ENGLISH LANGUAGE
8 PARTS OF SPEECH
Part of
speech
Function or
"job"
Example
words
Verb
action or state
(to) be, have,
do, like, work,
sing, can,
must
English Club is a web site.
I like English Club.
Noun
thing or person
pen, dog,
work, music,
town, London,
teacher, John
This is my dog. He lives in
my house. We live
in London.
Adjectiv
e
describes a
noun
a/an, the, 2,
some, good,
big, red, well,
interesting
I have two dogs. My dogs
are big. I like big dogs.
Adverb
describes a
verb, adjective
or adverb
quickly,
silently, well,
badly, very,
really
My dog eats quickly. When
he is very hungry, he
eats really quickly.
Pronoun
replaces a noun
I, you, he,
she, some
Tara is Indian. She is
beautiful.
Preposit
ion
links a noun to
another word
to, at, after,
on, but
We
went to school on Monday.
Conjunc
tion
joins clauses or
sentences or
words
and, but,
when
I like dogs and I like cats. I
like cats and dogs. I like
dogs but I don't like cats.
Interjec
tion
short
exclamation,
sometimes
oh!, ouch!,
hi!, well
Ouch! That hurts! Hi! How
are you? Well, I don't know.
Example sentences
Part of
speech
Function or
"job"
inserted into a
sentence
Example
words
Example sentences
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
*TENSES*
Tense
Simple Present
Affirmative/Negative/
Question
A: He speaks.
N: He does not speak.
Q: Does he speak?
Use
Signal Words
action in the present taking
place once, never or several
times
always, every , never,
normally, often, seldom,
sometimes, usually
if sentences type I (If Italk, )
facts
actions taking place one after
another
action set by a timetable or
schedule
Present
Progressive
A: He is speaking.
N: He is not speaking.
Q: Is he speaking?
action taking place in the
moment of speaking
at the moment, just, just now,
Listen!, Look!, now, right now
action taking place only for a
limited period of time
Simple Past
A: He spoke.
N: He did not speak.
Q: Did he speak?
action arranged for the future
action in the past taking
place once, never or several
times
actions taking place one after
another
action taking place in the
middle
action
Past Progressive
A: He was speaking.
N: He was not speaking.
Q: Was he speaking?
yesterday, 2 minutes ago,
in 1990, the other day,
last Friday
if sentence type II
(If I talked, )
of another
action going on at a certain
time in the past
when, while, as long as
actions taking place at the
same time
action in the past that is
interrupted by another action
A: He has spoken.
N: He has not spoken.
Q: Has he spoken?
Present Perfect
Simple
putting emphasis on
the result
action that is still going on
action that stopped recently
finished action that has an
influence on the present
action that has taken place
once, never or several times before
already, ever, just, never, not
yet, so far, till now, up to now
the moment of speaking
Present Perfect
Progressive
A: He has been speaking.
N: He has not been
speaking.
Q: Has he been
speaking?
putting emphasis on
the course or duration (not the
result)
all day, for 4 years, since
1993, how long?, the whole
week
action that recently stopped
or is still going on
finished action that influenced
the present
Past Perfect
Simple
A: He had spoken.
N: He had not spoken.
Q: Had he spoken?
action taking place before a
certain time in the past
sometimes interchangeable
with past perfect progressive
already, just, never, not yet,
once, until that day
if sentence type III (If Ihad
talked, )
putting emphasis only on
the fact (not the duration)
Past Perfect
Progressive
A: He had been speaking.
N: He had not been
speaking.
Q: Had he been
speaking?
action taking place before a
certain time in the past
for, since, the whole day, all
day
sometimes interchangeable
with past perfect simple
putting emphasis on
the duration or course of an
action
Future I Simple
A: He will speak.
N: He will not speak.
Q: Will he speak?
action in the future that
cannot be influenced
spontaneous decision
assumption with regard to the
future
Future I
Simple
(going to)
Future I
Progressive
Future II
Simple
Future II
Progressive
A: He is going to speak.
N: He is not going to
speak.
Q: Is he going to speak?
A: He will be speaking.
N: He will not be
speaking.
Q: Will he be speaking?
conclusion with regard to the
in one year, next week,
tomorrow
future
action that is going on at a
certain time in the future
in one year, next week,
tomorrow
action that is sure to happen
in the near future
A: He will have spoken.
N: He will not have
spoken.
Q: Will he have spoken?
A: He will have been
speaking.
N: He will not have been
decision made for the future
in a year, next , tomorrow
If-Satz Type I (If you ask her,
she will help you.)
assumption: I think, probably,
perhaps
action that will be finished at a
certain time in the future
action taking place before a
certain time in the future
by Monday, in a week
for , the last couple of
hours, all day long
speaking.
Q: Will he have been
speaking?
Conditional I
Simple
Conditional I
Progressive
Conditional II
Simple
Conditional II
Progressive
A: He would speak.
N: He would not speak.
Q: Would he speak?
the course of an action
action that might take place
A: He would be speaking.
N: He would not be
speaking.
Q: Would he be
speaking?
A: He would have
spoken.
N: He would not have
spoken.
Q: Would he have
spoken?
A: He would have been
speaking.
N: He would not have
been speaking.
Q: Would he have been
speaking?
putting emphasis on
action that might take place
putting emphasis on
the course /duration of the action
action that might have taken
place in the past
action that might have taken
place in the past
if sentences type II
(If I were you, I would go
home.)
puts emphasis on
the course /duration of the action
if sentences type III
(If I had seen that, I would
have helped.)
