Building Structures as Architecture

basic structure elements in architecture

PROF. WOLFGANG SCHUELLER

BUILDING SHAPES and forms: there is no limit to building shapes ranging from boxy to compound hybrid to
organic and crystalline shapes. Most conventional buildings are derived from the rectangle, triangle, circle,
trapezoid, cruciform, pinwheel, letter shapes and other linked figures usually composed of rectangles. Traditional
architecture shapes from the basic geometrical solids the prism, pyramid, cylinder, cone, and sphere. Oddshaped buildings may have irregular plans that may change with height so that the floors are not repetitive
anymore. The modernists invented an almost inexhaustible number of new building shapes through
transformation and arrangement of basic building shapes, through analogies with biology, the human body,
crystallography, machines, tinker toys, flow forms, and so on. Classical architecture, in contrast, lets the
faade appear as a decorative element with symbolic meaning.

For SAP2000 problem solutions refer to Wolfgang Schueller: Building

Support Structures examples model files:
https://wiki.csiamerica.com/display/sap2000/Wolfgang+Schueller%3A+Building+Su
pport+Structures+-

If you do not have the SAP2000 program get it from CSI. Students should
request technical support from their professors, who can contact CSI if necessary,
to obtain the latest limited capacity (100 nodes) student version demo for
SAP2000; CSI does not provide technical support directly to students. The reader
may also be interested in the Eval uation version of SAP2000; there is no capacity
limitation, but one cannot print or export/import from it and it cannot be read in the
commercial version. (http://www.csiamerica.com/support/downloads)
See also,
(1) The Design of Building Structures (Vol.1, Vol. 2), rev. ed., PDF eBook by
Wolfgang Schueller, 2016, published originally by Prentice Hall, 1996,
(2) Building Support Structures, Analysis and Design with SAP2000 Software, 2nd
ed., eBook by Wolfgang Schueller, 2015.
The SAP2000V15 Examples and Problems SDB files are available on the
Computers & Structures, Inc. (CSI) website:
http://www.csiamerica.com/go/schueller

A. GENERAL CONCPTS OF
BUILDING SUPPORT STRUCTURES

B. BUILDING STRUCTURE ELEMENTS:

beams, columns, frames, arches, surfaces, free form

A. GENERAL CONCPTS OF BUILDING

SUPPORT STRUCTURES
Structure is a necessary part of live; it establishes order.

It relates various entities or all the parts of a whole displaying some

pattern of organization and lack of randomness. It occurs at any scale,
ranging from the molecular structure of material to the laws of the
universe.

THE PURPOSE OF BUILDING STRUCTURE

support structure
ordering system
space maker
form giver
The richness of structures can only be suggested by the wealth of building
structure types, ranging from the long-span stadium to the massive
building block to the slender tower, from structures above or below ground
or in water to structures in outer space. They range from simple
symmetrical to complex asymmetrical forms, from boxes to terraced and
inverted stepped buildings, from low-rise to high-rise buildings, and so on.

Classification of support structures according to:

A1 Building structure type and use

e.g. apartment buildings, factories, gymnasiums, arenas, multi-use
A.2 Building structure as support (local and global scale)

A.3 Structure systems: rigid systems, flexible systems, composite systems

horizontal-span structures
vertical-span structures
A.4 Structural behavior:
loads, force-flow, stress, force and form
A.5 Building structure as geometry
STRUCTURE as an ordering system
STRUCTURE as a form giver
STRUCTURE as art
A.6 Building vs. Structure vs. Architecture:
expression of structure: hidden vs. exposed, innovative vs. standard
construction
structure is necessary for buildings but not for architecture:
without structure there is no building,
but architecture as an idea does not require structure
A.7 Structure as detail

A1.

Building STRUCTURE Types and Building USE

Single volume with large spans cellular subdivision with multiple small spans longspan stadiums vs. massive building blocks vs. vertical slabs vs. high-rise towers

A2. Building STRUCTURE as support (local and global scale)

Structure holds the building up so it does not collapse or deform excessively;
it makes the building and spaces within the building possible. Structure gives
support to the material and therefore is necessary.
BUILDING and STRUCTURE are inseparable and intimately related to each
other. The external loads that act on buildings cause internal forces in building
support structures. The forces flow along the structure members to the
ground, requiring foundations as transition structures to the comparatively
weak soil. The members must be strong and stiff enough to resist the internal
forces. In other words, BUILDING SUPPORT STRUCTURES have to provide the

necessary STRENGTH and STIFFNESS to resist the vertical forces of

gravity and the lateral forces due to wind and earthquakes to guide them
safely to the ground. In addition to strength and stiffness,
necessity for structures to maintain their shape.
requirement of building design!

STABILITY

SAFETY

is a

is a basic

Example of support structure:

study of wall trusses in context
of various building types

Sculpture: Running Torso, 1995,

Santiago Calatrava

Synagogue on the Campus of the

Military Academy of Mitzpe Ramon in
the Negev Desert, Israel, 1969,
Alfred Neumann and Zvi Hecker

Les Constructeurs, 1950,

Fernand Lger, Muse Fernand
Lger Biot

A3. STRUCTURE Systems

Every building consists of the load-bearing structure and the non-loadbearing portion.
The main load bearing structure, in turn, is subdivided into:
Gravity structure consisting of floor/roof framing, slabs, trusses, columns,
walls, foundations
Lateral force-resisting structure consisting of walls, frames, trusses,
diaphragms, foundations
Support structures may be classified as,

Horizontal-span structure systems:

floor and roof structure
enclosure structures
Vertical building structure systems:
walls, frames cores, etc.
tall buildings

HORIZONTAL SPAN BUILDING STRUCTURES: rigid systems

Cable-supported
structures

VERTICAL-SPAN BUILDING STRUCTURE SYSTEMS

Examples of VERTICAL-SPAN BUILDING STRUCTURES

A4. STRUCTURE Behavior

LOADS: gravity, lateral loads (wind, seismic)
external vs. internal forces (force flow along members)
PROPERTIES OF FORCES

FORCE FLOW: -- path to the ground where foundations make the

transition possible to the weak soil -- stresses (intensity of
force flow, blood pressure) depend on: member shape,
material, size, structure, connections
RESPONSE OF STRUCTURE TO LOADING

Properties of Forces
magnitude
direction
location

Common
building loads
on global and local scale

Gravity loads
Beam loads

Column loads
Floor loads
Roof loads

Lateral Loads
Wind load
Earthquake loads

FORCE FLOW

Vertical gravity force flow

FORCE FLOW

Vertical gravity force

flow

Horizontal gravity force

flow

LATERAL FORCE FLOW

the effect of asymmetry: TORSION

INTERAL FORCE FLOW

Stress contour of structural piping

A5. STRUCTURE
as GEOMETRY:

- ordering system
- form giver
- art

BUILDING SHAPES and forms: there is no limit to building shapes ranging from boxy to compound hybrid to org
crystalline shapes. Most conventional buildings are derived from the rectangle, triangle, circle, trapezoid, cruciform
letter shapes and other linked figures usually composed of rectangles. Traditional architecture shapes from the ba
geometrical solids the prism, pyramid, cylinder, cone, and sphere. Odd-shaped buildings may have irregular plans th
change with height so that the floors are not repetitive anymore. The modernists invented an almost inexhaustible n
new building shapes through transformation and arrangement of basic building shapes, through analogies with biol
human body, crystallography, machines, tinker toys, flow forms, and so on. Classical architecture, in contrast, le
appear as a decorative element with symbolic meaning.

Geometry as the basis of architecture

Project: Museum of Art Miami, 2009, Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron.

The Novartis
The
campus
Novartis
, Basel,
campus
Switzerland,
, Basel, Switzerland,
2009, Frank2009,
Gehry
Frank Gehry

Dee and Charles Wyly

Theatre, Dallas, Texas,
2009, Rem Koolhaas
REX/OMA

STRUCTURE as ordering system, it functions as a spatial and dimensional

organizer besides identifying assembly or construction systems.
geometry vs. composition, dimensional coordination (grids, surface
subdivision, mathematics, etc.):

Beijing Jian Wai SOHO Beijing, Riken Yamamoto

Langen Foundation, Hombroich, Germany, 2004, Ando
Buckminster Fuller geodesic dome, US Expo Montreal, 1967
tree houses, Rotterdam, Piet Blom
capsule tower, Tokyo, 1972, Kurokawa
Daniel Libeskind, city edge
bus shelter, Aachen, Germany, 1996, Peter Eisenman
CCTV Headquarters and TVCC Building, Beijing, Rem Koolhaas
National Swimming Center in Beijing, 2007, Arup, space frame cells
Beijing Olympic Stadium, called the nest, Herzog and De Meuron, Arup Eng
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, 1997, Frank Gehry
Fisher Center, Bard College, NY, Frank Gehry
UFA Palace Dresden (German Architecture Price 1999), COOP Himmelblau
Phare Tower, La Dfense, Paris, 2006, Thom Mayne (Morphosis, LA)

Beijing Jian Wai SOHO, Beijing, 2004, Riken Yamamoto

Langen Foundation, Hombroich, 2004, Germany, Ando

Buckminster Fuller geodesic dome, U.S. Pavilion at Expo 67, Montreal, three-quarter
sphere with 250 ft diameter and a height of 200 ft, double-layer space frame

Cube (tree) houses, Rotterdam, Piet

Blom, 1984. The houses look like a tree
because the architect turned the cubes
45 degrees and put them on a pole. The
32 attached houses together look like a
stone forest. The complex is built at a
pedestrian bridge crossing a traffic road.

Restaurant Tower (46 m),

called Bierpinsel, Steglitz,
Berlin, 1976, Ralph Schler
and Ursulina Schler-Witte

Kisho Kurokawa, Nakagin Capsule

Tower, Tokyo, Japan, 1972, The 14story high Tower has 140 capsules
stacked at angles around a central
core. Kurokawa developed the
technology to install the capsule
units into the concrete core with
only 4 high-tension bolts, as well as
making the units detachable and
replaceable.

Bus shelter, Aachen, 1996,

Peter Eisenman

CCTV Headquarters and TVCC Building, Beijing, 2008, Rem Koolhaas and Ole Scheeren

National Swimming Center in Beijing, 2007, Arup, space frame cells

Beijing Olympic Stadium, called the nest, 2008, Herzog and De Meuron, Arup Eng

Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, 1997, Frank Gehry, SOM

Fisher Center, Bard College, NY,

2003, Frank Gehry

UFA Palace, Dresden, Germany, 1998, COOP Himmelblau

Thom Maynes (Morphosis, LA) design for the Phare Tower in La Dfense, Paris. 2012

STRUCTURE as form giver: it defines the spatial configuration and

reflects other meanings and is part of esthetics:

Roman aqueduct, Segovia, Spain

la Grande Arch, Paris, Fainsilber & P. Rice
TU Munich, Germany
Integrated urban buildings, Linkstr. Potsdamer Platz), Richard Rogers, Berlin,
1998
Mercedes-Benz Museum, Stuttgart, 2006, Ben van Berkel & Caroline Bos,
Werner Sobek Ingenieure
Phaeno Science Center, 2005, Wolfsburg, Zaha Hadid

BMW Welt Munich, 2007, Coop Himmelblau

Roman aqueduct in Segovia, Spain, 50 AD

La Grande Arch, Paris, 1989, Fainsilber & P. Rice for the canopy

Werner-von-Siemens Auditorium, TU Munich , Germany

Integrated urban buildings, Linkstr. Potsdamer Platz), Richard Rogers, Berlin, 1998

Mercedes-Benz
Museum,
Stuttgart, 2006,
Ben van Berkel
& Caroline Bos,
Werner Sobek
Ingenieure

Phaeno Science Center, 2005, Wolfsburg, Zaha Hadid

BMW Welt, Munich, 2007, Himmelblau Arch, Bollinger + Grohmann Struct Eng

STRUCTURE as art
The experimentation with structures is also reflected by the constructivist art of
modernism and was first articulated particularly by the dreams of designers such as
the pioneers Antoine Pevsner and Naum Gabo at the early part of this century in
Russia, and later by Alexander Calder's kinetic art and Kenneth Snelson's tensegrity
sculptures.

Flamingo Sculpture, Chicago, 1974, Calder, in front of Mies van der Rohe Building
Calder in the National Gallery of Art, East Wing, Washington, 1978, I.M. Pei
Experiments with structure, Russian Constructivism (3 slides)
Kenneth Snelson's tensegrity tower, double-layer tensegrity dome
Stradelhofen Station, Zurich, 1990, Santiago Calatrava, (2 slides)
Earth sculpture, MUDAM, Luxembourg, 2007
Chairs (2 slides)
Shizuoka Press & Broadcasting Center, Tokyo, 1967, K. Tange

Calder Flamingo
Sculpture, Chicago, 1974,
in front of Mies van der
Rohe building

Calder in the National Gallery of Art, East Wing, Washington, 1978, I.M. Pei

Experiments with structure,

Russian Constructivism

Experiments with structure, Russian Constructivism

Experiments with structure, Russian Constructivism

SHIZUOKA PRESS &

BROADCASTING CENTER,
Tky,1967, Kenzo Tange

Kenneth Snelson's tensegrity

tower, 1968, double-layer
tensegrity dome

Santiago Calatrava, Stradelhofen Station, Zurich, 1990 - Canopy Model

10'

3'
3.5'

Lucerne Railway Station Hall,

1989, Santiago Calatrava

Earth sculpture, MUDAM, Luxembourg, 2007

Chairs, MUDAM, Museum of Modern Art, Luxembourg, 2007, I.M. Pei

Chaise by Le Corbusier,
chairs by Marcel Breuer
(late 1920s)

A6.

STRUCTURE vs. BUILDING vs. ARCHITECTURE

Structure is necessary for buildings but not for architecture, without structure
no building, but architecture as an idea does not require structure (i.e. design
philosophy).
EXPRESSION of STRUCTURE:
- hidden structure vs. exposed structure
- decorative structure (post-modern) vs. tectonic structure
- innovative structures vs. standard construction

Cathedral of Learning, at the University of Pittsburgh

Tsinghua University building, Beijing, 2005 (2 slides)
Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, 1993, James Ingo Freed
New Beijing Planetarium, 2005, Amphibian Arc, Nanchi Wang (4 slides)
Jewish Museum, Berlin, 2000, Daniel Libeskind (2 slides)
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, Cleveland, 1995, I. M. Pei (3
slides)
The fractal space of Moshe Safdies Habitat 67 in Montreal, Canada
Administration Building, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang
University, Ningbo, Qingyun Ma
Ningbo Institute of Technology Campus Library, Zhejiang University,
Ningbo, MADA spam, 2002
Crdit Lyonnais Tower (120m), Christian de Portzamparc
Tour Lilleurope (115m), Claude Vasconi
Highrise apartment tower, Malm, Sweden, 2003, Calatrava based on
a turning torso sculpture
Palau de les Arts, Valencia Opera House, 2005, Santiago

Cathedral of Learning,
atUniversity of Pittsburgh, 1926,
Charles Klauder Arch

Tsinghua University Scientific

Park (Tuspark), Beijing, 2006

Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, 1993, James Ingo Freed

New Beijing Planetarium, 2005, AmphibianArc Nanchi Wang Arch

Jewish Museum, Berlin, 2000,

Daniel Libeskind Arch

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, Cleveland, 1995, I. M. Pei

The fractal space of Moshe Safdies Habitat 67 in Montreal, Canada, 1967

Administration Building, Ningbo Institute of Technology,

Zhejiang University, 2002, Ningbo, Qingyun Ma

Ningbo Institute of Technology Campus Library, Zhejiang

University, Ningbo, MADA spam, 2003

Credit Lyonnais Tower (120 m), Lille,

France, 1994, Christian de
Portzamparc

Tour Lilleurope (115m, 25 stories), Lille, France, 1995, Claude Vasconi

Apartment Tower, Malm, Sweden, 2003, Santiago Calatrava; based in form on the sculpture turning torso

Palau de les Arts, Valencia Opera House, 2005, Santiago Calatrava

A7. STRUCTURE as Detail: articulation of the facade

detail as material

Museum of Science, la Vilette, Paris, Fainsilber

Atlanta mall, Elbasani & Logan
Ningbo downtown, Qingyun Ma
Dresdner Bank, Verwaltungszentrum, Dittrichring 5-9, Leipzig (2 slides)
MUDAM, Luxembourg, 2006, I.M. Pei
Marta Herford, Herford, 2006, Frank Gehry
Architectural Institute, Rotterdam, Netherland, Joe Coenen
The new San Francisco Federal Building, Thom Mayne (Morphosis)
Boston Convention Center, Vinoly and LeMessurier, 2005 (2 slides)
Pompidou Center, Paris (1977), Piano and Rogers
Glass-tree structure, Berlin
Glass structure, Beijing
Canopies Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart, Stirling (2 slides)
Peek & Cloppenburg, Koeln, Renzo Piano, 2005 (2 slides)

The devil (or god according to Mies) is in the detail!

Museum of Science and

Technology, Parc de la Villette,
Paris, 1986, Fainsilber/Rice

Atlanta mall, Elbasani & Logan

Ningbo downtown, 2002,

Qingyun Ma

Dresdner Bank,
Verwaltungszentrum,
Leipzig, 1997, Engel und
Zimmermann Arch

MUDAM, Luxembourg,
2006, I.M. Pei

MARTa, Herford, 2005, Frank Gehry Arch, Bollinger & Grohmann Struct Eng

The Netherlands Architectural

Institute, Rotterdam, 1993, Jo
Coenen Arch

The new San

Francisco Federal
Building, 2007, Thom
Mayne of Morphosis

Boston Convention Center, Vinoly and LeMessurier, 2005

Pompidou Center, Paris, 1977, Piano and Rogers

Expansion of Printing Office, Berlin, 1997, BHHS & Partner; glass-tree structure

Glass structure, Beijing

State Gallery, Stuttgart, Germany, 1984, James Sterling Arch, canopies

Peek &
Cloppenburg,
Cologne, 2005,
Renzo Piano

B BUILDING STRUCTURE ELEMENTS

.

Line elements: beams, columns, cables, frames, arches

Space frames
Surface elements: walls, slabs (floors), shells, tensile membranes
Tensegrity,
Hybrid systems
Free form

L I NE E L E M E NT S

AXIAL STRUCTURE
SYSTEMS

TENSILE MEMBERS

COMPRESSIVE
MEMBERS

BEAMS

FLEXURAL STRUCTURE
SYSTEMS

FLEXURAL-AXIAL STRUCTURE SYSTEMS

BEAM-COLUMN
MEMBERS
FRAMES

S UR F A CE E L E M E NT S

TENSILE MEMBRANES
SOFT SHELLS
MEMBRANE FORCES

PLATES
SHELLS

SLABS, MEMBRANE BENDING and TWISTING

RIGID SHELLS

BEAMS: straight/inclined, solid/composite, arrangement/density, scale, building

as beam, the vertical beam:

Museum Nuremberg, Germany

Library University of Halle (?)
Petersbogen (shopping center, university library, casino, etc.), Leipzig
New National Gallery, Berlin, 1968, Mies
Pedestrian bridge, Nuremberg, Germany
Documentation Center Nazi Party Rally Grounds, Nuremberg, 2001, Guenther
Domenig Architect
Chongqing Airport Terminal, China
Theater, Berlin, Renzo Piano, 1998
Merzedes-Benz Zentrale, Berlin, 2000, Lamm, Weber, Donath & Partner , (2 slides)
Bridge connecting two buildings, Berlin
Integrated urban buildings, Potsdamer Platz, Richard Rogers, Berlin, 1998
UNESCO stair, Paris, Breuer and Nervi
Everson Museum, Syracuse, NY, 1968, I. M. Pei
Lille Grand Palais, Rem Koolhaas
Hirshorn (sculpture) museum, Washington
Story beam, Berlin
Everson Museum, Syracuse, NY, 1968, I. M. Pei
Central Plaza, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Ken Yeang

Atrium, Germanisches Museum, Nuremberg, Germany

Library University of Halle, Germany

Petersbogen shopping center, Leipzig, 2001, HPP Hentrich-Petschnigg

New National Gallery, Berlin, 1968, Mies van der Rohe

Pedestrian bridge, Nuremberg, Germany

Documentation Center Nazi

Party Rally Grounds,
Nuremberg, 2001, Guenther
Domenig Architect

Chongqing Airport Terminal, 2005, Llewelyn Davies Yeang and Arup

Debis Theater, Berlin, 1998, Renzo Piano

Debis Theater, Berlin, 1998, Renzo Piano

Mercedes-Benz Center am
Salzufer, Berlin, 2000, Lamm,
Weber, Donath und Partner

Bridge connecting two buildings, Berlin

Integrated urban buildings, Linkstr. Potsdamer Platz, Richard Rogers, Berlin, 1998

UNESCO stair, Paris, 1957, Breuer and Nervi

Everson Museum, Syracuse, NY, 1968, I. M. Pei

Grand Palais, Lille, France, 1995, Rem Koolhaas/Ove Arup

Hirshorn Museum, Washington, 1974, Gordon Bunshaft/ SOM

Landesvertretung von Baden-Wuertemberg, Berlin, 2000, Dietrich Bangert

Johnson Museum of Art, Cornel Univerity, Ithaca, 1973, I.M.Pei Arch

Everson Museum, Syracuse, NY, 1968, I. M. Pei

Central Plaza, Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia, 1996, Ken Yeang

COLUMNS: power of column as: space maker, sign in landscape,

facade columns, space articulation, scale, etc.

Acropolis, Athens, 650 - 480 B.C.

Bourges cathedral, Bourges, France
St. Lorenz, Nuremberg, Germany
Theater Erfurt, 2003, Joerg Friedrich Arch
Pop Museum, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 1992, Rem Koolhaas Arch
Sichuan University, Chengdu, College for Basic Studies, 2002 (2 slides)
Government building, Berlin, Germany, Schultes
Shopping center, Berlin, Boehm
Study of faade columns, visual analysis
Luxemborg Philharmonie, Luxembourg City, 2006, Atelier
Christian De Portzamparc (2 slides)
LA Control Tower, Los Angeles, USA, Katherine Diamond
Samsung Life Insurance Jong-Re Building, Seoul, 1999, Rafael Vinoly

Acropolis, Athens, 650 - 480 B.C

Bourges cathedral, 13th cent, Bourges, France

St. Lorenz, 15th. cent,

Nuremberg, Germany

Museum of Modern Literature, Marbach, Germany, 2006, David Chipperfield Architects

Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich , 2002,

Stephan Braunfels

Theater Erfurt, 2003, Joerg Friedrich Arch, foyer

Kunst Hal, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 1992, Rem Koolhaas Arch

Beijing Capital International Airport, Terminal 3, 2008, Foster and Partners, Arup

College for Basic Studies,

Sichuan University, 2000,

Chengdu

Government building, Berlin,

Germany, 2001, Axel Schultes

Treptow Crematorium, Berlin, 1997, Axel Schultes

Peek & Cloppenburg Department Store, Berlin, 1995, Gottfried Bhm

Study of faade columns

Luxemborg Philharmonie, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg, 2006, Atelier Christian De Portzamparc

LAX Control Tower, Los Angeles,

1995, Siegel Diamond Arch

Samsung Life Insurance Jong-Re

Building, Seoul, 1999, Rafael Vinoly

INCLINED COLUMNS (beam-columns):

lateral thrust: visual analysis, tree columns, cantilever columns, etc.
bone-shaped columns, human thighbone

Interchange Terminal Hoenheim-Nord, Strassbourg, 2002, Zaha Hadid

Erasmusbridge, Rotterdam, 1996, Ben Van Berkel
Mensa Dining Hall, Karlsruhe, 2007, Jrgen Mayer H
Hannover EXPO 2000, Thomas Herzog und Julius Natterer
Subway station Munich 2, Germany
Stansted Airport, London, Norman Foster
Chongqing Airport Terminal, China
World Trade Center, Amsterdam, 2003, Kohn, Pedersen & Fox (2 slides)
Petersbogen (shopping center, university library, casino, etc.), Leipzig
Satolas Airport TGV Train Station, Lyons, France, 1995, Santiago Calatrava
Airport Madrid, Spain, Richard Rogers, 2005 (2 slides)
City Center, Bremen, 1964, Germany, R. Rainer and U. Finsterwalder

Interchange Terminal Hoenheim-Nord, Strassbourg, 2002, Zaha Hadid

Erasmusbridge, Rotterdam, 1996, Ben Van Berkel

Dining Hall Karlsruhe, Hochschule Karlsruhe, 2007, Jrgen Mayer H, ARUP

Hannover EXPO 2000, Thomas

Herzog und Julius Natterer

Subway Station to Allians Stadium, Froettmanning,

Munich, Munich, 2004, Peter Bohn Arch.

Stanted Airport, London, UK, 1991, Norman Foster/ Arup

Chongqing Airport Terminal, 2005,

Llewelyn Davies Yeang and Arup

World Trade Center, Amsterdam, 2003, Kohn, Pedersen & Fox

Petersbogen shopping center, Leipzig, 2001, HPP Hentrich-Petschnigg

Satolas Airport TGV Train Station, Lyons, France, 1995, Santiago Calatrava

Airport Madrid,
Spain, Richard
Rogers, 2005

AWD Dome, Bremen, 1964,

Germany, R. Rainer and U.
Finsterwalder

a.

b.

c.

FRAMES

Visual study of frames, arches and trusses

Visual analysis of lateral thrust
Crown Hall, IIT, Chicago, 1956, Mies van der Rohe
Frankfurt Post Museum, 1990, Behnisch Architekten
Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts, Norwich, UK, 1978, Norman Foster
Willemsbridge, Rotterdam, 1981, C.Veeling
BMW Plant Leipzig, Central Building, 2004, Zaha Hadid
Sony Center, Potzdamer Platz, Berlin, 2000, Helmut Jahn Arch., Ove Arup
Dresdner Bank, Verwaltungszentrum, Dittrichring 5-9, Leipzig
Design Museum, Nuremberg, Germany
Capital Museum, Beijing, 2001 (2 slides)
Architectural Institute, Rotterdam, Netherland, Joe Coenen

Visual study of frames, arches

and trusses

Visual analysis of lateral thrust

Crown Hall, IIT, Chicago, 1956, Mies van der Rohe

Frankfurt Post Museum, 1990, Behnisch Architekten

Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts, Norwich, UK, 1978, Norman Foster

Willemsbridge, Rotterdam, 1981, is a double suspension bridge, C.Veeling

BMW Plant Leipzig, Central Building, 2004, Zaha Hadid

Dresdner Bank, Verwaltungszentrum, Leipzig, 1997, Engel und Zimmermann Arch

Design Museum, Nuremberg, Germany, 1999, Volker Staab

Sony Center, Potzdamer Platz, Berlin, 2000, Helmut Jahn Arch., Ove Arup

Capital Museum, Beijing, 2001, Jean-Marie Duthilleul + Cui Kai

Architectural Institute,
Rotterdam, Netherland, 1993,
Joe Coenen

ARCHES
visual analysis of columns (lateral thrust, space interaction through
diagonal, principal stress flow)
Colosseum, Rom, c. 100 AD
St. Peters, Rom, 16th century. Bramante, Michelangelo, etc.
Arve River Bridge, 1935, Switzerland, Robert Maillart
Koeln Medienpark bridge
Satolas Airport TGV Train Station, Lyons, France, 1995, Santiago Calatrava
Berlin Stock Exchange, Berlin, Germany, 1999, Nick Grimshaw
Athens Olympic Sports Complex, 2004, Calatrava
Rotterdam arch
Oberbaum bridge, Berlin, Santiago Calatrava, 1995
Lehrter Bahnhof, Berlin, 2006, von Gerkan, Marg and Partners

visual analysis of arches

Colosseum, Rom, c. 100 AD

St. Peters, Rom, 16th

century, Bramante,
Michelangelo, etc.

Arve River Bridge, 1935, Switzerland, Robert Maillart

Cologne Medienpark bridge

Satolas Airport TGV Train Station, Lyons, France, 1995, Santiago Calatrava

Berlin Stock Exchange,

Berlin, Germany, 1999,
Nick Grimshaw

Athens Olympic Sports

Complex, 2004, Calatrava

The Metro station at Blaak, Rotterdam, 1993, Harry Reijnders of Movares; the arch
spans 62.5 m, dome diameter is 35 m

Space Truss Arch Axial Force Flow

Oberbaumbruecke, Berlin, Santiago Calatrava, 1995

Lehrter Bahnhof, Berlin,

2006, von Gerkan, Marg
and Partners

CABLES

World Trade Center, Amsterdam, 2003, Kohn, Pedersen & Fox

Sony Center, Potzdamer Platz, Berlin, 2000, Helmut Jahn Arch., Ove Arup
The University of Chicago Gerald Ratner Athletics Center, Cesar Pelli, 2004
Incheon International Airport, Seoul, Fentress Bradburn Architects, Denver
Olympic Stadium, Tokyo, 1964, Kenzo Tange, Y. Tsuboi (2 slides)

World Trade Center, Amsterdam, 2003 (?), Kohn, Pedersen & Fox

Sony Center, Potzdamer Platz, Berlin, 2000, Helmut Jahn Arch., Ove Arup

Sony Center, Potzdamer Platz, Berlin, 2000, Helmut Jahn Arch., Ove Arup

The University of Chicago Gerald Ratner Athletics Center, 2004, Cesar Pelli, OWP/P Struct.

Incheon International Airport, Seoul, Fentress Bradburn Architects, Denver

Incheon
Internation
al Airport,
Seoul,
2001,
Fentress
Bradburn
Architects

Olympic Stadium, Tokyo, 1964, Kenzo Tange, Y. Tsuboi

SURFACES
ribbed vaulting
Muenster Halberstadt, 14th century, Gothic ribbed vaulting
MUDAM, Museum of Modern Art, Luxembourg, 2007, I.M. Pei
Friedrichstrasse Atrium, 1996, Berlin, Henry N. Cobb
National Grand Theater, Beijing, 2007, Jean Andreu
DG Bank, Berlin, Germany, 2001, Frank Gehry, Schlaich and Bergemann
Reichstag, Berlin, Germany, 1999, Norman Foster, Leonhardt & Andrae

Muenster Halberstadt, 14th

century, Gothic ribbed
vaulting

MUDAM, Museum of Modern Art, Luxembourg, 2007, I.M. Pei

National Grand Theater,

Beijing, 2007, Jean Andreu

DG Bank, Berlin, Germany,

2001, Frank Gehry, Schlaich
and Bergemann

Reichstag, Berlin, Germany,

1999, Norman Foster, Leonhardt
& Andrae

rigid shells
Airplane hangar, Orvieto. 1940, Pier Luigi Nervi
Zarzuela Hippodrome Grandstand, 1935. Eduardo Toroja
Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, France, 1955, Le Corbusier
Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, TX, 1972, Louis Kahn
St. Mary Basilica, Tokyo,1964, Kenzo Tange, Y. Tsuboi
TWA Terminal, New York, 1962, Eero Saarinen
Chrystal Cathedral, Garden Grove, Calif., 1980, Philip Johnson

Airplane hangar, Orvieto. 1940, Pier Luigi Nervi

Zarzuela Hippodrome Grandstand, 1935. Eduardo Toroja

Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, 1955, Le Corbusier

Kimball Museum, Fort Worth, 1972, Louis Kahn

Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, TX, 1972, Louis Kahn

St. Mary Basilica, Tokyo,1964, Kenzo Tange, Y. Tsuboi

TWA Terminal,
New York,
1962, Saarinen

Chrystal Cathedral, Garden Grove, Calif., 1980, Philip Johnson

tensile surfaces
Dulles Airport Terminal, Washington DC, 1962, Eero Saarinen, Fred
Severud
Olympic Stadium, Tokyo, 1964, Kenzo Tange, Y. Tsuboi
Trade Hall 26, Hanover, 1996, Thomas Herzog, Schlaich Bergermann
Flexible surface structures
Yeadon pneumatic fabric structures, tennis court
Ice Rink Roof, Munich, 1984, Ackermann und Partner, Schlaich
Bergermann
Olympic Stadium, Munich, Germany, 1972, Frei Otto, Leonhardt-Andrae

Dulles Airport Terminal, Washington DC, 1962, Eero Saarinen, Fred Severud

Olympic Stadium, Tokyo, 1964, Kenzo Tange, Y. Tsuboi

Trade Hall 26, Hanover, Germany, 1996, Thomas Herzog und Schlaich Bergermann

Tensile membrane
structures

Yeadon fabric structures, tennis court

Tektoniks

'Spirit of Dubai' Building in front of Al Fattan Marine

Towers, Dubai, 2007

'Sleep and Dreams' Pavilion, 2006, Le Bioscope, France

Ice Rink Roof, Munich, 1984, Ackermann und Partner, Schlaich Bergermann

Olympic Stadium, Munich, Germany, 1972, Frei Otto, Leonhardt - Andrae

Schlumberger Research Center, Cambridge, 1985, Michael Hopkins