (Casuarina glauca) and paperbark
(Melaleuca sp.).

Gra
Georges River Alluvial Plain
SB Cumberland
Channel, floodplain and terraces of the Georges River on Quaternary and Tertiary alluvial
sediments. Mostly clayey sand and sand with limited gravel on the highest terrace, general
elevation 0 to 30m, local relief 10m. Massive uniform or gradational profiles on yellow
brown to orange clayey sand. Podsols with well developed double pans on limited areas of
deep quartz sand, stony, harsh, yellow, texture-contrast soils on higher terraces. Forest and
woodland of cabbage gum (Eucalyptus amplifolia), rough-barked apple (Angophora
floribunda), broad-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus fibrosa ssp. fibrosa), scribbly gum
(Eucalyptus sclerophylla) and narrow-leaved apple (Angophora bakeri). Extensive swamp
oak (Casuarina glauca) along the riverbanks and in low-lying areas often with prickly-leaved
tea-tree (Leptospermum styphelioides), these extend to brackish estuarine swamps with grey
mangrove (Avicennia marina) and limited saltmarsh.
Hac
Hawkesbury - Nepean Channels and Floodplains
SB Cumberland
Meandering channel and moderately wide floodplain of the Hawkesbury and Nepean rivers
on Quaternary sand and gravel. Sand is dominant upstream of the Warragamba River
junction, general elevation 0 to 20m, local relief <10m. Undifferentiated alluvial sand to
poorly structured gradation profiles of sandy loam or clay loam. Forests on the river flats
include blue box (Eucalyptus baueriana), broad-leaved apple (Angophora subvelutina),
manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), river peppermint (Eucalyptus elata) in upstream sectors
and dominated by river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) possibly originally with rainforest
species such as white cedar (Melia azedarach) in the lower sectors. Common reed
(Phragmites australis), cumbungi (Typha orientalis) and other aquatic plants are found in the
river. Deep organic loams and loamy sands on floodplain with river flat forest of Sydney blue
gum (Eucalyptus saligna), round-leaved gum (Eucalyptus deanei), forest red gum
(Eucalyptus tereticornis), cabbage gum (Eucalyptus amplifolia), broad-leaved apple, roughbarked apple (Angophora floribunda) and river oak. Water gum (Tristaniopsis laurina) in
protected channel sections. Large swamps and lagoons on the floodplain and in tributary
streams below Richmond dammed by levees on the main stream support tall spike rush
(Eleocharis sphacelata), Juncus sp., Melaleuca sp., and Lepidosperma sp. Below Pitt Town
the river is tidal and swamp oak (Casuarina glauca), common reed, river mangrove
(Aegiceras corniculatum), grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) and limited salt marsh are
found on the muddy sands of the inter-tidal zone.
Htg
Hawkesbury - Nepean Terrace Gravels
SB Cumberland
Three levels of river terrace dating into the Tertiary. General elevation 20 to 45m, local relief
10m. Planar, poorly drained terraces with harsh texture-contrast soils and heavy clays in
swamps and cut-off meanders. In places deep sands of crevasse splays support scribbly gum
(Eucalyptus sclerophylla), narrow-leaved apple (Angophora bakeri) and old man banksia
(Banksia serrata) on podsols with adjacent sedgelands. Most clay-based soils (harsh texturecontrast profiles) are very gravelly and carry broad-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus fibrosa
ssp.fibrosa) and narrow-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra), grey box (Eucalyptus
moluccana), paperbarks (Melaleuca sp.) and drooping red gum (Eucalyptus parramattensis).
Several vegetation communities are now rare especially that on the Pliocene/Pleistocene sand
body with podsol soil profiles at Agnes Banks.

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Pbh
Picton - Razorback Hills
SB Cumberland
Plateau ridge with steep slopes on horizontal upper Triassic shale, carbonaceous claystone,
and lithic sandstone, subject to extensive earthflows on slopes above 120, general elevation
180 to 300m, local relief 90m. Harsh, red, brown or yellow texture-contrast soils with reactive
clay subsoils. Open forest of Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna), blackbutt (Eucalyptus
pilularis), grey box (Eucalyptus moluccana), forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis), white
stringybark (Eucalyptus globoidea) with Australian boxthorn (Bursaria spinosa) and
kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra) on lower slopes. Endangered community of dry vine
forest in gullies and under lithic sandstone escarpments; red ash (Alphitonia excelsa), red
cedar (Toona australis), guioa (Guioa semiglauca), Port Jackson fig (Ficus rubiginosa),
prickly paperbark (Melaleuca styphelioides), mock olive (Notelaea longifolia), yellow
pittosporum (Pittosporum revolutum), gum vine (Marsdenia rostrata), wonga vine (Pandorea
pandorana), water vine (Cissus antarctica) and slender grape (Cayratia clematidea).
Meso: SB Escarpment
Swe
Sydney Basin Western Escarpment
SB Escarpment
Steep dissected slopes on the western margin of the Triassic rocks and descending into the
Permian conglomerate, shale and sandstone. Cliffs and gorges to 100m, general elevation 250
to 1000m, local relief 150m. Brown loamy sands in rubbly soil on debris slopes, with deeper
accumulations toward the valley floor. Dry aspects; open forest of Sydney peppermint
(Eucalyptus piperita), smooth-barked apple (Angophora costata), grey gum (Eucalyptus
punctata), broad-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus fibrosa ssp. fibrosa) and rough-barked apple
(Angophora floribunda). Moist aspects; tall open forest of round-leaved gum (Eucalyptus
deanei), turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna), blueleaved stringybark (Eucalyptus agglomerata), thin-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus
eugenioides) and narrow-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra). Coachwood (Ceratopetalum
apetalum) and sassafras (Doryphora sassafras) in the gullies.
Meso: SB Ettrema
Ytl
Yalwal - Tallowal Tableland
SB Ettrema
Plateau, with gentle stepped slopes bounded by deep cliffed gorges on horizontally bedded
Permian quartz sandstones and conglomerate of the Shoalhaven group. Altitude about 700m
above sea level and local relief on the plateau of 100-120m. Benches typically 50-100m wide
with shallow sands over bedrock or deeper organic sands. Very distinctive contour banded
vegetation patterns and joint control of drainage evident on air photos. Vegetation complex of
woodlands with silvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi) and brittle gum (Eucalyptus mannifera) on
deeper soils over joint crevices, closed mallee scrub of Eucalyptus dendromorpha on higher
ridges and terraces, dwarf shrubland of she-oak (Casuarina or Allocasurina) or common
fringe myrtle (Calytrix tetragona), and wet sedgeland of Lepyrodia sp., on thinner wetter soils
in seepage areas.
Ylg
Yalwal Gorges
SB Ettrema
Steep gorges with cliffs and waterfalls incised through horizontal Permian lithic sandstone,
conglomerate and siltstone into Devonian quartz sandstone, conglomerate, siltstone, basalt,
rhyolite and tuff, Carboniferous granite and Ordovician slate and chert. General elevation 200
to 450m, local relief 100m. Limited sandy soil on gorge margins, deep accumulations of
quartz sand amongst bouldery debris on narrow valley floors. Small areas of texture-contrast
soils on Palaeozoic bedrock. Dense gully vegetation with; Sydney peppermint (Eucalyptus
piperita), turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), water gum (Tristaniopsis laurina), grey myrtle
(Backhousia myrtifolia), sandpaper fig (Ficus coronata) and cabbage-tree palm (Livistona
australis).
Meso: SB Hornsby

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Hpl
Hornsby Plateau
SB Hornsby
Benched hill slopes and steep hills with narrow flat-topped ridges and broader plateau tops on
horizontal Triassic quartz sandstone with occasional conglomerate and thin discontinuous
shales. Isolated thicker shales and areas of laterite development on plateaus. General
elevation 0 to 220m, local relief 30 to 120m. Shallow uniform sands amongst rock outcrops.
Deep gradational yellow earths on some plateau areas, yellow texture-contrast soils on
benches, deep uniform sands, organic sands and limited podsols in depositional areas. Very
diverse vegetation related to site and soil conditions. Crests and ridges, scribbly gum
(Eucalyptus haemostoma), red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera), brown stringybark
(Eucalyptus capitellata), silvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi) and old man banksia (Banksia
serrata) with a high proportion of Proteaceae and Acacia in the understorey. Slopes; smoothbarked apple (Angophora costata), Sydney peppermint (Eucalyptus piperita), yellow
bloodwood (Corymbia eximia), Leptospermum sp., and forest oak (Allocasuarina torulosa);
protected valley floors with rainforest elements including turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera),
Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna), blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), water gum
(Tristaniopsis laurina), coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum), cabbage-tree palm (Livistona
australis). Extensive wet and dry heaths on plateau, Sydney blue gum, blackbutt, turpentine
tall forest on thicker shale ridge tops with deep gradational red clay loam to clay soil.
Phr
Pennant Hills Ridges
SB Hornsby
Rolling to moderately steep hills on horizontal Triassic shales and siltstones. General
elevation 10 to 90m, local relief 60m. Deep red texture-contrast soils on narrow hillcrests, red
and brown to yellow texture-contrast soils on slopes becoming slightly harsher in drainage
lines. Tall open forest of Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna), turpentine (Syncarpia
glomulifera), blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), white stringybark (Eucalyptus globoidea), grey
ironbark (Eucalyptus paniculata), forest oak (Allocasuarina torulosa) and rough-barked apple
(Angophora floribunda). Rainforest elements in protected moist gully heads with sweet
pittosporum (Pittosporum undulatum), cheese tree (Glochidion ferdinandi), sandpaper fig
(Ficus coronata) and black wattle (Callicoma serratifolia).
Meso: SB Hunter
Chv Central Hunter Alluvial Plains
SB Hunter
Channel, floodplain and terraces Hunter River on Quaternary alluvium, general elevation 20
to 40m, local relief 15m. Harsh brown texture-contrast soils on the third terrace, gradational
sandy loam on the second terrace and loamy sand on the low terrace and floodplain. Limited
areas of source bordering sand dune with grey to yellow-brown sand. Open grassland with
scattered yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis),
rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda) patches of swamp oak (Casuarina glauca) on
brackish and saline flats, river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) along the streams.
Chf
Central Hunter Foothills
SB Hunter
Undulating lowlands, rounded to steep hills with rock outcrop on ridges on Permian lithic
sandstone, conglomerate, shale and coal, general elevation 40 to 300m with a few higher
peaks, local relief 30 to 120m. Red-brown to yellow brown harsh texture-contrast soils on
slopes, dark coloured clays in valleys and limited accumulations of sand and gravel in
streams. Woodlands to open forest of spotted gum (Corymbia maculata), forest red gum
(Eucalyptus tereticornis), narrow-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra), red ironbark
(Eucalyptus sideroxylon), white box (Eucalyptus albens), slaty gum (Eucalyptus dawsonii),
rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda) with kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra) and
wallaby grass (Austrodanthonia sp).
Het

Lower Hunter Channels and Floodplains

Page 112

SB Hunter

Channel, floodplain, and estuarine swamps on Quaternary alluvial estuarine sediments of the
Hunter River estuary tract, general elevation 0 to 30m, local relief <10m. Harsh brown
texture-contrast soils on the third terrace, gradational sandy loam on the second terrace and
loamy sand on the low terrace and floodplain. Acid peaty silty sand, silt and clay in swamps,
uniform quartz sand with podsol development on marginal coastal dunes and sand sheets.
Open grassland with scattered yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), forest red gum
(Eucalyptus tereticornis), rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda) on higher fluvial
landscapes. Freshwater and brackish swamps with open water, aquatic plants and fringe
woodlands of broad-leaved paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia), swamp mahogany
(Eucalyptus robusta), river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana), swamp oak (Casuarina
glauca), common reed (Phragmites australis), river mangrove (Aegiceras corniculatum), grey
mangrove (Avicennia marina) and extensive saltmarsh in tidal areas.

Nrm Newcastle Coastal Ramp

SB Hunter
Undulating lowlands and low to steep hills on complex patterns of faulted and gently folded
Carboniferous conglomerate, lithic sandstone, felspathic sandstone, and mudstone, general
elevation 50 to 275m, local relief 40 to 150m. Stony red texture-contrast soils on steep slopes,
yellow and brown texture-contrast soils on lower slopes and deep dark clay loams along
streams. Woodland of spotted gum (Corymbia maculata), forest red gum (Eucalyptus
tereticornis), red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), white mahogany (Eucalyptus
acmenoides), large-fruited grey gum (Eucalyptus canaliculata), with sub-tropical rainforest
elements in sheltered gullies. Similar eucalypts with forest oak (Allocasuarina torulosa) and
grasses on lower slopes, merging to forest of smooth-barked apple (Angophora costata), red
bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera), blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) with bracken (Pteridium
esculentum) and grasses nearer the coast.
Uhc
Upper Hunter Channels and Floodplain
SB Hunter
Channel, floodplain and terraces of the Hunter River and its tributaries upstream of Denman
on Quaternary alluvium, general elevation 100 to 200m, local relief 25m. Harsh yellow brown
texture-contrast soils on the third terrace, gradational sandy loam on the second terrace and
loamy sand on the low terrace and floodplain. Limited areas of Tertiary river gravels on
bedrock spurs. Open grassland with white box (Eucalyptus albens), yellow box (Eucalyptus
melliodora), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi), rough-barked apple (Angophora
floribunda) and patches of swamp oak (Casuarina glauca) on brackish and saline flats, river
oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) along the streams.
Meso: SB Illawarra
Bpp Bomaderry Plains
SB Illawarra
Quaternary silt and mud on the back plains of the Shoalhaven floodplain, relief <10m.
Organic uniform loam and silt loam is widespread Limited dark texture-contrast soils on
levees and terrace remnants. Swamps with dense clay were originally common, now drained
and cleared. Decorative paperbark (Melaleuca sp.), swamp oak (Casuarina glauca), forest red
gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis), Sydney peppermint (Eucalyptus piperita). Remnant Illawarra
flame tree (Brachychiton acerifolius), cabbage-tree palm (Livistona australis) and Port
Jackson fig (Ficus rubiginosa) mark the location of original coastal brush patches.
Bce
Bulli Coastal Escarpment
SB Illawarra
Cliffed escarpment and rubble slopes of Triassic horizontally bedded massive quartz
sandstone, conglomerate, and shale with some areas of layered basalt. Maximum elevation
490m, relief up to 300m with cliff and waterfalls typically 30 to 60m and rarely exceeding
80m. Episodic cliff retreat through extensive rockfalls contributes to the debris slopes.
Rainfall on the escarpment is significantly higher than on the coastal slopes and averages
about 2200mm. Soils vary from shallow sandy loam on sandstone, texture-contrast profiles on
shale and debris slopes, to higher nutrient loam on volcanics and in gully lines where organic

Page 113

matter transfers nutrients. The high rainfall and elevation encourage mesophilic vegetation on
richer soils with cool temperate rainforest elements such as, sassafras (Doryphora sassafras),
coachwood (Ceratopetlaum apetalum), cabbage-tree palm (Livistona australis), native
tamarind (Diploglottis australis), cheese tree (Glochidion ferdinandi), lilly pilly (Acmena
smithii), Illawarra flame tree (Brachychiton acerifolius), with water gum (Tristaniopsis
laurina) and soft tree-ferns (Dicksonia antarctica) and rough tree-ferns (Cyathea australis) in
the gullies. Sydney peppermint (Eucalyptus piperita), turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera),
grey gum (Eucalyptus punctata), smooth-barked apple (Angophora costata) and Christmas
bush (Ceratopetalum gummiferum) dominate more exposed ridgelines.

Dap Dapto - Wollongong Coastal Slopes

SB Illawarra
Hilly forestland lying between the steep rubble slopes of the escarpment and valley floors or
coastal barriers. A narrow landscape lying between the coast and the escarpment. Formed on
Permian sandstone and shale with areas of interbedded basalt. Slopes range from 3 to 270 with
thin stony soils on crests and upper slopes. Deeper well-structured red and red brown loam
and clay loam with some areas of mellow texture-contrast soils of high fertility high and good
water holding capacity on mid and lower slopes. Yellow solodic soils with bleached A2
horizons common on the lowest slopes and stream terraces. Open forest dominated by forest
red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis), yellow stringybark (Eucalyptus muelleriana), gully gum
(Eucalyptus smithii), stringybark with rainforest elements along streamlines. Extensively
cleared, former areas of coastal brush may be indicated by remnant cabbage-tree palms
(Livistona australis) and Port Jackson figs (Ficus rubiginosa).
Kav Kangaroo Valley
SB Illawarra
An enclosed, narrow, western facing valley surrounded by sandstone escarpment features
comparable to the Bulli coastal escapement. The valley is incised into Permian pebbly
siltstone and sandstone. Relief 180m with the valley floor at 80 to 100m above sea level. Soils
on the slopes are loamy sand matrix in a sandstone rubble beneath cliff lines, then yellow
texture-contrast profiles grading to deep loam on the valley floors. Tall forests below the
escarpment of; yellow stringybark (Eucalyptus muelleriana), Sydney peppermint (Eucalyptus
piperita), silvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi), turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), two-veined
hickory (Acacia binervata), narrow-leaved geebung (Persoonia linerais), and sandfly zieria
(Zieria smithii). On the lower texture-contrast soils; narrow-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus
radiata), brown barrel (Eucalyptus fastigata), yellow stringybark, river peppermint
(Eucalyptus elata), forest oak (Allocasuarina torulosa), prickly oxylobium (Oxylobium
ilicifolium), and hop goodenia (Goodenia ovata). Open forest on the foothills of; forest oak,
forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis), rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda),
southern mahogany (Eucalyptus botryoides), river peppermint, Breynia sp., with water gum
(Tristainiopsis laurina) and patches of coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum) and red cedar
(Toona australis) along the stream margins.
Kip
Kiama Coastal Slopes
SB Illawarra
Comparable to the Dapto-Wollongong slopes but with higher relief, steep slopes and higher
rainfall. Maximum elevation 250m, relief 160m. Well-structured red-brown loam with
gradational profiles is widespread on the Gerringong volcanics of trachyte, latite and tuff.
Sandstone is less common but tends to form steep slopes with texture-contrast soils marginal
to the adjacent escarpment. Extensively cleared but originally had a wide distribution of
rainforest elements; cabbage palm (Livistona australis), scentless rosewood (Synoum
glandulosum), brush cherry (Syzygium australe), black apple (Planchonella australis), plum
pine (Podocarpus elatus) amongst turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera) and grey ironbark
(Eucalyptus paniculata). River oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) along the streams.
Lap
Lake Illawarra Alluvial Plains
SB Illawarra
Quaternary sand, silt and clay of the floodplain and alluvial fans of streams entering Lake
Illawarra, general elevation 0 to 40m, local relief <10m. Soils differ with sediment type but

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are generally uniform sandy loam with high organic content, and humic podsols on some
older dunes. Most of the plains are cleared but originally had forest red gum (Eucalyptus
tereticornis), woollybutt (Eucalyptus longifolia), white stringybark (Eucalyptus globoidea),
thin-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus eugenioides), cabbage gum (Eucalyptus amplifolia) and
extensive stands of swamp oak (Casuarina glauca), prickly paperbark (Melaleuca
styphelioides) and decorative paperbark (Melaleuca sp.) on brackish wet ground near creeks.
River oak (Casuarina cunninhammiana) on fresh water streams.

Sha
Shoalhaven Channels and Floodplains
SB Illawarra
Channels and floodplains of Eastern Alluvial deposits over basic and acid volcanics and
associated sediments. Yellow and red contrast texture soils, and massive red and yellow
earths. Some shallow loams. Elevation 600m to 735m, local relief to 3m. Largely cleared,
with some areas of Tableland Swamp Flats (Eucalyptus viminalis, E. pauciflora, with Rubus
parviflorus dominated shrubby understorey, or grasses - Microlaena stipoides, Duchondra
spp.), Tablelands Flats Grasslands (Poa spp., Carex spp., Juncus spp., Themeda australis).
Small areas of Frost Hollow Grassy Woodland (E. pauciflora, E. rubida with grassy
understorey including Themeda australis, Gonocarpus tetrgynus, Microlaena stipoides.

Shc
Shoalhaven Alluvial Plain
SB Illawarra
Quaternary sands and gravels of the floodplain and terraces of the Shoalhaven River below
the point where the river leaves its mountain and gorge tract to form a confined alluvial fan
near the coast. Soils differ with sediment type but are generally uniform sandy loam with high
organic content. General elevation 0 to 30m, local relief <10m. Minor geomorphic features of
meander scroll plains, islands, cut-off meanders and associated swamps are common. River
peppermint (Eucalyptus elata) and river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) common in the
upper reaches merging downstream to brackish and saline riparian communities of swamp
oak (Casuarina glauca), river mangrove (Aegiceras corniculatum) and common reed
(Phragmites australis), to grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) and salt marsh.
Meso: SB Jervis
Kih
Kioloa Headland
SB Jervis
Coastal headland and local peak on Cretaceous micro-gabbro intrusion, general elevation 0 to
110m, local relief 110m. Uniform soil profile of stony dark brown and grey clay with a thick
organic layer and impeded drainage. Spotted gum (Corymbia maculata), blackbutt
(Eucalyptus pilularis), southern mahogany (Eucalyptus botryoides), sassafras (Doryphora
sassafras), cheese tree (Glochidion ferdinandi), sandpaper fig (Ficus coronata), lilly pilly
(Acmena smithii), black wattle (Callicoma sp.), water gum (Tristaniopsis laurina), tree-ferns
(Cyathea sp.), cabbage-tree palm (Livistona australis), with an understorey of common saw
sedge (Gahnia sp.), bracken (Pteridium esculentum) and rainbow fern (Calochlaenia dubia).
Mih Milton Hills
SB Jervis
Low undulating basin and surrounding steep contact ridge on Cretaceous microsyenite and
trachyte intrusion into Permian lithic sandstone, general elevation 50 to 150m, local relief
80m. Uniform and gradational soil profiles of fertile brown gritty loam and clay loam. Open
forest of coastal grey box (Eucalyptus moluccana), forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis),
thin-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus eugenioides) and black wattle (Callicoma serratifolia)
with grasses and sedges. Gullies, deeper soils and protected environments under the
escarpment with dry rainforest including; turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), red cedar
(Toona australis), whalebone tree (Streblus brunonianus), red-fruited olive plum (Cassine
australe), red ash (Alphitonia excelsa), giant stinging tree (Dendrocnide excelsa), Port
Jackson fig (Ficus rubiginosa), sandpaper fig (Ficus coronata), brush cherry (Syzygium
australe), lilly pilly (Acmena smithii), pigeon-berry ash (Elaeocarpus kirtonii), water vine

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(Cissus antarctica), sarsaparilla (Smilax glaucophylla), ferns, grasses and saw sedge (Gahnia
sp.).

Nds
Nowra - Durras Coastal Slopes
SB Jervis
Comparable to the Dapto-Wollongong slopes but with lower relief, undulating slopes and
lower rainfall. Permian lithic sandstone and pebbly siltstone with yellow and yellow-red
texture-contrast soils. General elevation 20 to 80m, local relief 30m. Open forest of spotted
gum (Corymbia maculata) with extensive Macrozamia sp., and blady grass (Imperata
cylindrica) understorey. Freshwater reed (Phragmites australis) swamps on wider valley
floors, merging down valley with swamp oak (Casuarina glauca) communities. This
landscape becomes wider to the south and may be difficult to distinguish in the field from the
Wandandian Coastal Plains landscape.
Wap Wandandian Coastal Plains
SB Jervis
Undulating slopes and wide flat valleys with dendritic drainage on horizontal Permian lithic
sandstone and pebbly siltstone, general elevation 20 to 80m, local relief <30m. Yellow and
yellow-red deep texture-contrast soils with bleached topsoils and harsh clay subsoil. Open
forest of spotted gum (Corymbia maculata), forest oak (Allocasuarina torulosa) with
extensive macrozamia (Macrozamia sp.) and blady grass (Imperata cylindrica) understorey.
Freshwater reed (Phragmites australis) swamps on wider valley floors, merging down valley
with swamp oak (Casuarina glauca) communities especially in brackish water of estuaries
where organic sands and mud support grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) and limited
saltmarsh.
Meso: SB Jervis Basalts
Mcb Milton Basalts and Sands
SB Jervis Basalts
Low flat hills near the coast on Tertiary basalts and underlying quartz gravel and sand,
elevation 40 to 60m. Well-structured, fertile, brown to red-brown loams and clay loams on
basalt with bleached sandy podsols with thin iron pan development on the sands. Red
bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera), old man banksia (Banksia serrata). On the coastal
headlands heaths of hakea (Hakea sericea), melaleuca (Melaleuca armillaris), coast rosemary
(Westringia friticosa) and dwarfed red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera) occur in shallow
soils subject to high salt spray input and frequent fire.
Meso: SB Jervis Granites
Wag Wandandian Granite
SB Jervis
Granites
Very small areas of Devonian(?) granite, exposed in valleys incised through Permian siltstone
and silty sandstone, elevation about 170m. No specific soils or vegetation data available but
probably similar to Moruya Granite Basins landscape.
Meso: SB Kerrabee
Grf
Goulburn River Channels and Floodplains
SB Kerrabee
Channel, floodplain terraces and valley foothills on Quaternary alluvium and colluvium,
general elevation 150 to 250m, local relief 30m. Deep gravelly coarse textured red and brown
earths on upper slopes, harsh yellow-brown texture-contrast soils on terraces, gradational and
uniform sands and loamy sands on the floodplain. Grassy woodland of white box (Eucalyptus
albens), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis) and
rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda).
Grg

Goulburn River Gorges

Page 116

SB Kerrabee

Incised gorge with steep slopes through Triassic and Jurassic quartz sandstones, shale and
conglomerate, general elevation 250 to 400m, local relief 80m. Rock outcrop and stony
colluvium with coarse sand matrix on the slopes, sandy alluvium on the valley floor. Slopes
carry woodland of red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), grey gum (Eucalyptus punctata),
blue-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus agglomerata), narrow-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus
sparsifolia), black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri) and forest oak (Allocasuarina torulosa).
Yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) and river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) along the
stream channel.

Lpf
Lees Pinch Foothills
SB Kerrabee
Stony plateau, rugged hills and ridges with narrow valleys on Triassic and Jurassic quartz
sandstones, shale and conglomerate, general elevation 250 to 750m, local relief 300m.
Extensive rock outcrops with low cliffs and benches, coarse sandy soils with rubbly debris on
steep slopes, accumulations of alluvial sand in the valleys and yellow texture-contrast soils on
some benches. Woodland of red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), grey gum (Eucalyptus
punctata), blue-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus agglomerata), narrow-leaved stringybark
(Eucalyptus sparsifolia), black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri) and forest oak
(Allocasuarina torulosa) on the slopes and ridges. Grey gum, brown bloodwood (Corymbia
trachyphloia), and stringybarks (Eucalyptus sp.) with sparse ground cover in creeks and at the
base of cliffs. Scattered forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis) and ironbark along streams.
Gru Upper Goulburn Valleys and Escarpment
SB Kerrabee
Steep hills and sandstone escarpments with cliffs, rock outcrop and long debris slopes on
Permian and Triassic quartz sandstone, lithic sandstone, conglomerate and shale, general
elevation 250 to 700m, local relief to 250m. Stony coarse textured rubbly earths and harsh
texture-contrast soils. Woodland of; grey box (Eucalyptus moluccana), forest red gum
(Eucalyptus tereticornis), white box (Eucalyptus albens), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora)
and grasses. Rainforest elements in protected sites.
Meso: SB Moss Vale
Ffe
Fitzroy Falls Escarpment
SB Moss Vale
High cliffs with waterfalls at the margin of the Fitzroy Falls Plateau landscape, on upper
Permian and lower Triassic coal measures of shale, sandstone, tuff and quartz sandstone,
general elevation 400 to 700m, local relief 150m. Well-drained gradational yellow earth, and
uniform sands on the plateau edge, considerable rock outcrop and rubbly debris slope at the
base of the cliffs with a coarse sand matrix. Cliff top woodlands of red bloodwood (Corymbia
gummifera), scribbly gum (Eucalyptus haemostoma), silvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi) and
Sydney peppermint (Eucalyptus piperita). Forest under the escarpment contains rainforest
elements including turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), sassafras (Doryphora sassafras) and
coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum).
Ffp
Fitzroy Falls Plateau
SB Moss Vale
Plateau and slightly undulating hills on horizontal Triassic quartz sandstone and
conglomerate, general elevation 700 to 780m, local relief 40m. Well-drained gradational
yellow earth and uniform sands with some texture-contrast profiles on shale layers or
colluvial clay. Sydney peppermint (Eucalyptus piperita), scribbly gum (Eucalyptus
haemostoma), stringybark (Eucalyptus sp.), old man banksia (Banksia serrata) with a shrubby
understorey including mountain devil (Lambertia formosa), broad-leaved hakea (Hakea
dactyloides) and sunshine wattle (Acacia terminalis).
Mvh Moss Vale Highlands
SB Moss Vale
Rolling hills and rounded peaks with deep channel incision on horizontal Triassic alternating
quartz sandstone and shale, general elevation 700 to 850mm, local relief 80m. Widespread
yellow and grey texture-contrast soils, deep yellow earth on friable sandstone often with

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concretionary ironstone and accumulations of clan quartz sand in valleys. Woodland of

silvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi), Sydney peppermint (Eucalyptus piperita), smooth-barked
apple (Angophora costata), blue-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus agglomerata) and scribbly
gum (Eucalyptus haeomstoma) on sheltered sites. Open forest in gullies at the head of rivers
below the plateau; gully gum (Eucalyptus smithii), river peppermint (Eucalyptus elata),
mountain grey gum (Eucalyptus cypellocarpa). Woodland of; mountain grey gum, coastal
white box (Eucalyptus quadrangulata), white stringybark (Eucalyptus globoidea), swamp
gum (Eucalyptus ovata), and cabbage gum (Eucalyptus amplifolia) on shale and poorly
drained sites. Large areas of wet heath with; prickly broom heath (Monotoca scoparia), coral
heath (Epacris microphylla), Christmas bells (Blandfordia nobilis) and button grass
(Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus) with patches of; stunted silvertop ash, red bloodwood
(Corymbia gummifera), and scrub she-oak (Allocasuarina paludosa).

Wgs Wingecarribee Swamp

SB Moss Vale
Extensive sphagnum (Sphagnum christatum), common reed (Phragmites australis), cumbungi
(Typha orientalis) and sedge (Lepyrodia anarthrai) bog with open water on Holocene peat
with a Triassic quartz sandstone base, elevation 740m, local relief <5m, peat 1 to 4m thick.
The largest montane bog in Australia contains several rare plants and fauna and was subject to
a catastrophic peat burst in 1998 initiated by dredging. Rare species include; Gentiana
wingecarribiensis, Lysimachia vulgaris and Prasophyllum uroglossum. Woodland margin of
mountain grey gum (Eucalyptus cypellocarpa).

Meso: SB Moss Vale Basalts

Rbb Robertson Basalts
SB Moss Vale Basalts
Flat top hills and small plateau standing above undulating shale hills of the Moss Vale
Highlands landscape on Tertiary basalt flows, general elevation 800 to 850m, local relief
40m. Red and red-brown structured loam and clay loam with uniform or gradational profiles,
good water holding capacity and high fertility. Tall forests of; Sydney peppermint
(Eucalyptus piperita), river peppermint (Eucalyptus elata), brown barrel (Eucalyptus
fastigata), manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), coastal grey box (Eucalyptus moluccana),
black sallee (Eucalyptus stellulata) and snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora). Rainforest
elements in protected gorges; sassafras (Doryphora sassafras), coachwood (Ceratopetalum
apetalum), eastern leatherwood (Eucryphia moorei), native tamarind (Diploglottis australis),
white cherry (Schizomeria ovata), lilly pilly (Acmena smithii), blackwood (Acacia
melanoxylon), small-leaved fig (Ficus obliqua) with soft tree-fern (Dicksonia antarctica) and
rough tree-fern (Cyathea australis) understorey.
Meso: SB Pittwater
Bsl
Belrose Coastal Slopes
SB Pittwater
Benched hill slopes and deep valleys of the coastal fall on horizontal Triassic quartz
sandstone, lithic sandstone and shales. High proportion of rock outcrop with discontinuous
cliffs to 5m high. General elevation 0 to 180m, local relief 80m. Shallow uniform or
gradational sands and earthy sands on ridges, deeper sands, loamy sands and organic sands on
wet benches and in hanging swamps, grey or yellow texture-contrast soils on shale benches.
Accumulations of deeper sand and occasional podsols in depositional sites and along streams.
Low woodland of scribbly gum (Eucalyptyus haeomostoma), red bloodwood (Corymbia
gummifera), yellow-top ash (Eucalyptus leuhmanniana), and narrow-leaved apple
(Angophora bakeri) in deeper soils on ridges. Scrub and heath of she-oak (Allocasuarina
distyla) and heath banksia (Banksia ericifolia), with other Hakea, Grevillea, and Baeckea sp.,
on ridges and upper benches. Wet heath and swamps with Gahnia sp. and swamp banksia
(Banksia robur) in hanging valleys. Coastal forest in sheltered areas on better quality shale
soil with; Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna), blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), turpentine

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(Syncarpia glomulifera), grey ironbark (Eucalyptus paniculata), spotted gum (Corymbia

maculata), southern mahogany (Eucalyptus botryoides), cabbage-tree palm (Livistona
australis) and burrawang (Macrozamia sp.). Coastal headlands with scrub of Allocasuarina
distyla, coast rosemary (Westringea fruticosa), and dwarf kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra).

Mav Mangrove Creek Valley

SB Pittwater
Incised valley within stepped slopes of horizontal Triassic quartz and lithic sandstones with
limited conglomerate and shale, sandy Quaternary alluvium on the narrow valley floor,
general elevation 0 to 100m, local relief 50m. Shallow uniform or gradational sands and
earthy sands on ridges, deeper sands, loamy sands and organic sands on wet benches, grey or
yellow texture-contrast soils on shale benches. Accumulations of deeper sand and occasional
podsols in depositional sites and along streams. Woodlands and low forest of yellow
bloodwood (Corymbia eximia), red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera) and grey gum
(Eucalyptus punctata) on the ridges and upper slopes, smooth-bark apple (Angophora
costata), and Sydney peppermint (Eucalyptus piperita) in gullies and moist aspects, forest red
gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis) and thin-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus eugenioides) on lower
slopes grading into round-leaved gum (Eucalyptus deanei) and rough-barked apple
(Angophora floribunda) on the alluvial flats. Diverse shrubby understorey.
Poj
Port Jackson Basin
SB Pittwater
Deep elongated harbour with steep cliffed margins on horizontal Triassic quartz sandstone.
Small pocket beaches and more extensive Quaternary estuary fill of muddy sand at the head
of most tributary streams. General elevation 0 to 80m, local relief 10 to 50m. Sandstone
slopes and cliffs have patches of uniform or gradational sandy soil on narrow benches and
within joint crevices that support forest and woodland of Sydney peppermint (Eucalyptus
piperita), smooth-barked apple (Angophora costata), red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera)
and blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis). Sheltered gullies contain some turpentine (Syncarpia
glomulifera), coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum) and water gum (Tristaniopsis laurina).
Estuarine sands were originally dominated by saltmarsh but have been taken over by grey
mangrove (Avicennia marina) in the past century.
Spp
Somersby Plateau
SB Pittwater
Plateau of quartz sandstone with occasional shale caps. General elevation 200 to 250m, local
relief to 30m. Horizontal Triassic quartz sandstone with thin conglomerates and shale ridge
caps. Older Triassic lithic and quartz sandstones exposed in valleys and along the coast. Deep
yellow earths or rocky outcrop on plateau tops. Uniform and texture-contrast soils on
sandstones and shale slopes. Loamy sand in alluvium along creeks. Shale caps support tall
forest of Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna) and blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) or
turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera) and grey ironbark (Eucalyptus paniculata). Sandstone
plateau carry Sydney peppermint (Eucalyptus piperita), smooth-barked apple (Angophora
costata), scribbly gum (Eucalyptyus haeomostoma), red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera),
yellow bloodwood (Corymbia eximia), with diverse shrubs and patches of heath. Blackbutt,
turpentine, coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum) and water gum (Tristaniopsis laurina) in
deep sheltered gullies. Spotted gum (Corymbia maculata), round-leaved gum (Eucalyptus
deanei), bangalow palm (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), and forest oak (Allocasuarina
torulosa) on lower slopes.

Meso: SB Volcanics
Hrb Hunter River Basalts
SB Volcanics
Limited areas of Tertiary basalt caps forming flat-topped or low rounded hills, general
elevation 60 to 180m. Red-brown well-structured stony loam, dark cracking clays often with
linear gilgai patterns. Open grassy woodland of white box (Eucalyptus albens), yellow box

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(Eucalyptus melliodora), silvertop stringybark (Eucalyptus laevopinea), forest red gum

(Eucalyptus tereticornis) and bull oak (Allocasuarina leuhmannii).

Sbc
Sydney Basin Basalt Caps
SB Volcanics
High undulating to flat peaks and short ridges on Tertiary basalt above Triassic quartz
sandstone, general elevation 700 to 900m, local relief 50 to 100m. Deep uniform red-brown
structured loams and clay loams of high fertility. The influence of the basalt on the soil
extends down slope of the sandstone/basalt contact. At lower elevations tall moist forest of
narrow-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus radiata), brown barrel (Eucalyptus fastigata), grey
gum (Eucalyptus punctata), sassafras (Doryphora sassafras), coachwood (Ceratopetalum
apetalum) and tree-ferns (Cyathea sp.).
Dia
Sydney Basin Diatremes
SB Volcanics
Widely distributed across the Sydney Basin and distinguished as a landscape because they
always contain locally different landform, soil and vegetation. Diatremes are circular volcanic
vents filled with layered, brecciated country rock cemented by a fine-grained basaltic matrix.
Some contain a core of basalt. In sandstone country the volcanic breccia weathers and erodes
more rapidly than the sandstone and the landform is a deep circular with the appearance of a
crater. Soils in the crater are dominated by sandstone detritus from the surrounding slopes but
the subsoils is a fertile well, structured clay derived from the breccia and these protected sites
carry more mesic variants of the local vegetation. In shale country the breccia is more
resistant than the shale and the diatremes form a low rounded hill with red-brown gradational
profiles of clay loam and structured clay with moderate to high fertility. General elevation
varies considerably across the basin, local relief of positive landforms up to 25m, negative
landforms (craters) 180m.
Meso: SB Watagan
Wtr Watagan Ranges
SB Watagan
Steep dissected ranges with small areas of plateau on Triassic lithic sandstone, shale, tuff and
claystone, general elevation 30 to 300m, local relief 100m. Rock outcrop common with low
cliff lines and wide benches. Yellow-brown gradational and texture-contrast soil profiles.
Complex vegetation varying with aspect, rainfall and fire history. Low shrubs and woodland
of scribbly gum (Eucalyptyus haeomostoma), red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera), she-oak
(Allocasuarina sp.), Banksia sp., and Acacia sp., with patches of silvertop ash (Eucalyptus
sieberi) and mountain mallee (Eucalyptus stricta) on ridges. Slopes with grey ironbark
(Eucalyptus paniculata), white mahogany (Eucalyptus acmenoides), descending to smoothbarked apple (Angophora costata), turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), tallow wood
(Eucalyptus microcorys), brush box (Lophostemon confertus) and Sydney blue gum
(Eucalyptus saligna) with pockets of rainforest in the creeks.
Meso: SB Wollemi
Bpr
Bilpin Ridges
SB Wollemi
Elongate ridges capped by thin units of horizontal Triassic shale above steep quartz sandstone
slopes, general elevation 600 to 640m, local relief 30m. Stony red-brown to brown
gradational or texture-contrast soils with moderate fertility and good water-holding capacity.
Forests of turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), red mahogany (Eucalyptus resinifera), grey
gum (Eucalyptus punctata), grey ironbark (Eucalyptus paniculata) and white stringybark
(Eucalyptus globoidea) with diverse shrubby understorey, are sharply demarcated from
adjacent sandstone communities.
Bmp Blue Mountains Plateau
SB Wollemi
Elevated, dissected plateau of Triassic quartz sandstones. Largely undeformed with prominent
sub-horizontal bedding defining a plateau that rises to the west with maximum elevation of

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1100m and local relief in cliffed gorges up to 500m. Very strong joint control on stream
patterns and cliff lines. Thin shale beds form stepped topography and deeply weathered
sandstones form pagoda towers and turrets on gorge margins. Exposed high slopes with dwarf
casuarina (Allocasuarina nana) heath, Blue Mountains ash (Eucalyptus oreades) and silvertop
ash (Eucalyptus sieberi) woodlands, and perched swamps. Elsewhere heaths, woodlands and
forests with very high plant diversity on sandy soils.

Cge
Colo River Gorges
SB Wollemi
Deep steep sided benched slopes and gorges of the Colo, Capertee and Wolgan Rivers incised
into mostly horizontal Permian and Triassic quartz sandstone conglomerate, siltstone, shale
and chert, cliff to 80m high, general elevation 200 to 600m, local relief 200m. Steep debris
slopes with stony brown sands carry woodland and scrub of; red bloodwood (Corymbia
gummifera), yellow bloodwood (Corymbia eximia), grey gum (Eucalyptus punctata), smoothbarked apple (Angophora costata), narrow-leaved apple (Angophora bakeri), with gully
forests of smooth-barked apple, Sydney peppermint (Eucalyptus piperita), turpentine
(Syncarpia glomulifera), blue-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus agglomerata) and numerous
Acacia sp. Sandy valley floors wider upstream with; round-leaved gum (Eucalyptus deanei),
Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna), river peppermint (Eucalyptus elata), turpentine, water
gum (Tristaniopsis laurina), lilly pilly (Acmena smithii), coachwood (Ceratopetalum
apetalum) and river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana).
Ecg
Erskine Creek Gorge
SB Wollemi
Deep steep sided benched slopes of the Erskine Creek gorge incised into mostly horizontal
Triassic quartz sandstone conglomerate and siltstone, cliffs to 50m high, above steep debris
slopes, general elevation 150 to 250m, local relief 100m. Thin sandy soils in joint crevices
and as a matrix to stony debris. Extensive rock outcrop. Steep debris slopes with forest red
gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), forest oak
(Allocasuarina torulosa), and scribbly gum (Eucalyptus haemostoma). Red bloodwood
(Corymbia gummifera), turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), and rainforest elements at the
base of the gorge in sandstone.
Grv
Grose River Gorge
SB Wollemi
Deep steep sided benched slopes and gorge of the Grose River incised into mostly horizontal
Triassic quartz sandstone conglomerate, siltstone, and shale, cliffs to 250m high with
waterfalls, general elevation 100 to 500m, local relief 300m. The gorge widens upstream and
exposes underlying Permian chest, mudstones and conglomerate. Very extensive rock
outcrop, thin yellow to yellow-brown silty sand and gravel with occasional white clay layers
forming either shallow yellow earths or gleyed texture-contrast profiles. Red bloodwood
(Corymbia gummifera), turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), and rainforest elements at the
base of the gorge in sandstone. Steep debris slopes below cliff upstream with forest red gum
(Eucalyptus tereticornis), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), and brittle gum
(Eucalyptus mannifera). Round-leaved gum (Eucalyptus deanei), mountain mountain grey
gum (Eucalyptus cypellocarpa), yellow stringybark (Eucalyptus muelleriana) and gully gum
(Eucalyptus smithii).
Kbe Kurrajong Fault Scarp
SB Wollemi
Dissected and broken slopes on Triassic Quartz sandstone and shale across the Lapstone
monocline and Kurrajong fault scarp. Local dips on the sedimentary rocks up to 300, general
elevation 100 to 250m, local relief 100m. Abundant rock outcrop with pockets of yellowbrown sand and occasional yellow texture-contrast soils. Open forest with a shrubby
understorey of; blue-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus agglomerata), turpentine (Syncarpia
glomulifera), red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera). Smooth-barked apple (Angophora
costata), Sydney peppermint (Eucalyptus piperita), narrow-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus
radiata), grey gum (Eucalyptus punctata), blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) and she-oaks
(Allocasuarina sp.). Several streams have formed extensive reed swamps behind the fault

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block with deep organic sands and scattered forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis), roughbarked apple (Angophora floribunda) and white stringybark (Eucalyptus globoidea) on the
margins.

Lse
Lapstone Slopes
SB Wollemi
The frontal slope of the Blue Mountains formed by folding and faulting of Triassic quartz
sandstone and shale with a veneer of Tertiary river gravels. A southern extension of the
Kurrajong Fault Scarp landscape. Larger streams cut through the structural ridge in deep
gorges, but smaller streams have accumulated organic sands in swamps and lagoons on the
western side of the flexure. General elevation 50 to 300m, local relief 180m, steep dip slopes
on the eastern face and benched faulted slopes on the west. Extensive rock outcrop, thin sandy
soils with gravel and occasional white or yellow clay subsoils. Pockets of deep sand in some
streams. Red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera), yellow bloodwood (Corymbia eximia), grey
gum (Eucalyptus punctata), forest oak (Allocasuarina torulosa), silvertop ash (Eucalyptus
sieberi), narrow-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus radiata) with diverse shrubby understorey.
Mel
Mellong Range
SB Wollemi
Undulating rounded broad crests and wide interfluves on Triassic sandstones with thin shales,
general elevation 380m, local relief 40m. Thin sand and loamy sand on slopes, deeper sand
accumulations or white to pale yellow clays and thin texture-contrast soils on the valleys.
Woodland of red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera), smooth-barked apple (Angophora
costata), grey gum (Eucalyptus punctata), scribbly gum (Eucalyptus sclerophylla), narrowleaved peppermint (Eucalyptus radiata), narrow-leaved apple (Angophora bakeri) with
Banksia sp., Acacia sp., and Leptospermum sp., understorey.
Npp Newnes Plateau
SB Wollemi
Undulating high level plateau with shallowly incises swampy streams and occasional relic
sand dunes on horizontal Triassic quartz sandstones and shale, general elevation 1000m, local
relief <100m. Thin stony yellow red sands, deep yellow earths, podsols on dunes and yellow
or grey texture-contrast soils on shale units. Woodland of stunted scribbly gum (Eucalyptus
sclerophylla), snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora), Blue Mountains ash (Eucalyptus oreades),
silvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi), grey ironbark (Eucalyptus paniculata), red bloodwood
(Corymbia gummifera) and grass trees (Xanthorrhoea sp.) with numerous other shrubs.
Patches of dwarf casuarina (Allocasuarina nana) heath on very exposed and eroded aspects,
sedge swamps with marginal heath form linear patterns in open valleys.
Pss
Putty Sands
SB Wollemi
Gently sloping wide valleys with extensive swamps on the upper margin of the Mellong
Range landscape. Valleys narrow downstream into shallow sandstone gorges, general
elevation 360m, local relief 20m. Uniform or gradation sand or silty sand sometimes over
pallid clay. Well-developed podsols in deeper clean sand. Open grassland with fringing
scattered drooping red gum (Eucalyptus parramattensis), scribbly gum (Eucalyptus
sclerophylla), and narrow-leaved apple (Angophora bakeri). Red bloodwood (Corymbia
gummifera), scribbly gum (Eucalyptus sclerophylla), Christmas bush (Ceratopetalum
gummiferum), old man banksia (Banksia serrata) and woody pear (Xylomelum pyriforme) on
podsols. Lepyrodia scariosa and Schoenus brevifolius in swamps on organic sand.
Wmr Wollemi Ranges
SB Wollemi
Strongly undulating ranges and dissected plateau on horizontal Triassic quartz and lithic
sandstones, conglomerate and some shale, general elevation 300 to 800m, local relief 200m.
Extensive rock outcrop with thin sandy soils in joint crevices and on benches. Steeper slopes
below plateau remnants with iron cemented gravels, gradational yellow earth and yellow
texture-contrast profiles. Woodland and heaths on the plateau with red bloodwood (Corymbia
gummifera), smooth-barked apple (Angophora costata), blue-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus
agglomerata), silvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi) and snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora).

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Marginal slopes with scribbly gum (Eucalyptus sclerophylla), red bloodwood, grey ironbark
(Eucalyptus paniculata), patches of mountain mallee (Eucalyptus stricta) and diverse shrubs.
Deep valleys with rainforest elements and rare species.

Wow Wollongambe Plateau

SB Wollemi
Highest parts of the northern Blue Mountains, general elevation 1000 to 1100m, local relief
100m. Sandstone plateau with benched rock outcrops. Creek directions controlled by jointing
with deep gorges of the Capertee and Wolgan Rivers. Hawkesbury Sandstone and equivalent
quartz sandstones of Narrabeen Group, sub-horizontal bedding, strong vertical joint patterns.
A few volcanic necks. Thin sands or deep yellow earths on plateau, thin texture-contrast soils
on shale benches. Organic sand in swamps and joint crevices. Bouldery debris slope below
cliffs, sandy alluvium in pockets along the streams. Red brown structured loams on basalts.
Red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera), yellow bloodwood (Corymbia eximia), rough-barked
apple (Angophora floribunda), smooth-barked apple (Angophora costata), hard-leaved
scribbly gum (Eucalyptus sclerophylla), and grey gum (Eucalyptus punctata) with diverse
shrubs and heaths on plateau. Smooth-barked apple, Sydney peppermint (Eucalyptus
piperita), blue-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus agglomerata), and turpentine (Syncarpia
glomulifera) and rainforest elements in gullies and canyon heads. Manna gum (Eucalyptus
viminalis) and Blaxlands stringybark (Eucalyptus blaxlandii) on basalt. River oak
(Casuarina cunninghamiana) along main streams.
Meso: SB Wyong
Gcs
Gosford - Cooranbong Coastal Slopes
SB Wyong
Coastal fall of the Sydney Basin, rolling hills and sandstone plateau outliers of Triassic
Narrabeen sandstones, extensive rock outcrop and low cliffs along ridge margins, general
elevation 0 to 75m. Texture-contrast soils on lithic sandstones and shales. Loamy sand
alluvium along creeks. Organic sand and mud in lagoons and swamps. Open forest and
woodland of smooth-barked apple (Angophora costata), red bloodwood (Corymbia
gummifera), brown stringybark (Eucalyptus capitellata), Sydney peppermint (Eucalyptus
piperita), spotted gum (Corymbia maculata), bastard mahogany (Eucalyptus carnea),
northern grey ironbark (Eucalyptus siderophloia) and grey gum (Eucalyptus punctata) on
hills and slopes. Small areas of closed forest with; turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), lilly
pilly (Acmena smithii), mountain cedar wattle (Acacia elata), coachwood (Ceratopetalum
apetalum), sassafras (Doryphora sassafras) and water gum (Tristaniopsis laurina) in gullies
under high escarpments Prickly-leaved tea-tree (Melaleuca stypheliodes) and other shrubs
with swamp mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta), swamp oak (Casuarina glauca), sedges and
common reed (Phragmites australis) on swampy creek flats. Coastal heath subject to salt
spray on headlands.
Sna
Sydney - Newcastle Coastal Alluvial Plains
SB Wyong
Undulating plains and low rises on Quaternary sand or Permian/Triassic sandstone or shale
with swampy valley floors. General elevation 0 to 80m, local relief 20m. Siliceous uniform
sands, patches of deep podsol and yellow or brown texture-contrast soils on bedrock.
Vegetation varies with soil and drainage. On the sands and podsols coast banksia, Banksia
aemula, red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera) and smooth-barked apple (Angophora
costata) are common. On bedrock forest oak (Allocasuarina torulosa), grey gum (Eucalyptus
punctata), forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis), and scribbly gum (Eucalyptus
haemostoma), with a shrubby understorey are common and the swamps are typically
surrounded by broad-leaved paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia), coast banksia (Banksia
integrifolia), swamp oak (Casuarina glauca) and swamp mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta)
with spike rushes (Eleocharis sp.) and tall swamp sedge (Gahnia sp.). Open water supports a
variety of aquatic plants including; common reed (Phragmites australis), floating pondweed
(Potamogeton tricarinatus), water primrose (Ludwigia peploides) duckweed (Lemna sp.),
water buttons (Cotula coronopifolia) and red azolla (Azolla filiculoides).

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Meso: SB Yengo
Bxr
Blaxlands Ridge
SB Yengo
Undulating dissected ridges with dendritic drainage network on horizontal Triassic quartz
sandstone and shale, a few linear cappings of shale comparable to the Bilpin Ridges
landscape, general elevation 190 to 250m, local relief 50m. Moderate amounts of rock
outcrop, thin sand accumulations in joint crevices, red and yellow texture-contrast soils on
wider benches underlain by shale. Woodland and forest of grey ironbark (Eucalyptus
paniculata), narrow-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra), mountain grey gum (Eucalyptus
cypellocarpa) and turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera) with diverse shrubs and kangaroo grass
(Themeda triandra).
Brr
Bucketty Ridges
SB Yengo
Undulating dissected ridges with dendritic drainage network on horizontal Triassic quartz
sandstone and shale, general elevation 200 to 320m, local relief 60m. Moderate amounts of
rock outcrop, thin sand accumulations in joint crevices, red and yellow texture-contrast soils
on wider benches underlain by shale. Shrubland and open forest of spotted gum (Corymbia
maculata), grey box (Eucalyptus moluccana), narrow-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra),
broad-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus fibrosa ssp. fibrosa) and forest oak (Allocasuarina
torulosa). Diverse shrubs in the understorey.
Hag Hawkesbury Gorge
SB Yengo
Steep stepped slopes with frequent cliffs to 15m high on horizontal Triassic quartz sandstone,
general elevation 0 to 200m, local relief 150m. Extensive rock outcrop and limited soil, sands
and loamy sands on benches and within joint crevices. Open forest of red bloodwood
(Corymbia gummifera), grey gum (Eucalyptus punctata), yellow bloodwood (Corymbia
eximia), scribbly gum (Eucalyptus haemostoma), forest oak (Allocasuarina torulosa) and
smooth-barked apple (Angophora costata) with diverse shrubs on ridges and upper slopes.
Gully forest of smooth-barked apple, Sydney peppermint (Eucalyptus piperita), blue-leaved
stringybark (Eucalyptus agglomerata) and turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), with roundleaved gum (Eucalyptus deanei), Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna) and rough-barked
apple (Angophora floribunda) in the most sheltered sites. Plant species differ with slope
aspect and fire history.
Hra
Howes Range
SB Yengo
Closely dissected plateau with broad ridges horizontal Triassic quartz sandstone and narrow
deep valleys incised into Triassic lithic sandstone and shale, general elevation 100 to 370m,
local relief 120m. Extensive rock outcrop, thin sand accumulations in joint crevices, red and
yellow texture-contrast soils on wider benches underlain by shale, rubbly debris slopes
beneath cliffs on the sides of valleys. Plateau woodland of red bloodwood (Corymbia
gummifera), yellow bloodwood (Corymbia eximia), smooth-barked apple (Angophora
costata), grey gum (Eucalyptus punctata) and narrow-leaved apple (Angophora bakeri).
Lower slopes; smooth-barked apple, Sydney peppermint (Eucalyptus piperita), blue-leaved
stringybark (Eucalyptus agglomerata), and turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera). Diverse
shrubs in the understorey.
Mdf MacDonald Channel and Floodplain
SB Yengo
Meandering channel and sandy floodplain of the MacDonald River on Quaternary and recent
quartz sand, general elevation 0 to 60m, local relief 5 to 10m, landform substantially changed
by flooding and sediment accumulation in the past 50 years. Deep quartz sand and loamy
sand with little soil development beyond the accumulation of organic matter. Originally
sheltered forest with round-leaved gum (Eucalyptus deanei), Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus
saligna), turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda),

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smooth-barked apple (Angophora costata), Sydney peppermint (Eucalyptus piperita), and

blue-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus agglomerata) with river oak (Casuarina
cunninghamiana) along the banks. The valley floor is cleared and numerous sedge swamps
with fringing Melaleuca linariifolia are found at the tributary/main floodplain junctions.

Mdr MacDonald Ranges

SB Yengo
Undulating dissected benched ridges and plateau with dendritic drainage network on
horizontal Triassic quartz sandstone, lithic sandstone, conglomerate and shale, general
elevation 50 to 370mm, local relief 180m. Moderate amounts of rock outcrop, thin sand
accumulations in joint crevices, red and yellow texture-contrast soils on wider benches
underlain by lithic sandstone or shale. Sandstone ridges and steep debris slopes have rubbly
brown sands and clayey sands supporting woodland of red bloodwood (Corymbia
gummifera), yellow bloodwood (Corymbia eximia), smooth-barked apple (Angophora
costata), grey gum (Eucalyptus punctata) and narrow-leaved apple (Angophora bakeri).
Lower slopes; smooth-barked apple, Sydney peppermint (Eucalyptus piperita), blue-leaved
stringybark (Eucalyptus agglomerata), and turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera). Diverse
shrubs in the understorey.
Mss
Maroota Sands
SB Yengo
A single unit of fluvial quartz sands with minor gravel and white clay on the crest of a ridge
above the Hawkesbury, general elevation 240m, local relief <10m. The sediments are of
uncertain age but appear to be capped by a small remnant of Tertiary basalt. Deep yellow
earth and well developed podsol profiles with limited yellow to grey texture-contrast profiles.
Woodland of; scaly bark (Eucalyptus squamosa), scribbly gum (Eucalyptus sclerophylla), red
bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera), common fringe myrtle (Calytrix tetragona), and
Darwinia fascicularis with diverse shrubs and wetland species on marginal springs.
Umv Upper MacDonald Valleys
SB Yengo
Moderately dissected ridges and crests with dendritic drainage on horizontal Triassic lithic
sandstone, quartz sandstone, conglomerate and shale, general elevation 50 to 80m, local relief
20m.Terraced valley floors with Quaternary and recent sand. Forests and woodlands of;
smooth-barked apple (Angophora costata), Sydney peppermint (Eucalyptus piperita), blueleaved stringybark (Eucalyptus agglomerata), and turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera).
Yen
Yengo Plateau
SB Yengo
Deep gorges expose Silurian volcanics and Carboniferous granite in underlying Lachlan Fold
Belt. Limited Tertiary basalt with river gravels. Low stepped hills on plateau with deeply
incised streams off plateau edge below waterfalls on the escarpment. Alternating sandstone
and shale create bare rock benches and soil benches with shallow, often saturated sand.
Structured red brown clay loams on basalt. Very prominent contour vegetation pattern.
Lichens, mosses and low heath patches on rock, woodlands with dwarfed red bloodwood
(Corymbia gummifera), silvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi), tall heath and sedgeland on soil
benches. Better soils have messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua) and brown barrel (Eucalyptus
fastigata). Gullies support rainforest elements with turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera),
coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum), lilly pilly (Acmena smithii) and mountain pepper
(Tasmannia lanceolata).

SEC - Descriptions for Landscapes in the South East Corner

Bioregion
Meso: SEC Bateman

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Clf
Clyde Channel and Floodplain
SEC Bateman
Channel, floodplain and terraces of the Clyde River in Quaternary alluvium, elevation 0 to
100m, local relief to 15m. Uniform sands and loamy sands on the active floodplain,
gradational loams and sandy loams on the first terrace and brown texture-contrast soils on
higher terraces. Limited areas of abandoned channel and swamp. Gallery forest of river oak
(Casuarina cunninghamiana) along the main channel, tall forest of river peppermint
(Eucalyptus elata) on the floodplains with rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda) and
Acacia sp., understorey. Patches of temperate rainforest with kanooka (Tristaniopsis laurina),
grey myrtle (Backhousia myrtifolia), sandpaper fig (Ficus coronata), and cabbage-tree palm
(Livistona australis) in sheltered areas. Adjacent slopes with open stands of red bloodwood
(Corymbia gummifera), spotted gum (Corymbia maculata), silvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi)
with burrawang (Macrozamia sp.) on the forest floor.
Cvh Clyde Valley Foothills
SEC Bateman
Hills and ridges on the coastal ramp of the Clyde valley on folded Ordovician sandstone,
siltstone, slate and chert. Elevation 50 to 230m, local relief about 100m. Thin stony red and
red-yellow texture-contrast soils with sandy A horizons. Open forest of tall spotted gum
(Corymbia maculata), grey ironbark (Eucalyptus paniculata), red bloodwood (Corymbia
gummifera), white stringybark (Eucalyptus globoidea), blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) with
blady grass (Imperata cylindrica), bracken (Pteridium esculentum) and burrawang
(Macrozamia sp.) in the understorey, shrubs limited.
Mrf
Moruya Channels and Floodplains
SEC Bateman
Channel, floodplain and terraces of the deep, narrow valley of Quaternary alluvium of the
Moruya and Deua Rivers from the coast to the base of the Great Escarpment. Elevation 0 to
200m. Uniform sands and loamy sands on the active floodplain, gradational loams and sandy
loams on the first terrace and brown texture-contrast soils on higher terraces. Limited areas of
abandoned channel and swamp. Gallery forest of river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana)
along the main channel, tall forest of river peppermint (Eucalyptus elata) on the floodplains
with rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda) and Acacia sp., understorey. Patches of
temperate rainforest with kanooka (Tristaniopsis laurina), grey myrtle (Backhousia
myrtifolia), sandpaper fig (Ficus coronata), and cabbage-tree palm (Livistona australis) in
sheltered areas. Adjacent slopes with open stands of red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera),
spotted gum (Corymbia maculata), silvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi) with burrawang
(Macrozamia sp.,) on the forest floor. Small patches of temperate rainforest with sassafras
(Doryphora sassafras) and lilly pilly (Acmena smithii) in gully heads and as a gallery forest
along major streams in sheltered locations.
Mvf Moruya Valley Foothills
SEC Bateman
Extensive low ranges and undulating hills on folded Ordovician sandstone, siltstone, slate and
chert and synclinal fold of Devonian sandstone, quartzite, conglomerate, minor shale, rhyolite
and rhyolitic breccia. Elevation 50 to 300m. Thin stony red and red-yellow texture-contrast
soils. Small patches of temperate rainforest with sassafras (Doryphora sassafras) and lilly
pilly (Acmena smithii) in gully heads and as a gallery forest along major streams in sheltered
locations.
Meso: SEC Bateman Basalts
Tcb
Tuross Basalts and Sands
SEC Bateman Basalts
Low flat hills near the coast on Tertiary basalts and underlying quartz gravel and sand,
elevation 0 to 50m. Well-structured, fertile, brown to red-brown loams and clay loams on
basalt with Bleached sandy podsols with thin iron pan development on the sands with red
bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera) and old man banksia (Banksia serrata). On the coastal
headlands heaths of bushy needlewood (Hakea sericea), giant honey-myrtle (Melaleuca

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armillaris), coast rosemary (Westringia friticosa) and dwarfed red bloodwood (Corymbia
gummifera) occur in shallow soils subject to high salt spray input and frequent fire.

Meso: SEC Bateman Coastal Barriers

Mob Moruya Barrier
SEC Bateman Coastal Barriers
Beach, dune and lagoon complex of Quaternary quartz sands, elevation 0 to 20m. Moderate
carbonate content in frontal dune transitions to simple podsols with organic pan and diffuse
iron pans on the most inland dunes. Organic silty sands in lagoons and estuary. Coast spinifex
(Spinifex hirsutus) and mat-rush (Lomandra sp.), at the rear of the beach, coast tea-tree
(Leptospermum laevigatum), coast banksia (Banksia integrifolia) and coast wattle (Acacia
longifolia ssp. sophorae) on the frontal dune, old man banksia (Banksia serrata), red
bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera) on inland dunes. Swamp paperbark (Melaleuca sp.),
swamp oak (Casuarina glauca) and rushes on margins of lagoons in brackish sectors giving
way to common reed (Phragmites australis) in fresh water areas.
Meso: SEC Bateman Granites
Mgb Moruya Granite Basins
SEC Bateman Granites
Rounded hills, dendritic drainage on Carboniferous granodiorite and diorite stocks, general
elevation 50 to 300m. Rounded granite tors common on ridges and crests, red and yellow
sandy texture-contrast soils. Forests of; red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera), yellow
stringybark (Eucalyptus muelleriana), white stringybark (Eucalyptus globoidea), mountain
mountain grey gum (Eucalyptus cypellocarpa), silvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi), blackbutt
(Eucalyptus pilularis) and spotted gum (Corymbia maculata) with burrawang (Macrozamia
sp.).
Meso: SEC Budawangs
Bdr
Budawangs Range
SEC Budawangs
Eastern half: moderate slopes, rising hills and ridges on folded Ordovician sandstone,
siltstone, slate and chert. Elevation 100 to 400m. Thin stony red and red-yellow texturecontrast soils. Forests of Sydney peppermint (Eucalyptus piperita), spotted gum (Corymbia
maculata), yertchuck (Eucalyptus consideniana), white stringybark (Eucalyptus globoidea),
and red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera).
Western half and part of the Great Escarpment: steep rocky ridges and ranges of a prominent
synclinal fold in Devonian sandstone, quartzite, conglomerate, minor shale, rhyolite and
rhyolitic breccia. Elevation 400 to 1150m, local relief to 600m. Thin stony red and red-yellow
texture-contrast soils. Forest of grey ironbark (Eucalyptus paniculata) and woollybutt
(Eucalyptus longifolia) rising to silvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi), brown barrel (Eucalyptus
fastigata), messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua), mountain mountain grey gum (Eucalyptus
cypellocarpa), then narrow-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus radiata) and snow gum
(Eucalyptus pauciflora).

Meso: SEC Coastal Barriers

Teb
Tuross - Eden Barriers and Beaches
SEC Coastal Barriers
Beach, dune and lagoon complex of Quaternary quartz sands, elevation 0 to 20m. Moderate
carbonate content in frontal dune transitions to simple podsols with organic pan and diffuse
iron pans on the most inland dunes. Organic silty sand in lagoons and estuary. Coast spinifex
(Spinifex hirsutus) and mat-rush (Lomandra sp.), at the rear of the beach, coast tea-tree
(Leptospermum laevigatum), coast banksia (Banksia integrifolia) and coast wattle (Acacia
longifolia ssp. sophorae) on the frontal dune, old man banksia (Banksia serrata), red
bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera) on inland dunes. Swamp paperbark (Melalleuca sp.),

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swamp oak (Casuarina glauca) and rushes on margins of lagoons in brackish sectors giving
way to common reed (Phragmites australis) in fresh water areas. Southern mahogany
(Eucalyptus botryoides) and blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) around swamp margin.

Meso: SEC Coastal Ranges

Bea
Bega Coastal Alluvium
SEC Coastal Ranges
Channel, floodplain and terraces of the widening alluvial valley of Quaternary alluvium of the
Bega River from the coast to the base of the Great Escarpment. Elevation 0 to 200m.
Extensive freshwater swamps and billabongs, stunted grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) at
the mouths of estuaries. Small patches of temperate rainforest with sassafras (Doryphora
sassafras) and lilly pilly (Acmena smithii) in gully heads and as a gallery forest along major
streams in sheltered locations.
Bfh

Bega Coastal Foothills

SEC Coastal Ranges

Low hills with general slope toward the coast on Ordovician quartzite, slate, chert, phyllite.
General elevation 0 to 520m, local relief 250m. Thin stony red and red-yellow texturecontrast soils. Open forest of tall spotted gum (Corymbia maculata), grey ironbark
(Eucalyptus paniculata), red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera), white stringybark
(Eucalyptus globoidea), blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) with blady grass (Imperata
cylindrica), bracken (Pteridium esculentum) and burrawang (Macrozamia sp.) in the
understorey, shrubs limited. On headlands heaths of bushy needlewood (Hakea sericea), giant
honey-myrtle (Melaleuca armillaris), coast rosemary (Westringia friticosa) and dwarfed red
bloodwood occur in shallow soils subject to high salt spray input and frequent fire.

Csb
Bodalla - Nadgee Coastal Sands
SEC Coastal Ranges
Beach, dune and lagoon complex of Quaternary quartz sands, elevation 0 to 20m. Moderate
carbonate content in frontal dune transitions to simple podsols with organic pan and diffuse
iron pans on the most inland dunes. Organic silty sand in lagoons and estuary. Coast spinifex
(Spinifex hirsutus) and mat-rush (Lomandra sp.), at the rear of the beach, coast tea-tree
(Leptospermum laevigatum), coast banksia (Banksia integrifolia) and coast wattle (Acacia
longifolia ssp. sophorae) on the frontal dune, old man banksia (Banksia serrata), red
bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera) on inland dunes. Swamp paperbark (Melaleuca sp.),
swamp oak (Casuarina glauca) and rushes on margins of lagoons in brackish sectors giving
way to common reed (Phragmites australis) in fresh water areas. Stunted silvertop ash
(Eucalyptus sieberi) and red bloodwood clumps close to the coast becoming taller inland
with, southern mahogany (Eucalyptus botryoides), blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), roughbarked apple (Angophora floribunda), river peppermint (Eucalyptus elata), coast grey box
(Eucalyptus bosistoana), black she-oak (Casuarina litoralis) and blue gum (Eucalyptus
globulus).
Lsh
Lower Snowy Gorge
SEC Coastal Ranges
Steep sided gorge and rocky channel of the lower Snowy River, on Silurian-Devonian
granites and granodiorite intruded into lower Ordovician meta-sediments of slate, chert,
quartzite, phyllite and hornfels. General elevation 300 to 400m, local relief nominal 50m.
Deep pockets of sand and gravel alluvium with rock outcrop along streams. White box
(Eucalyptus albens), black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri), white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla) with patches of yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) and red stringybark
(Eucalyptus macrorhyncha) on the slopes; composition varying with aspect and soil type.
Fringing river bottlebrush (Callistemon sieberi) and Burgan kunzea (Kunzea ericoides) on the
channel and banks.
Lrs

Lower Snowy Ranges Meta-sediments

Page 128

SEC Coastal Ranges

Very steep well-drained slopes of the lower Snowy River gorge in lower Ordovician metasediments of slate, chert, quartzite, phyllite and hornfels. General elevation 300 to 800m,
local relief 400m. Rain shadow environment, but generally moister than adjacent Lower
Snowy River Granites Landscape, estimated 600 to 700mm annual rainfall. Grey-brown and
yellow texture-contrast soils. White box (Eucalyptus albens), and white cypress pine
(Callitris glaucophylla) on warm aspects; much of this is single age regeneration possibly
from the late nineteenth century. White box (Eucalyptus albens) and black cypress pine
(Callitris endlicheri) on rocky sheltered aspects. Moister environments include: yellow box
(Eucalyptus melliodora), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), scattered kurrajong
(Brachychiton populneus) woodland with open understorey dominated by Acacia sp., and
sparse kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra), snow grasses (Poa sp.) and spear grasses
(Austrostipa sp.).

Drm Mt Dromedary - Mumbulla Mountain

SEC Coastal Ranges
Steep circular mountain feature on Cretaceous zoned intrusion of monzonite, quartz syenite
and diorite into Ordovician slate and phyllite, elevation 50 to 800m, local relief 600m. Large
rounded tors and domed rock outcrops on the slopes and peak, gritty red-brown clays with
high fertility in joint crevices and on lower slopes. Sub-tropical rainforest elements on upper
slopes and in gullies mountain mountain grey gum (Eucalyptus cypellocarpa), yellow
stringybark (Eucalyptus muelleriana), Coast grey box (Eucalyptus bosistoana), blue gum
(Eucalyptus globulus) and forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis) around the base.
Iml
Mt Imlay Peak
SEC Coastal Ranges
Steep circular mountain feature with radial drainage on an isolated area of sub-horizontal
middle Devonian sandstone, quartzite, conglomerate and siltstone resting unconformably on
Ordovician quartzite, slate and phyllite. Elevation 890m, local relief 700m. Thin stony soils
near the summit, deeper red-yellow texture-contrast profiles on lower slopes over Ordovician
rocks. White ash (Eucalyptus fraxinoides), messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua) and the endemic
Imlay mallee (Eucalyptus imlayensis) near the peak, silvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi),
yellow stringybark (Eucalyptus muelleriana), and blue-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus
agglomerata) with native cherry (Exocarpus cupressiformis), hickory wattle (Acacia
implexa), narrow-leaved geebung (Persoonia linearis) and smooth geebung (Persoonia levis)
on the slopes. Rainforest elements in the gullies; mountain mountain grey gum (Eucalyptus
cypellocarpa), river peppermint (Eucalyptus elata), mountain pepper (Tasmannia lanceolata),
soft tree-fern (Dicksonia antarctica) and blue olive berry (Elaeocarpus reticulatus).
Ndg Nadgee Coastal Range
SEC Coastal Ranges
Coastal ranges and hills on middle Devonian sandstone, quartzite, conglomerate and siltstone,
and Ordovician sandstone, quartzite and phyllite with some granite. Elevation 0 to 550m.
Thin stony soils on ridges, deeper red-yellow texture-contrast profiles on Ordovician rocks.
Forest of silvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi), mountain mountain grey gum (Eucalyptus
cypellocarpa), gully gum (Eucalyptus smithii), white ash (Eucalyptus fraxinoides), messmate
(Eucalyptus obliqua), prickly stringybark (Eucalyptus consideniana) and red bloodwood
(Corymbia gummifera). Gullies with cool temperate and sub-tropical rainforest species such
as; eastern leatherwood (Eucryphia moorei), prickly tree-fern (Cyathea leichardtiana),
bolwarra (Eupomatia laurina), lilly pilly (Acmena smithii) and sweet pittosporum
(Pittosporum undulatum). Open coastal headland heaths on shallow stony soil of bushy
needlewood (Hakea sericea), giant honey-myrtle (Melaleuca armillaris), coast rosemary
(Westringia friticosa) and dwarfed red bloodwood on shallow soils subject to high salt spray
input and frequent fire. Wet button grass (Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus) swamps on high
peaks.
Twc Towamba Channel and Floodplain
SEC Coastal Ranges
Channel, floodplain and terraces of the deep, narrow valley of Quaternary alluvium of the
Towamba River from the coast to the base of the Great Escarpment. Elevation 0 to 200m.

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Deep loamy sand with little profile development. River oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana)
along the banks. Small patches of temperate rainforest with sassafras (Doryphora sassafras)
and lilly pilly (Acmena smithii) in gully heads and as a gallery forest along major streams in
sheltered locations.

Twb Towamba Granite

SEC Coastal Ranges
Westward rising plateau with peaks on Silurian-Devonian granite and granodiorite, general
elevation 200-400m, peaks to 750m. Rounded tors and rock outcrop common near the granite
margin where a metamorphic contact ridge with steep slopes is found. Coarse uniform sands
on steep slopes grade to red gritty texture-contrast soils on the central hills and slopes.
Vegeation not well recorded, includes; forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis), rough-barked
apple (Angophora floribunda) and grasses.

Tur
Tuross Channel and Floodplain
SEC Coastal Ranges
Channel, floodplain and terraces of the deep, narrow valley of Quaternary alluvium of the
Tuross River from the coast to the base of the Great Escarpment. Elevation 0 to 200m. Brown
uniform and gradational loam with river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) along the banks.
Patches of temperate rainforest with sassafras (Doryphora sassafras) and lilly pilly (Acmena
smithii) in gully heads and as a gallery forest along major streams in sheltered locations.
Meso: SEC Granites
Beg
Bega Granites
SEC Granites
Depressed basin of rolling hills and wide sandy or swampy valleys with dendritic drainage
below the Great Escarpment on a large batholith of Silurian-Devonian granite and
granodiorite. Elevation 50 to 500m, local relief to 250m. Rounded tors and rock outcrop
common near the granite margin where a metamorphic contact ridge with steep slopes is
found. Coarse uniform sands on steep slopes grade to red and yellow gritty texture-contrast
soils on the central hills and slopes and deep, dark organic sands in the swampy valley floors.
Streams often incised and carry abundant coarse sand as bedload. Mostly cleared formerly
open woodland with forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis), rough-barked apple
(Angophora floribunda) and grasses.
Lsi
Lower Snowy Granites
SEC Granites
Very steep well-drained slopes of the lower Snowy River gorge Silurian-Devonian granites
and granodiorite with rounded tors and outcrop on ridges and in streams. General elevation
400 to 900m, local relief to 450m. Coarse uniform sands and grit on granites commonly sheet
eroded, limited development yellow and yellow-brown texture-contrast soils. Coarse sands in
streambeds, extensive sheet and gully erosion. Rain shadow environment 500-600mm annual
rainfall. Woodlands of white box (Eucalyptus albens), and white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla) on warm aspects; much of this is single age regeneration of the 1870s. White
box and black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri) on rocky sheltered aspects. Moister
environments include: yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), red stringybark (Eucalyptus
macrorhyncha), scattered kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus) woodland with open
understorey dominated by Acacia sp., peach heath (Lissanthe strigosa) and sparse kangaroo
grass (Themeda triandra), snow grasses (Poa sp.) and spear grasses (Austrostipa sp.). Very
rare acacia dry scrub communities of red wattle (Acacia silvestris) and rock wax-flower
(Eriostemon trachyphyllus) that are maintained by intense fire are found on volcanic rocks
and sedimentary rocks near the top of steep slopes with northerly aspects.

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SEH - Descriptions for Landscapes in the South East

Highlands Bioregion
Meso: SEH Bathurst
Umc Upper Macquarie Channels and Floodplains
SEH Bathurst
Macquarie valley opens wider through the Bathurst granite, general elevation 260 to 420m,
local relief 5 to 25m. Limited areas of Tertiary basalt with buried river gravels along the
ridges generally parallel to the main stream. Narrow floodplain benches with alluvial sands
and gravels with minimal soil development. Red gradational earths and texture-contrast soils
on terraces. River oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) dominates the channel, open grassland
with sparse yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) and Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi)
on the hills.
Meso: SEH Bondo
Brn
Bringenbrong Ranges
SEH Bondo
Steep structural ranges on Ordovician quartzite, phyllite and slate, general elevation 450 to
1000m, local relief to 400m. Rubbly scree slopes with loam matrix with soil mantle becoming
thicker down slope. Open forest of; narrow-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus radiata), broadleaved peppermint (Eucalyptus dives), brittle gum (Eucalyptus mannifera), red stringybark
(Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), apple box (Eucalyptus
bridgesiana), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) on lower slopes.
Pin
Pinbeyan - Ravine Ranges
SEH Bondo
Structurally controlled ranges with prominent bluffs to 120m and plateau top on a synclinal
fold in Upper Devonian rhyolite, andesitic basalt, tuff, sandstone, conglomerate and siltstone.
Elevation 500 to 1400m, local relief 700m. Extensive rock outcrop. Steep debris slope below
cliffs with rubbly brown sandy loam grading to red-brown texture-contrast soils on lower
slopes. Open woodland of; yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), narrow-leaved peppermint
(Eucalyptus radiata), candlebark (Eucalyptus rubida), red stringybark (Eucalyptus
macrorhyncha) on slopes with mountain gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana) and snow gum
(Eucalyptus pauciflora) on the plateau. Limited alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis) in midslope gullies.
Meso: SEH Bondo Basalts
Bub Mt Bundarbo Basalt Caps
SEH Bondo Basalts
Flat topped hills and peaks of Tertiary basalt originally deposited as valley flows in a former
course of the Murrumbidgee River overlie Silurian-Devonian granite or Silurian dacite,
andesite and sandstone. Limited areas of exposed sub-basaltic quartz gravels and sands.
General elevation 300 to 600m, local relief 150m. Thin stony brown loams, rubbly slopes
with brown loams extend below the lower limit of the basalt onto thin skeletal clays and clay
loams from underlying volcanics or deeper gritty clays from granite. Vegetation not known.
Meso: SEH Bondo Granites
Khb Khancoban Basin
SEH Bondo Granites
Low basin with undulating hills on Silurian-Devonian deeply weathered granite, intersected
by deep alluvium on terraces and floodplain of the Swampy Plains River, elevation 400 to
500m, local relief to 30m. Red-yellow and yellow gritty texture-contrast soils on the granite,
uniform dark brown loams and gravelly loams on alluvium. River red gum (Eucalyptus
camaldulensis) along the stream banks, open yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) on lower

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slopes extending to red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), narrow-leaved peppermint

(Eucalyptus radiata) and candlebark (Eucalyptus rubida), then to alpine ash (Eucalyptus
delegatensis) and mountain gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana) on higher peaks. Slopes with
abundant shrubby understorey including numerous Acacia sp., and grass trees (Xanthorrhoea
sp.).

Tom Tooma Granite Ranges

SEH Bondo Granites
Rounded hills, ranges and plateau on Silurian gneissic granite with well-defined rectangular
drainage pattern controlled by jointing. General elevation 700 to 1400m. Red and yellow
gritty texture-contrast soils merging to gradational profiles at about 1000m. Lower slopes
with; red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), narrow-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus
radiata), candlebark (Eucalyptus rubida), apple box (Eucalyptus bridgesiana) abundant
shrubby understorey including numerous Acacia sp., and grass trees (Xanthorrhoea sp.).
Upper slopes with; alpine ash and mountain gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana). Snow gum
(Eucalyptus pauciflora) on higher peaks.
Meso: SEH Bungonia
But
Bungonia Tableland and Gorge
SEH Bungonia
Tableland on Ordovician and Devonian slate, phyllite and quartzite, a small Carboniferous
granodiorite stock, caps of Tertiary quartz sands and gravels and limited basalt. The margin of
the tableland is the Great Escarpment and is cut by a 400m deep gorge with vertical walls
through west dipping Silurian limestones. Numerous deep caves and dolines present. General
elevation 600 to 800m, local relief 500m. Red-brown well structured clay with alkaline pH on
limestone, skeletal rubble on scree slopes from slates and volcanics, red and red-yellow
texture-contrast profiles over sedimentary rocks on the tableland. Tableland covered by
woodland of apple box (Eucalyptus bridgesiana), argyle apple (Eucalyptus cinerea), broadleaved peppermint (Eucalyptus dives), brittle gum (Eucalyptus mannifera), drooping red gum
(Eucalyptus parramattensis), forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis), black wattle (Acacia
mearnsii), Parramatta wattle (Acacia parramattensis), kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus),
black she-oak (Casuarina litoralis) with numerous shrubs and grasses. The same trees extend
onto the limestone. Species largely limited to the limestone include; eastern bitter bush
(Adriana glabrata), silver banksia (Banksia marginata), Australian senna (Senna aciphylla),
narrow-leaf logania (Logania albiflora), mock olive (Motelaea longifolia), slender westringia
(Westringia eremicola), and passion flower (Passiflora herbertiana). Within the gorge, on
scree slopes and at the base of high waterfalls rainforest elements occur including; stinging
tree (Dendrocnide sp.), Maidens gum (Eucalyptus maidenii), sandpaper fig (Ficus coronata),
rusty fig (Ficus rubiginosa), white cedar (Melia azedarach), red cedar (Toona australis),
bleeding heart (Omalanthus populifolius), and sweet pittosporum (Pittosporum undulatum).
River oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) is abundant along the stream banks with some river
peppermint (Eucalyptus elata).
Shg
Shoalhaven Gorge
SEH Bungonia
Gorge tract of the Shoalhaven and main tributaries, strong structural control in plan form;
narrow incised meanders, steep scree slopes running to plateau and tableland margins. Incised
through many Palaeozoic rock types, slopes capped by sub-horizontal sandstones of the
Sydney Basin downstream of the point where the river turns east. General elevation 100 to
500m, local relief up to 250m. Unconsolidated quartz sand and gravels in the bed and banks
of the stream supporting dense river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana). Steep slopes with
angular scree and interstitial organic sandy loam support open stunted woodlands of local
trees and shrubs including figs (Ficus sp.). Sheltered gullies with rainforest elements.
Wbg Wollondilly - Bindook Tablelands and Gorges
SEH Bungonia
Dissected tablelands, marginal gorges and scree slopes on massive Devonian quartz porphyry
and small areas of massive Devonian granite. General elevation 600 to 900m, local relief

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250m. Thin gritty uniform profiles on steep slopes and around rock outcrops, grey and yellow
texture-contrast profiles on flatter slopes. Woodland and open forest of; forest red gum
(Eucalyptus tereticornis), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), grey box (Eucalyptus
molucanna), white box (Eucalyptus albens), black wattle (Acacia mearnsii), Parramatta
wattle (Acacia parramattensis), black she-oak (Casuarina litoralis) with numerous shrubs,
bracken (Pteridium esculentum) and grasses.

Wva Wollondilly Channel and Floodplain

SEH Bungonia
Channel, floodplain and terraces of the Wollondilly River incised into Devonian quartz
porphyry and Permian and Triassic sandstones and shales of the Sydney Basin. Gorge tract of
the river upstream of Lake Burragorang, general elevation 150 to 500m, local relief to 150m.
Quartz sand and gravels in the channel and on the floodplains, yellow texture-contrast soils on
the higher terraces. Forest of; yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), forest red gum
(Eucalyptus tereticornis), grey box (Eucalyptus molucanna) and white box (Eucalyptus
albens) along lower slopes, river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) gallery forest on stream
banks.
Meso: SEH Bungonia Basalts
Ssb
Sassafras-Nerriga Basalts and Gravels
SEH Bungonia Basalts
Limited areas of ridge cap Tertiary basalts and exposures of underlying gravel and sand on
the edge of the tablelands above the Endrick and Shoalhaven Rivers. General elevation 650m,
local relief <20m. Deep red-brown structured clay loams with high fertility, basalt derived
soil materials extend down slope onto adjacent bedrocks and most areas are cleared and have
been cultivated. Manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), and blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon)
are characteristic.
Shs
Shoalhaven Tertiary Sands
SEH Bungonia Basalts
Undulating partly dissected plains on extensive Tertiary quartz sand sheets, general elevation
600 to 650m, local relief <50m. Some of the sands have been worked into low dunes under a
Pleistocene climate and now have uniform deep siliceous sand or yellow earth profiles with
forest oak (Allocasuarina torulosa), broad-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus dives), brittle gum
(Eucalyptus mannifera), silver banksia (Banksia marginata) and coast banksia (Banksia
integrifolia) woodlands.
Meso: SEH Canobolas
Cnp Canobolas Peaks
SEH Canobolas
Numerous volcanic features; plugs, dykes and domes in the Tertiary Canobolas volcanic
complex of trachyte, basalt and pyroclastics forming the highest peaks. Frequent winter snow
and frosts, high local rainfall. Elevation 1200 to 1400m. Thin stony alpine humus soils.
Mountain gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana), manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), snow gum
(Eucalyptus pauciflora) and snow grass (Poa sp.).
Cab Canobolas Sheet Basalts
SEH Canobolas
Widespread undulating high-level plains on Tertiary basalt flows. General elevation 950 to
1200m, local relief 100m. Shallow red brown to black stony loams, yellow-brown texturecontrast soils on lower slopes, alluvial loams and black clays in swampy valley floors.
Woodland with; yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus
blackelyi), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), candlebark (Eucalyptus rubida),
broad-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus dives), grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa), and apple
box (Eucalyptus bridgesiana) with grasses.
Meso: SEH Crookwell

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Dah Dalton Hills

SEH Crookwell
Linear ranges and undulating hills on steep dipping, folded Ordovician quartzose greywacke,
slate, chert, phyllite. Dendritic to rectangular drainage network, general elevation 500 to
700m, local relief <100m. Texture-contrast soils dominant. Red on upper slopes grading to
harsh yellow clay subsoils with hard setting A horizons on lower slopes. Yellow box
(Eucalyptus melliodora), white box (Eucalyptus albens), grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa),
red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), scribbly gum (Eucalyptus rossii) and grassy
woodlands originally dominated by kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra) now extensively
modified by grazing and cultivation. River oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) along most
streams with river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) appearing in the north.
Twr Towrang Ranges
SEH Crookwell
Strike ridges and aligned hills with moderate to steep slopes on Devonian and Ordovician
folded quartzose sandstone, siltstone, conglomerate shale and slate. Strong structural control
of range plan, general elevation 700 to 1000m, local relief to 150m. Shallow stony loams and
sandy loams on ridges, grading to yellow and brown texture-contrast soils with prominent
bleached A2 horizons on lower slopes. Sands and loams on alluvium in valley floors that
originally had chain of ponds stream form. Woodlands of red stringybark (Eucalyptus
macrorhyncha), brittle gum (Eucalyptus mannifera), scribbly gum (Eucalyptus rossii), and
broad-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus dives). Open grasslands in narrow valleys, river oak
(Casuarina cunninghamiana) marginal to the streams.
Meso: SEH Crookwell Basalts
Ckw Crookwell Basalts and Sands
SEH Crookwell Basalts
Moderately extensive flat topped tablelands and hills capped by Tertiary basalt with limited
exposure of underlying quartz sand and gravel. General elevation 900m, local relief <50m.
Stony red-brown and brown structured clay and clay loam, moderate to high fertility. Soil
depth varies with substrate, deep on tuffs and breccia, shallow on massive or columnar flow
material. Yellow earths on the sands. Open grassy forest of brown barrel (Eucalyptus
fastigata), manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), scattered white box (Eucalyptus albens),
candlebark (Eucalyptus rubida), mountain mountain grey gum (Eucalyptus cypellocarpa) and
snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) with kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra) and snow grasses
(Poa sp.). Extensively cleared.
Meso: SEH Hill End
Mtg Macquarie - Turon Gorges
SEH Hill End
Steep sided, deep gorge tract with incised meanders of the Macquarie and Turon Rivers below
extensive tablelands of the Ophir-Hargraves Plateau landscape. Incised across the structural
grain of north-south trending tightly folded Devonian dacite, crystal tuff, quartzite and slates.
General elevation 500 to 700m, local relief to 150m. Shallow stony soils on semi-stable scree
slopes and yellow texture-contrast soils on lower angle slopes. Open woodland of yellow box
(Eucalyptus melliodora), red box (Eucalyptus polyanthemos) and Blakelys red gum
(Eucalyptus blakelyi) on lower areas, red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), broadleaved peppermint (Eucalyptus dives) and candlebark (Eucalyptus rubida), on higher slopes.
River oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) dominates the channel.
Mhp Mount Horrible Plateau
SEH Hill End
Dissected plateau undulating hills and steep wooded ridges in folded Devonian
conglomerates, sandstones, and mudstones. Strong structural control of topography, steep
slopes, general elevation 750 to 1300m, local relief 250m. Red gradational well-structured
and red texture-contrast soils on crests. Yellow earths on some sandstone, yellow texturecontrast soils with bleached A2 horizons on lower slopes, dark clay loams and clays in broader
creek lines. Strong development of stone layers that may reflect past climate. Snow gum

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(Eucalyptus pauciflora) above 1000m particularly on crests. Apple box (Eucalyptus

bridgesiana), mountain gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana), thin-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus
eugeniodes) and white box (Eucalyptus albens) on slopes, red stringybark (Eucalyptus
macrorhyncha), broad-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus dives), candlebark (Eucalyptus
rubida), brittle gum (Eucalyptus mannifera), and some black cypress pine (Callitris
endlicheri) on ridges. Yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus
blakelyi), manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) and some brown barrel (Eucalyptus fastigata)
along streams.

Meso: SEH Hill End Basalts

Mtb Macquarie Valley Basalts
SEH Hill End Basalts
Discontinuous flat topped peaks and hillcrests on the upper margin of the Macquarie - Turon
Gorges landscape with Tertiary flow basalts and underlying quartz sand and river gravel of a
former Macquarie River. General elevation 700 to 750m, local relief 30m with the subbasaltic sands commonly 200 to 250m above the present river. Stony red-brown and yellow
brown structured, friable loam. Open woodland with, long-leaved box (Eucalyptus nortonii),
mountain gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha),
narrow-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus radiata) and grasses.
Meso: SEH Kanangra
Byl
Boyd Plateau
SEH Kanangra
Plateau with extensive swamps, low hills and deeply dissected margin on Devonian
sandstone, siltstone, shale and conglomerate. Small areas capped by horizontal Permian lithic
sandstone, quartz sandstone, conglomerate and shale. General elevation 1100 to 1250m, local
relief <80m. Extensive rock outcrop, thin stony loams on Palaeozoic rocks, thin wet siliceous
sands on sandstone and gleyed texture-contrast soils on shale benches. Heath and scrub of
mountain mallee (Eucalyptus stricta), dwarf casuarina (Allocasuarina nana), heath banksia
(Banksia ericifolia), finger hakea (Hakea dactyloides), tea-tree (Leptospermum sp.), scribbly
gum (Eucalyptus rossii) and snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora).
Meso: SEH Karst
Jnk
Jenolan - Wombeyan Karst
SEH Karst
Steep peaks and ridges, deep gorges and abundant karst features of caves, dolines, and arches
formed in grey and white Silurian limestone, marble and calcareous shales. Adjacent rocks at
Jenolan include; Silurian pyroclastics, rhyolite, slate and greywacke. Devonian quartz
porphyry at Wombeyan. General elevation at Jenolan 900 to 1000m, and 600-700m at
Wombeyan. Extensive rock outcrop with pockets of deep red, red-brown structured clay with
alkaline pH. Rubbly scree slopes. Gravel and loamy sand on alluvial flats. Grey-brown
texture-contrast soils on adjacent igneous and sedimentary rocks. White stringybark
(Eucalyptus globoidea) and silvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi) with wallaby grass
(Austrodanthonia sp.) and bracken (Pteridium esculentum) on igneous rocks. Yellow box
(Eucalyptus melliodora), kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus), shiny cassinia (Cassinia
longifolia), daisy bush (Olearia sp.), and spear grass (Austrostipa sp.) on limestone. Chalkers
wattle (Acacia chalkeri) restricted to limestone at Wombeyan. River oak (Casuarina
cunninghamiana) along all larger streams.
Meso: SEH Lake Basins
Brl
Breadalbane Swamps and Lagoons
SEH Lake Basins
Closed drainage basins of Quaternary lakes and swamps set within block faulted ranges.
General elevation 680m, local relief of lake beds <15m, rounded hills stand above the plain to
900m. Extensive Tertiary quartz gravels, sands, and mud overlying various bedrock of

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Silurian-Devonian gneissic granite. Eastern margins with low sandy lunettes. Maximum lake
depths about 2m, may be dry for periods of years or vary in water level over decades. Grey to
brown hard sandy clay on lakebeds, yellow earth on lunettes. Evidence of much greater extent
and depth during the Pleistocene ice ages. Open grasslands of spear grass (Austrostipa sp.)
and Poa sp. with kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra), now extensively altered by exotics.
Clumps of sparse stunted snow gums (Eucalyptus pauciflora) on low hills and sandy lunettes.
Common reed (Phragmites australis), cumbungi (Typha orientalis), rushes and sedges in
creeks and around freshwater seepage areas.

Lgc
Lake George Complex
SEH Lake Basins
Closed drainage basins of Quaternary lakes and swamps set within block faulted ranges.
Extensive Tertiary quartz gravel, sand, and mud overlying Silurian-Devonian gneissic granite
and Silurian quartz sandstone and mudstone. General elevation 700m, local relief of lake beds
<50m, rounded hills stand above the plain to 900m. Eastern margins with well developed
sandy lunettes. Maximum lake depths about 7m, may be dry for periods of years or vary in
water level over decades. Evidence of much greater extent and depth during the Pleistocene
ice ages. Self-mulching grey clays on the lakebeds, yellow earths on the lunettes. Wet tussock
grasslands of spear grass (Austrostipa sp.) and Poa sp. with kangaroo grass (Themeda
triandra) on lake margins, now extensively altered by exotics. Clumps of sparse stunted snow
gums (Eucalyptus pauciflora) on low hills and sandy lunettes. Common reed (Phragmites
australis) around freshwater seepage areas on lake margins.
Mol
Monaro Lakes
SEH Lake Basins
Small, perennial to ephemeral lake basins and swamps in the Monaro Plateau rain shadow
environment. Most (185) lakes are on Tertiary basalt, with 30 others on Silurian-Devonian
granite or Ordovician meta-sediments. The basins are believed to have formed by deflation
under a drier Pleistocene climate. The eastern margins have poorly developed beaches and
shadows of pelleted clay sediments formed into a low, ill-defined lunette. General elevation
800-1100m above sea level, local relief <100, lakes are typically less than 2m deep. Heavy
black clays on basalt and grey gritty clays on granite, both soils with high quantities of
organic matter, varying water salinity may be important. Common plant species include:
Myriophyllum simulans, Potamogeton tricarinatus, Eleocharis sphacelata, Eleocharis acuta,
Nymphoides montana, Glossostigmata elatinoides, Amphibromus nervosus, Pratia surrepens,
Agrostis avenacea, Centipeda cunninghamii, Crassula helmsii, Carax bichenoviana,
Ranunculus diminitus, Lepilaena bilocularis and Isolepus platycarpa. The distribution of
particular plant associations varies with altitude, local rainfall and lake size (water depth).

Meso: SEH Monaro

Bbs
Bombala Meta-sediments
SEH Monaro
Rolling hills and low ranges on lower Ordovician quartzose greywacke, siltstone, slate, chert,
phyllite and hornfels. Includes small areas of granite. General elevation 500 to 800m, peaks to
1100m. Red and yellow texture-contrast soils common. Open woodland to low forest of snow
gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) and black sallee (Eucalyptus stellulata) with snow grass (Poa
sp.). Red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), brittle gum (Eucalyptus mannifera) on
coarser soils, yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) and Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus
blakelyi) with increased moisture give way to brown barrel (Eucalyptus fastigata), manna
gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), broad-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus dives), alpine ash
(Eucalyptus delegatensis) and mountain gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana) in the highest
rainfall areas near the Great Escarpment. Shrubby understorey of Acacia sp., shiny cassinia
(Cassinia longifolia), parrot peas (Dillwynia sp.) and hairy hop-bush (Dodonaea boroniifolia)
with spear grasses (Austrostipa sp.).
Byr

Byadbo Ranges Meta-sediments

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SEH Monaro

Dissected mountain ranges and peaks with dense dendritic drainage, in Ordovician quartzose
greywacke, slate, chert, phyllite and schist, general elevation 900-1250m. Thin stony soils
most commonly yellow texture-contrast profiles. Strong aspect control of vegetation; red
stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha) and brittle gum (Eucalyptus mannifera), on western
slopes, brown barrel (Eucalyptus fastigata), manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), on southern
slopes and snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) and black sallee (Eucalyptus stellulata)
communities on higher and wetter ground. Patches of acacia dry scrub of Bodalla silver wattle
(Acacia trachyphloia), rock wax-flower (Eriostemon trachyphyllus), white cypress pine
(Callitris glaucophylla), black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri), grass tree (Xanthorrhoea
sp.) and broad-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa) on warm rocky slopes on the western
margin.

Cpn Canberra Plains

SEH Monaro
Open grassy plains with meandering channels and terraces in Quaternary alluvium of loams
and sandy clays with small areas of red-brown sands of source bordering dunes, over Silurian
rhyolite and rhyodacite. General elevation 650 to 800 with peaks to 1000. Shallow stony
uniform loams on steeper slopes, stony harsh red-brown texture-contrast soils on alluvial fans
from ranges, yellow-brown to yellow texture-contrast soils on the alluvium, usually with hard
setting and bleached A-horizons. Grasslands of; spear grass (Austrostipa sp.), snow grass
(Poa sp.) with kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra) on alluvium, open woodlands of; yellow
box (Eucalyptus melliodora), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi), red stringybark
(Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), and black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri), merging into red
stringybark, and brittle gum (Eucalyptus mannifera) communities on the hills.
Cog
Coolangubra - Good Good Plateau
SEH Monaro
Ranges, dissected plateau and bluffs on the western side of the Great Escarpment in SilurianDevonian granite and granodiorite. Rounded hills and peaks, well developed drainage and
high waterfalls in high rainfall environment, general elevation 800 to 1400m, local relief to
250m. Rounded tors and rocky outcrops on crests, deep red and red-brown gritty uniform
loams on slopes, brown clayey sand alluvium. Extensive moist forests of brown barrel
(Eucalyptus fastigata), shining gum (Eucalyptus nitens), with soft tree-fern (Dicksonia
antarctica) understorey. Dry forests of prickly stringybark (Eucalyptus consideniana) and
silvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi). Temperate gully rainforest elements, wet heaths and
upland swamps. Small areas of dwarf casuarina (Allocasuarina nana) heath on exposed sites.
Cul
Cullarin Range Fault Block
SEH Monaro
Prominent block faulted, steep sided, north-south range on the western edge of Lake George
in Silurian and Ordovician sandstone, shale, acid volcanics and quartzite, elevation 700 to
830m. Shallow stony earths on upper slopes, stony dark grey to yellow texture-contrast soils
on steep fans and debris slopes. Yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), grey box (Eucalyptus
microcarpa), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), scribbly gum (Eucalyptus rossii)
and Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi) with diverse understorey of Acacia sp., and other
shrubs on the hills.
Gtr
Gourock - Tindery Ranges
SEH Monaro
Higher parts of rocky ranges on Silurian-Devonian granites and granodiorite, standing above
the more diffuse Gourock - Tindery Slopes Landscape, general elevation 1200 to 1800m.
Thin stony brown loams and transitional alpine humus profiles. Red stringybark (Eucalyptus
macrorhyncha), brittle gum (Eucalyptus mannifera), silvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi) at
lower elevations. Alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis), mountain gum (Eucalyptus
dalrympleana), narrow-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus radiata) with bitter pea (Daviesia sp.)
and Acacia sp., understorey below the highest peaks, and sub-alpine complex of snow gum
(Eucalyptus pauciflora) with common oxylobium (Oxylobium ellipticum), and yellow kunzea
(Kunzea ericifolia) heaths on the highest peaks. Distinct mallee form communities of Dargo
gum (Eucalyptus perriniana), Tingiringi gum (Eucalyptus glaucescens), narrow-leaved sallee

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(Eucalyptus moorei) and narrow-leaved peppermint on the highest exposed peaks with
patches of dwarf casuarina (Allocasuarina nana) and woolly tea-tree (Leptospermum
lanigerum) heath.

Gts
Gourock - Tindery Slopes
SEH Monaro
Lower slopes, peaks and ridges of the Gourock - Tindery Ranges on Ordovician quartzose
greywacke, quartzite, slate and hornfels, general elevation 900 to 1300m. Red and yellow
texture-contrast soils common, relatively thin red profiles on ridges and deeper yellow
profiles in valleys. Woodland of yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), Blakelys red gum
(Eucalyptus blakelyi), with red box (Eucalyptus polyanthemos), apple box (Eucalyptus
bridgesiana) and drooping she-oak (Allocasuarina verticillata) merging upslope to red
stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha) and candlebark (Eucalyptus rubida) communities.
Ggp Gundary Plains
SEH Monaro
Wide open valleys with abandoned terraces and Quaternary lakebeds on lower Devonian
siltstone, sandstone, andesite and quartz felspar porphyry. General elevation 75m, local relief
<30m. Yellow, hard setting texture-contrast soils with distinct bleached A2 horizons.
Grasslands of spear grass (Austrostipa sp.) and kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra) with small
clumps of sparse snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) on rounded rocky hills and sandy
lunettes of former lakes.
Jbv
Jindabyne Plains
SEH Monaro
Wide open valleys and plains at a general elevation of 800 to 900m with surrounding low
ranges and rounded peaks to 1100m on massive Silurian-Devonian granite and granodiorite.
Shallow gravelly loams on slopes, extensive red and yellow texture-contrast soils on slopes,
two or three terraces marginal to the main streams with dark coloured gritty uniform loams
and clays in alluvium. Dry tussock grassland of rough and variable spear grasses (Austrostipa
variabilis) with kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra) on valley floors, patches of open snow
gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) and black sallee (Eucalyptus stellulata) woodland on hills, open
forest of yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi), with
mixed understorey on moister ranges merging with adjacent landscapes.
Jiv
Jingera Valley
SEH Monaro
Open valley of the upper Queanbeyan River, on Silurian-Devonian granite and granodiorite,
general elevation 900 to 1100m, local relief <100m. Gritty red and yellow texture-contrast
soils becoming deeper and poorly drained down slope. Dark sandy clays in alluvium on
floodplains and terraces. Open snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora), black sallee (Eucalyptus
stellulata) woodlands fringe snow grass (Poa sp.) grasslands on the valley floor, merge up
slope brown barrel (Eucalyptus fastigata) and manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis)
communities.
Kyt
Kybeyan Montane
SEH Monaro
Moderate to steep lower slopes of the Kybeyan Range landscape. Ridges of upper Devonian
quartz sandstone, conglomerate, quartzite, siltstone and minor limestone on the Great
Dividing Range. General elevation 800 to 1000m local relief to 200m. Well-developed
dendritic drainage with strike control, red, red-yellow and yellow texture-contrast soils
becoming deeper and more poorly drained down slope. Brown barrel (Eucalyptus fastigata),
manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), with narrow-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus radiata),
broad-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus dives), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha),
messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua), silvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi) and mountain gum
(Eucalyptus dalrympleana). Strong aspect control on plant associations, including fire
patterns evident in dwarf casuarina (Allocasuarina nana), and woolly tea-tree (Leptospermum
lanigerum) on shallow stony soils on exposed western slopes.
Kyb

Kybeyan Range

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SEH Monaro

Highest parts of the Kybeyan Range ridges of upper Devonian quartz sandstone,
conglomerate, quartzite, siltstone and minor limestone on the Great Dividing Range. General
elevation 1000 to 1300m local relief to 250m. Stony outcrop along ridgelines, well developed
dendritic drainage with strike control, stony brown to yellow texture-contrast soils becoming
deeper and more poorly drained down slope. Snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora), with patches
of Kybean mallee-ash (Eucalyptus kybeanensis) on high peaks. Mountain gum (Eucalyptus
dalrympleana), alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis), silvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi),
narrow-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus radiata) with diverse understorey of Acacia sp., and
other shrubs in more protected sites. Dwarf casuarina (Allocasuarina nana) and woolly teatree (Leptospermum lanigerum) heath can extend into stony tops of exposed peaks.

Mir
Minuma Range
SEH Monaro
Strike ridge of upper Devonian quartz sandstone shale, conglomerate and limited beds of
limestone (Bendethera and Big Hole) on the Great Dividing Range. General elevation 600 to
1250m, local relief to 500m. Stony outcrop along ridge lines, red, red-yellow and yellow
texture-contrast soils becoming deeper and more poorly drained down slope. Brown barrel
(Eucalyptus fastigata), manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) with narrow-leaved peppermint
(Eucalyptus radiata), broad-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus dives), red stringybark
(Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua), silvertop ash (Eucalyptus
sieberi) and mountain gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana). Strong aspect control on plant
associations, including fire patterns evident in dwarf casuarina (Allocasuarina nana) heath on
shallow stony soils on western slopes.
Msa Monaro Alluvium
SEH Monaro
Small areas of Holocene alluvium on valley floors and terraces within the Monaro plains.
General elevation about 700m, local relief <20m. Wet red-brown and grey massive gritty
clays, with some soil carbonate and occasional layers of coarse sand and fine gravel. Treeless
grasslands and swamps with species of adjacent landscapes, commonly with tall snow grass
tussock (Poa sp.).
Mba Monaro Plains Basalts and Sands
SEH Monaro
Extensive tablelands and rolling hills on Tertiary (Eocene) basalts with associated subbasaltic sands and gravel of the pre-eruption land surface. General elevation 600 to 950m,
local relief <100m. Exposed low rainfall (400-600mm) environment with high frost
frequency. Relatively poorly developed dendritic drainage patterns. Heavy red-brown to black
sticky uniform clay soils, extensive surface cracking when dry. Lighter textured red brown
loams and occasional yellow-brown texture-contrast soils associated with exposed sands.
Treeless grasslands of rough spear grass (Austrostipa scabra), variable spear grass
(Austrostipa variabilis), tall spear grass (Austrostipa nodosa), kangaroo grass (Themeda
triandra), tussocky snow grass (Poa sp.), and a high proportion of exotic grasses and herbs.
Wet tussock with sedges and rushes on poorly drained flats, wallaby grass (Austrodanthonia
sp.) at lower elevations.
Mbs Monaro Plains Meta-sediments
SEH Monaro
Low block faulted ranges on Ordovician quartzite, phyllite, mudstone, slate and schist,
general elevation 1000 to 1200m, 500 to 900mm rainfall. Shallow stony brown structured
loam as uniform or gradational profiles. Snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora), black sallee
(Eucalyptus stellulata) woodland on lower slopes in cold air pockets with wet tussock
grasslands containing; kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra), tussocky snow grass (Poa
sieberiana), and rigid fescue (Catapodium rigidum), and swamps with common rush (Juncus
usitatus), round sedge (Cyperus sp.) on valley floors. Red stringybark (Eucalyptus
macrorhyncha), brittle gum (Eucalyptus mannifera) on higher rocky slopes, merge to small
areas of alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis) and mountain gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana)
communities at higher elevations.

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Shp
Snowball High Valley
SEH Monaro
Silurian-Devonian granite of the upper Shoalhaven valley and associated rounded hills.
Rocky streambeds with gravel and coarse sand alluvium, upland swamps in black sandy clays
in tributaries and deep red-brown gradational soils on deeply weathered granite. Includes
small areas of meta-sediments. General elevation 750 to 1200m, local relief <150m. Open
moist grasslands of snow grasses (Poa sp.) with fringing snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora)
on valley floors, red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), manna gum (Eucalyptus
viminalis) forests on slopes merging upward to stunted alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis)
and snow gum in cold air pockets and higher hilltops.
Vrr
Varneys Range
SEH Monaro
Block faulted range of Silurian-Devonian granite and granodiorite with steep slopes and
abundant rounded tors in rocky outcrops. General elevation 900 to 1300m. Shallow, coarse
sandy uniform profiles between rocks on crests, yellow-brown gritty texture-contrast profiles
on slopes and to dull brown texture-contrast profiles on valley floors. Lower slopes of
grasslands with open snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) and black sallee (Eucalyptus
stellulata) along creeks. Upper slopes and crests of open woodland or low forest of red
stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha) and brittle gum (Eucalyptus mannifera) communities.

Meso: SEH Monaro Granites

Bgb
Bombala Granite Basin
SEH Monaro Granites
Rounded and undulating hills on small stocks of Silurian-Devonian granite and granodiorite,
general elevation 700 to 900m, local relief <100m. Gritty yellow texture-contrast soils with
hard setting A horizons and harsh clays along drainage lines common. Wide valley originally
with chain of ponds stream form now gullied exposing dark gritty clays. Open grassy
valleys with swampy patches surrounded by open woodlands of snow gum (Eucalyptus
pauciflora) with grassy understorey on the slopes.
Brd
Braidwood Granites
SEH Monaro Granites
Rounded and undulating to moderately steep hills on Silurian-Devonian granite and
granodiorite, general elevation 800 to 1100m, local relief 50 to 200. Gritty yellow texturecontrast soils with hard setting A horizons and harsh clays along drainage lines common.
Wide valley originally with chain of ponds stream form now gullied exposing dark gritty
clays. Open grassy valleys with swampy patches surrounded by open woodlands of snow gum
(Eucalyptus pauciflora) with grassy understorey on the slopes. Yellow box (Eucalyptus
melliodora) and forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis) at lower levels.
Byg
Byadbo Ranges Granites
SEH Monaro Granites
Low rounded ranges and small plateau on Silurian-Devonian granite and granodiorite, general
elevation 800 to 1000m. Gritty uniform and yellow texture-contrast profiles on deeply
weathered granite, sandy alluvium along streams. Open snow grass (Poa sp.) and spear
grasses (Austrostipa sp.) along valley floors with fringing snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora),
merging upslope to red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha) and candlebark (Eucalyptus
rubida) or brown barrel (Eucalyptus fastigata) and manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis)
communities depending on aspect.
Mbg Monaro Plains Granites
SEH Monaro Granites
Rocky hills and steep valleys with abundant outcrop of Silurian gneiss, elevation 800 to
1100m. Thin gritty loams between rock outcrop extending to deeper red and red-yellow
texture-contrast profiles on lower slopes. Black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri) abundant in
the rocks with red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), broad-leaved peppermint
(Eucalyptus dives), manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) and red box (Eucalyptus
polyanthemos).

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Meso: SEH Murrumbateman

Bjr
Burrinjuck Ridges
SEH Murrumbateman
Ridges and low ranges on strongly folded Devonian rhyolite, dacite, sandstone, tuff and some
limestones, streams aligned with strike directions on the eastern side then cut across the strike
through the Burrinjuck Gorge, general elevation 400 to 970m, local relief 50 to 150m. Thin
stony brown and red-brown sandy loam with limited development of red texture-contrast soils
on some rock types. Black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri), Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus
blakelyi), in the rocks with red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), broad-leaved
peppermint (Eucalyptus dives), manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) and red box (Eucalyptus
polyanthemos).
Dov
Doura Volcanics
SEH Murrumbateman
Rolling and undulating hills with occasional peaks on Silurian dacite, crystal tuff, sandstone
and minor limestone, dendritic drainage pattern of ephemeral streams, general elevation 600
to 800m, local relief <100m. Red to red-yellow and yellow harsh gritty texture-contrast soils,
gritty loams in alluvium with small areas of dark clays. Some evidence of salinity on lower
slopes. Open woodland of Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi), yellow box (Eucalyptus
melliodora), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha) with kangaroo grass (Themeda
triandra), mixed river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and river oak (Casuarina
cunninghamiana) along permanent streams.
Mqc Molonglo Channels and Floodplains
SEH Murrumbateman
Channel, floodplain, terraces and gorge tract of the Molonglo River upstream of the Canberra
Plains landscape, general elevation 600 to 700m, local relief <50m. Quaternary alluvium and
channels incised into steeply dipping Silurian shale, lithic tuff and dacite. Undifferentiated
sand and loam along the stream, uniform loams on the floodplain, yellow texture-contrast soil
on the terrace remnants and lower hill slopes. River oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) along
the banks, yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) and Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi)
on the floodplain with grasses.
Mqn Molonglo Ranges
SEH Murrumbateman
Low hills with a few rocky peaks on Silurian-Devonian granite and granodiorite with some
Silurian quartz and lithic sandstone, general elevation 800 to 1350m, local relief to 350m.
Mottled yellow and brown texture-contrast soils with strongly bleached topsoils. Dark organic
loams and clay loams on valley floors. Saline patches present. Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus
blakelyi), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), on lower slopes, red stringybark (Eucalyptus
macrorhyncha), bundy (Eucalyptus goniocalyx) and brittle gum (Eucalyptus manifera) on
ridges. Areas of apple box (Eucalyptus bridgesiana) and brittle gum. Limited swampy flats
and valley floor grasslands.
Uma Upper Murrumbidgee Channels and Floodplains
SEH
Murrumbateman
Channel, wide floodplain, terraces and rare source bordering dunes of the Murrumbidgee and
Molonglo Rivers in vicinity the Canberra Plains landscape, general elevation 600m. Sand and
gravel on the streambed, uniform brown loam on the floodplain yellow texture-contrast soil
on high terraces and sandy red earths on the dunes that can extend onto adjacent foot slopes.
Grasslands of; spear grass (Stipa sp.), snow grass (Poa sp.) with kangaroo grass (Themeda
triandra) on younger alluvium, open woodlands of; yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora),
Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), and
black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri) on terraces and dunes.
Umg

Upper Murrumbidgee Gorge

SEH Murrumbateman

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Steep sided gorge tract of the Murrumbidgee River in the vicinity of Burrinjuck. Meander
channel pattern incised into Devonian rhyolite, dacite, andesite, agglomerate, tuff and shale,
general elevation 400 to 500m, local relief to 100m. Abundant rocky outcrop with thin stony
sandy loam. Dense gallery forest of river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana).

Yac
Yass Channels and Floodplain
SEH Murrumbateman
Narrow channel, floodplain and terraces of the Yass River General elevation 500 to 600m,
local relief 30m. Quaternary alluvial sands and loam, red texture-contrast soil on terrace
remnants. Mixed river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and river oak (Casuarina
cunninghamiana) along the banks, grasslands with scattered yellow box (Eucalyptus
melliodora) on the floodplain and terraces.
Meso: SEH Murrumbateman Granites
Ghg Gunning Hills
SEH Murrumbateman Granites
Linear ranges and rounded hills on lower Silurian gneissic and foliated granite, general
elevation 500 to 750m, local relief generally less than 100m. Siliceous uniform sands, red
earths and yellow texture-contrast soils. Woodland of Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus
blakelyi), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), some apple box (Eucalyptus bridgesiana), red
stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), white box (Eucalyptus albens), broad-leaved
peppermint (Eucalyptus dives) and brittle gum (Eucalyptus mannifera) on stony ridges. Small
areas of Argyle apple (Eucalyptus cinerea) and black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri).
Meso: SEH Northern Granites
Bgr
Bathurst Granites
SEH Northern Granites
Undulating to steep hills on Carboniferous granites and granodiorite. Tors and rock outcrop
common on the margins of the pluton that is surrounded by a distinctive contact ridge with
steep slopes, general elevation 650 to 1000m, local relief 250m. Shallow red earths or
siliceous sands occur on ridges, gritty texture-contrast soils with yellow clay subsoils on the
slopes with deep coarse sands along streamlines and dense black clays in small swamps.
Woodland to open forest of; yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), broad-leaved peppermint
(Eucalyptus dives), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha) and white box (Eucalyptus
albens) on ridges and slopes, manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) and river oak (Casuarina
cunninghamiana) in valleys. Patches of black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri) in rocky
outcrops, grasslands with patchy snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) woodlands in cold air
drainage hollows.
Byp
Boyd Plateau Granites
SEH Northern Granites
Plateau with extensive swamps, low hills and deeply dissected margin on Carboniferous
granite. Contiguous with the Boyd Plateau Landscape. General elevation 1100 to 1400m,
local relief <80m. Red friable earths and weakly developed red texture-contrast soils. Forests
of; grey gum (Euclayptus punctata), Blaxlands stringybark (Eucalyptus blaxlandii) on lower
areas, and brown barrel (Eucalyptus fastigata), mountain gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana),
narrow-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus radiata) and manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) on
higher areas. Swamps on headwaters above 1200m contain peat and peaty sand with a number
of rare plant species in closed sedgeland dominated by Carex sp., Juncus sp., and Baeckea
sp., with a canopy of several tea-tree species (Leptospermum sp.), bottlebrush (Callistemon
sp.) and Hakea sp. Patches of snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) and mountain gum.
Obg Oberon - Kialla Granites
SEH Northern Granites
Small stocks of Carboniferous granite with minor gabbro, diorite and porphyry General
elevation 1100 to 1250m, local relief <100m. Tors common on crests, thin gritty red earths
grade to deeper red texture-contrast soils on slopes becoming harsher along stream flats.
Forest of; broad-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus dives), mountain gum (Eucalyptus

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dalrympleana), red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), narrow-leaved peppermint

(Eucalyptus radiata) and brown barrel (Eucalyptus fastigata). Snow gum (Eucalyptus
pauciflora) on exposed rocky hilltops.

Meso: SEH Oberon

Rop Rockley Plains
SEH Oberon
Low rolling hills on plateau surface with Silurian and Ordovician slate, phyllites, felspathic
sandstones and interbedded volcanics. General elevation over 1000m, relief to 150m. Red and
yellow texture-contrast soils with often with prominent bleached A2 horizons. Mixed
eucalyptus forest and woodlands including peppermints (Eucalyptus sp.), stringybark
(Eucalyptus sp.), candlebark (Eucalyptus rubida), brittle gum (Eucalyptus mannifera) and
snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora). Cold air drainage hollows with grasslands and swamps.
Meso: SEH Oberon Basalts
Mdb Mount David Basalts
SEH Oberon Basalts
Low rises and hills on Tertiary basalt flows. General elevation 950 to 1100m, local relief 50
to 80m. Red friable clay loams with gradational profiles merging down slope with red and
yellow texture-contrast soils. Tall woodland and open forest of apple box (Eucalyptus
bridgesiana), manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), broad-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus
dives) and red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha).
Shh
Shooters Hill
SEH Oberon Basalts
Flat topped hillcrests with Tertiary basalt, general elevation 1250m, local relief <50m. Deep
red to red-brown structured loams and clay loams, grading to black clays in swampy
streamlines. Narrow-leaved peppermint (Eucalyptus radiata), mountain gum (Eucalyptus
dalrympleana) and some snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) on high areas. Apple box
(Eucalyptus bridgesiana), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), manna gum (Eucalyptus
viminalis) and Blakelys red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi) in the west.

Meso: SEH Orange

Cit
Carcoar Intrusives
SEH Orange
Low hills with steep slopes on small intrusions of Ordovician gabbro and diorite, general
elevation about 750m, local relief 50 to 100m. Red friable gradational profiles of loam and
light clay. Open forest of; mountain gum (Eucalyptus dalrympleana) and broad-leaved
peppermint (Eucalyptus dives) on crests, with apple box (Eucalyptus bridgesiana), white box
(Eucalyptus albens) and yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) on slopes and manna gum
(Eucalyptus viminalis) along streams.
Mas Mandurama Slopes
SEH Orange
Rolling hills and ranges on the south western margin of the central tablelands below the
Canobolas Sheet Basalts landscape on a complex of Ordovician tuff, andesite, conglomerate,
shales, lithic sandstone and mixed Silurian-Devonian granite and granodiorite. General
elevation 700 to 900m, local relief <100m. Zone of rapid change in rainfall and temperature
with a commensurate shift in vegetation from tablelands to western slopes. Texture-contrast
soils throughout, red profiles on crests, red-brown and yellow on slopes, and yellow harsher
profiles on valley floors. Open forests of; yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora), white box
(Eucalyptus albens) and red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha) with manna gum
(Eucalyptus viminalis) along streams in the higher parts. Grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa),
yellow box and some black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri) with river oak (Casuarina
cunninghamiana) along the streams in the lower parts.

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Meso: SEH Ultramafics

Byn
Byng Ultramafics
SEH Ultramafics
Rolling hills and valleys on Ordovician basalts and mafic pyroclastics, general elevation 900
to 1000m, local relief <50m. Thin brown structured loam with rock outcrop on ridges, friable
brown texture-contrast soils on slopes and deep brown to black cracking clays in swampy
valley floors. Yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) woodland to open forest with; Blakelys
red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi), apple box (Eucalyptus bridgesiana), and broad-leaved
peppermint (Eucalyptus dives), and manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) in valleys.

SEQ - Descriptions for Landscapes in the South East

Queensland Bioregion
Meso: SEQ Clarence Basin
Bal
Ballina Coastal Ramp
SEQ Clarence Basin
Coastal ranges and low hills on early Jurassic sub-horizontal coarse felspathic sandstone,
lithic sandstone, claystone and coal measures, general elevation 25 to 100m, local relief 50m.
Yellow and brown texture-contrast soils on slopes and dark grey clays along valley floor
streamlines. Dry hardwood forest of; spotted gum (Corymbia maculata), blackbutt
(Eucalyptus pilularis), large-fruited blackbutt (Eucalyptus pyrocarpa), with grasses and
burrawang (Macrozamia sp.). Limited areas of subtropical closed forest on higher quality soil
and littoral closed forest on alluvium and sand dunes with tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis
anacardioides), three-veined cryptocarpa (Cryptocarya triplinervis), hard corkwood
(Endiandra sieberi) and coast banksia (Banksia integrifolia).
Byu
Baryugil Ultramafics
SEQ Clarence Basin
Low peaked hills adjacent to steep ridges with rock outcrop of Carboniferous serpentinised
peridotite and pyroxenite ultrabasic rocks and some Permian/Triassic granodiorite. General
elevation 100 to 500m, local relief 250m. Shallow stony brown loam with high metals
content. Small areas of dry closed forest. Dry coastal hardwood forest with tall grass trees
(Xanthorrhoea sp.), and local endemic Eucalyptus ophitica. Other rare species are likely.
Btp
Byron - Tweed Alluvial Plains
SEQ Clarence Basin
Channels, floodplain, terraces and estuary of the Tweed River and other coastal streams on
Quaternary alluvium, general elevation 0 to 50m, local relief 15m. Uniform brown earths and
structured brown clays on floodplains. Brown texture-contrast soil with high organic content
on terrace remnants. Most of the valley is cleared but contained subtropical closed forest with;
white booyong (Argyrodendron trifoliolatum), red cedar (Toona australis), and retains many
rare species such as; heart-leaved bosistoa (Bosistoa selwynii), velvet laurel (Endiandra
hayesii), red-fruited ebony (Diospyros mabacea) and southern fontainea (Fontainea
australis). Dry coastal hardwood forest on the terraces and slopes including; cabbage gum
(Eucalyptus amplifolia), forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis), broad-leaved apple
(Angophora subvelutina), river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana), silky oak (Grevillea
robusta), rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda), native teak (Flindersia australis),
coastal grey box (Eucalyptus bosistoana), pink bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia), spotted
gum (Corymbia maculata), grey ironbark (Eucalyptus paniculata), broad-leaved paperbark
(Melaleuca quinquenervia), blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon) and black she-oak (Casuarina
litoralis).
Gvj

Clarence - Manning Basin Margin

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SEQ Clarence Basin

Low ranges and foothills on the western margin of the Clarence-Manning Basin Margin
below the Great Escarpment on gently folded middle Jurassic felspathic and lithic clayey
sandstones, general elevation 100 to 400m, local relief 150m. Yellow and brown texturecontrast soils on slopes, sandy alluvium and dark uniform clay or clay loams along valley
floors. Moist hardwood forest of; blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), grey gum (Eucalyptus
punctata), white mahogany (Eucalyptus acmenoides), red mahogany (Eucalyptus resinifera)
and some New England blackbutt (Eucalyptus andrewsii ssp. campanulata).

Crp
Clarence - Richmond Alluvial Plains
SEQ Clarence Basin
Wide valleys, channels, floodplains, terraces and estuaries of the Clarence and Richmond
Rivers and other coastal streams on Quaternary alluvium, general elevation 0 to 50m, local
relief 15m. Deep brown earths and structured brown clay on floodplains. Terrace with yellow
texture-contrast soil containing ironstone concretions. Extensively cleared the valley floor
supported forest of cabbage gum (Eucalyptus amplifolia), forest red gum (Eucalyptus
tereticornis), broad-leaved apple (Angophora subvelutina), river oak (Casuarina
cunninghamiana), silky oak (Grevillea robusta), rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda),
native teak (Flindersia australis), coastal grey box (Eucalyptus bosistoana), pink bloodwood
(Corymbia intermedia), spotted gum (Corymbia maculata), grey ironbark (Eucalyptus
paniculata), broad-leaved paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia), blackwood (Acacia
melanoxylon) and black she-oak (Casuarina litoralis). On the margins of the basalt based
Lamington Volcanic Slopes Landscape; dry closed forest with native cascarilla (Croton
verreauxii), yellow tulip (Drypetes deplanchei), silver basswood (Polyscias elegans), guioa
(Guioa semiglauca), red cedar (Toona australis) with abundant vines and emergent hoop pine
(Araucaria cunninghamii). Salt marsh, mangrove communities and paperbark (Melaluca
quinquenervia) freshwater swamps occur in the estuary.
Cfh
Clarence Foothills
SEQ Clarence Basin
Subdued ranges and hills on gently folded middle Jurassic claystone, lithic and felspathic
sandstone, coal measures and quartz sandstone, general elevation 150 to 550m, local relief
250m. Yellow, brown and gleyed texture-contrast soils on slopes, sandy alluvium and dark
uniform clay or clay loams along valley floors. Moist hardwood forest of; blackbutt
(Eucalyptus pilularis), grey gum (Eucalyptus punctata), white mahogany (Eucalyptus
acmenoides), red mahogany (Eucalyptus resinifera), New England blackbutt (Eucalyptus
andrewsii ssp. campanulata), and Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna). Pockets of dry
closed forest are present in gullies protected from fire.
Gwh Grafton - Whiporie Basin
SEQ Clarence Basin
Extensive low undulating hills and large drainage basins on sub-horizontal upper Jurassic
interbedded quartz sandstone, lithic sandstone, clayey siltstone and coal measures. Often
exhibits ironstone concretions in the weathering profile. General elevation 50 to 150m, local
relief 50m. Yellow and brown texture-contrast soils on slopes and dark grey clays along
valley floor streamlines. Dry hardwood forest of; spotted gum (Corymbia maculata),
blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), large-fruited blackbutt (Eucalyptus pyrocarpa), with grasses
and burrawang (Macrozamia sp.).
Rrr
Richmond Range
SEQ Clarence Basin
Part of the Great Dividing Range and dissected plateau on the western side of the ClarenceMoreton Basin on middle Jurassic quartz sandstone and conglomerate. General elevation 150
to 670m, local relief 250m. Red-brown and yellow texture-contrast soils on slopes and
uniform clay loams along valleys with high organic content. Discrete blocks of subtropical
closed forest of; white booyong (Argyrodendron trifoliolatum), red carabeen (Geissois
benthamii), rose marara (Pseudoweinmannia lanchnocarpa), pigeonberry ash (Cryptocarya
erythroxylon), myrtle ebony (Diospyros pentamera), incense cedar (Anthocarapa sp.), teak
(Flindersia australis), long jack (Flindersia xanthoxyla), white cedar (Melia azedarach),
yellow carabeen (Sloanea woollsii) and emergent Moreton Bay fig (Ficus macrophylla),

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strangling fig (Ficus watkinsiana), giant stinging tree (Dendrocnide excelsa) and hoop pine
(Araucaria cunninghamii). Drier sites and less fertile soils support dry closed forest
communities or hardwood forests of; Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna), tallow wood
(Eucalyptus microcorys), turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), brush box (Lophostemon
confertus) with subtropical closed forest species in the understorey.

Srr
Summervale Range
SEQ Clarence Basin
Higher inland coastal range adjacent to Ballina Coastal Ramp on prominent line of middle
Jurassic quartz sandstone and conglomerate, with prominent water gaps where streams have
cut across the structure. Strong structural control with north-south folds. General elevation 50
to 325m, local relief 150m. Shallow stony red-brown structured loams, and red, yellow or
brown texture-contrast soils in different slope positions, the colour differing with drainage
conditions. Dry hardwood forest of; spotted gum (Corymbia maculata), blackbutt (Eucalyptus
pilularis), large-fruited blackbutt (Eucalyptus pyrocarpa), with grasses and burrawang
(Macrozamia sp.).
Cla
Upper Clarence Channels and Floodplains
SEQ Clarence Basin
Channel, floodplain and terraces of the upper Clarence River and tributaries on Quaternary
alluvium, general elevation 55 to 110m, local relief 20m. Alluvial earthy sand and structured
brown clay on floodplains. Yellow texture-contrast soil on the terrace. Moist forest of;
blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), grey gum (Eucalyptus punctata), white mahogany
(Eucalyptus acmenoides), forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis), broad-leaved apple
(Angophora subvelutina), river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana), grey ironbark (Eucalyptus
paniculata), broad-leaved paperbark (Melaluca quinquenervia), and blackwood (Acacia
melanoxylon). Areas of dry closed forest in protected gullies with; yellow tulip (Drypetes
deplanchei), brush box (Lophostemon confertus), mannawood (Euroschinus falcata), native
olive (Olea paniculata), with emergent hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii).
Meso: SEQ Coastal Barriers
Bcb
Byron - Tweed Coastal Barriers
SEQ Coastal Barriers
Beaches, dunes, swamps and lagoons on Quaternary coastal sands, with inner and outer
barrier dune sequences, general elevation 0 to 25m, local relief 10 to 20m. Essentially similar
landscape pattern as the Clarence - Richmond Barriers and Beaches Landscape but with a
greater proportion of swamp, shifts in common plant species and large areas of littoral closed
forest of; tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis anacardioides), broad-leaved lilly pilly (Acmena
hemilampra), plum pine (Podocarpus elatus), riberry (Syzygium luehmannii), yellow pear
fruit (Mischocarpus pyriformis), yellow tulip (Drypetes deplanchei) with abundant vines and
occasional epiphytes.
Clb
Clarence - Richmond Barriers and Beaches SEQ Coastal Barriers Beaches,
dunes, swamps and lagoons on Quaternary coastal sands, with inner and outer barrier dune
sequences, general elevation 0 to 25m, local relief to 10m. Inland sequence of; siliceous sand
on the beach with coast spinifex and coast casuarina on the berm. Siliceous sand with organic
topsoil on the hind dune with; tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis anacardioides), coast wattle (Acacia
longifolia ssp. sophorae), broad-leaved paperbark (Melaluca quinquenervia), and coastal
screw palm (Pandanus pedunculata). Pleistocene high dunes with well developed podsol
profile and hairpin banksia (Banksia spinulosa), wallum banksia (Banksia aemula), heath
banksia (Banksia ericifolia), black tea-tree (Melaleuca bracteata), pink bloodwood
(Corymbia intermedia), broad-leaved white mahogany (Eucalyptus acmenoides), grass tree
(Xanthorrhoea sp.), kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra) and blady grass (Imperata
cylindrica). Poorly drained inner low dunes and beach ridges, relief 1 to 2m, with humus
podsols and peaty podsols with broad-leaved paperbark, wallum bottlebrush (Callistemon
pachyphyllus), coast tea-tree (Leptospermum laevigatum), common reed (Phragmites
australis), common rush (Juncus usitatus) and coral fern (Gleichenia sp.). Back barrier

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swamps and plains with gradational dark coloured loamy sand, peaty podsol and acid peat
with broad-leaved paperbark, swamp oak (Casuarina glauca), swamp mahogany (Eucalyptus
robusta), forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis), red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera),
pink bloodwood, coast banksia (Banksia integrifolia), and rough-barked apple (Angophora
floribunda) on better drained sites. High dunes on the bedrock coastal ramp with shallow
podsols and blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), pink bloodwood, broad-leaved white mahogany,
red bloodwood and brush cypress pine (Callitris macleayana).

Meso: SEQ Volcanics

Ftb
Flat Top Basalts
SEQ Volcanics
Peaks and flat-topped hills of Tertiary trachytic and basaltic volcanic plugs and flow
remnants, general elevation 150 to 470m, local relief 180m. Thin stony structured red-brown
lam and clay loam, friable, well drained and moderately fertile. Mainly closed forest species
such as coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum) and sassafras (Doryphora sassafras) with
emergent turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), tallow wood (Eucalyptys microcorys) and
Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna).
Lav
Lamington Volcanic Slopes
SEQ Volcanics
Very extensive hills and ridges forming a broadly circular pattern 50km in diameter with
radial drainage centred on Mt Warning. The Tertiary Lamington volcanics complex of
multiple layers of flows of basalt, rhyolite and trachyte and pyroclastics including; tuff and
agglomerate. General elevation 50 to 1120m, local relief varies considerably and is greatest in
the higher landscape where it is up to 500m. Soils are mostly red and brown gradational
structured loams with high organic content and high fertility. On lower slopes adjacent to
valleys red, brown and grey-brown texture-contrast soils occur. Most of the landscape is
covered in subtropical closed forest with stands of cool temperate Antarctic beech above
1000m.
Typical subtropical species include; white booyong (Argyrodendron trifoliolatum), red
carabeen (Geissois benthamii), rose marara (Pseudoweinmannia lanchnocarpa), pigeonberry
ash (Cryptocarya erythroxylon), myrtle ebony (Diospyros pentamera), incense cedar
(Anthocarapa sp.) and emergent Moreton Bay fig (Ficus macrophylla), strangling fig (Ficus
watkinsiana), giant stinging tree (Dendrocnide excelsa) and yellow carabeen (Sloanea
woollsii). Drier sites and less fertile soils support forests of; Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus
saligna), brush box (Lophostemon confertus), broad-leaved apple (Angophora subvelutina),
flooded gum (Eucalyptus grandis), turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), blackbutt (Eucalyptus
pilularis) and coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum). On lower slopes; tallow wood
(Eucalyptys microcorys) grey gum (Eucalyptus punctata), white mahogany (Eucalyptus
acmenoides), manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) and forest oak (Allocasuarina torulosa).

Mwe Mount Warning Exhumed Slopes

SEQ Volcanics
Moderately steep hills and ridges with central drainage to the Tweed River formed on the
slopes of a pre-Tertiary landscape exposed by erosion of the Lamington volcanics. SilurianDevonian greywacke, slate, phyllite and quartzite, Triassic rhyolite, tuff and claystone and
Jurassic shale sandstone and coal. General elevation 25 to 300m, local relief 125m. Shallow
structured and friable red and brown loam and clay loam gradational profiles. Subtropical and
tropical closed forest of; white booyong (Argyrodendron trifoliolatum), native teak
(Flindersia australis), pigeonberry ash (Cryptocarya erythroxylon), ball nut (Floydia
praealta), ferny-leaf bosistoa (Bosistoa pentacocca), union nut (Bouchardatia neurococca),
doughwood (Melicope octandra), crows ash (Pentaceras australis), red lilly pilly (Syzygium
hodgkinsoniae) and numerous vines. Marginal areas of; tallow wood (Eucalyptus
microcorys), Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna), red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera),

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turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), brush box (Lophostemon confertus) and blackwood

(Acacia melanoxylon).

Mtw Mount Warning Plugs

SEQ Volcanics
High, steep peak of the central plug of the Tertiary Mt Warning/Lamington volcanic complex
of; basalt, trachyte, gabbro, syenite and rhyolite. Radial drainage of the central peak and a
prominent cliff line around the plug in columnar jointed rhyolite. General elevation 300 to
1160m, local relief 750m. Considerable rock outcrop and thin stony brown loam. Deeper
organic rich structured loam in the rubbly debris slope with subtropical closed forest of; white
booyong (Argyrodendron trifoliolatum), red carabeen (Geissois benthamii), yellow carabeen
(Sloanea woollsii), red cedar (Toona australis), bangalow palms (Archontophoenix
cunninghamiana), giant stinging tree (Dendrocnide excelsa), flame tree (Brachychiton
acerifolius) and Ficus sp. on the rocky cliff face.
Nrr
Nimbin Ridges
SEQ Volcanics
Steep ridges, and prominent 100m cliff line with sub-parallel incised valleys on layered
basalt, rhyolite flows with strong columnar jointing and related pyroclastics. Slopes rise in a
northerly direction toward Mt Warning. General elevation 100 to 930m, local relief 400m.
Bouldery debris slopes below the cliff with gradational red-brown gritty loam, structured
friable red clay on basalts and some brown texture-contrast soils. Upper edge of the cliff with
dwarf scrub of; red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera), forest oak (Allocasuarina torulosa)
and scribbly gum (Eucalyptus signata). Below the cliffs; moist hardwood forest with
blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) and brush box (Lophostemon confertus) with a closed forest
understorey and in the valleys subtropical closed forest of; white booyong (Argyrodendron
trifoliolatum), red carabeen (Geissois benthamii), yellow carabeen (Sloanea woollsii), red
cedar (Toona australis), scentless rosewood (Synoum glandulosum), white beech (Gmelina
leichhardtii), and bangalow palms (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana).
Wsp Woodenbong Syenite Plugs
SEQ Volcanics
Isolated conical and rounded peaks with surrounding debris slopes on Tertiary syenite plugs,
general elevation 500 to 1000m, local relief 350m. Bouldery debris slopes below the peaks
with gradational red-brown gritty loam and structured friable red clay. Mixed subtropical and
warm-temperate closed forest with; white booyong (Argyrodendron trifoliolatum), yellow
carabeen (Sloanea woollsii), red cedar (Toona australis), bangalow palms (Archontophoenix
cunninghamiana), plum pine (Podocarpus elatus), crab apple (Schizomeria ovata), soft
corkwood (Duboisia myoporoides), prickly ash (Orites excelsa), blue lilly pilly (Syzygium
oleosum), hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii), coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum),
sassafras (Doryphora sassafras), soft tree-fern (Dicksonia antarctica), hard tree-fern
(Cyathea australis) and prickly tree tree-fern (Cyathea leichardtiana). In drier sites and on
poorer soils; New England blackbutt (Eucalyptus andrewsii ssp. campanulata), red
bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera) and tallow wood (Eucalyptus microcorys).

SSD - Descriptions for Landscapes in the Simpson Strzelecki

Bioregion
Meso: SSD Sturt
Sud
Sturt Dunes
Sturt Dunes landscape is made up of part of the Marrapina land system.

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SSD Sturt

Partly aligned low dunes of Quaternary age, relief to 6m. Deep red clayey sand, with narrow
flat swales of sandy red earths overlying earthy pans. Dense white cypress pine (Callitris
glaucophylla) with sparse mulga (Acacia aneura) on dunes, canegrass (Eragrostis
australasica) in swales.

Sul
Sturt Linear Dunes
SSD Sturt
Sturt Linear Dunes landscape includes parts of three land systems: Binerah, Corner and
Gumpopla
Parallel and widely spaced high dunes of Quaternary age, relief to 10m. Deep red earthy sand,
interspersed with alluvial corridors and claypans draining from the adjacent tablelands and
ranges. Alluvial flats of sandy red earths and texture-contrast soils with calcareous subsoils or
earthy pans exposed in scalds.
Isolated fuchsia bush (Eremophila sp.) abundant grasses and forbs with canegrass (Eragrostis
australasica) in small brown and grey cracking clay pans. Bare scalded alluvial flats with
sandy red earths and texture-contrast soils and open mulga (Acacia aneura) and shrubs.
Unstable dune crests of deep, loose sand; isolated grevilleas with rattlepod (Crotalaria sp.),
white fox tail (Ptilotis latifolius) and sparse forbs. Mulga, needlewood (Hakea leucoptera),
sandhill wattle (Acacia ligulata), white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla), clumps of
spinifex (Triodia sp.), and grasses on dunes and swales. Isolated small pans of grey and
brown cracking clay with canegrass, some lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), black
bluebush (Maireana pyramidata) and fringing broombush (Melaleuca sp.) and black box
(Eucalyptus largiflorens).

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