Ibrahim kshanh www.

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Evolution o
With

BMS
HVAC SYSTEMS

Name of Presenter : Ibrahim Elsayed Kshanh

kshanh www.ibra Specialist
TitleIbrahim
: Maintenance
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Contents
Introduction To BMS-1
- BMS Def.
- BMS Objectives

HVAC Systems-2
3-HVAC Automation
- HVAC Control
- DDC Control
- Building Automation & BMS (Supervisory Controls)

Control Theory (DDC Algorithm)-Control Concept

-Modes of Control
4-HVAC Instrumentation
-Control Valves & Valve Authority Concept

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Building
Management
System

Fire
Access

Others
HVAC

Security

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Objective of BMS
BMS Central Management
Energy Management Techniques
Maintenance Reports
Automatic Alarm Reporting
Long Term Trend data storage

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BMS
and HVAC
Systems
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Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning System

HVAC

Self Contained

Central Systems

Unitary Units
Ex: AC split units .VRV,[Space Thermostat]

Central Supply Subsystem-

Or Electronic Control

End Use Zone SubsystemsCombination Ex: : Chiller or Boiler & AHU,FCU-

Used when the first cost is more important

than the operating cost

Central AHU & VAV

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HVAC Control
HVAC:
Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning System
Comfort Condition
Temperature (T): 2025 C
Relative Humidity (RH) : 20% -- 60%
Pressure (P) : Slightly Positive
Ventilation : Air Quality
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HVAC Control

Chilled & Condensed Water System

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AHU Control

An air handling unit (AHU)

air flow is from the right to left in this case

Some AHU components shown are:
1-Supply duct
2-Fan compartment
3-Vibration isolator
4-cooling coil

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5-Filter compartment
6-Mixing box air duct

AHU Control
Exhaust air
AO

Return air
M

AO

E
CO2

Supply air
AO

AO

MCC

DDC

Panel

Control
Panel

DI
DI
AI
DI
AI

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M
DO

Chilled water system control

Primary .Ch.W .
Pumps
L

Main Return
Header

2-Way
Loads

Chille
r

DP

Secondary
Pumps

Ch.W.

Main Supply
Header

Chille
r
VFD

Controller
PID Loop

Chilled Water System Pressure

Control

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DDC Control

Digital Microprocessor Based

Controllers

Electronic, Microprocessor
Based

With Free programmable SW

Package

Implementation of Energy
Management techniques

Open Protocols

Strong Alarm, Trends

Capabilities

Web Based

More accurate than pneumatic type

Flexibility
(sp, schedule ,override)

Energy cost saving

Promotes Integration
Facilitates Diagnostic and trouble
shooting

Provide Remote Access

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Building Automation &

BMS (Supervisory Controls)

Management level Network

Supervisory
Control
Field level Network

LCP/DDC

LCP/DDC
LCP/DDC
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LCP/DDC

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Control Theory

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Control Concept
:The aim of The control is
To keep certain variable (Controlled
Variable) within a desired value (set point)
using certain calculations or programming
instructions (Algorithm) that results in a
corrective action (Control Signal) that
affects the controlled variable directly or
through another controlled variable
(Automatic Control) in order to achieve a
full system balance and overall desired
performance
To Maintain System
Stability
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Implemented Control Loops

Set point

Closed loop Control

Feed back

Controller
)Algorithm(
Corrective
signal
Final Control
Element

Manipulated
variable
Process
)Final Control Element(

Sensing
Element

Controlled
variable

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External
Disturbance

1-Two-Position Control
On/Off Control

Control Signal

for T Tmin
Zero

for T T max

Zone
.Temp

Over
shoot

Off Value 22

Differential
2 -/+

Heating On/OFF
:Control

Set Pont:20
On Value 18
Under
shoot

Tim
e

:Disadvantages
-Control
Overshooting
-Results in Cycling
Process

Control
Signal

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Of

On

Cycle
Duty
Cycle

Tim
e

2-Time Proportioning Two-Position Control

Process Error
Signal

Controller

Analog Controller
Output

Signal
Converter

mA 20 --4

Contr
ol
Signa
l

Proportional
Band

Proportional Band
40 -/+

Over
shoot
540
Set Point:500
460
Under
shoot

Two Position Pulses with duty

cycle
100%--0%
T 460

Cycle

On

On

T =480

Of

T =500
460

540

T =520
ON

Of

T540

Reducing the Average

Power
being
-1
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supplied
to a Heater
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Of

Tim

2-Eleminates Cycling
3-Minimizing Offset

:Application
Heating Current Valve
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3-Floating /Three Position Control

: Example
Static Pressure
Control

Static
Pressure

Dead
band

Set point

Inlet
Van
Damper

Actuator

Damper

Common
DO1(ON)
Controller
DO2(OFF)

position
remain
remain

DO1/2

close

open

open
remain

Time

Time
Pulse Duration

Fully
Closed

Damper Position is Linear and

proportional to the On/Off Pulse Durations
Fully Open

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4-Proportional Control (P)

From
Process

Error
Signal

Controller
Kp

Control
Signal

AO
4 20
mA

Control
Point
T

Set Point
T

Control Signal = K p*M+

Error

Control
Output

Continuou
s

K p :Controller Gain
M : Bias or Manual
Reset

010
Vdc

To Process
Manipulated
Variable
GPM

Error
Linear Relation
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0%

Cooling
Coil
Valve

Cooling

K
p

Time

50%

100%

Set Point

Proportional Control (P)

Actuator
Position

Cooling

100%

50%

0%
T1
Control
Point T

Set Point

T2

Throttling
Range

Set
poin
t

Offset

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Time

Control
Point T

5-Integral Control (PI)

Control Signal = K p* Error +

Automatic
Reset

KI

Eliminates
offset

e. dt

K I :Integral/Reset Gain
Actuator
Position
Cooling
100%
L1

Multiple Final
Control Element
Position for each
controlled variable
value

L2

L3

50%

0%
SP
1

SP
2

SP
3

Control
Point (F)

The actuator final position depends on:

Proportional Band (depends on actual
load)
Deviation signal Amplitude (E) and
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duration (dt)
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Throttling
Ranges

Control
Variable
T
Offset

Time

Fast Response
Zero st.st Error
Excessive overshoot or integral windup
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.
M

gpm

Controller
P

Controlled Variable
Compensation Sensor

AHU Control
P Temp. Control Loop

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6-Derivative Control (PID)

Control Signal = K p* e+
de/dt

KI

e. dt +Kd

Kd: Derivative Gain

Control
Variable
T

Offset

Time

Oscillation damping
Noise Sensitive
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HVAC Instrumentation

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HVAC Control Valves

Control valves in HVAC are motorized valves
commanded by BMS control signal , used to
regulate the flow of the operating fluid that
affects certain HVAC parameter

Controller

AHU
Control
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best controllability is achieved by keeping

Controllability The
Linear relationship between the Control output
(which considered as the valve stroke ) and the
output cooling

Output Energy
BTU 100%

50%

0%
4mA

50%

100%

Valve Opening

20mA

Control
Signal

The controllability curve depends upon two c/cs,the valve flow c/cs &
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Typical Coil Characteristics:

%O/P Energy
BTU
.At Const
.Water Temp
.Air Temp
.Coil Surface Area

100%

%Flow
gpm

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Valves Flow Characteristics:

%Flow
100%
Quick Opening

Theoretical /Inherent c/cs

Assuming Const.P with flow

Linear Relationship
Equal Percentage
100%

%Valve Stroke
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Combined Valve & Coil Characteristics:

Cooli
10
%ng
0
%

%Flow
100
%

Coil

Equal Percentage curve

Valve

10
0
%

%Cooling

100
%

Valve
%Stroke

Flow
%
Coil Curve

Best Controllability
Valve Curve

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Valve
Stroke
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Equal Percentage valve Inherent C/Cs

%Flow
100%

]1)-X/T[ (

Q = Qmax R

Theoretical /Inherent c/cs

Assuming Const.P with flow

Q: Flow Rate (gpm)

X: Valve Position (in.)
T: Max Valve travel (in.)

100%

%Valve Stroke

R: Valve Rangiability
Max Flow / Min Controllable Flow

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Equal Percentage Installed C/Cs

M

Pc

Pv

Total Pump Head

:Curve deviation due to
As valve closes Pv increases-1
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Pump Flow C/Cs

Pump
Head
100%

Pump

System Curve

100%

%Flow

As valve closes, More Pump Head will be appeared across the valve-2
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To minimize the variation in the valve pressure drop (Pv)

Size the valve for initial pressure drop (P v100% ) as close as
possible to the close off pressure drop (P v 0% ) which is equal to
the Total Pump Head

Larger Required Initial Pump Head

More Excessive Pump Energy Cost

Unpractical solution&

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Valve Authority Concept

Open Valve Pressure Drop (P v100% )

Pc

=N

Pv

Closed Valve Pressure Drop (P v 0% )

.Total P.H

P v100%
=N
P v100% + Pc100%

P.H.= P v100% + Pc100%

Open

=N

)P v100%(

: P v 100% = P.H.

Close Off : P v 0% = P.H.

) Pv100%( 2

- Pc 100%
-

P v 100% Pc 100%
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N=0.5
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%Flow
100%

N=1%
N=10%

N=5%

N=33%
N=50%

100%

%Valve Stroke
Authority and Valve flow curve deviation
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Valve Sizing and valve Authority

=

Kv

Pv
Kv: Valve ability to pass the flow
Q : Flow (M 3/hr)
Pv: Initial Pressure drop across the valve (bar)
Assumed to be equals to Pc

i.e. N=0.5

Kv Selection

Higher Kv

Lower Kv
Pv Pc

Pv Pc
N: from 0.3 to 0.5
N: from 0.5 to 0.7
From The Control Point ofIbrahim
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From The Energy Point of View
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( )

Thank You
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Ibrahim Elsayed Kshanh

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