1.
0 SYSTEM DATA
Description
Symbol Unit
Value
Rms value of symmetrical fault current
kA
= 25
Fault clearing time for conductor selection
tr
sec
= 1
Fault diversion factor
Sf
= 0.7
1.1 SOIL DATA
Soil Resistivity (Actual Value)
-m
= 16.3
Soil Resistivity (Design value for safety)
-m
= 40
Surface resistivity
-m
= 3000
Thickness of Surface layer
hs
= 0.1
Max allowable temperature of the conductor
= 500
Ambient temperature
= 50
Reference temperature for material constant
= 20
Coefficient of resistivity at Tro C (Mild Steel)
Resistivity of ground conductor
-cm
= 13.8
Thermal capacity factor
TCAP
J/cm3/C
= 3.749
Diameter of grid conductor in m
= 0.04
Spacing of grid conductor Chosen
= 4.4
Depth of burial of Grid conductor
= 0.6
Duration of shock
ts
Sec
= 0.5
1.2 GRID CONDUCTOR DATA
The Conductor Selected is 40 mm dia Mild steel Rod
= 0.0045
1.3 SWITCHYARD DATA
(Refer Annexure-2 for Earthgrid layout) )
Length of switchyard earthmat
= 41
Width of switchyard earthmat
= 21
Area of substation
Sq.m
= 861
Grid conductor periphery length
Lp
= 124
Maximum distance along grid length
Lx
= 41
Maximum distance along grid width
Ly
= 21
Diameter of Pipe/rod earth electrode in m
De
= 0.04
Length of each rod conductor in m
Lr
= 3
No.of Earth electrodes (Earth station)
Nos
= 73
Total length of ground rods
(Refer Annexure-1 for No. of Earth Electrodes)
LR
= 234
1.4 EARTH ELECTRODE DATA
2.0
METHODOLOGY:
2.1
The Earthing Design Calculation is done as per the recommendations given in IEEE Std. 80,2000
2.2
The Corrosion Allowance is Considered for Mild Steel as per the recommendations given in CBIP
Manual Publication No.223
2.3
The Following are considered for determination of grounding conductor length
h
Total Length of Earth mat
Length of Auxiliary Earth mats for Isolators
Length of Earth Electrodes
3.0
CALCULATION:
3.1
Selection of cross section of grid conductor (A)
The Crosssection of Conductor is Given by
A
mm2
25
mm2
3.749/10000
1x0.0045x13.8
A
ln 202.22+500
. 202.22+50
= 318 Sq.mm
Where
K0 = 1 / r - Tr
= 202.22
As per CBIP "Manual on substation" publication number 223, corrosion allowance is
recommended as per following rule
In case of conductor to be laid in soil having soil resistivity greater than 100-m- No allowance
In case of conductor to be laid in soil having soil resistivity from 25 to 100-m- 15% allowance
In case of conductor to be laid in soil having soil resistivity lower tha 25-m-30% allowance
considering soil resistivity for conductor sizing as 40 -m
A mm2
= 1.15 x A
= 1.15 x 317.97
= 366 Sq.mm
For 366 Sq.mm, Size of the Conductor Required is
=
=
Selected Conductor Size is
Hence safe.
366 x 4
3.14
21.6 mm
40 mm dia MS Rod
3.2
Determination of grounding conductor length:
The Earth Mat spacing considered for safe Step & Touch Potential
= 4.4 m x 4.4 m
Area of Substation
= 861 Sq.m
Grid conductor periphery length
Lp
= 124 m
Maximum distance along grid length
Lx
= 41 m
Maximum distance along grid width
Ly
= 21.0 m
Length of each ground rod
Lr
= 3m
Total length of ground rods
LR
= 234 m
Spacing of grid conductor chosen
= 4.4
Estimation of Grid Conductor Length
Rectangle - (41m x 21m)
The number of conductors parallel to the breadth
= 6
The number of conductors parallel to the length
= 11
Length of Conductor for Rectangle
= 477 m
Grid conductor Combined Length (Lc) used in the switchyard
LC
= 477 m
Effective length of the buried Conductor in m
LT
= LC + LR
= 711 m
3.3
Calculation of Tolerable Touch voltage(Et) & Step voltage(Es)
The Surface Layer Derating factor Cs is given by
Cs
Cs
Cs
1-
( )
0.09 1-
2 h s +0.09
50
3000
12 ( 0 . 1 ) +0 . 09
0 . 09 1-
= 0.694
Tolerable Touch Voltage Et is given by
Et50 =
( 1000+1. 5 C S S )0 . 116 =
tS
Et50 = 676 V
( 1000+1. 50 .6953000 )0 . 116
0 . 5
Tolerable Step Voltage Es is given by
Es50 =
( 1000+6 C S S ) 0 . 116
tS
( 1000+ 60 .6953000 ) 0 . 116
0. 5 .
( 1000+6 C S S ) 0 . 116
Es50 = 2213 V
tS
( 1000+ 60 .6953000 ) 0 . 116
0. 5 .
3.4
Determination of Grid resistance (Rg)
Rg
40
1
1
+
1+
LT 20 . A
20
1+h
A
1
1
+
1+
770 20861
Rg
Rg
= 0.690 Ohms
)]
1
1+0. 6
20
861
)]
Since the Grid resistance Rg is Less than 1,the design is safe.
3.5
Maximum Grid current (IG):
IG
= sf x I
= 0.7 x 25
= 17.50 kA
3.6
Calculation of Attainable Mesh voltage(Et) & Step voltage(Es)
3.6.1 Determination of the effective No.of Parallel Conductor (n)
= na x nb x nc x nd
Where
na
LC
LP
= 2 x (477 / 124)
= 7.69
nb
nc
LP
=
4A
= 1.03
=
L
LX Y
A
0 . 7A
L X L=
Y
(67x(78/5226)((0.7x5226) / (67x78))
= 1
nd
= 1 (For Square,Rectangular & L-shaped grids)
= 7.921
3.6.2 Determination of Ki:
Ki
= 0 . 644+ ( 0 . 148n )
= 0.644 + (0.148 x 7.921)
= 1.82
3.6.3 Determination of Km:
Km
[(
2
K
1
D 2 ( D+2 h )
h
8
ln
+
+ ii . ln
2
16 hd
8 Dd
4 d Kh
( 2 n1 )
)]
Where
Kii = 1
(For grid with ground rods along the perimeter, or for grids with ground rods in the grid
corner, as well as both along the perimeter and throughout the grid area)
Kh
ho
1+(0.6/1)
= 1.265
Where ho=1m (Grid reference depth)
K
m
[(
( 5x2 x 1 )2
1
52
1
1
8
ln
+
+
.ln
2 x 3 .14
16 x 1 x 0.04 8 x 5 x 0 .04 4 x 0. 04 1. 265 3. 14 x ( (2 x 8.559 )1 )
Km = 0.45
3.6.4 Determination of Ks:
Ks
=
=
Ks
1 1
1
1
+
+ ( 10 . 5n2 )
2 h D+h D
1
1
1 1
8. 5592
)
+
+ ( 10 .5
3 . 14 21 5+1 5
= 0.4
3.6.5 Determination of the effective buried Length of conductor (Lm for Touch Voltage)
For grids with Earth electrodes
Lm
Lm
LC + 1.55+1.22
( ( ))
Lr
Lx +L y
2
L R
515+
3998+
1.55 + 1.22
(672+782 )
= 858 m
3.6.6 Determination of the effective buried Length of conductor (Ls for Step Voltage):
Ls
= 0.75Lc + 0.85LR for grids with ground rods
= (0.75 x 477) + (0.85 x 234)
Ls
= 557 m
``
``
x 120
x153
)]
Attainable Mesh voltage Em is given by
K m K il G
Lm
Em
Em
= 668 V
= (40 X 0.45 X 1.82 X 17.5 X 1000) / 858.29
Attainable Step voltage Es is given by
K s K il G
Ls
Es
Es
= 915 V
4.0
CONCLUSION:
a)
Em vs Et50
=(40 X 0.4 X 1.82 X 17.5 X 1000) / 557
The Calculated Mesh Voltage of 668 V is lower than the tolerable Touch Voltage 676 V.
b)
Es vs Es50
The Calculated Step Voltage of 915 V is lower than the tolerable Step Voltage 2213 V.
c)
Grid Resistance Rg
The Calculated Grid Resistance of 0.69 Ohms is less than 1 Ohms
HENCE THE DESIGN IS SAFE
ANNEXURE - 1
Estimation of No. of Earth Electrodes
S.NO
DESCRIPTION
NO. OF EARTH
ELECTRODE
1.1
LA
40
1.2
CT&PT
18
1.3
ISMB POLE , T/F,ISO WITH E/S
15
Total No. of Equipment Earth Electrodes
73
Total length for 3 m long earth electrodes.
219
Grid corners & along periphery of 1 m long rod
15
Total Length of Earth Electrodes
234
