BorneoVortex:Multiscalar

interactions.(UM)
A.A.Samah,OoiSeeHai,FadzilMohd.NorandKumaren

The global influence

Theglobalinfluence.
TheSiberianHigh:
1. ArcticOscillation.
Arctic Oscillation.
2. ENSO

Methodology
ClimatologyMSLP&ATcalculatedbyaveraging
monthlydatafrom19712000
SiberianHighIndexwascalculatedbyfinding
out the maximum daily (from 6 hourly NC file)
outthemaximumdaily(from6hourlyNCfile)
andthenaveraged(ofthedailymaxvalues)
o o t y a ue
formonthlyvalue.
SiberianHighareadefinedat800 1200 E,400
600 N

SiberianHigh
Climatology

Siberian High Index (SHI)

SiberianHighIndex(SHI)
AveragedofdailymaximumMSLPoverdefined
Averaged
of daily maximum MS P over defined
area(800 1200 E,400 600 N).

SHI n.m =

X n.m X m

Xn.m isthevalueofaveragedmaxofSLPatmonthm, yearn;

X m istheclimatologyaverage(19712000)ofmonthly
averageofmaximummeanSLPformonthm,
m
is its climatology standard deviation at month m.
isitsclimatologystandarddeviationatmonthm.

SiberianHighIndex(yearly)ofAreaAveragedandMaximumAveraged
1.5

1.0

0.5
0
5

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

1983

1982

1981

1980

1979

1978

1977

1976

1975

1974

1973

1972

1971

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5
SiberianHighIndex(AreaAve)

SiberianHighIndex(MaxAve)

Fig.1:
Fi
1 Y
Yearly
l averaged
d Sib
Siberian
i hi
high
h iindex(SHI
d (SHI AAVE) - an index
i d calculated
l l t d
by averaging the mean SLP values over the defined area (80-1200E,40-60 0N
) and (SHI AvdMx) by averaging the daily maximum mean SLP over the same
defined area. Correlation coefficient : 0.89

SiberianHighIndex(NDJFMaveraged) AreaAveragedandMaximum
Averaged(801200 E,40600 N)
1.5

1.0

0.5

0.5

1.0

1.5
SHI(AreaAve)

SHI(MaxAve)

Fig.2: NDJFM averaged Siberian High Index (SHI Area Ave)- light blue and
Siberian High Index (SHI Max Ave) black line over the same defined area.
Correlation coefficient : 0.91

2008
2

2007
2

2006
2

2005
2

2004
2

2003
2

2002
2

2001
2

2000
2

1999
1

1998
1

1997
1

1996
1

1995
1

1994
1

1993
1

1992
1

1991
1

1990
1

1989
1

1988
1

1987
1

1986
1

1985
1

1984
1

1983
1

1982
1

1981
1

1980
1

1979
1

1978
1

1977
1

1976
1

1975
1

1974
1

1973
1

1972
1

1971
1

0.0

ArcticOscillationandSiberianHigh
ArcticOscillation
NonseasonalSLPvariationsnorthof200N,characterizedbySLP
anomaliesofonesignintheArcticandanomaliesofoppositesign
in mid latitude centered about37
inmidlatitude,centered
about 3745
450N(ThompsonandWallace
N (Thompson and Wallace
(1998).

Fig. 3. Arctic Oscillation phases and its influence over northern hemisphere (photo
courtesy: http://www.appinsys.com/GlobalWarming/AO_NAO.htm and J
Wallace, Univ. of Washington).

Result:
ArcticOscillationandSiberianAirTemperature

AOI(NDJFM)

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

AirTempanom(aveNDJFM)

Fig.4:ArcticOscillationandairtemperatureanomalies(801200E,40600N)
averagedoverNDJFM.
d
NDJFM
Correlationcoefficient:0.65

Airte
emp.Anomalies(0 C)
C

3
1984

3
1983

1982

1981

1980

1979

1978

1977

1976

1975

1974

1973

1972

1971

AOI

ArcticOscillationandAirTemperatureanomalies(averagedNDJFM)

AirTemperatureduringAOPositiveandNegative

Fig.5:(left)AirtemperaturesatSiberianhighareaareabovetheaverage
temperatureduringAOpositivephase.
( i h ) Ai
(right)AirtemperaturesoverSiberianareaarelower[colder]thanaverageduring
Sib i
l
[ ld ] h
d i
AOnegativephase.

AirTemperatureandSHI
SHI d Ai T
SHIandAirTemperatureAnomalies(NDJFMave)
t
A
li (NDJFM
)
2.0

1.5

2008
8

2007
7

2006
6

2005
5

2004
4

2003
3

2002
2

2001
1

2000
0

1999
9

1998
8

1997
7

1996
6

1995
5

1994
4

1993
3

1992
2

1991
1

1990
0

1989
9

1988
8

1987
7

1986
6

1985
5

1984
4

1983
3

1982
2

1981
1

1980
0

1979
9

1978
8

1977
7

1976
6

1975
5

1974
4

1973
3

0.5

0
1972
2

0.0
1971
1

SHI

0.5

1.0
2

1
1.5
5
2.0

3
SHI

ATanom

Fig.6.RelationshipbetweenSHIanddefinedSHareaairtemperature.As
theairtemperaturelower,theSHIvalueishigher.
Correlation coefficient is 0.56
Correlationcoefficientis
0.56

airtemp.anomalies(0 C)

1.0

ArcticOscillationandSealevelPressure

Fig.7:SLPanomaliesduring2phasesofAO.(left)SLPanomaliesduringpositiveAO.The
Fig.
7: SLP anomalies during 2 phases of AO. (left) SLP anomalies during positive AO. The
SLPoverSiberianhighareaarerelativelylowerthanaverage.
(right)SLPanomaliesduringnegativeAO.TheSLPovertheSiberianhighisrelativelyhigher
thanaverage.

AOIandSHI
SiberianHighIndexandArcticOscillation(aveNDJFM)
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5

1.0
1.5
2.0
SHI

AOI

Fig.8.:Winteraverage(NDJFM)SiberianhighindexandAOindex
(
(correlationcoefficient=0.51)
l i
ffi i
0 51)

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

1983

1982

1981

1980

1979

1978

1977

1976

1975

1974

1973

1972

0.5

1971

0.0

ENSO and SHI

ENSOandSHI

ENSOandSiberianhigh
ENSO
ElNinoLaNina

Fig. 9: Effects on weather during boreal winter (for El Nino and La Nina phases).
(photo courtesy :
http://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/tropics/enso_impacts.htm)

SiberianAirtemperatureandENSOphases
Fig.10.(above)Airtemperature
g
(
)
p
anomaliesduringElNioyears
(below)airtemperaturesanomalies
duringLaNiayears.

SiberianAirtemperatureandSOI

1.0

2.0
.0

3.0

3
SOI(NDJFMave)

ATanom(NDJFMave)

Fig.11.SiberianairtemperatureandSOI.ThevaluesareNDJFMaveraged.TheairtemperaturedataandSH
indexwillbetestwithSOIfromhereafter.

AirTempaanomalies(0C)

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

1983

1982

1981

1980

1979

0
1978

0.0
1977

1976

1.0

1975

1974

2.0

1973

1972

3.0

1971

SOI(p
pertenth)

SOI and Air Temperature anomalies over defined Siberian high area (averaged NDJFM)
SOIandAirTemperatureanomaliesoverdefinedSiberianhigharea(averagedNDJFM)

SLPandENSOPhases

Fig.12.compositeofSLPanomalies(averagedNDJFM)duringstrongElNio
years(1972,1982,1991,1997).

Fig.13.SLPanomalies(averagedNDJFM)duringstrongLaNiayears
(1973,1975,1988).

CorrelationofaveragedvalueofSHIandSOI(MAMMarchAprilMay;JJAJuneJulyAugust;SON SeptemberOctoberNovember;DJF December,JanuaryFeb

CorrelationofaveragedvalueofSHIandSOI(NDJF NovemberDecemberJanuaryFebruary;MAMJ MarchAprilMayJune;JASO JulyAugustSeptemberOcto

Corr. Between SOI and SHI.

Corr.BetweenSOIandSHI.
SHI\SOI
MAM
JJA
SON
DJF

MAM
0.17
0.47
0.23
0.23

JJA
0.07
0.41
0.37
0.10

SON
0.12
0.36
0.51
0.10

SHI\SOI
\
NDJF

NDJF
0.10

MAMJ
0.03

JASO
0.13

MAMJ
JASO

0.28
0
28
0.31

0.28
0
28
0.45

0.15
0
15
0.43

DJF
0.15
0.32
0.49
0.26

Synoptic and Mesoscale influence.

SynopticandMesoscaleinfluence.
IntroductiontothegeneralclimatologyofMalaysia.
g
gy
y
IntroductiontotheWinterMonsooninSouthEastAsia.
ColdSurgesandBorneoVortex.
SynopticSignature.
Observationalcasestudies.
WRFSimulations.
DiagnosticstudyonimpactofBorneoVortexConvectionson
the General Circulations
theGeneralCirculations.
Conclusion.

Researchofmygroupinthis
area.
1.ClimatologyoftheColdSurgeandBorneo
Vortex(NCEP)
2 I
2.IntensiveObservationalwork.
i Ob
i
l
k
3.ModelsimulationsusingWRF.

CLIMATOLOGICAL STUDIES (NCEP)

CLIMATOLOGICALSTUDIES(NCEP)
Formation
FormationofColdSurgesandBorneoVortexis
of Cold Surges and Borneo Vortex is
relatedtomidlatitudeforcing.
DevelopmentandtroughingoftheSiberian
Development and troughing of the Siberian
HighandcoldsurgesinSCS.

JJA

ND

JF

A case study of
CS and BV
Before Surge

A l i off 00 UTC (top

Analysis
(t
l ft) 500 hPa
left)
hP hemispheric
h i h i height
h i ht [in
[i dkm,
dk
att 60-m
60
contour intervals], (top right) hemispheric mean sea level pressure [in hPa, with
selected pressure values], (bottom right) 925-hPa wind with shaded magnitudes >=
20 knots and positive relative vorticity (dashed lines, x 10 -4 sec -1 )

During Surge

During Surge With Cross Equatorial Flow

Intensification

Figure 5: Average sea surface temperature (o C) for the period 12 19 January

2010
2010.

ColdSurgesandBorneoVortexand
DeepOrganisedConvection.

The meso-scale to local scale interactions

between wind, sea and topography

DrivingForceoftheStudyofCS
Driving
Force of the Study of CS
andBorneoVortexisthe
developmentofDeepOrganised
and Sustained Convections in
andSustainedConvectionsin
MalaysiaandIndonesia.

Borneo Vortex Study.

Star dated 18 January 2010

09012009 at 0230Z

N
Nanyang,
13 JJanuary 2009

State

Station

11
Jan

12
Jan

13
Jan

14
Jan

15
Jan

16
Jan

17
Jan

18
Jan

19
Jan

Sarawak

Kuching

0.2

38.0

60.0

1.0

5.0

5.0

21.0

102.
0
6.0

0.2

0.0

128.
0
6.0

11.0

0.0

190.
0
21.0

50.0

Sri
Aman
Kapit
Sibu
Bintulu

0.4

5.0
6.0
0.0

T
60.0
0.2

29.0
27.0
83.0

18.0
9.0
0.6

0.4
2.0
48.0

26.0
1.0
5.0

6.0
19.0
39.0

T
0.0
0.0

0.0
1.0
0.0

0.0
1.0
0.3

2.0
17.0
13.0

25.0
55.0
176.
0
48.0
32.0
48.0

25.
0
0.0
0.0
0.0

95.0
49.0
227.
0

39.0
14.0
27.0

T
1.0
1.0

7.0
7.0
20.0

2.0
1.0
0.4

0.0
0.0
T

0.0
0.0
0.0

0.4
0.0
0.0

0.6

23.0

7.0

32.0

101.
0

6.0

34.0

2.0

0.0

0.0

Kinabalu
Kudat

0.6
0.0
19.
0

56.0
0.4
3.0

2.0
14.0
34.0

15.0
19.0
3.0

66.0
10.0
17.0

11.0
34.0
114.
0

0.0
37.0
31.0

15.0
24.0
0.0

0.0
2.0
18.
0

0.0
5.0
0.0

1.0
0.0
0.0

Tawau

1.0

0.0

7.0

48.0

14.0

0.2

8.0

14.0

29.
0

0.0

0.0

Miri
Limbang

Rainfall in mm
----- -------------KUCHING
SRI AMANI
KAPIT
SIBU

8 Jan
107
11
17
8

9 Jan
102
58
3
3

10 Jan
187
86
10
142

11 Jan
129
47
1
45

12 Jan
5
0
13
23

20
Jan

21
Ja
n
0.0
0.0

InteractionswithTopography,
WRFStudy

Orography of South East Asia

CaseStudyoftheBorneoVortex
1120th Jan2010.

 Someresults.

IntensiveObservational
Intensive
Observational
StudiesinNorthofBorneo.

Figure 9: Vertical time cross section of wind (kts) and relative

humidity. Westerly component winds are plotted in blue.
Regions with relative humidities in excess of 80% are shaded
in red and below 20% in blue. [Source: station sonde data.
Some are missing.]

Figure 10a: Vertical profiles of 4-hourly wind vectors

(contours, knots) at Kuching from
and magnitudes (contours
(top) 00 UTC 13 January 00 UTC and (bottom) 04
UTC 16 January 04 UTC .

V in knots

U knots

RH

Figure 10b: Vertical profiles of (top) meridional winds [in knots, with northerlies <= 30 kts as shaded] , (center)
zonal winds [with easterlies <= 30 kts as shaded] and (bottom) relative humidity [in %, shaded => 80 %] at
Kuching from 00 UTC 13 January to 04 UTC .

CaseStudyoftheBorneo
Case
Study of the Borneo
th
th
Vortex7 15 Jan2009

Formation of low level vortex

Formationoflowlevelvortex

ObservationalStudiesBorneoVortexinKuching.
-500

-100

-600

-700

-200

-800

-300

-900

-400

-1000
20

40

60

80

-500

20

40

60

80

20

40

60

80

20

40

60

80

-100

-600

-700

-200

800
-800

300
-300

-900

-400

-1000
20

40

60

80

-500
500
-100

-600
-200

-700

-800

-300

-900

-400

-1000
20

40

60

80

GMS Enhanced IR Imageries on 7 January 2009

0830

1130

1430

1730
0530

Diurnal Cycle of
Cloud Cluster

2030

0230

2330

TheImpactoftheConvection
The
Impact of the Convection
associatedwiththeBorneo
VortexonGlobalCirculation.

Figure 7a: Averaged 200 hPa velocity potential (contours, 106 m2 s-1 ) and divergent winds
(vectors, ms-1 ) ) for the periods (top) 6 10 January 2010; (center) 11 15 January 2010;
and (bottom) 16 20 January 2010.

Figure 7b: Averaged 200 hPa streamfunction (contours, 106 m2 s-1 ) and rotational winds (vectors, ms-1 ) ) for the
periods (top) 6 10 January 2010; (center) 11 15 January 2010; and (bottom) 16 20 January 2010.

Figure 7c: Hadley Circulation (m/s, averaged between 1100 E and 117.50 E) for the periods (top) 6 10 January 2010; (center) 11
15 January 2010; and (bottom) 16 20 January 2010.

Figure 7d: Walker-type Circulation (m/s, averaged between 00 N and 100 N) for the periods (top) 6 10 January
2010; (center) 11 15 January 2010; and (bottom) 16 20 January 2010.

ComparisonbetweenNCEPand
ECWMF

Figure 1a: Averaged 200 hPa streamfunction (contours, 106 m2 s-1 ) and rotational winds
(vectors, ms-1 ) ) for the periods (top) 6 10 January 2010; (center) 11 15 January 2010;
and (bottom) 16 20 January 2010.

Figure 2a: Hadley Circulation (m/s) and relative humidity (%) averaged between 1100 E and 117.50 E) for
the periods (top) 6 10 January 2010; (center) 11 15 January 2010; and (bottom) 16 20 January
2010.

Figure 2b: Walker-type Circulation (m/s) and relative humidity (%) averaged between 00 N and 100 N) for the
periods (top) 6 10 January 2010; (center) 11 15 January 2010; and (bottom) 16 20 January 2010.

Conclusion.
1 This talk showed that the initiation of cold surge from the Siberian High is due to
1.
the push factor i.e. increase of pressure gradient and southward troughing of
the Siberian High which is influence by the subtropical jet.
2. The cold surge is channelled by the topography of land and sea towards the
South China Sea (SCS)
3. The surge increase the wind velocity over the SCS and the dry subsiding air start
to become very moist due to evaporation from the warm sea surface.
4. The pull factor constitute the monsoon trough or ITZC that is now near Borneo
island.
island
5. The alignment of the Borneo island and Sumatra/Peninsular and its position
across the equator contributed to the formation of a cyclonic vortex known as the
Borneo Vortex. There is also a circum-island circulation that contribute to a zone
of convergence associated with the Borneo Vortex and a zone of divergence near
Tawau where a zone of low level diffluence was observed.
6. This cyclonic vortex ordered the process of deep convection and feed the moist
air into the system to sustain rainfall for more than 48 hours.
7 There is also a diurnal influence of the spatial location of convection as observed
7.
earlier by Houze et al.
8. The deep convection of the Borneo vortex was observed to strengthen the
ascending branch of the Hadley Circulation in both Hemisphere and also the
E t W t Walker
East-West
W lk circulation.
i l ti
9. Via the Hadley Circulation the Borneo Vortex will then feedback into the
subtropical jetstream hence completing the cycle.