viPaKeRKOgbgM

Structural Analysis

GkniBn R.C. Hibbeler

bkERbeday etg qay

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

qaM 2010

Garmkfa
edaysarnisiStvisVkrsMNg;sIuvilTaMgGs;minGaceKcputBIcMeNHdwgelImuxviCadsMxan;enH)an
dUcenHva)anCMrujTwkcitrbs;)aTeGaybkERbesovePAenHeLIg. )aT)andwgfanisiStTaMgGs;Edl
mancMeNHdwgPasabreTskgkMritkMNt;NamYyenaH BitCaBi)akkgkarsikSaRsavRCavedayxng
dUcenH )aTBitCasgwmfaesovePAmYyk,alenHnwgGacCYysMrYldl;karsikSaRsavRCavrbs;Gk
sikSa)an.
)aTBitCa)anBayamy:agGs;smtPaBedIm,IeFVIeGaykarbkERbenHmanlkNeBlelj
b:uEneTaHCay:agenHkI )aTenAEtTTYlsal;fa kareRbIBakbeckeTsCaPasaExrmYycMnYnenAkgesov
ePAenHBitCaminGaceKcputBIPaBqg bminGacTTYlyk)anBIGksikSa. edaymUlehtuenH BakGg;eKsRtUv)aneRbI nigbgajedayecosminput. dUcenH ral;mtiriHKn;TaMgGs;nwgRtUv)anTTYlykmk
BicarNaedIm,IeFVIkarEksMrYl.
ma:gvijeTot edim,IeGaykarsikSa nigkaryl;;dwgrbs;GksikSaTaMgGs;elImuxviCaenHman
lkNTUlMTUlay nigc,as;las; )aTsUmENnaMeGayGksikSaTaMgGs;KYrGanc,ab;edImCaPasa
Gg;eKsEdlniBneday R.C. Hibbeler.

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

matika
Contents

!> RbePTrcnasm<n nigbnk (Types of structures and loads)

!>!> esckIepIm (Introduction).....1
!>@> cMNat;fak;eRKOgbgM (Classification of structures).......2
!>#> bnk (Loads) ......6
!>$> karsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgM (Structural design)..19
cMeNaT (Problems) .....20
@> viPaKrcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic (Analysis of statically determinate structures)
@>!> m:UEDleRKOgbgM (Idealized structures) ..........................................................................24
@>@> eKalkarN_tRmYtpl (Principle of superposition) .......................................................34
@>#> smIkarlMnwg (Equations of equilibrium) .....................................................................35
@>$> PaBkMNt; nigsiPaB (determinacy and stability)..........................................................36
@>%> karGnuvtsmIkarlMnwg (Application of the equations of equilibrium) ..........................43
cMeNaT (Problems) .................................................................................................52
#> karviPaK trusses kMNt;edaysaTic (Analysis of statically determinate trusses)
#>!> RbePTrbs; trusses (Common types of trusses) ...........................................................62
#>@> cMNat;fak;rbs; trusses kgbg; (Classification of coplanar trusses) .............................66
#>#> viFItMN (the method of joints) .....................................................................................73
#>$> Ggt;kmaMgsUn (Zero-force members) ........................................................................77
#>%> viFImuxkat; (The method of section) .............................................................................79
#>^> Truss pSM (Compound trusses).....................................................................................84
#>&> Truss saMjaM (Complex trusses) ..................................................................................88
#>*> Truss kglMh (space trusses)......................................................................................91
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cMeNaT (Problems)................................................................................................. 99
$> bnkxagkgEdlekItmanenAkgGgt;eRKOgbgM
(Internal loading developed in structural members)

$>!> bnkxagkgenARtg;cMNucCak;lak; (Internal loading at a specified point) ................... 109

$>@> GnuKmn_kmaMgkat; nigGnuKmn_m:Um:g; (Shear and moment function) ............................. 113
$>#> daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Fwm
(Shear and moment diagram for a beam).................................................................. 117

$>$> daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;eRKag

(Shear and moment diagram for a frame) ................................................................. 128

$>%> karsg;daRkamm:Um:g;Bt;edayeRbIviFItRmYtpl

(Moment diagrams constructed by the method of superposition) ........................... 132

cMeNaT (Problems)............................................................................................... 137

%> kab nigeRKOgbgMekagbBar (Cables and arches)

%>!> kab (cable)................................................................................................................ 148

%>@> kabrgbnkcMcMNuc (Cable subjected to concentrated loads) ..................................... 148
%>#> kabrgbnkBRgayesI (Cable subjected to a uniform distributed load) ..................... 150
%>$> eRKOgbgMekagbBar (Arches) .................................................................................... 156
%>%> eRKOgbgMekagbBarsnak;bI (Three-hinged arch)....................................................... 157
cMeNaT (Problems)............................................................................................... 163
^> ExS\TiBlsRmab;rcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic
(Influence lines for statically determinate structures)

^>!> ExS\TiBl (Influence lines) ....................................................................................... 168

^>@> ExS\TiBlsRmab;Fwm (Influence line for beams) ....................................................... 175
^>#> eKalkarN_muyeyeRbs (qualitative influence lines)................................................ 178
^>$> ExS\TiBlsRmab;r:tRTkRmal (Influence lines for floor Girders) .............................. 185
^>%> ExS\TiBlsRmab; trusses (Influence lines for trusses) .............................................. 188
^>^> \TiBlGtibrmaenARtg;cMNucmYyEdlbNalBIesrInbnkcMcMNuc
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(Maximum influence at a point due to a series of concentrated loads)....................192

^>&> kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Gtibrmadac;xat (Absolute maximum shear and moment)............198

cMeNaT (Problems) ...............................................................................................203
&> viPaKeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicedayviFIRbEhl
(Approximate analysis of statically indeterminate structures)

&>!> beRmIbRmas;nviFIRbhak;RbEhl (Use of approximate methods) ...............................214

&>@> Trusses......................................................................................................................215
&>#> kmaMgbBarenAelIeRKagsMNg; (Vertical loads on Building Frames)..........................218
&>$> Portal Frame nig Trusses ..........................................................................................221
&>%> bnkxagmanGMeBIelIeRKagsMNg; Portal method
(Lateral load on building frame: Portal method) .......................................................227

&>^> bnkxagmanGMeBIelIeRKagsMNg; Cantilever method

(Lateral load on building frame: Cantilever method)...............................................230

cMeNaT (Problems) ...............................................................................................236

*> PaBdab (deflection)

*>!> daRkamPaBdab nigExSekageGLasic
(Deflection diagram and the elastic curve)..................................................................242

*>@> RTwsIFwmeGLasic (Elastic-curve theory) ...................................................................246

*>#> viFIGaMgetRkalDub (The double integration method)..................................................248
*>$> RTwsIbTRkLapm:Um:g; (Moment-area theorems) ........................................................254
*>%> viFIFwmnimit (Conjugate-beam method) ......................................................................267
cMeNaT (Problems) ...............................................................................................276
(> PaBdabedayeRbIviFIfamBl (Deflection Using Energy method)
(>!> kmnxageRkA nigfamBlbERmbRmYlrageFob (External work and strain energy) ........281
(>@> eKalkarN_rbs;kmn nigfamBl (Principle of work and energy) ..............................284
(>#> eKalkarN_rbs;kmnnimit (Principle of virtual work) ................................................285
(>$> viFIkmnnimitsRmab; Trusses (Method of virtual work: trusses) ................................288
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(>%> viFIkmnnimitsRmab;Fwm nigeRKag (Method of virtual work: beams and frames) ........ 294
(>^> famBlbERmbRmYlrageFobnimitEdlbNalBIbnktamGkS kmaMgkat; kmaMgrmYl nigsItuNPaB
(Virtual strain energy caused by axial load, shear, torsion and Temperature) ........ 306

(>&> RTwsIbTrbs;kasIKIy:aNU (Castiglianos theorem)...................................................... 312

(>*> RTwsIbTrbs;kasIKIy:aNUsRmab; trusses (Castiglianos theorem for trusses) ............ 314
(>(> RTwsIbTrbs;kasIKIy:aNUsRmab;Fwm nigeRKag

(Castiglianos theorem for beams and frames) ......................................................... 319

cMeNaT (Problems)............................................................................................ 326

!0> viPaKeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTictamviFIkmaMg
Analysis of statically indeterminate structures by the force method

!0>!> rcnasm<nminkMNt;edaysaTic (Statically indeterminate structures)........................ 334

!0>@> viFIsaRsTUeTAkgkarviPaKedayviFIkmaMg
(Force method of analysis: general procedure)...................................................... 337

!0>#> RTwsIbMlas;TIersIuRbUkrbs;m:akSEvl c,ab;ebFI

Maxwells theorem of reciprocal displacement; Bettis law ................................ 341

!0>$> karviPaKFwmtamviFIkmaMg (Force method of analysis: Beams).................................. 342

!0>%> karviPaKeRKagtamviFIkmaMg (Force method of analysis: Frames) ............................. 349
!0>^> karviPaK truss tamviFIkmaMg (Force method of analysis: Trusses)............................ 352
!0>&> eRKOgbgMkMub:UsIut (Composite structures).................................................................. 355
!0>*> kMNt;sMKal;bEnmelIkarviPaKtamviFIkmaMg
(Additional remarks on the force method of analysis)........................................... 357

!0>(> eRKOgbgMsIuemRTI (Symmetric structures)................................................................. 359

!0>!0> ExS\TiBlsRmab;FwmminkMNt;edaysaTic
(Influence lines for statically indeterminate beams) ............................................ 360

!0>!!> eKalkarN_muyeyeRbssRmab;eRKag (Qualitative influence line for frames)......... 363

cMeNaT (Problems)............................................................................................ 370
!!> karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI smIkar slope-deflection
Displacement method of analysis: Slope-deflection equations

!!>!> viFIsaRsTUeTAkgkarviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI

(Displacement method of analysis: General procedures) ....................................... 378

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!!>@> smIkar slope-deflection (Slope-Deflection equation) .............................................380

!!>#> viPaKFwm (Analysis of beams) ...................................................................................386
!!>$> viPaKeRKagEdlmineyal (Analysis of Frame: No sidesway)....................................395
!!>%> viPaKeRKagEdleyal (Analysis of frames: Sidesway) .............................................400
cMeNaT (Problems) ...............................................................................................410
!@> karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI karEbgEckm:Um:g;
Displacement method of analysis: Moment distribution

!@>!> eKalkarN_TUeTA nigniymny (General principles and definitions)...........................415

!@>@> karEbgEckm:Um:g;sRmab;Fwm (Moment distribution for beams)..................................418
!@>#> karEktRmUvemKuNkRmaj (Stiffness-factor modification) ........................................426
!@>$> karEbgEckm:Um:g;sRmab;eRKagmineyal
(Moment distribution for frames: No sidesway) ....................................................431

!@>%> karEbgEckm:Um:g;sRmab;eRKagEdleyal

(Moment distribution for frames: Sidesway)..........................................................432

cMeNaT (Problems) ...............................................................................................441

!#> Fwm nigeRKagEdlmanGgt;Edlmanmuxkat;ERbRbYl
Beams and frames having nonprismatic members

!#>!> PaBdabrbs;Ggt;Edlmanmuxkat;ERbRbYl (Deflection of nonprismatic members) ....445

!#>@> lkNnkardak;bnkrbs;Ggt;Edlmanmuxkat;ERbRbYledayeRbIviFIFwmnimit
(Loading properties of nonprismatic members using the conjugate-beam method) .447

!#>#> lkNnbnkrbs;Ggt;Edlmanmuxkat;ERbRbYlEdlmanpSayenAkgRBwtibRtbeckeTs

(Loading properties of nonprismatic members Available from publications) .......452

!#>$> karEbgEckm:Um:g;sRmab;eRKOgbgMEdlmanGgt;Edlmanmuxkat;ERbRbYl

(Moment distribution for structures having nonprismatic members).....................455

!#>%> smIkar slope-deflection sRmab;Ggt; Edlmanmuxkat;ERbRbYl

(Slope-deflection equation for nonprismatic members) .........................................459

cMeNaT (Problems) ............................................................................................461

!$> karviPaK truss edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj
(Truss analysis using the stiffness method)

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!$>!> eKalkarN_mUldannviFIPaBrwgRkaj (Fundamentals of the stiffness method) .......... 464

!$>@> m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajrbs;Ggt; (Member stiffness matrix) ......................................... 466
!$>#> m:aRTIsbMElgnbMlas;TI nigkmaMg
(Displacement and force transformation matrices)................................................ 468

!$>$> m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajrbs;Ggt;kgkUGredaenskl

(Member global stiffness matrix)........................................................................... 471

!$>%> ma:RTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab; truss (Truss stiffness matrix) ......................................... 472

!$>^> karGnuvtnviFIPaBrwgRkajsRmab;karviPaK truss

(Application of the stiffness method for truss analysis) ........................................ 477

!$>&> kUGredaenrbs; node (Nodal coordinates) ................................................................ 487

!$>*> Trusses EdlmanbERmbRmYlsItuNaPaB nigkMhusnplitkm
(Truss having thermal changes and fabrication errors).......................................... 491

!$>(> karviPaK truss kglMh (Space-truss analysis).......................................................... 496

cMeNaT (Problems)............................................................................................ 498
!%> karviPaKFwmedayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj
(Beam analysis using the stiffness method)

!%>!> kMNt;cMNaMbzm (preliminary remarks) .................................................................... 501

!%>@> m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;Fwm (Beam-member stiffness matrix) ...................... 503
!%>#> m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;eRKOgbgMFwm (Beam-structure stiffness matrix)............... 505
!%>$> karGnuvtnviFIPaBrwgRkajsRmab;karviPaKFwm
(Application of the stiffness method for beam analysis) ....................................... 506

cMeNaT (Problems)............................................................................................... 518

!^> karviPaKeRKagkgbg;edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj
(Plane frame analysis using the stiffness method)

!^>!> m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajrbs;Ggt;eRKag (Frame-member stiffness matrix) ...................... 521

!^>@> m:aRTIsbMElgnbMlas;TI nigm:aRTIsbMElgnkmaMg
(Displacement and force transformation matrices)................................................. 522

!^>#> m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;eRKagkgkUGredaenskl

(Frame-member global stiffness matrix)................................................................ 524

!^>$> karGnuvtnviFIPaBrwgRkajsRmab;karviPaKeRKag
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(Application of the stiffness method for frame analysis) .....................................525

cMeNaT (Problems) ..................................................................................................535

A.

m:aRTIssRmab;karviPaKeRKOgbgM

(Matrix algebra for structural Analysis)

>!> niymny nigRbePTm:aRTIs (basic definitions and types of matrices) ........................538

A>@> RbmaNviFIma:RTIs (matrix operation) ........................................................................539
A>#> edETmINg; (Determinants) .......................................................................................543
A>$> cRmas;rbs;m:aRTIs (Inverse of a matrix) ..................................................................545
A>%> viFI Gauss sRmab;KNnaRbBnsmIkar
A

(The Gauss method for solving simultaneous equation) .........................................547

cMeNaT (Problems) ...............................................................................................549

cemIysRmab;cMeNaTeRCIserIs

matika

(Answers to selected problems) ..........................550

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!> RbePTrcnasm<n nigbnk

Types of Structures and Loads

CMBUkenHerobrab;BIcMNucbzmnkarviPaKeRKOgbgM. dMbUg CMhannkarGnuvtcaM)ac;edIm,IbegIt

rcnasm<nRtUv)anerobrab; nigbnedaykarENnaMBIRbePTmUldanneRKOgbgM FatupSM nigTRmrbs;va.
cugeRkay mankarBnl;y:agsegbBIRbePTepSgrbs;bnkEdlRtUv)anBicarNasRmab;karsikSaviPaK
nigkarsikSaKNna.

!>!> esckIepIm (Introduction)

rcnasm<n beRKOgbgM (structure) sMedAeTAelIRbBnnGgt;EdltPab;Ka ehIyRtUv)aneRbI
edIm,IRTbnk. ]TahrN_Cak;EsgEdlTak;TgeTAnwgvisVkmsMNg;sIuvilrYmman GKar s<an ehIyenAkg
visVkmdTeTotrYmman eRKagk):al; nigynehaH/ GagsksarFaturav nig]sn/ RbBnemkanic nigrcna
sm<nRTRbBnbBanGKisnI.
enAeBlsikSaKNnarcnasm<nedIm,IbeRmI[kareRbIR)as;CasaFarN visVkrRtUvKitnUvsuvtiPaB
esaPNPaB nig serviceability bEnmBIelIkarKitEpkesdkic niglkNbrisan. CaerOy eKRtUv
karkarsikSadac;edayELkBIKaCaeRcInEdlpl;nUvdMeNaHRsayepSgKa munnwgQaneTAdl;karseRmc
yknUvTRmg;eRKOgbgMEdlmanlkNsmRsbCageK. rebobnkarsikSaKNnaKWmanlkNcRbDit
nigbeckeTs ehIyTamTarnUvcMeNHdwgBIlkNsmarCamUldan CamYynwgc,ab;emkanicEdlQaneTA
dl;kareRCIserIssmar. enAeBlkarsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgMbzmRtUv)anesIeLIg eK)anviPaKeRKOgbgM
edIm,IFanafavamanlTPaBRTRTg; nigPaBrwgmaMRKb;RKan;. edIm,IviPaKrcnasm<n[)anRtwmRtUv eKRtUveFVI
karKit[)anRtwmRtUvBIrebobEdlFaturbs;eRKOgbgMRtUv)anRT nigtPab;rvagKa. bnk (load)RtUv)an
kMNt;BI code nig local specification ehIyeKrkkmaMgenAkgGgt; nigbM;las;TI (displacement)
edayeRbIRTwsInkarviPaKeRKOgbgMEdlCaRbFanbTnemeronenH. bnab;mkeKeRbIlTplnkarsikSa
viPaKenHedIm,IsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgMeLIgvij edayKitnUvkarkMNt;Tmn;rbs;Ggt; nigTMhMkan;EtCak;
lak;. dUcenH karsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgMRtUvkarkarKNnaRbhak;RbEhlCaeRcInCMhan EdlkgenaH
TamTarnUvkarsikSaviPaKeRKOgbgM. enAkgesovePAenH karviPaKeRKOgbgMRtUv)anGnuvtsRmab;eRKOg
bgMvisVkmsMNg;sIuvil b:uEneKGaceRbIviFInkarviPaKEdl)anerobrab;sRmab;eRKOgbgMEdlTak;Tg
eTAnwgEpkepSgeTotnvisVkm.
RbePTrcnasm<n nigbnk

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!>@> cMNat;fak;eRKOgbgM (Classification of Structures)

vaCakarsMxan;Nas;sRmab;visVkreRKOgbgM (structural engineer) dwgnUvRbePTepSgrbs;Fatu
(element) EdlpSMCaeRKOgbgM nigGaccat;cMNat;fak;eRKOgbgMeTAtamTRmg; nigtYnaTIrbs;va. eyIgnwg
ENnaMcMNucxHrbs;vaenATIenH nigcMNucxHeTotenAkgemeronxagmux.
FatueRKOgbgM (structural elements) eRKOgbgMpSMeLIgBIFatuTUeTAxHdUcmanerobrab;xageRkam
Ggt;cMNg (tie rods) Ggt;eRKOgbgM (structural member) EdlrgnUvkmaMgTaj (tensile
force) CaerOyRtUv)aneKsMedAeTAelI tie rods b bracing struts. edaysarFmCatinbnk
enH Ggt;TaMgenHmanlkNEvg bRsav (slender) ehIyCaTUeTABYkvaeRcInCaEdkmUl (rod)
EdkRCug (bar) EdkEkg (angle) bEdkmanragGkSr C (channel) rUbTI 1-1.

Fwm (beam): CaTUeTAFwmCaGgt;Rtg;EdlRtUv)aneKeRbICabzmedIm,IRTbnkbBar. CaerOy

eKcat;cMNat;fak;rbs;FwmeTAtamviFIEdlvaRtUv)anRT dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 1-2. CaBiess
enAeBlEdlmuxkat;rbs;FwmERbRbYl FwmenaHRtUv)aneK[eQaHfa tapered beam b haunched
beam. muxkat;rbs;FwmGac built up edaybEnmEdkbnH (plates) eTAelIEpkxagelI nigEpk
xageRkamrbs;Fwm.
CaTUeTA eKsikSaKNnaFwmeday[vaTb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;Bt; (bending moment) b:uEn
RbsinebIvaxI nigRTbnkEdlmanbrimaNFM kmaMgkat;GacnwgmantmFM ehIyeKnwgykkmaMg
enHmkeFVIkarsikSaKNna. enAeBlEdlFwmeFVIBIsmarelahdUcCaEdk bGaluymIj:m mux
kat;EdlmanRbsiTPaBCageK enAeBlEdlvamanragdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 1-3. kmaMgEdl
ekItmanenAkgsab (flange) xagelI nigsabxageRkamrbs;FwmbegItCakmaMgm:Um:g; couple
caM)ac;EdleRbIsRmab;Tb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;Gnuvtn_ M cMENkRTnug (web) manRbsiTPaBkgkar

Types of Structures and Loads

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Tb;Tl;nwgkmaMgkat; (shear) V . CaTUeTA muxkat;enHRtUv)aneKehAfa wide flange ehIy

RbEvgrbs;vaRtUv)aneKpliteLIgrhUtdl; 23m. RbsinebIeKRtUvkarRbEvgxICagenH eBlxH
eKeRCIserIsmuxkat;Edlman tapered flange. RbsinebIeKRtUvkarFwmEdlmanElVgEvg ehIy
RTbnkFM eKeRCIserIsmuxkat;FwmkgTRmg; plate girder. Ggt;enHRtUv)anpliteLIgeday
eRbIbnHEdkFM CaRTnug nigsab ehIIybnHTaMgenaHRtUv)anPab;KaedaysarTwkbnSar beday
bULg. CaerOy girder RtUv)andwkCBaneTAkardanCakMNat; ehIyeKsikSaKNnakartPab;
kMNat;TaMgenaHRtg; cMNucEdl girder rgm:Um:g;Bt;xagkgtUc.

CaTUeTA Fwmebtugmanmuxkat;ragctuekaNEkg EdlrUbragEbbenHgayRsYlkgkarsag

sg;enAkardan. BIeRBaHebtugmanlkNexSaykgkarTb;Tl;kugRtaMgTaj Edk (reinforcing
rods) RtUv)aneKdMeLIgkgFwmRtg;tMbn;NaEdlmuxkat;rgkugRtaMgTaj. Fwm brtebtugcak;Rsab;
RtUv)aneKplitenAeragsib,kmkgrebobdUcKa ehIybnab;mkeKdwkCBanvaeTAkan;kardan.
eQIEdleKykmkeFVICaFwmCaRbePTdMueQItan; b laminated. Laminated beam RtUv
)anplitBImuxkat;eQItan;EdlbiTPab;KaedaykaversIusg;x<s;.
ssr (column): Ggt;EdlCaTUeTAQrRtg; nigTb;Tl;bnksgt;tamGkS (axial compressive
load) RtUv)aneKehAfassr rUbTI 1-4. CaerOy eKeRcIneRbImuxkat; tube nig wide

RbePTrcnasm<n nigbnk

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sRmab;ssrEdk ehIymuxkat;mUl bkaersRmab;ssrEdleFVIebtugEdlBRgwgeday

Edksrs. eBlxH ssrrgnUvkmaMgtamGkS nigm:Um:g;Bt;dUceXIjkgrUb. Ggt;EbbenH
RtUv)aneK[eQaHfa beam-column.
flange

RbePTeRKOgbgM (Types of structures): bnSMnFaturbs;eRKOgbgM nigsmarEdlvapSMeLIg

RtUv)aneKsMedAelIRbBneRKOgbgM (structural system). RbBnnImYyRtUv)anpliteLIgBIRbePTmUldanmYy beRcInCagmYynRbePTmUldanbYnrbs;eRKOgbgM. RbBneRKOgbgMmandUc
xageRkam edayerobtamlMdab;nkMritsKsajkgkarviPaKkmaMgrbs;va.
Trusses: enAeBlEdleKRtUvkarRbEvgElVgEvg ehIykm<s;rbs;vaminEmnCalkN sMxan;kg
karsikSaKNna eKeRcIneRCIserIs truss. Truss pSMeLIgBIGgt;EdlmanRbEvgEvg ehIyRtUv
)anteRmobkgTRmg;RtIekaN. Planar truss RtUv)anpMeLIgedayGgt;EdlsitenAkgbg;Et
mYy ehIyTUeTAvaRtUv)aneKeRbIsRmab;s<an nigdMbUl cMEnk space truss, Ggt;rbs;valat
snwgkglMh bbITMhM (three dimension) ehIyvasaksmsRmab; derrick nig tower.
edaysarkarteRmobCaragFrNImaRtnGgt;rbs;va bnkEdleFVI[ truss TaMgmUlekag
RtUv)anbMElgeTACakmaMgTaj nigkmaMgsgt;enAkgGgt;. edaysarehtuenH KuNsm,ti dMbUg
rbs; truss ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgFwm KWfavaeRbIsmarticedIm,IRTbnkEdleK[ rUbTI 1-5.
ehIy truss RtUv)ansg;BIGgt;EvgEdlGacteRmobtam eRcInrebobedIm,IRTbnk. edIm,ITTYl
)an lkNesdkic eKeRcIneRbI truss sRmab;ElVgEdlmanRbEvgBI 9m eTA 122m eTaHbIeBl
xH eKeRbI truss sRmab;RbEvgElVgEvgCagenH keday.

Types of Structures and Loads

T.Chhay -4

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

kab nigeRKOgbgMekag (cables and arches): TRmg;BIrepSgeTotrbs;eRKOgbgMEdleRbIsRmab;

ElVgEvgKW kab nig arch. CaTUeTA kabmanlkNbt;Ebn (flexible) ehIyvaRTbnkeday
kmaMgTaj. b:uEnmindUc tension ties eT bnkxageRkAminRtUv)anGnuvttambeNayGkSrbs;
kabeT. Cavi)ak eKykTRmg;rbs;vaCarag defined sag rUbTI 1-6a. CaFmta eKeRbIkab
edIm,IBrs<an bdMbUlGKar. enAeBleKeRbIvasRmab;eKalbMNgEbbenH kabmanKuNsm,tilub
elIFwm nig truss CaBiesssRmab;ElVgEdlmanRbEvgFMCag 46m. edaysarvaEtgEtrgkug
RtaMgTajkabnwgminKansirPaB b collapse PameT EdlvaeRcInekItmancMeBaHFwm nig truss.
elIsBIenH truss TamTarnUvtmbEnmsRmab;karsagsg; ehIyenAeBlEdlElVgekIneLIgkm<s;
kkan;EtekIneLIgEdr. m:agvijeTot beRmIbRmas;rbs;kabRtUvkRmitEdnkMNt;eday sag,
Tmn; nigviFIkgkarf<k; (anchorage).
Arch CaeRKOgbgMEdlrgkmaMgsgt; edaysarvamankMeNagbRBaas;BIkab rUbTI 1-6
b. b:uEn arch RtUvEtrwg (rigid) edIm,IrkSaragrbs;va ehIyvaeFVI[ekItman secondary loading
EdlBak;BnnwgkmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g; EdleKRtUvEtBicarNakgkarsikSaKNnava. eBlxHeKeRbI
arch enAkgeRKOgbgMs<an/ dome roof nigsRmab;rncMhenAkgCBaaMg\d.

eRKag (Frames): eKeRbIeRKagenAkgsMNg;GKar ehIyvaRtUv)anpSMeLIgedayFwm nigssr

EdlmanTRmbgb; (fixed) btMN pin rUbTI 1-7. dUcKanwg truss Edr eRKaglatsgwgkg

RbePTrcnasm<n nigbnk

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

bg; bBIrTMhM nigkglMh bbITMhM. bnkenAelIeRKageFVI[Ggt;ekag ehIyRbsinebIvamantMN

rwg (rigid joint) enaHvamanlkNCaeRKOgbgMminkMNt;. ersIusg; rbs;eRKagEbbenHRtUv)an
bMEbkBI moment interaction rvagFwm nigssrenARtg;tMNrwg. CalTpl lkNesdkic
nkareRbIeRKagGaRsynwgRbsiTPaBEdlTTYlBIkarykTMhMFwmtUc ehIyedaybegInTMhMrbs;
ssr EdlbNalBIGMeBI beam-column EdleFVI[ekagenARtg;tMN.
eRKOgbgMp (surface structures): Surface structure RtUv)aneFVIBIsmarEdlmankRmas;
esIgedayeFobeTAnwgTMhMepSgeTotrbs;va. eBlxH smarenHmanlkNbt;EbnxaMg ehIy
eKGacykvakgTRmg;tg; b air-inflated structure. kgkrNITaMgBIrsmareFVIskmPaBCa
Pas (membrane) EdlrgkugRtaMgTajsuT (pure tension).
Surface structure kGacplitedaysmarrwg (rigid material) dUcCaebtugGarem:pg
Edr. edaysarvaGacmanTRmg;Ca folded plates, sIuLaMg b hyperbolic parabolic dUcenHeK
GacehAvafa thin plates b shells. eRKOgbgMTaMgenHeFVIkardUckab b arch edaysarvaRTRTg;
kmaMgTaj nigkmaMgsgt;Cabzm edaymanPaBekagtictYcEmnETn. eTaHbICaEbbenHkeday
CaTUeTAeKBitCaBi)akkgkarviPaK plate b shell structure xaMgNas;edaysarragFrNImaRt
bITMhMrbs;va. karviPaKeRKOgbgMpminRtUv)anelIkyk mkbgajkgesovePAenHeT.

!>#> bnk (Load)

enAeBlEdleKkMNt;TMhMrbs;eRKOgbgMrYcehIy eKcaM)ac;kMNt;bnkEdleRKOgbnkRtUvRT. Ca
erOy eKRtUveFVIkareRCIserIsbnkeRcInRbePTEdleKrMBwgfavanwgeFVIGMeBImkelIeRKOgbgMedIm,IeFVIkar
sikSaKNna. ]TahrN_ eRKOgbgMGKarx<s;RtUvTb;Tl;nwgbnkxag (lateral load) dFMEdlbgeLIg
edayxl; ehIyeKeRcIneRCIserIsRbBn shear wall nigRbBn tubular frame. cMENkGKarEdlsit
enAkgtMbn;EdlgayrgkarrBaydIRtUv)ansikSaKNnaCaeRKOg bgMsVit (ductile frame) nigtMNsVit.
Types of Structures and Loads

T.Chhay -6

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

enAeBlEdleKkMNt;TRmg;eRKOgbgM (structural form) rYcehIy karsikSaKNnaCak;Esgcab;

epImCamYynwgGgt;xagelIEdlrgbnkrhUtdl;RKwH. dUcenHeKRtUvsikSaKNnakRmalxN (floor slab)
dMbUg ehIybnab;mkeKsikSaKNnaFwm ssr nigcugeRkayKWRKwHeCIgtag. edIm,I sikSaKNnaeRKOgbgM
CaCMhandMbUgeKcaM)ac;RtUvkMNt;bnkEdlmanGMeBIelIva[)anCak;lak;.
CaerOy bnkKNna (design loading) sRmab;eRKOgbgMRtUv)ankMNt;edaykUd (code). CaTU
eTA visVkreRKOgbgMeFVIkarCamYynwg code BIrRbePT kUdGKarTUeTA (general building code) nigkUd
sikSaKNna (design code). General building code kMNt;lkNtRmUvkarnGgt;sRmab;bnk
KNnaGb,brmaenAelIeRKOgbgM nigbTdanGb,brmasRmab;karsagsg;. Design code pl;nUvbTdan
beckeTs lMGit ehIyeKeRbIvasRmab;skiSaKNnaeRKOgbgMCak;Esg. tarag 1-1 raynUv code
sMxan;EdleRbIenAkgkarGnuvt. b:uEneKRtUvdwgfa code TaMgenaHpl;[EtkarENnaMTUeTAsRmab;kar
sikSaKNnaEtb:ueNaH. karTTYlxusRtUvx<s;bMputsRmab;karsikSaKNnaKW sitelIvisVkreRKOgbgM.

CaTUeTA edaysareRKOgbgMrgnUvbnkeRcInRbePT karENnaMy:agsegbBIbnkTaMgenHnwgbgaj

BIrebobEdleKRtUvBicarNaBI\TiBlrbs;vakgkarGnuvt.
bnkefr (dead loads) bnkefrrYmmanTmn;rbs;Ggt;eRKOgbgMepSg nigTmn;rbs;vtTaMgGs;Edl
Pab;CaGciny_eTAnwgeRKOgbgM. dUcenH sRmab;sMNg;GKar bnkefrrYmmanTmn;rbs; ssr Fwm rt
kRmalxN dMbUl CBaaMg bgc RbBnbgrTwk (plumbing) RbBneRKOgGKisnI (electrical feature) nig
vtFatudTepSgeTotEdlPab;eTAnwgeRKOgbgM.
kgkrNIxH bnkefreRKOgbgMGackMNt;tamrUbmny:agsamBaEdlQrelITmn; nigTMhMrbs;
eRKOgbgM. qgtamrybTBiesaFn_ eKkGacdwgBITMhMrbs;bnkTaMgenH dUcCasRmab;sMNg; GKareQI
RbePTrcnasm<n nigbnk

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

Tmn;mFmKW 1.9 2.4kN / m 2 sRmab;GKarEdlmaneRKagEdk Tmn;mFmKW 2.9 3.6kN / m 2

ehIysRmab;GKarebtugGarem: Tmn;mFmKW 5.3 6.2kN / m 2 . eTaHEbbnwgkeday enAeBleKkMNt;
smar nigTMhMrbs;Ggt;eRKOgbgMrYcehIy eKGacrkTmn;rbs;vaBItaragEdl manerobrab;BIdg;sIuetrbs;
va.
dg;sIuetnRbePTsmarEdleRbIenAkgsMNg;RtUv)anbgajenAkgtarag 1-2 ehIyEpkntaragEdlerobrab;BITmn;rbs;RbePTGgt;rbs;GKarmanbgajenAkgtarag 1-3. eTaHbICaeKGacKNna
bnkefredayQrelIkareRbIR)as;taragEdlmanbgajTinnyy:aggay RsYlkeday keKEtdwgEdrfa
eKRtUveFVIkar)a:n;RbmaNbnkTaMgenHkgdMNak;kaldMbUgnkar sikSaKNna. kar)a:n;RbmaNTaMgenH
rYmbBalTaMgsmarEdlminmanCaeRKOgbgM (nonstructural material) dUcCa prefabricated faade
panels, RbBneRKOgGKisnI nigRbBnbgrTwk.l.

elIsBIenH eTaHbIeKkMNt;smarrYcehIykI EtTmn;ktarbs;Ggt;Edlerobrab;enAkg code GacERb

RbYleTAtamkarpl;rbs;plitkr ehIyenAeBleKeRbIR)as;GKarvakGaccUlrYmkarEkERbbnkefrpg
Edr. CalTpl kar)a:n;RbmaNbnkefrGacmankMritlMeGogBI 15 20% bkeRcInCagenH.
CaTUeTA bnkefrminFMeT ebIeRbobeFobnwg design load sRmab;eRKOgbgMsamBadUcCaFwm b
eRKagmYyCan; (single-story frame) b:uEnsRmab;GKareRcInCan; (multistory building) eKcaM)ac;RtUvKit
bnkefr[)ansuRkitedIm,IsikSaKNnassr[)anl CaBiesssRmab;ssrCan;eRkam.
Types of Structures and Loads

T.Chhay -8

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

]TahrN_1-1 FwmkRmalenAkgrUbTI 1-8 RtUv)aneRbIsRmab;

RTkRmalebtugsuTTmn;RsalEdlmanTTwg1.83m nigmankRmas;
102mm . kRmaleFVIkarCaEpknBidansRmab;Can;xageRkamdUc
enHEpkxageRkam rbs;vaRtUv)anbUkedaykMe)arbUk (plaster).
elIsBIenH CBaaMgbkebtugtan;Tmn;RsalkRmas; 305mm
km<s; 2.44m sitenABIelIsabxagelIrbs;Fwm. kMNt;bnkenA
elIFwm edayKitkgmYyktaRbEvgrbs;Fwm.

dMeNaHRsay

edayeRbITinnyenAkgtarag 1-2 nig 1-3 eyIgman

kRmalebtug (0.012kN / m 2 .mm)(102mm)(1.83m) = 2.80kN / m
BidankMe)arbUk (plaster ceiling) (0.24kN / m 2 )(1.83) = 0.44kN / m
(16.5kN / m 2 )(2.44m)(0.305m) = 12.26kN / m
CBaaMgbk
bnksrub
15.50kN / m

cemIy

bnkGefr (live loads) bnkGefrGacERbRbYlTaMgTMhMrbs;va nigTItaMg. vakGacbNalBITmn;rbs;

vtEdldak;CabeNaHGasnenAelIeRKOgbgM karcltrbs;rfyn. bnkGefrGb,brmaEdlkMNt;enA
kg code RtUv)ankMNt;BIkarsikSaBIRbvtin\TiBlrbs;vaeTAelIeRKOgbgM EdlmanRsab;. CaTUeTA
bnkTaMgenHrYmbBalbEnmnUvkarkarBarRbqaMgniwgPaBdabelIslub bbnkelIs (overload) Pam.
enAkgCMBUkTI 6 eyIgnwgbegItbeckeTssRmab;kN
M t;TItaMgdsmrmrbs;bnkGefrenAelIeRKOgbgM
dUcenHvaGacbg[)ankugRtaMg bPaBdabrbs;Ggt;FMbMput. RbePTbnkGefrepSgCaeRcInRtUv)an
elIkykmkerobrab;enATIenH.
bnksMNg; (building loads): eKsnt;kRmalrbs;sMNg;rgnUvbnkGefresI EdlGaRsyeTAelItYnaTI
rbs;sMNg;EdleyIgRtUvsikSaKNna. bnkTaMgenHCaTUeTARtUv)anerobcMCatarag ehIy bgajenAkg
code tMbn;rd bCati. ]TahrN_nbnkGefrGb,brmaEdl)anBI ASCE 7-02 Standard RtUv)an
bgajenAkgtarag 1-4. tmrbs;bnknImYyRtUv)ankMNt;BI Rbvtinkardak;bnkenAelIGKarCa
eRcInRbePT. varYmbBalTaMgkarkarBarRbqaMgnwglTPaBn bnkelIsEdlGacekItmanedaysar san
PaBbnan; bnksagsg; nigtRmUvkar serviceability EdlbNalBIrMjr. bEnmBIelIbnkesI/ code xH
RbePTrcnasm<n nigbnk

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

k)anENnaMBIbnkGefrcMcMNucGb,brmaEdl bNalBI hand cart, rfyn.l. EdlGnuvtenARKb;TI

kEngrbs;RbBnkRmal. Ca]TahrN_ eK RtUvBicarNarTaMgbnkGefrBRgayesI nigbnkGefrcMcMNuc
enAkgkarsikSaKNnakRmal deck cMNtrfyn.

sRmab;RbePTxHrbs;GKarEdlmanpkRmalFM/ code CaeRcInGnuBaat[kat;bnybnkGefr

BRgayesIsRmab;kRmal edaysarvaminTMngfabnkGefrEdl)anBiBNnanwgekItmanenAelIeRKOgbgM
TaMgmUlkgeBlEtmYy. Ca]TahrN_/ ASCE 7-02 GnuBaat[kat;bnybnkGefrenAelIGgt;Edl
man influence area (K LL AT ) 37.2m 2 beRcInCagenH. bnkGefrEdl)ankat;bnyRtUv)ankMNt;
edayeRbIsmIkarxageRkam

4.57
L = Lo 0.25 +

K LL AT

Edl

(1-1)

bnkGefrKNnaEdlkat;bnykgpmYyEm:RtRkLaEdlRTedayGgt;.
Lo = bnkGefrKNnaEdlminkat;bnykgpmYyEm:RtRkLaEdlRTedayGgt; emIltarag
1-4.
K LL = emKuNbnkGefr (live load element factor). sRmab;ssrxagkg K LL = 4 .
AT = prgsm<aF (tributary area) KitCa m 2
]TahrN_sRmab;karkMNt;prgsm<aFsRmab; Fwm nigssrmanbgajenAkgkfaxN
2-1.
bnkGefrEdl)ankat;bnyEdlkMNt;edaysmIkar 1-1RtUv)ankMNt;min[tUcCag 50% n Lo
sRmab;Ggt;EdlRTmYykRmal bminRtUvtUcCag 40% n Lo sRmab;Ggt;EdlRTeRcInCagmYykRmal.
L=

Types of Structures and Loads

T.Chhay -10

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

eKminGnuBaat[eFIVkarkat;bnysRmab;bnkFMCag 4.79kN / m 2 bsRmab;eRKOgbgMEdleRbIsRmab;

TIFasarFaN (public assembly)/ cMNtrfyn (garage) bdMbUl. ]TahrN_ 1-2 bgajBIkarGnuvt
rbs;smIkar 1-1.
]TahrN_ 1-2 ssrnGKarkariyalyBIrCab;
manKMlatBIKa 6.71m kgTisEkgKaTaMgBIr. Rbsin
ebIbnkdMbUlrabesIKW 0.96kN / m 2 cUrkMNt;bnk
GefrEdlkat;bnyedayssrkNalEdlsitenA
Can;pal;dI.

dMeNaHRsay

dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 1-9/ ssrxagkgmanprgsm<aF bprgbnkRbsiTPaB (effect-tive

loaded area) AT = (6.71m )(6.71m ) = 45m 2 . dUcenH ssrCan;pal;dIRTbnkGefrdMbUl
FR = (0.96kN / m 2 )(45.0m 2 ) = 43.1kN
edaysarvaCabnkdMbUl minEmnbnkkRmal dUcenHeyIgminGackat;bnyTMhMrbs;va)aneT. sRmab;
kRmalTIBIr bnkGefrRtUv)anykecjBItarag 1-4 Lo = 2.4kN / m2 . edaysar K LL = 4 enaH
4 AT = 4(45.0m 2 ) = 180m 2 ehIy 180m 2 > 37.2m 2 enaHeKGackat;bnybnkGefredayeRbI
smIkar 1-1. dUcenH

4.57
L = 2.4 0.25 +
= 1.42kN / m 2
180

karkat;bnybnkenATIenHKW (1.42 / 2.4)100 = 59.1% > 50%

dUcenH
FF = (1.42kN / m 2 )(45.0m 2 ) = 63.9kN
dUcenH bnkGefrsrubEdlRTedayssrCan;pal;dIKW
F = FR + FF = 43.1kN + 63.9kN = 107.0kN

O.K.

cemIy

bnks<an highway (highway bridge loads) bnkGefrEdlsMxan;enAelIs<anKWbNalBIcracrN_

ehIybnkrfynFn;EdlCYbRbTHKWbNalBIesrInrfyndwkTMnij (truck). lkNbeckeTs
(specification) sRmab; truck load enAelIs<an highway manBNnaenAkg LRFD Bridge Design
Specification rbs; American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials
RbePTrcnasm<n nigbnk

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

. sRmab;rfyndwkTMnijEdlmanePArfBIr (two-axle truck) bnkenH RtUv)ansMKal;

edayGkSr H ehIybnedayTmn;rbs;rfyndwkTMnijEdlKitCaetan nigelxepSgeTotEdlbgajBIqaM
rbs; specification. Ca]TahrN_/ H 15-44 mannyfarfyndwkTMnij 15etan RtUv)ankMNt;[eRbIenA
kg specification qaM 1944. rfyndwkTMnijesrIGkSr H manTmn;ERbRbYlBI 10etan eTA 20etan.
b:uEns<anEdlmanTItaMgenAtampv highway EdlRT RTg;nUvcrcarN_Fn; CaerOyRtUv)aneKsikSa
KNnasRmab;rfyndwkTMnijEdlmanePArfBIr nigmanrfseNag (semi trailer) EdlmanePArfmYy.
vaRtUv)aneKkMNt;sMKal;edaybnk HS. Ca]TahrN_ HS 20-44. CaTUeTA eKeRCIserIs truck load
GaRsyeTAnwgRbePTs<an TItaMg rbs;va nigRbePTcracrN_.
TMhMn standard truck nigkarEbgEckbnkrbs;vakRtUv)anBNnaenAkg specification pgEdr.
Ca]TahrN_ bnk HS 20-44 RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 1-10. eTaHbIeKsnt;[rfyndwkTMnijrt;elI
pvcracrN_ (lane) 3.05m kedayEt lane TaMgGs;enAelIs<anminRtUv)andak;bnkeBjedIm,ITTYlbnk
eRKaHfak;eT edaysarkardak;bnkEbbenHBitCaminGacnwgekItman. elIsBIenH RbesIrCagkarkMNt;
bnkeRKaHfak;edaykardak;CaesrIn concentrated truck-wheel load/ kgkrNIxH specification
GnuBaat[eRbI lane load EdlCabnkBRgaybUkCamYynwgkmaMgcMcMNuceTal. enHmannyfa BRgay
crcarN_Tmn;mFm ehIydak;rfynTmn;Fn; enARtg;TItaMgeRKaHfak;enAelIElVgs<an. karBNnalMGit
manenAkgCMBUk 6.
(AASTHO)

bnks<anrfePIg (railroad bridge loads) kardak;bnkenAelIs<anrfePIgRtUv)ankMNt;enAkg

Specification for Steel Railway Bridges Edle)aHpSayeday American Railroad Engineers
Association (AREA). CaTUeTA bnkGkSr E EdlbegIteLIgdMbUgeday Theodore Cooper enAkg
qaM1894 RtUv)aneRbIsRmab;karsikSaKNna. Ca]TahrN_ rfePIgTMenIbEdlmanbnk 320kN (72 K )
Types of Structures and Loads

T.Chhay -12

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

enAelIePArfnm:asIunRtUv)ansMKal;Cabnk E 72 . kardak;bnk E 72 TaMgGs;sRmab;karsikSa

KNna RtUv)anEbgEckdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 1-11. eRkaymk D.B. Steinmann )anGPivDkarEbg
Eckbnkrbs; Cooper ehIy)anbegItnUvkardak;bnkesrI M ehIykRtUv)anTTYlyksRmab;karsikSa
KNna. edaysarbnkrfePIgBak;BnnwgPaBsKsajnesrInbnkcMcMNuc eBlxHeKeRbIkarKNna
edayd taragRkaPic rYmCamYynwgExS\TiBl (influence line) edIm,ITTYl)an critical load.

bnkTgic (impact loads) karcltrbs;rfynenAelIs<anGaceFVI[elat beyal (side-sway) dUc

enHvapl;PaBTgiceTAelIkRmal deck. PaKryekIneLIgnbnkGefrEdlbNalBIkarTgicRtUv)aneK
ehAfaemKuNTgic I (impact factor). CaTUeTA emKuNenHRtUv)anTTYlBIrUbmnEdlbegIteLIgBIkar
BiesaF. Ca]TahrN_ sRmab;s<an highway, AASTHO specification TamTar[
15.24
I=
b:uEnminRtUvFMCag 0.3
L + 38.1
Edl L CaRbEvgrbs;ElVgKitCa m EdlrgbnkGefr.
enAkgkrNI eKkRtUvKitBibnkTgicenAelIeRKOgbgMsMNg;pgEdr. Ca]TahrN_ ASCE 7-02
standard TamTar[begInTmn;rbs;m:asIunCeNIreyag (elevator machinery) 100% ehIyeKRtUv
begInbnkenAelI hanger TaMgGs;EdleRbIsRmab;BrdMbUg by: 33% .
bnkxl; (wind loads) enAeBlEdleRKOgbgMbiTxb;pvxl; (flow of wind) enaHfamBlsIueNTic
rbs;xl;RtUv)anbMElgeTACafamBlbU:tg;Eslnsm<aF EdlbgCabnkxl;. \TiBlrbs;xl;enA
elIeRKOgbgMGaRsynwgdg;sIuet nigel,nxl;/ mMunpEdlb:Hxl;bk;/ rUbrag nig PaBrwgRkajrbs;
eRKOgbgM nigPaBeRKImnprbs;va. sRmab;karsikSaKNna eKGacKNna bnkxl;edayeRbIviFIsaTic
bviFIDINamic.
sRmab;viFIsaTic sm<aFERbRbYlEdlbNalBIkarbk;efrrbs;xl;RtUv)anKitCatmRbhak;
RbEhl edayel,nmFmEdlmanGMeBIelIeRKOgbgM. eKkMNt;sm<aF q BIfamBlsIueNTicrbs;va
RbePTrcnasm<n nigbnk

T.Chhay

-13

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil
q = V 2 / 2

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

Edl Cadg;sIuetrbs;xl; ehIy V Cael,nrbs;va. eyagtam ASCE 7-02

smIkarenHRtUv)anEksMrYledIm,IKitBIPaBsMxan;rbs;eRKOgbgM km<s;rbs;va nigTIvalEdl

GKarsitenA. smIkarenHRtUv)ansMEdgCa
(N / m 2 )
(1-2)
q z = 0.613K z K zt K d V 2 I
Edl V = el,nxl;KitCa m / s nkMsYlxl; (gust of wind) kgryeBlbIvinaTI Edlvas;enARtg;
km<s;10m BIdI EdlGacekItmankgGMLg50qaM. tmRtUv)anTTYlBIEpnTIxl;Edlbgaj
enAkgrUbTI 1-12.
I = emKuNsMxan; (importance factor) EdlGaRsynwgtYnaTIrbs;GKar ]TahrN_ sRmab;
GKar EdlGaceFVI[maneRKaHfak;dl;mnusSTab dUcCabrikarksikmenAkgtMbn;Edlmin
gayrgxl;BH eKyk I = 0.87 b:uEnsRmab;mnIreBT I = 1.15 .
K z = velocity pressure exposure coefficient CaGnuKmn_nwgkm<s; nigGaRsynwgTIval.
tarag 1-5 raytmsRmab;eRKOgbgMEdlmanTItaMgenATIvalEdlman]bsKtictYc.
K zt = emKuNEdlKitBIkMeNInel,nxl;EdlbNalBIkUnPM nigkEngecaT. sRmab;TIlanrabesI
K zt = 1 .
K d = emKuNEdlKitBITisrbs;xl;. eKeRbIvaEtenAeBlEdleRKOgbgMrgnUvbnSMbnk emIl
kfaxN 1-4. sRmab;xl;EdleFVIskmPaBEtg K d = 1 .
Standard

Types of Structures and Loads

T.Chhay -14

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

sm<aFxl;KNnasRmab;GKarbiTCit (design wind pressure for enclosed building)

enAeBlEdl eyIgTTYl)an q z eyIgGackMNt;sm<aFKNnaBIbBaIsmIkarEdlmanbgajenAkg
ASCE 7-02 Standard. kareRCIserIsGaRsynwgPaBbt;Ebn (flexibility) nigkm<s;rbs;GKar.
ehIyvaGaRsyfa etIkarsikSaKNnaKWsRmab;RbBnTb;Tb;nwgkmaMgxl; bsRmab;eRKOgbgMrbs;
sMNg;. ]TahrN_ karsikSaKNnaEdlmanTMenarksuvtiPaB eKkMNt;sm<aFxl;enAelI nonflexible
building eTaHkm<s;Na kedayedayeRbIsmIkarEdlmanBIrtYEdl)anBIsm<aFxagkg nigsm<aFxag
eRkAeBalKW
(

p = qGC p qh GC pi

Edl

(1-3)

sRmab;CBaaMgRbQmTisxl;bk;enARtg;km<s; z BIdI smIkar 1-2 ehIy

q = q h sRmab;CBaaMgEdlenAeRkamxl; CBaaMgxag nigdMbUl Edl z = h km<s;mFmrbs;
dMbUl.
G = emKuN\TiBlkMsYlxl; (wind-gust effect factor) EdlGaRsynwgkarRbQm.
Ca]TahrN_ sRmab;eRKOgbgMrwg G = 0.85 .
C p = emKuNsm<aFCBaaMg bdMbUlEdlkMNt;BItarag. tm C p sRmab;dMbUlEdlmanCRmal
= 10 o RtUv)an[enAkgrUbTI 1-13. cMNaMfa enAkgbg;KMehIj sm<aFERbRbYleTA
tamkm<s;enARtg;RCuEdlRbQmnwgTisxl; b:uEnenARCugepSgeTot nigenAelIdMbUl eKsnt;
fasm<aFmantmefr. tmGviCmanbBaak;faeFVIGMeBIedayman TisedAecjBIp.
(GC pi ) = emKuNsm<aFxagkgEdlGaRsynwgRbePTrncMh (opening) enAkgGKar. sRmab;
GKarEdlbiTCitTaMgGs; (GC pi ) = 0.18 . enATIenH sBaabgajfa sm<aFviCman
bsm<aFGviCman (suction) GacekItmanenAkgGKar.
q = qz

RbePTrcnasm<n nigbnk

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

]TahrN_ 1-3 GKarbiTCitdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 1-14a

RtUvsRmab;ksidan ehIysitenACayRkug Chicago, Illinois
enAelI flat terrain. enAeBlEdlxl;bk;tamTisEdl
bgajkgrUb cUrkMNt;sm<aFxl;KNna (design wind load)
EdleFVIGMeBIenA elIdMbUl nigCBaaMgxagrbs;GKaredayeRbI

ASCE 7-02 Specifications

dMeNaHRsay

dMbUgeyIgkMNt;sm<aFel,n (velocity pressure) edayeRbIsmIkar 1-2. BIrUbTI 1-12 el,nxl;

mUldan (basic wind speed) KW V = 40m / s ehIyedaysareKeRbIGKarsRmab;kargarksikm enaHem
KuNsMxan; (importance factor) KW I = 0.87 . ehIy sRmab;TIvalrabesI (flat terrain) K zt = 1 .
ehIyedaysarEteKKitEtbnkxl; enaHeKyk K d = 1. dUcenH
q z = 0.613K z K zt K d V 2 I
= 0.612 K z (1)(1)(40 )2 (0.87 )
= 853.3K z

Types of Structures and Loads

T.Chhay -16

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

BIrUbTI 1-14a/ h' = 22.86 tan 10o = 4.03m dUcenHkm<s;mFmrbs;dMbUlKW h = 7.62 + 4.03 / 2 =
9.63m . edayeRbItmrbs; K z enAkgtarag 1-5/ tmrbs;sm<aFmanrayenAkgtaragenAkgrUbTI
1-14b. cMNaMfatmrbs; K z RtUv)ankMNt;edayeRbIviFanRtzansmamaRt (linear interpolation)
sRmab; z = h mannyfa (1.04 0.98) /(12.2 9.1) = (1.04 K h ) /(12.2 9.63) / K h = 0.990
dUcenH qh = 853.3(0.990) = 845N / m 2 .
edIm,IGnuvtsmIkar 1-3 emKuNkMsYl (gust factor) KW G = 0.85 ehIy (GC pi ) = 0.18 .
dUcenH
(

p = qGC p qh GC pi

= q(0.85)C p 845( 0.18)

= 0.85qC p m 152

(1)

bnksm<aFEdlTTYl)ansmIkarEdleRbItm q z enAkgrUbTI 1-14b EdlGnuelameTAtam windpressure profile enAkgrUbTI 1-13

CBaaMgRbQmnwgTisxl;bk; (windwad wall): sm<aFERbRbYleTAtamkm<s; z edaysarEteKRtUv

EteRbI q GC . sRmab;tmTaMgGs;n L / B / C = 0.8 dUcenH BIsmIkar (1)
p
= 344 N / m
b 651N / m
p = 374 N / m
b 680 N / m
P = 400 N / m
b 709 N / m
CBaaMgEdlminRtUvTisxl;bk; (leeward wall): enATIenH L / B = 2(22.86) / 45.72 = 1 dUcenH
z

0 4.6

6.1

7.6

C p = 0.5

. dUcKa q = qh ehIyBI smIkar (1)

p = 517 N / m 2

211N / m 2

CBaaMgxag (side wall): sRmab;RKb;tmTaMgGs;rbs; L / B / C

= 0.7

dUcenH edaysareyIgRtUv

EteRbI q = qh enAkgsmIkar (1) eyIg)an

RbePTrcnasm<n nigbnk

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

p = 666 N / m 2

356 N / m 2

dMbUlEdlRbQmnwgTisxl;bk; (windward roof): enATIenH h / L = 9.63 / 22.86 = 0.211

< 0.25 / dUcenH C = 0.7 ehIy q = q . dUcenH
p = 666 N / m
b 356 N / m
dMbUlEdlminRtUvTisxl;bk; (leeward roof): enAkgkrNIenH C = 0.3 dUcenHCamYynwg
p

q = qh

eyIg)an
p = 356 N / m 2

65 N / m 2

bnkTaMgBIrsMnuMenHRtUv)anbgajenAelIbg;KMehIjrbs;GKar EdltMNag[sm<aFxagkgviCman b
GviCman (suction) rUbTI 1-14 c. eRKOgbgMemrbs;GKarRtUvEtTb;Tl;bnkTaMgenH kdUcbnkEdl
KNnaBIxl;Edlbk;BIxagmuxGKar bBIxageRkayGKar.

sm<aFxl;KNnasRmab;saksBaa (design wind pressure for signs) RbsinebIeRKOgbgMtMNag

[saksBaaEdlmankm<s;BIdI xl;nwgbegItkmaMgpbEdleFVIGMeBIelIprbs;saksBaaEdl
RtUv)ankMNt;BI
F = q z GC f A f

Edl

(1-4)

sm<aFel,n (velocity pressure) EdlkMNt;enARtg;km<s; z nTIRbCMuTmn;rbs; A f .

G = emKuNkMsYlxl; (wind-gust coefficient factor) EdlkMNt;dUcelIkmun.
C f = emKuNkmaMgEdlGaRsynwgpleFobnTMhMFM M elITMhMtUc N rbs;saksBaa.
tmRtUv)anbgajenAkgtarag 1-6.
A f = RkLaprbs;saksBaaEdlRbQmnwgxl;.
qz =

Types of Structures and Loads

T.Chhay -18

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

bnkRBil (snow load) nigbnkrBaydI (earthquake load): edaysarRbeTseyIgminrgnUv)atuPUt

FmCatiTaMgBIrenH bnkTaMgBIrenHminRtUv)anENnaMenATIenHeT.
sm<aFdI nigsm<aFGIuRdUsaTic (design wind pressure for signs) enAEdleKeRbIeRKOgbgMedIm,ITb;Twk
Tb;dI bTb;smareRKaH sm<aFEdlbegItedaybnkTaMgenHkayCalkxNdsMxan;kgkarsikSaKNna.
eRKOgbgMRbePTenHrYmman GagskTwk TMnb;Twk k)a:l; nigCBaaMgTb;dI. eKGnuvtc,ab;GIuRdUsaTic nig
emkanicdI edIm,IkMNt;GaMgtg;sIuetbnkenAelIeRKOgbgM.
bnkFmCatiepSgeTot (other natural loads): eKmanbnkGefrepSgeTotCaeRcInEdleKRtUvKitBicarNa kgkarsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgMEdlGaRsyeTAnwgTItaMg nigbeRmIbRmas;rbs;va. bnkTaMgenHrYmman
\TiBlnkarpH bMErbMrYlsItuNPaB nigsMrutDIepr:g;Eslrbs;RKwH.

!>$> karsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgM (Structural Design)

RKb;eBlEdleKeFVIkarsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgM eKcaM)ac;RtUvKitBicarNaBIPaBminR)akdRbCarbs;
smar nigbnk. PaBminCak;lak;rbs;smarekIteLIgbNalmkBIPaBERbRbYlenAkglkNrbs;
smar kugRtaMgEdlenAesssl;enAkgsmar PaBxusKanTMhMEdlplitBIeragcRk bnkeRKaHfak;
EdlbNalBIkarrMjr bTgic nigkarBukpuy bERcHsIusmar. viFIkarsikSaKNnakugRtaMgGnuBaat
(allowable-stress design method) Kitral;ktaEdlerobrab;xagelITaMgGs;enHkgemKuNsuvtiPaBEt
mYysRmab;karKitBIPaBminCak;lak;rbs;smar. RbePTnbnkCaeRcInEdl)anerobrab;xagelIGacman
GMeBImkelIeRKOgbgMkgeBlEtmYy b:uEneKminR)akdfatmGtibrmanbnkTaMgenHekItmankgeBlEt
mYyenaHeT. enAkgkarsikSaKNnakugRtaMgeFVIkar (working-stress design) kugRtaMgeGLasicenAkg
smarminRtUvFMCagkugRtaMgGnuBaatieT ehIyxageRkamenHCabnSMbnkxHEdlkMNt;eday ASCE 7-02
standard.
RbePTrcnasm<n nigbnk

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

bnkefr
0.6 bnkefr + bnkxl;
0.6 bnkefr + 0.7 bnkrBaydI
Ca]TahrN_ FmtaTaMgbnkxl; nigbnkrBaydImingaynwgekItmanmkelIeRKOgbgMkgeBl
dMNalKaeT ehIyenAeBleKbnSMbnkxHcUlKa eKGackat;bnyvaedayemKuNkat;bnybnk.
edaysareKGacBicarNaPaBminCak;lak;edayeRbIRTwsIRbU)abIlIet eK)anKitPaBminCak;lak;
rbs;smar nigPaBminCak;lak;rbs;bnkdac;edayELkBIKa. viFIenHRtUv)aneK[eQaHfaviFIKNna
ersIusg; (strength design) b LRFD (load and resistance factor design). CaBiess karsikSaKNna
ersIusg;cugeRkay (ultimate strength design) KWQrelIkarsikSaKNna ultimate strength rbs;mux
kat;eRKaHfak;enAkgebtugGarem: ehIyviFIsikSaKNna)asic (plastic design method) RtUv)aneRbI
sRmab;eRKag nigGgt;EdleFVIBIEdk. edIm,IKitBIPaBminCak;lak;rbs;bnk viFIenHeRbIemKuNbnkEdl
GnuvteTAelI bnk bkarbnSMbnk. eyagtam ASCE 7-02 standard emKuNbnk nigkarbnSMbnkxHKW
1.4 bnkefr
1.2 bnkefr+ 0.6 bnkGefr + 0.5 bnkRBil
1.2 bnkefr+ 1.5 bnkrBaydI + 0.5 bnkGefr
kgkrNITaMgenH eKykbnSMbnkNaEdleFVI[mantmGtibrma eTaHbIvaminEmnCabnk
BitR)akdEdlmanGMeBIelIeRKOgbgMkeday.

Types of Structures and Loads

T.Chhay -20

Department of Civil Engineering

!>!>

NPIC

cMeNaT
kRmalrbs;XaMgEdlpkTMnijRsal !>$> kRmalEdlmanRbehagxagkgmYlRtUv)an

RtUv)aneFIVeLIgedayebtugkRmas; 150mm . eFVIBIebtugsuT. kMNt;Tmn;rbs;kRmalenH.

RbsinebIkRmalmanbeNay 3m nigTTwwg 2.4m RbehagnImYymanGgt;pit 100mm
cUrkMNt;kmaMgpbEdlbgeLIgedaybnkefr nig
EdlbgeLIgedaybnkGefr.

!>@> CBaaMgGKarmYyeFVIBI\dTMhM 200mm . enA

pmagrbs;CBaaMgeFVIBIr)areQITMhM 50mm
!>%> kRmalxNnfak;eronmYyeFIVBIebtugsuT
100mm nigmanbUkEtelIpCBaaMgmag. Rbsin
ebICBaaMgenHmankm<s; 3m cUrkMNt;bnkkgmYy Tmn;RsalEdlmankRmas; 125mm . Rbsin
ebIkRmalenH manbeNay 8m nigTTwg 6m cUr
ktaRbEvgrbs;CBaaMg.
kMNt;kmaMgpb EdlbgeLIgedaybnkefr nig
bnkGefr.

!>^> FwmGkSr T cak;Rsab;manmuxkat;dUcbgaj

kgrUb. kMNt;Tmn;rbs;vakgmYykta RbsinebI
vaRtUv)anplitBIebtugGarem: nigmaneRbIEdk
BRgwgTMhM 20mm .

!>#> kRmalCan;TIBIrneragcRkTmn;RsalmYy

RtUv)ansagsg;BIebtugGarem:kRmas; 100mm nig

bEnmBIelIeday cinder fill kRmas; 75mm dUc
bgajkgrUb. RbsinebIBidansRmab;Can;TImYypSM
BI metal lath nigbnHmagsila cUrkMNt;bnkefr
kgmYy ktaprbs;kRmal.
!>&> kRmalCan;TIBIrbs;eragcRkTmn;RsalmYy
RtUv)ansagsg;BIkRmalebtugkRmas; 125mm
nigmanbEnm cider fill dUcbgajkgrUb. Rbsin
ebIBidansRmab;Can;TImYypSMBI metal lath nig
cMeNaT

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

bnHmagsila cUrkMNt;bnkefrkgmYyktap
rbs;kRmal.

!>*> FwmGkSa

EdleRbIsRmab;XaMgpkTMnij
Fn; RtUv)ansagsg;BIebtugEdlmanTmn;maD
19.6kN / m3 . kMNt;bnkefrkgmYyktaRbEvg
rbs;FwmedayminKitTmn;rbs;EdkBRgwg nigbnk
GefrEdlmanGMeBIenABIxagelIFwmkgmYykta
RbEvg.
T

!>!0> salaEdlmankm<s;BIrCan;mYymanssr
EdlmanKMlatBIKa 4.5m kgTisEkgTaMgBIr.
RbsinebIeK)a:n;RbmaNfakRmaldMbUlRTbnk
1kN / m 2 cUrkMNt;bnkGefrEdlkat;bnyEdl
RtUv)anRTedayssrkNalenA (a) Can;pal;dI
nig (b) enACan;TIBIr.

!>!!> GKarkariyalykm<s;bYnCan;mYymanssr

EdlmanKMlat 9m BIKatamTisEkgTaMgBIr.
RbsinebIeKKitfadMbUlRTbnk 1.5kN / m2 cUr
kMNt;bnkGefrEdlkat;bnyEdlRTedayssr
xagkgenACan;pal;dI.

!>(> FwmRTdMbUlEdleFVIBI asphalt shingle nigka

!>!@> sNaKarkm<s;bICan;mYymanssrEdlman

KMlat 6m BIKatamTisEkgTaMgBIr. RbsinebIeK

bnHeQI (wood sheathing board). RbsinebI
KitfadMbUlRTbnk 1.5kN / m2 cUrkMNt;bnk
bnHkamankRmas; 38mm nigmanTmn;maD
GefrEdl kat;bnyEdlRTedayssrxagkgenA
7.86kN / m 2 ehIydMbUlmanmMu 30o cUrkMNt;
(a) Can;pal;dI nig (b) enACan;TIBIr.
bnkefrrbs;dMbUlkgmYyktap EdlRtUv)an
RTkgTis x nigkgTis y rbs;drENg (purlin).
!>!#> kMNt;kmaMgpbEdlmanGMeBIenAelIpn
saksBaaEdlRTeday truss EdlsitenAEk,r
Los Angeles, California enAelITIvalrabesI.
Problems

T.Chhay -22

Department of Civil Engineering

saksBaaenHmanTTwg 6m nigkm<s;
bgaj. eRbIemKuNsMxan; I = 0.87 .

NPIC

3m

dUc

!>!^> xl;bk;eTAelIRCugbiTCitrbs;ksidanEdl

manTItaMgenAelITIvalrabesIn Oklahoma.
kMNt;sm<aFxageRkAEdlmanGMeBIelICBaaMgTaMg
bYn. ehIykMNt;sm<aFxagkgEdlmanGMeBIelI
!>!$> saksBaamYysitenATIvalrabesIn CBaaMg. edayeRbI linear interpolation kMNt;
Minnesota.
cUrkMNt;kmaMgpbrbs;xl;Edl qh nig C p . rUbxagelI
manGMeBIelIprbs;va.
eRbIemKuNsMxan;
I = 0.87 .

!>!%> xl;bk;eTAelIRCugbiTCitrbs;ksidanEdl
manTItaMgenAelITIvalrabesIn Oklahoma.
kMNt;sm<aFxageRkAEdlmanGMeBIelIdMbUl.
ehIykMNt;sm<aFxagkgEdlmanGMeBIelIdMbUl.
edayeRbI linear interpolation kMNt; qh nig C p
enAkgrUbTI 1-13.
cMeNaT

T.Chhay

-23

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

@> karviPaKrcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic
Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

enAkgCMBUkenH eyIgnwgBiPakSaBITRmg;Fmtarbs;eRKOgbg<MEdlvisVkrRtUveFVIkarsikSaviPaK
ehIyvakCaTRmg;EdlsitenAkgbg; ehIyma:geTotRbBnkmaMgGnuvtn_ksitenAelIbg;eRKOgbgMEdr.
eyIgcab;epImBiPakSaCamYynwgPaBcaM)ac;kgkareRCIserIsm:UEDlrbs;eRKOgbgMdsmRsbedIm,IeyIgGac
kMNt;kmaMgenAkgeRKOgbgM[mantmsuRkitEdlGacTTYlyk)an. bnab;mkeTot eyIgnwgBiPakSaBI
lkxNcaM)ac;sRmab;sirPaBrbs;eRKOgbgM. ehIycugeRkay mankarbgajBIkarviPaKeRKOgbgMsitkg
bg;kMNt;edaysaTicEdltPab;edaytMN pin.

@>!> m:UEDleRKOgbgM (Idealized structure)

Cak;Esg eKminGacviPaKeRKOgbgM)ansuRkiteT edaysareKRtUveFVIkar)a:n;RbmaNbnk nigPaB

Fn;rbs;smar. elIsBIenH eKRtUveFVIkarsnt;BITItaMgEdlbnkRtUveFVIGMeBIr. dUcenH vaCakarsMxan;Nas;
EdlvisVkrRtUvGPivDsmtPaBkgkarbegItm:UEDleRKOgbgM. enAkgkfaxN enHeyIgnwgENnaMBIbeck
eTsCamUldanEdlcaM)ac;sRmab;kargarenH.
tMNTRm (Support Connection): Ggt;eRKOgbgMRtUv)antamPab;KatamviFIeRcIn edayGaRsy
eTAelIectnarbs;visVkr. tMNsamBabIRbePTEdleKsal;PaKeRcInKW tMNsnak; (pin connection)/
TRmkl; (roller support) nigtMNbgb; (fixed joint). Pin-connection joint nig roller support
GnuBaat[Ggt;vil)an Et fixed joint minGnuBaat[Ggt;vileT ehIyCaTUeTAkareFVI fixed joint Tam
Tartmx<s;. ]TahrN_ntMNTaMgenH sRmab;Edk nigsRmab;ebtugRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI2-1
nig 2-2 erogKa. tMNenAkgeRKOgbgMeFVIGMeBIeQIPaKeRcInRtUv)aneKsnt;faCa pin connection
edaysar karPab;edaybULg nigedayEdkeKalminGacpl;nUvkarTb;karvil (restraint) )anRKb;RKan;eT.

Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

T.Chhay -24

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

m:UEDleRKOgbgMEdleRbIenAkgkarviPaKeRKOgbgMEdltMNag[TRmsnak; (pinned support)

nigTRmbgb; (fixed support); nigtMNsnak; (pin-connected joint) nigtMNbgb; (fixed-connected
joist) RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-3 a nigrUbTI 2-3 b erogKa. EtkarBit RKb;tMNTaMgGs;manPaB
rwgRkajxHkgkarTb;Tl;nwgkarvil. sRmab;krNIEbbenH m:UEDlEdlsaksmCagsRmab;TRm btMN
RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-3 c. RbsinebIefrkMrajTb;karrmYl (torsional spring constant) k = 0
eKKitfatMNCasnak; ehIyRbsinebI k eKKitfatMNCatMNbgb;.

enAeBleRCIserIsm:UEDlsRmab;TRm btMNnImYyrYcehIy visVkrRtUvdwgfakarsnt;nwgCH\TiBl

dl;kareFVIkarCak;Esgrbs;Ggt; ehIyRtUvdwgfakarsnt;enaHsmrmsRmab;karsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgM
bGt;. ]TarhN_ eKmanFwmdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-4 a edayeKeRbIva[RTbnkcMcMNuc P . tMNEkg
enARtg;cMNuc A dUckarbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-1 a dUcenHeKGaceFVIm:UEDlTRmenHCaRbePTTRmsnak; (pin
support). elIsBIenH TRmRtg;cMNuc B RKan;EtTl;Ggt;kMu[Fak; dUcenHeKeFVIm:UEDlvaCaTRmkl; (roller).
kRmas;rbs;FwmRtUv)anecaledaysarvamanTMhMtUceFobnwgRbEvgrbs;Fwm dUcenHm:UEDlrbs;FwmRtUv)an
karviPaKrcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

bgajenAkgrUbTI 2-4 b. kardak;bnkenAelIm:UEDlFwmmanlkNRsedogKanwgkardak;bnkenAelIFwm

Cak;Esg. edIm,Ibgajfam:UEDlenHmanlkNsmRsb eyIgnwgBicarNakrNICak;lak;rbs;FwmEdleFVI
BIEdkEdlmanRbEvg 6.1m nigrgbnk P = 35.6m ehIysnt;TRmenARtg;cMNuc A Ca TRmsnak;. kar
sikSaKNnaFwmedayeRbI standard code procedures bgajfa W 11 22 mansmtPaBRKb;RKan;kg
karRTbnkenH. edayeRbIviFIkMNt;PaBdabmYyenAkgCMBUk8 mMurgVil (rotation) enARtg;TRmsnak;KW
= 0.007 rad = 0.40 o . BIrUbTI 2-4 c mMurgVilEbbenHeFVI[sabxagelI nigsabxageRkam pas;TI)an
cmay = r = (0.0070rad )(127mm) = 0.889mm . tMNEdlmanbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-1 a BitCanwg
pl;nUvbrimaNdtUcEbbenHEmn dUcenHTRmsnak;BitCasaksmsRmab;m:UEDlenH.

RbePTtMNepSgeTotEdlEtgEtCYbRbTHenAelIeRKOgbgMkgbg;RtUv)anbgajenAkgtarag 21. vaBitCamansarsMxan;Nas;kgkarsal;nimitsBaa nigRbePTRbtikmrbs;tMN bTRm. TRmGac

begItkmaMgenAelIGgt;RbsinebIvaTb;Tl;nwgkarcltrbs;Ggt; ehIyvanwgbegItm:Um:g;RbsinebIvaTb;Tl;
karvilrbs;Ggt;. Ca]TahrN_ sRmab;Ggt;Edlb:Hnwgprelag (3) RtUv)ankarBarnwgkarcltEtmYy
TisEdlEkgnwgp. dUcenH pGnuvtEdlkmaMgEkg F eTAelIGgt;enAkgTisenaH. TMhMrbs;kmaMgenH
tMNag[mYyGBaat (unknown). ]TahrN_epSgeTot TRmbgb; (fixed support) (7) karBarTaMgkar
clt TaMgkarvilrbs;Ggt;enARtg;tMN. dUcenH TRmRbePTenHGnuvtbgMkmaMgBIr nigm:Um:g;mYyeTAelI
Ggt;. dUcenH sRmab;TRmbgb;manGBaatTaMgGs;cMnYnbI.
Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

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karviPaKrcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

NPIC

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

enAkglkNCak;Esg TRmTaMgGs;GnuvtkmaMgBRgayelIp (distributed surface load)

eTAelI Ggt;Edlb:HnwgTRm. kmaMgcMcMNuc (concentrated load) nigm:Um:g; (moment) EdlbgajenA
kgtarag 2-1 tMNag[kmaMgpbnkarBRgaybnkTaMgenH.
m:UEDleRKOgbgM (Idealized structure): eday)anerobrab;BIviFIkgkarKitm:UEDlntMNenAelI
eRKOgbgM eyIgGacBiPakSaBIbeckeTskgkarbegItm:UEDleRKOgbgMsRmab;RbBneRKOgbgMepSg.
dUc]TahrN_TImYy BicarNadgsc jib crane nig trolley enAkgrUbTI 2-5 a. sRmab;karviPaK
eRKOgbgMeyIgGacecalkRmas;rbs;Ggt;emTaMgBIr ehIyeyIgsnt;fatMNenARtg;cMNuc B CatMNrwg
(rigid). elIsBIenH eKGaceFIVm:UEDltMNTRmenARtg;cMNuc A CaTRmbgb; ehIykarlMGitBI trolley
minRtUv)anKit. dUcenH Ggt;rbs;m:UEDleRKOgbgMRtUv)ansMEdgedaybnat;BIrtPab;Ka ehIybnkenAelI
hook RtUv)ansMEdgedaybnkcMcMNuceTal F rUbTI 2-5 b.

CaerOy eKeRbIFwm nigrtedIm,IRTkRmalrbs;GKar. rt (girder) CaGgt;emEdlRTbnkrbs;

kRmal Ggt;muxkat;tUcCagEdlmanRbEvgElVgxICag nigRtUv)antPab;eTAnwgrtRtUv)aneK[eQaHfa
Fwm (beam). bnkEdlmanGMeBImkelIFwm brtCabnkEdl)anBIkRmalEdlFwm brtRT. Ca]TahrN_
eKmaneRKagEdleRbIedIm,IRTkRmal rUbTI 2-6 a. kRmalenHRtUv)anRTeday floor joist ehIy Edl
floor joist enHRtUv)anRTedayrtBIr AB nig BC EdlenAsgxag. sRmab;karviPaKeKsnt;fatMN Ca
tMNsnak; btMNrGilEdltPab;eTAnwgrt ehIyrtRtUv)anRTedayssrEdleKsnt;faCaTRmsnak; nig
b TRmkl;. KMehIjBIxagelIrbs;RbBneRKOgbgMenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-6 b. enAkgrUbenH
bnat; Edltag[ joist minb:Hnwgrt ehIybnat;EdltMNag[rtminb:Hnwgssr. karminb:HenHtMNag
Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

[tMNTRmsnak; nig btMNTRmkl;. ma:gvijeTot RbsinebIeKcg;bgajbg;eRKagenHCa tMNbgb;

eRbItMNpSarCMnYs[tMNsamBaedaybULg enaHbnat;sRmab;Fwm brtRtUvb:HnwgssrdUc enAkgrUbTI
2-7. dUcKa eKRtUvbgaj Fixed-connected overhanging beam kgKMehIjBIelIdUcbgaj enAkgrUbTI
2-8. RbsinebIkarsagsg;eRbIebtugGarem: Fwm nigrtRtUvtMNagedaybnat;Dub. CaTUeTA RbBnenH
Ggt;TaMgGs;RtUvPab;edaytMNbgb; dUcenHeKKUrPab;Ggt;eTAnwgTRm. ]TahrN_ rUbTI 2-9 a bgaj
BIRkaPiceRKOgbgMsRmab;RbBnebtugGarem:Edlcak;enAnwgkEng (cast-in-place) ehIyrUbTI 2-9 b
bgajBIbg;emIlBIelI. bnat;sRmab;FwmCabnat;dac;edaysarvasitenAeRkamkRmal.

karviPaKrcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

RkaPiceRKOgbgM nigm:UEDleRKOgbgMsRmab;rcnasm<nGMBIeQImanlkNRsedogKanwgrcnasm<n
GMBIEdk. RbBneRKOgbgMEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-10 a bgajBIsMNg; beam-wall kRmaldMbUl
(roof deck) RtUv)anRTedayrnUteQI (wood joist) EdlbBanbnkeTACBaaMg\d. eKGacsnt;fa rnUt
RtUv)anRTedayTRmsamBaenAelICBaaMg dUcenHeKGaceFVIm:UEDleRKOgbgMdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-10 b.

kareprbnkBIprgsm<aF (tributary loadings): enAeBlEdlperobesIdUcCaCBaaMg kRmal b

dMbUlRtUv)anRTedayeRKag eKcaM)ac;RtUvkMNt;BIrebobnkareprbnkEdlmanGMeBIelIpenaHeTAGgt;
eRKOgbgMEdlRTva. CaTUeTA eKmanviFIBIrkgkarkMNt;va. kareRCIserIsviFIGaRsynwgragFrNImaRt
rbs;RbBneRKOgbgM smarEdlvaeFVI nigviFIkgkarsagsg;va.
RbBnmYyTis (One-way system): karRTkRmalEdlbBanbnkeTAGgt;TRmtamskmPaBmYy
Tis RtUv)aneK[eQaHfakRmalxNmYy Tis (one-way slab). edIm,IbgajBIviFInkarbBanbnk cUrBicarNaRbBneRKagdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-11 a EdlFwm AB / CD nig EF sitenABIelIrt AE nig
BF . RbsinebIeKdak;bnkrayesI 4.8kN / m 2 enAelIkRmal enaHeKsnt;faFwm CD RTbnkEdlman
GMeBI enAelIprgsm<aF (tributary area) AB EdlbgajedayBNditenAelIbg;eRKagbgMenAkgrUbTI 211b. dUcenH Ggt; CD rgnUvkar BRgaybnkefr (4.8kN / m 2 )(1.5m) = 7.2kN / m dUcbgajenAelI
m:UEDlFwm enAkgrUbTI 2-11c. bnab;RbtikmenAelIFwmenH (10.8kN ) GnuvteTAelIrt AE nig
BF cMkNal dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-11d. edayeRbIviFIKMnitkgkarbBanbnkEbbenH etIGkman
eXIjcMENkrbs;kRmalEdlenAsl; RtUv)anepreTAcugrbs;rtKW 5.4kN beT?
Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

sRmab;RbBnkRmalxH eKtPab;Fwm nigrteTAnwgssrenARtg;nIv:UdUcKa dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 212 a. RbsinebIeKCYbkrNIEbbenH eBlxHeKkGacKitfakRmalCakRmalxNmYyTisEdr. ]TahrN_

RbsinebIkRmalxNebtugGarem:EdlmanEdkBRgwgEtkgTismYy beKcak;ebtugenAelIkMragEdlpt;
(corrugated metal deck) enaHeKsnt;fabnkRtUv)anbBantamskmPaBmYyTis. ma:gvijeTot
RbsinebIkRmalCa kRmalerobesITaMgEpkxagelI nigEpkxageRkam ehIyRtUv)anBRgwgedayEdkkg
TisTaMgBIr enaHeKKitfa bnkRtUv)anbBaneTAGgt;TRmtammYyTis btamBIrTis. ]TahrN_ eKman
kRmal nigbg;eRKagdUcenAkg rUbTI 2-12b tamlkxNTUeTA RbsinebI L2 L1 ehIyRbsinebIpl
eFobElVg (L2 / L1 ) 2 kRmalxN nwgeFVIkarCakRmalxNmYyTis. edaysarEt L1 kan;EttUc Fwm
AB / CD nig EF pl;nUvPaBrwgRkajkan;EtFMkgkarRTbnk.

karviPaKrcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

RbBnBIrTis (Two-way system): RbsinebIpleFobElVgenAkgrUbTI 2-12 b KW (L

/ L1 ) < 2

eKsnt;fabnkRtUv)anbBaneTAFwm nigrttamskmPaBBIrTis. sRmab;kRmalEdlCYbkrNIEbbenH

RtUv)aneK[eQaHfa kRmalxNBIrTis (two-way slab). edIm,IbgajBIviFIkgkaredaHRsaykrNIenH
cUr BicarNakRmalebtugGarem:ragkaerenAkgrUbTI 2-13 a EdlRTedayFwmxagcMnUnbYn AB / BD /
DC nig DC EdlmanRbEvg 3m . enATIenH L2 / L1 = 1 . edaysarkRmalxNrgskmPaBBIrTis
prgsm<aFsRmab;Fwm AB RtUv)anbgajedayBNditenAkgrUbTI 2-13b. penHRtUv)ankMNt;eday
bnat;Ggt;RTUg 45o dUcbgaj. dUcenH RbsinebIbnkrayesI 4.8kN / m 2 GnuvtenAelIkRmal GaMgtg;
sIuetrbs;bnk EdlGnuvtenARtg;cMNuckNalFwmKW (4.8kN / m 2 )(1.5m) = 7.2kN / m ehIybnkEdl
BRgayenAelIFwm enHmanragRtIekaNdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-13c. sRmab;]ThrN_enAkgkrNI
L2 / L1 = 1.5 eKcaM)ac;sg;bnat; 45o dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-14a. bnk 4.8kN / m 2 EdlGnuvtenAelI
kRmalnwgbegItbnkBRgayragctuekaNBay nigragRtIekaNenAelIGgt; AB nig AC dUcbgajenA
kgrUbTI 2-14b nig2-14c erogKa.

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NPIC

]TahrN_2-1 kRmalrbs;fak;eronmYyRtUv)anRTedayrnUtr)ar (bar joist) dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-

15 a. rnUtnImYymanRbEvg 4.5m ehIyvamanKMlatBIKa 0.75m KitBIGkS. kRmalenHRtUv)ansagsg;

BIebtugTmn;RsalEdlmankRmas; 100mm . edayminKitTmn;pal;rbs;rnUt nigkRmalEdkpt;
(corrugated metal deck) cUrkMNt;bnkEdlmanGMeBIenAelIrnUtnImYy.

dMeNaHRsay

bnkefrenAelIkRmalKWbNalBITmn;rbs;kRmalebtug. BItarag 1-3 Tmn;ebtugTmn;RsalkRmas;

100mm KW (100 )(0.015kN / m 2 ) = 1.50kN / m 2 . BItarag1-4 bnkGefrsRmab;fak;eronKW 1.92kN / m 2 .
dUcenH bnkkRmalsMrubKW1.50klN / m 2 + 1.92kN / m 2 = 3.42kN / m 2 .
sRmab;RbBnkRmal L1 = 0.75m nig L2 = 4.5 . edaysar L2 / L1 > 2
eKKitkRmalxNCakRmalxNmYyTis. prgsm<aFsRmab;rnUtnImYy RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-15
b. dUcenH bnkrayesIenArnUtKW
w = 3.42kN / m 2 (0.75m ) = 2.57 kN / m

bnk nigRbtikmenAelIGgt;rnUtnImYyRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-15c.

]TahrN_2-2 kRmaldMbUlrabesInGKareRKagEdkenAkgrUbTI 2-16a RtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IRTbnk

srub 2kN / m 2 EdlmanGMeBIelIpkRmal. RbsinebIFwm AD nig BC manRbEvg 5m ehIymanKMlat

3m Fwm AB nig DC . cUrkMNt;bnkdMbUl (roof load) enAkgtMbn; ABCD EdlRtUv)anbBaneTAFwm

karviPaKrcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil
BC

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNaHRsay

enAkgkrNIenH L1 = 5m ehIy L2 = 3m . edaysar L2 / L1 < 2 enaHkRmalxNeFVIkartamBIrTis.

bnkenAelIprgsm<aFRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-16b EdlpctuekaNBaynbnkEdlmanBNdit
RtUv)anbBaneTAGgt; BC . GaMgtg;sIuetrbs;bnkenARtg;kMBUlKW (2kN / m 2 )(1.5m) = 3kN / m . Ca
lTpl karBRgaybnkenAelIGgt; BC RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-16b. eKkKYreFVIkarKNnakar
bBanbnkenAelIprgsm<aFsRmab;tMbn;kaerBIrEdlenAxagsaMrbs;Ggt; BC enAkgrUbTI 2-16a
ehIy bnkEdl)anKNnabEnmenHkRtUv)andak;enAelIGgt; BC Edr.

@>@> eKalkarN_tRmYtpl (Principle of superposition)

eKalkarN_tRmYtplbegItnUvmUldansRmab;RTwsIviPaKeRKOgbgM (theory of structural) Ca
eRcIn. eKalkarN_BNnafa eKGackMNt;bMlas;TIsrub bkmaMgxagkg (internal loading or force)
srubenARtg;cMNucNamYyenAelIeRKOgbgMEdlrgbnkxageRkACaeRcInedaykarbUkbMlas;TI bkmaMgxag
kgEdlbNalBIbnkxageRkAnImYybBalKa. edIm,IGnuvteKalkarN_tRmYtplenH)an bnk kugRtaMg
nigbMlas;TIRtUvEtCalIenEGr (linear).
edIm,IGnuvteKalkarN_tRmYtpl eKRtUvbMeBjtRmUvkarcMnYnBIrxageRkam
smarRtUvEteFVIkarenAkgTRmg;lIenEGreGLasic (linear-elastic) dUcenHmannyfaeK
GaceRbIc,ab;hUk (Hooks law) )an ehIybnksmamaRteTAnwgbMlas;TI.

Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

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NPIC

ragFrNImaRtrbs;eRKOgbgMminRtUvrgkarERbRbYlFMeRkamGMeBIrbs;bnkeT mannyfaeK
GnuvtRTwsIbMlas;TItUc (small displacement theory). bMlas;TIFMnwgpas;brTItaMg nig
Tisrbs;bnky:agxaMg. ]TahrN_ r)arEdkkugsulesIgEdlrgkmaMgenAxagcugrbs;va.
enAkgesovePAenH BNnaEtBIsmarlIenEGreGLasic ehIybMlas;TIEdlekItedaysabnk
minpas;brTisedArbs;bnkGnuvtn_FM ehIykminpas;brTMhMEdleRbIsRmab;KNnam:Um:g;nkmaMgFMEdr
dUcenHtRmUvkarTaMgxagelIRtUv)anbMeBj.

@>#> smIkarlMnwg (Equation of equilibrium)

enAkgsaTic)anEcgfa eRKOgbgM bGgt;mYyneRKOgbgMmanlMnwg enAeBlNaEdlvaGacrkSa

lMnwgnkmaMg niglMnwgnm:Um:g;. CaTUeTA eKRtUvbMeBjnUvlMnwgnsmIkarkmaMg nigsmIkarm:Um:g;tam
GkSTaMgbI mannyfa
Fx = 0

Fy = 0

Fz = 0

Mx = 0

M y = 0

Mz = 0

(2-1)

b:uEn PaKeRcIneRKOgbgMeRcInRTcMENkbnkEdlsitenAkgbg;eTal ehIyedaysarEtbnkksitenAkg

bg;enaH smIkartRmUvkarxagelIkat;bnymkRtwm
Fx = 0

Fy = 0

MO = 0

(2-2)

enATIenH Fx nig Fy CaplbUkBiCKNitnbgMkmaMgtamGkS x nigtamGkS y erogKa EdlmanGMeBI

mkelIeRKOgbgM bGgt;mYyrbs;eRKOgbgM ehIy M O CaplbUkBiCKNitnm:Um:g;nkmaMgCMuvijGkS
EdlEkgnwgbg; x y GkS z ehIykat;tamcMNuc O .
enARKb;eBlEdleKGnuvtsmIkarTaMgenH dMbUgeKcaM)ac;RtUvKUrdaRkamGgesrI (free body
diagram) rbs;eRKOgbgM brbs;Ggt;. edIm,IKUrdaRkamGgesrI eKRtUvpac;Ggt;ecjBIKa nigecjBITRm.
kmaMgxageRkA kmaMgkg bkmaMgRbtikmRtUvbgajenAelIGgt;Edl)anpac;ecj. tamryenH eKGac
kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRmedayeRbItarag 2-1. ehIyeyIgRtUvcaMpgEdrfa enAelIdaRkamGg
esrI kmaMgkgnGgt;BIrEdlPab;KamanTMhMdUcKa EtmanTispyKa.
RbsinebIeKcg;kMNt;kmaMgkgenARtg;cMNucCak;lak;enAkgGgt; eKRtUveRbIviFImuxkat; (method
of section). viFIenHtRmUv[kat;Ggt;tamTisEkgeTAnwgGkSrbs;Ggt;Rtg;cMNucEdleKRtUvkarkMNt;
kmaMgkg. eKRtUvKUrdaRkamGgesrInkMNat;Ggt;nImYyEdl)ankat; rYckMNt;kmaMgkgedayGnuvt
smIkarlMnwgeTAelIkMNat;Ggt;enaH. CaTUeTA kmaMgkgEdlmanGMeBIenAelImuxkat;rbs;Ggt;Edlkat;
rYmmankmaMgEkg (normal force) N / kmaMgkat; (shear force) V nigm:Um:g;Bt; (bending moment)
karviPaKrcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-17.
eyIgnwgBiBNnaeKalkarN_saTicEdleRbIedIm,IkMNt;RbtikmxageRkAenAelIeRKOgbgMenAkg
kfaxN 2.5. eyIgnwgBiPakSaBIkmaMgkgenAkgGgt;eRKOgbgMenAkgCMBUkTI 4.
M

@>$> PaBkMNt; nigsirPaB (Determinacy and stability)

muxnwgcab;epImviPaKkmaMgrbs;eRKOgbgM eKcaM)ac;kMNt;nUvPaBkMNt; nigsirPaBrbs;eRKOgbgM.
PaBkMNt; (determinacy): smIkarlMnwgpl;nUvlkxNcaM)ac; nigRKb;RKan;sRmab;lMnwg. enAeBl
EdlRKb;kmaMgTaMgGs;enAkgeRKOgbgMGackMNt;edayeRbIsmIkarlMnwgxagelI enaHeKehAeRKOgbgM
enaHCa eRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTic (statically determinate structure). sRmab;eRKOgbgMEdlmancMnYn
kmaMgCaGBaateRcInCagcMnYnsmIkarEdlGacman eK[eQaHvafa eRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTic
(statically indeterminate structure). tamc,ab;TUeTA eKGackMNt;faeRKOgbgMmYyCaeRKOgbgMkMNt;
edaysaTic bkeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicedayKUrdaRkamGgesrInGgt;TaMgGs;rbs;va bpkn
Ggt;EdleRCIserIs ehIybnab;mkeRbobeFobcMnYnGBaatsrubEdlCakmaMg nigm:Um:g;CamYynwgcMnYn
srubnsmIkarlMnwgEdlGacman*. sRmab;eRKOgbgMkgbg; eKmansmIkarlMnwgbIsRmab;Ggt;nImYy
dUcenHRb sinebIeKmanGgt;srubcMnYn n ehIykmaMgRbtikm nigm:Um:g;RbtikmcMnYn r enaHeyIg)an
r = 3n / kMNt;edaysaTic
r > 3n / minkMNt;edaysaTic
(2-3)
CaebIvaCaeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTic
enaHeKRtUvkarsmIkarbEnmedIm,IedaHRsayrkRbtikmEdlCaGBaatedayPab;TMnak;TMngrvagbnkGnuvt
n_ nigRbtikmeTAnwgbMlas;TI bmMurgVilenARtg;cMNucepSgKaenAelIRKOgbgM. smIkarTaMgenHCasmIkar
RtUvKa (compatibility equation) ehIyvaRtUvmancMnYnesInwgdWeRknPaBminkMNt;rbs;eRKOgbgM.
smIkar compatibility Tak;TgnwglkNFrNImaRt niglkNrUbrbs;eRKOgbgM ehIyeyIgnwgelIk
karKUrdaRkamGgesrImincaM)ac;CaTUeTAeT edaysareKGacrab;cMnUnGBaat ehIyeFVIkareRbobeFobCamYynwgcMnUnsmIkar
lMnwg)an.

Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

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NPIC

ykvamkBNnaenAkgCMBUkTI 10.
]TahrN_ 2>3 cat;cMNat;fak;rbs;FwmnImYyEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-18 a rhUtdl; 2-18 d Ca
eRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTic beRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTic. eKsnt;faeKsal;kmaMgEdlGnuvtmin
elIFwm ehIyvaGacmanGMeBIenARKb;TItaMgTaMgGs;rbs;Fwm.

dMeNaHRsay

eKRtUvpac;FwmpSM (compound beam) enAkgrUbTI 2-18c nig 2-18d EdlpSMeLIgGgt;EdltPab;Ka

edaytMNsnak;ecjBIKa. cMNaMfa enAkgkrNITaMgenH kmaMgRbtikmEdlCaGBaatEdlmanGMeBIenA
cenaH Ggt;nImYyRtUv)anbgajCaKU EtmanTispyKa. daRkamGgesrIRtUv)anbgaj. edayGnuvt
r = 3n b r > 3n lTplnkarcat;cMNat;fak;RtUv)anbgaj.

]TahrN_ 2>4 cat;cMNat;fak;rbs;eRKOgbgMEdltPab;edaytMNsnak;EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-19

rhUtdl; 2-19 d CaeRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTic bCaeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTic. RbsinebIvaCa

eRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTic cUrR)ab;BIcMnYnndWeRknPaBminkMNt;. eRKOgbgMrgnUvbnkxageRkAEdl
a

karviPaKrcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

eKsnt;sal; ehIyvamanGMeBIenARKb;TItaMgTaMgGs;rbs;eRKOgbgM.

dMeNaHRsay

karcat;cMNat;fak;n;eRKOgbgMEdltPab;edaytMNsnak;manlkNRsedogKanwgFwmEdr. dRkamGg
esrIRtUv)anbgaj. edayGnuvt r = 3n b r > 3n lTplnkarcat;cMNat;fak;RtUv)anbgaj.

]TahrN_ 2>5 cat;cMNat;fak;rbs;eRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-20a nig2-20d CaeRKOgbgM

kMNt;edaysaTic bCaeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTic. RbsinebIvaCa eRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTic

cUrR)ab;BIcMnYnndWeRknPaBminkMNt;. eRKOgbgMrgnUvbnkxageRkAEdl eKsnt;sal; ehIyvaman
GMeBIenARKb;TItaMgTaMgGs;rbs;eRKOgbgM.

dMeNaHRsay

karkMNt;sirPaB nigPaBkMNt;rbs;eRKOgbgMeRKagmindUcKanwgkarkMNt;sRmab;Fwm nigeRKOgbgMEdlt

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NPIC

Pab;edaytMNsnak;eT eRBaHeRKagpSMeLIgedayGgt;EdltPab;Kaedaysnak;rwg. eBlxHGgt;begIt

tMbn;biTCitxagkg dUcenAkgrUbTI 2-20a. enATIenH ABCD begIttMbn;biTCit. edIm,Icat;cMNat;fak;
rbs;eRKOgbgMTaMgenH eKcaM)ac;RtUveRbIviFImuxkat; ehIykat;EpkEdlbiTCit. eRkayeBleKKUrdaRkam
GgesrIrbs;EpkEdlkat;rYcehIy enaHeKGaccat;cMNat;fak;rbs;eRKag)an. cMNaMfa eKRtUvkarEtEpk
mYyrbs;muxkat;Edlkat;tamtMbn;biTCit. enAeBlEdleKkMNt;GBaatenARtg;muxkat;rYcehIy eKGac
kMNt;kmaMgkgenARKb;cMNucTaMgGs;enAkgGgt;edayeRbIviFImuxkat; nigsmIkarlMnwg. eRKagenAkgrUbTI
2-20b manmintMbn;biTCit dUcenHedIm,IrkPaBkMBt;vaminRtUvkarkarkat;cenaHTRmeT. lTplnkar
cat;cMNat;fak;RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-20a nig 2-20b.

sirPaB (stability): edIm,IFananUvsanPaBlMnwgrbs;eRKOgbgM nigGgt;rbs;va eKminRtwmEtbMeBj

smIkarlMnwgb:uENaHeT b:uEnGgt;RtUvEtTb; (constraint) y:agl nigRtwmRtUvedayTRmrbs;va. sanPaB
BIrnwgekItmaneLIgenAeBlNaEdlTRmmin)anTb;RtwmRtUv.
karTb;mineBjelj (partial constraints): enAkgkrNIxH eRKOgbgM bGgt;rbs;vaGacman
kmaMgRbtikmticCagsmIkarlMnwgEdlRtUvbMeBj eBlenaHeRKOgbgMnwgkayCaeRKOgbgMEdlTb;mineBj
elj (partially constrained structure). ]TahrN_ eKmanGgt;EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-21 CamYy
nwgdaRkamGgesrIrbs;va. enATIenHsmIkar Fx = 0 minRtUv)anbMeBjsRmab;lkxNdak;bnk dUc
enH Ggt;KansirPaB.
karviPaKrcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

karTb;minRtwmRtUv (improper constraints): enAkgkrNIxHEdlcMnYnnkmaMgEdlCaGBaat nig

cMnYnnsmIkarlMnwgesIKa b:uEnvaenAEtGaceFIV[eRKOgbgMclt)an bKansirPaB edaysarEtkarTb;min
RtwmRtUvrbs;TRm. krNIEbbenHekItmanenAeBlEdlExSskmnkmaMgRbtikmrbs;TRmkat;KaRtg;
cMNucmYy. ]TahrN_sRmab;krNIRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-22. BIdaRkamGgesrIrbs;Fwm eyIg
eXIjfa plbUkm:Um:g;Rtg;cMNuc O nwgminesIsUneT Pd 0 dUcenHvanwgekItmankarvilCuMvijcMNuc
O.

Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

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NPIC

viFIm:ageTotEdlkarTb;minRtwmRtUvrbs;TRmnaM[maneRKOgbgMKansirPaBekItmanenAeBl
EdlkmaMgRbtikmTaMgGs;manTisRsbKa. ]TahrN_sRmab;krNIRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-23.
enA eBlEdleKGnuvtkmaMgeRTt P plbUkkmaMgtamTisedknwgminesIsUneT.
CaTUeTA eRKOgbgMnwgKansirPaBedaylkNFrNImaRt rMkiltictYc bdYlrlM RbsinebIva
mankmaMgRbtikmticCagsmIkarlMnwg bRsinebIvamankmaMgRbtikmRKb;RKan; EtGsirPaBrbs;nwgekIt
manRbsinebIExSskmnkmaMgRbtikmkat;KaRtg;cMNucmYy bkRsbKa. RbsinebIeRKOgbgMpSMeLIg
edayGgt;eRcIn eKGackMNt;GsirPaBrbs;Ggt;mYy brbs;Ggt;eRcInedaykarGegt. RbsinebIGgt;
begIt collapsible mechanism )an eRKOgbgMnwgminmansirPaB. eyIgGackMNt;sirPaBtamrUbmn)an
sRmab;eRKOgbgMkgbg;Edlman n nigGBaatEdlCakmaMgRbtikm r ehIyedaysarGgt;nImYyRtUv
mansmIkarlMnwgcMnYnbI enaH
KansirPaB
r < 3n
r 3n
KansirPaBenAeBlEdlkmaMgRbtikmrbs;Ggt;
kat;KaRtg;cMNucmYy bRsbKa bGgt;xHbegIt
collapse mechanism

(2-4)

eKRtUveCosvaRbePTeRKOgbgMEdlKansirPaBeTaHbICavaCaeRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTic beRKOg
bgMminkMNt;edaysaTickeday.

]TahrN_ 2>6 cUrcat;cMNat;fak;rbs;eRKOgbgMnImYyenAkgrUbTI 2-24a rhUtdl;2-24e CaeRKOg

bgMmansirPaB bKansirPaB. eRKOgbgMrgnUvbnkxageRkANamYyEdleyIgsnt;vasal;.

dMeNaHRsay eRKOgbgMRtUv)ancat;cMNat;fak;dUcbgajkgrUb.

karviPaKrcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

@>%> karGnuvtnsmIkarlMnwg (Application of the equation of equilibrium)

eBlxH Ggt;rbs;eRKOgbgMRtUv)antPab;KaedaytMNEdleKsnt;faCatMNsnak;. eRKagGKar

nig truss CaRbePTeRKOgbgMEdlCaerOysagsg;edayeRbItMNEbbenH. kgkrNIeRKOgbgMkgbg;
EdltPab;edaysnak;mankarTb;RtwmRtUv nigminmanTRmelIs bGgt;elIsedIm,IkarBarkardYlrlM enaH
eKGackmaMgEdlmanGMeBIenARtg;tMN nigenARtg;TRmedayGnuvtsmIkarlMnwgTaMgbI Fx = 0 /
Fy = 0 / M O = 0 eTAelIGgt;nImYy. enAeBlEdleKTTYl)ankmaMgenARtg;tMN eKGacsikSa
KNnaTMhMrbs;Ggt; kartPab; nigTRmedayEpkelI design code specification.

edIm,IbgajBIviFInkarviPaKkmaMg BicarNaeRKagEdlmanGgt;bIdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-25a

EdlrgnUvbnk P1 nig P2 . daRkamGgesrIrbs;Ggt;nImYyRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-25b. Ca
srub eKmanGBaatTaMgGs; 9 ehIyeKmansmIkarlMnwgTaMgGs; 9 EdlGgt;nImYymansmIkarlMnwg 3
dUcenHeRKOgbgMenHCaeRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTic. sRmab;dMeNaHRsayCak;Esg eBlxHmanlkN
gayRsYl eKGacBicarNaeRKagCaEpk bkeRKagTaMgmUl enAeBlEdlGnuvtsmIkarxHnsmIkarTaMg
9 enH. Ca]TahrN_ daRkamGgesrIneRKagTaMgmUlRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-25c. eKGackMNt;
kmaMgRbtikmTaMgbI Ax / Ay nig C x enAelIRbBneRKOgbgMEdltPab;edaytMNsnak;rwgmaMenH bnab;
mk viPaKGgt;BIrkgcMeNamGgt;TaMgGs;enAkgrUbTI 2-25b edIm,ITTYl)anGBaat 6 epSgeTot.
elIsBIenH eKGacRtYtBinitcMeLIyCaEpkedayGnuvtsmIkarlMnwgTaMgbIeTAelIGgt;TIbIEdlenAsl;.
Casegb eKGacedaHRsaybBaaenHedaysresrsmIkarlMnwgy:ageRcInNas;cMnYn 9 edayeRbIdaRkam
GgesrInGgt;nImYy nig bbnSMnGgt;EdltPab;. smIkareRkABIsmIkarTaMg 9 xagelIRtUv)aneRbI
edIm,IRtYtBinitlTpl.
karviPaKrcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

\LvBicarNaeRKagEdlmanGgt;BIrdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-26a . enATIenHdaRkamGgesrI

rbs;Ggt;bgajGBaatcMnYn 6 rUbTI 2-26b ehIyeyIgGacsresrsmIkarlMnwgcMnYn 6 EdlGgt;
nImYymansmIkarlMnwgcMnYn 3 dUcenHvaCaeRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTic. dUckgkrNIelIkmun eKkGac
eRbIdaRkamGgesrIrbs;eRKOgbgMTaMgmUl rUbTI 2-26c edIm,IviPaKpgEdr. dUcbgajenAkgrUb
eRKagnwgdYlrlMRbsinebIKanTRm edayvanwgvilCMuvijsnak; B EtkrNIenHnwgminekItmaneT edaysar
RbBnkmaMgEdlmanGMeBIenAelIeRKagTaMgGs;eFVI[eRKagmanlMnwg. dUcenH eKGacKNnaGBaatTaMg 6
enHedayGnuvtsmIkarlMnwgTaMgbIeTAelIeRKagTaMgmUl rUbTI 2-26c ehIydUcKaGnuvtsmIkarTaMg
bIeTAelIGgt;mYykgcMeNamGgt;TaMgBIr.
]TahrN_TaMgBIrxagelIbgajfa RbsinebIeRKagRtUv)anRTedayTRmdRtwmRtUv nigminmanTRm
b Ggt;caM)ac;eRcInCagenHedIm,IkarBarkardYlrlM enaHeRKagCaeRKagkMNt;edaysaTic ehIyeKGac
kMNt;GBaatEdlCakmaMgenARtg;TRm nigtMNBIsmIkarlMnwgedayGnuvteTAelIGgt;nImYy. ehIy
RbsinebI eRKOgbgMenAEtrwgmaM minGacdYlrlM enAeBleKdkTRmecj rUbTI 2-25c enaHeKGac
kMNt;Rbtikm TRmTaMgbIedayGnuvtsmIkarlMnwgeTAelIeRKOgbgMTaMgmUl. b:uEnRbsinebIeRKOgbgM
bgajPaBminrwgmaM GacdYlrlM bnab;BIeKdkTRmecj rUbTI 2-26c enaHeKRtUvpac;Ggt;TaMgenaH
ecjBIKa ehIyeKRtUvBicarNalMnwgrbs;Ggt;nImYyedIm,ITTYl)ansmIkarRKb;RKan;edIm,IkMNt;Rbtikm
TRmTaMgGs;.

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NPIC

dMeNIrkarkgkarviPaK (Procedure for analysis)

CMhanxageRkampl;nUvviFsI Rmab;kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmsRmab;eRKOgbgMEdlpSMedayGgt;Edlt
Pab;edaytMNsnak;.

daRkamGgesrI (Free-body diagrams)

pac;rcnasm<n nigKUrdaRkamGgesrInGgt;nImYy. ehIy vanwgkan;EtgayRsYl Rbsin

ebIeyIgKUrdaRkamGgesrIrbs;eRKOgbgMTaMgmUlbEnmBIelIdaRkamGgesrIrbs;Ggt;nImYy. eKGackMNt;RbtikmTRmxH bTaMgGs;edayeRbIdaRkamenH.
eyIgRtUvcgcaMfakmaMgRbtikmrbs;Ggt;BIreFVIGMeBICamYynwgTMhMesIKa b:uEnmanTisedApy
KaenAelIdaRkamGgesrIrbs;Ggt;.
enAkgkrNIxH eyIgGacdwgBITsi edArbs;kmaMgEdlCaGBaat b:uEnRbsinebIeyIgBi)akkg
karkMNt;TisedArbs;va eyIgGacsnt;)an.

smIkarlMnwg (Equation of equilibrium)

rab;cMnYnGBaatsrubedIm,I[c,as;faeKGacsresrcMnYnsmIkarlMnwgsmmUlsRmab;kar
edaHRsay. CaTUeTAeKGacsresrsmIkarlMnwgbIsRmab;Ggt;nImYy elIkElgGgt;Edl
mankmaMgBIr.
dMeNaHRsaysRmab;GBaatnwgminsKsaj RbsinebIeKGnuvtsmIkarm:Um:g; M O = 0
kan;EteRcIn.
enAeBlGnuvtsmIkarkmaMg Fx = 0 nig Fy = 0 eKRtUvbMEbkkmaMgpb[eTACabgM
kmaMgtamGkS x nigGkS y .
RbsinebIdMeNaHRsaynsmIkarlMnwg[CaTMhMGviCmansRmab;kmaMg bm:Um:g;KUEdlCa
GBaat vabgajfaTisedArbs;k,alRBYjpyBIGVIEdleyIg)ansnt;enAelIdaRkamGgesrI.

]TahrN_ 2>7 kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenAelIFwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-27a.

karviPaKrcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNaHRsay

daRkamGgesrI dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-27b kmaMg 270kN RtUv)anbMEbkCabgMkmaMgtamGkS x nig

y . elIsBIenH eKminRtUvkarrgVas;RbEvg 2.1m eT edaysarm:Um:g;KUKanviucTr (free vector) ehIyeKGac
GnuvtvaenARKb;TItaMgTaMgGs;rbs;FwmsRmab;KNnakmaMgRbtikm.
smIkarlMnwg edayGnuvtsmIkar 2-2 Cabnbnab; edayeRbIlTplEdlKNnaBIxagelI eyIg)an
+

Fx = 0

Ax 270 cos 60 o = 0

Ax = 135kN

+ M A = 0 270 sin 60 o (3) + 270 cos 60 o (0.3) + B y (4.2 ) 67.5 = 0

+ Fy = 0 270 sin 60o + 173.4 + Ay = 0

B y = 173.4kN
Ay = 60.4kN

]TahrN_ 2>8 kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenAelIFwmenAkgrUbTI 2-28 a.

dMeNaHRsay

daRkamGgesrI dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-28b kmaMgBRgayragctuekaNBayRtUv)anbMElgCakmaMg

BRgayragRtIekaN nigBRgayesI. kmaMgBRgayragRtIekaN nigBRgayesIRtUv)ansMEdgCakmaMgpb.
kmaMgpbTaMgenHmanGMeBIkat;tamTIRbCMuTmn;rbs;RkLapkmaMgEdlRtUvKa.
smIkarlMnwg edayGnuvtsmIkar 2-2 Cabnbnab; edayeRbIlTplEdlKNnaBIxagelI eyIg)an
+

Fx = 0

Ax = 0

+ Fy = 0 Ay 60 60 = 0

+ M A = 0 60(4 ) 60(6 ) + M A = 0

Ay = 120kN
M A = 600kN .m

]TahrN_ 2>9 kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenAelIFwmenAkgrUbTI 2-29 a. snt;fa A CaTRmsnak; ehIy

B

CaTRmkl; prelag.

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NPIC

dMeNaHRsay

daRkamGgesrI dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-29b TRmkl;enARtg;cMNuc B GnuvtkmaMgEkgeTAelIFwmenA

Rtg;cMNucEdlvab:H. ExSskmnkmaMgTaMgenHRtUv)ankMNt;edayRtIekaN 3-4-5.
smIkarlMnwg bMEbkkmaMg N B [eTACabgMkmaMgtamTis x nigtamTis y ehIyedayeFVIpl
bUkm:Um:g;Rtg;cMNuc A eyIgnwgTTYl)ankmaMg N B edaypal;. edayeRbIlTplenH eyIgGacTTYl)an
Ax nig Ay .
+MA = 0
+

Fx = 0
+ Fy = 0

3
4
15.75(10.5) + N B (3) + N B (1.2 ) = 0
5
5
4
Ax (6 ) = 0
5
3
Ay 15.75 + (6 ) = 0
5

N B = 6kN

Ax = 4.8kN
Ay = 12.15kN

]TahrN_ 2>10 FwmpSMenAkgrUbTI 2-30 a RtUv)anbgb;enARtg;cMNuc A . kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenA

Rtg; A / B nig C . snt;fa B CatMNsnak; ehIy C CaTRmkl;.

karviPaKrcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNaHRsay

daRkamGgesrI daRkamGgesrInkMNat;Ggt;nImYyRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-30b. ehtuGVIk

lMhat;enHCaeRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTic?
smIkarlMnwg eKmanGBaatTaMgGs;6. edayGnuvtsmIkarlMnwgTaMg6 eyIg)an
sRmab;kMNat; BC
+ MC = 0
+

8 + B y (4.5) = 0

Fx = 0

Bx = 0

+ Fy = 0

1.78 + C y = 0

B y = 1.78kN

C y = 1.78kN

sRmab;kMNat; AB
+MA = 0
+

M A 36(3) + 1.78(6 ) = 0

Fx = 0

Ax 0 = 0

+ Fy = 0

Ay 36 + 1.78 = 0

M A = 97.3kN .m

Ay = 34.2kN

]TahrN_ 2>11 eRKOgbgMEdlbgajenAkgrUb

RTkRmal nigBrTUk. m:UEDleRKOgbgMEdlbgaj

enAkgrUbenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-31a
EdleyIgsnt;fa A CaTRmkl; ehIy B CaTRm
snak;. edayeRbIkUdkgtMbn; (local code) bnk
kRmalEdl snt;RtUv)aneTAelIrtKW 6kN / m .
xl;Gnuvt kmaMgpbtamTisedk 4kN dUcbgaj ehIym:as;rbs;TUkEdlBreTAnwgrtKW 23Mg . TIRbCMu
Tmn;rbs; m:as;TUksitenARtg; G . kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm.

Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

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dMeNaHRsay

daRkamGgesrI enATIenH eyIgnwgBicarNaTUk nigrtCaRbBnEtmYy rUbTI 2-31b. dUcbgaj eK

RtUvdak;bnkpbCMnYs[bnkBRgay.
smIkarlMnwg edayGnuvtsmIkar 2-2 Cabnbnab;. eyIg)an
+

Fx = 0
+ MB = 0
+ Fy = 0

4 Bx = 0
22.8(1.90 ) Ay (2 ) + 225.6(5.40 ) 4(0.30 ) = 0
630.2 B y 22.8 225.6 = 0

Ay = 630.2kN = 630kN
B y = 382kN

cMMNaMfa RbsinebIeKBicarNartEtmYysRmab;karviPaK enaHkmaMgEkgenARtg;cMNuc C nig D RtUv)anKit

dMbUgedayeRbIdaRkamGgesrInTUk. kmaMgTaMgenHnwgmanRbsinebIkabTajTUk[b:HpwbnwgcMNucTaMg
BIr. kmaMgEkgEdlmanTMhMesIKa EtTisenApyKaenARtg;cMNuc C nwgeFVIGMeBIeTAelIrt enAeBleKEdl
eKBicarNadaRkamGgesrIrbs;va. eKnwgTTYl)anlTpldUcKa. b:uEn edayBicarNaRbBnTUk nigrt
kmaMgEkg nigkmaMgkabkayeTACakmagM kg ehIyminRtUv)aneKykmkKiteT.

]TahrN_ 2>12 kMNt;bgMkmaMgRbtikmedk nigQrenARtg;snak; A / B nig C rbs;eRKagEdlman

Ggt;BIrdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-32a.

karviPaKrcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNaHRsay

daRkamGgesrI daRkamGgesrInGgt;nImYyRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-32b.

smIkarlMnwg edayGnuvtnUvsmIkarlMnwgcMnYn6 enAkgCMhanbnbnab;GnuBaat[eyIgTTYl)an
dMeNaHRsaysRmab;GBaatTaMg6edaypal;.
sRmab;Ggt; BC
+ MC = 0

B y (2 ) + 6(1) = 0

B y = 3kN

8(2 ) 3(2 ) + B x (1.5) = 0

B x = 14.7 kN

3
(8) 14.7 = 0
5
4
Ay (8) 3 = 0
5

Ax = 9.87 kN

sRmab;Ggt; AB
+MA = 0
+

Fx = 0
+ Fy = 0

sRmab;Ggt; BC
+

Ax +

Ay = 9.40kN

Fx = 0

14.7 C x = 0

C x = 14.7 kN

+ Fy = 0

3 6 + Cy = 0

C y = 3kN

]TahrN_ 2>13 RCugrbs;GKarenAkgrUbTI 2-33a rgnUvbnkxl;EdlbegItCasm<aFEkgBRgay

esI 15kPa enAelICBaaMgEdlRbQmnwgTisxl;bk; (windward side) nigrgsm<aFbWt (suction

pressure) 5kPa enAelICBaaMgEdlminRbQmnwgTisxl;bk; (leeward side). kMNt;bgMkmaMgRbtikm
edk nigQrenARtg;snak; A / B nig C nTRmrbs; gable arch.

Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

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NPIC

dMeNaHRsay

edaysarbnkCabnkBRgayelIp enaHeKRtUvbMElgbnkenH[eTACabnkBRgayelIbnat; mannyfa

gable arch kNalRTnUvbnkEdleFVIGMeBIenAelICBaag
M nigdMbUlrbs;prgsm<aFEdlmanBNdit.
bnkBRgayelIenAelIRCugEdlRtUvnwgTisxl;bk;KW (15kN / m 2 )(4m) = 60kN / m ehIyenAelIRCug
mYyeTotKW (5kN / m 2 )(4m) = 20kN / m rUbTI 2-33b.

daRkamGgesrI edaysMrYlKitbnkBRgayCabnkpbcMcMNuc daRkamGgesrIrbs;eRKagTaMgmUl

nigrbs;Ggt;nImYyRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 2-33c.
smIkarlMnwg eKRtUveCosvagdMeNaHRsaykgeBlEtmYy
edayGnuvtsmIkarlMnwgenAkgCMhanbnbnab;dUcbgajenAkg]TahrN_xagelI .
eRKagTaMgmUl
+MA = 0
(180 + 60 )(1.5) (254.6 + 84.9)cos 45o (4.5) (254.6 sin 45o )(1.5)
+ (84.9 sin 45o )(4.5) + C y (6 ) = 0
C y = 240.0kN
*

Ay 254.6 sin 45o + 84.9 sin 45o + 240.0 = 0

Ay = 120.0kN

Ax (6) + 120.0(3) + 180(4.5) + 254.6(2.12 ) = 0

Ax = 285.0kN

Fx = 0

285.0 + 180 + 254.6 cos 45o Bx = 0

Bx = 75.0kN

+ Fy = 0

120.0 254.6 sin 45o + B y = 0

B y = 300.0kN

C x + 60 + 84.9 cos 45o + 75.0 = 0

C x = 195.0kN

+ Fy = 0

sRmab;Ggt; AB
+ MB = 0
+

sRmab;Ggt; BC
+

Fx = 0

eKkGacedaHRsay]TahrN_enHedayGnuvtsmIkarlMnwgEtcMnYn6eTAelIGgt;TaMgBI. RbsinvaGaceTArYc vaCakarRbesIrEdl

dMbUgeyIgRtUv eFVIplbUkm:Um:gRtg;cMNuc A enAelIGgt; AB bnab;mkRtg;cMNuc C enAelIGgt; CB. edayeFVIEbbenH eyIgnwg
TTYl)anBIrsmIkarsRmab;edaHRsayrk B nig B kgeBlCamYyKa.
*

karviPaKrcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

cMeNaT
2>1> eKeRbIeRKagmYy[RTkRmaleQI min
bgaj EdlvargbnkBRgayesI 6.5kN / m 2 .
KUrbgajBIbnkEdlmanGMeBIenAelIGgt; BG nig
ABCD . yk b = 3m / a = 1.5m .

2>2> kRmaldMbUlnGKarEdlmankMBs;mYyCan;
rgnUvbnkefr nigbnkGefr 6kN / m 2 . Rbsin
ebIrnUtmanKMlatBIKa1.2m ehIyrtmanKMlat
7.5m BIKa cUrkMNt;bnkBRgayEdleFVIGMeBIelI
rnUt DF nigbnkEdleFVIGMeBIelIrtenARtg;cMNuc
A / B / C / D nig E .

bgajbnkEdlmanGMeBIelIGgt; BE nig FD .
yk b = 3m / a = 2.4m . CMnYy emIltarag 13.

2>4> edaHRsaycMeNaT 2-3/ CamYynwg b =

3 .6 m / a = 1 .2 m .
2>5> eKeRbIeRKageQIedIm,IRTkRmaleQI. bgaj
bnkEdlmanGMeBIelIGgt; BG nig ABCD . yk
b = 3m / a = 1.5m . CMnYy emIltarag 1-4.

2>6> edaHRsaycMeNaT 2-5/ CamYynwg b =

2 .4 m / a = 2 .4 m .
2>7> edaHRsaycMeNaT 2-5/ CamYynwg b =
4.5m / a = 3m .
2>8> cat;cMNat;fak;neRKOgbgMnImYyCaeRKOg
2>3> eKeRbIeRKagEdkedIm,IRTkRmalebtugGarem: bgMkMNt;edaysaTic eRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysa
Tmn;RsalkRmas; 100mm EdlRTbnkBRgay Tic eRKOgbgMmansirPaB beRKOgbgMKansirPaB.
esI 25kN / m 2 .
RbsinebICaeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTic
Problems

T.Chhay -52

Department of Civil Engineering

cUrkMNt;BIdWeRknPaBminkMNt;.

NPIC

2>10> cat;cMNat;fak;neRKOgbgMnImYyCa
eRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTic eRKOgbgMminkMNt;
edaysaTic beRKOgbgMKansirPaB. RbsinebICa
eRKOg bgMminkMNt;edaysaTic cUrkMNt;BIdWeRkn
PaBminkMNt;.

2>9> cat;cMNat;fak;neRKOgbgMnImYyCaeRKOg
bgMkMNt;edaysaTic eRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysa
Tic beRKOgbgMKansirPaB. RbsinebICaeRKOg
bgMminkMNt;edaysaTic cUrkMNt;BIdWeRknPaB
minkMNt;.
2>11> cat;cMNat;fak;neRKOgbgMnImYyCa
eRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTic eRKOgbgMminkMNt;
edaysaTic beRKOgbgMKansirPaB. RbsinebICa
eRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTic cUrkMNt;BIdWeRkn
PaBminkMNt;.

cMeNaT

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

edaysaTic beRKOgbgMKansirPaB. RbsinebICa

eRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTic cUrkMNt;BIdWeRkn
PaBminkMNt;. TRm nigtMNTaMgGs;RtUv)ansnt;
dUcbgaj.

2>12> cat;cMNat;fak;neRKOgbgMnImYyCa
eRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTic eRKOgbgMminkMNt;
edaysaTic beRKOgbgMKansirPaB. RbsinebICa
eRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTic cUrkMNt;BIdWeRkn
PaBminkMNt;. TRm nigsnak;RtUv)ansnt;dUc
bgaj.
2>14> cat;cMNat;fak;neRKOgbgMnImYyCa
eRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTic eRKOgbgMminkMNt;
edaysaTic beRKOgbgMKansirPaB. RbsinebICa
eRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTic cUrkMNt;BIdWeRkn
PaBminkMNt;. tMNTaMgGs;CatMNrwg btMNbgb;.

2>13> cat;cMNat;fak;neRKOgbgMnImYyCa
eRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTic eRKOgbgMminkMNt;
Problems

T.Chhay -54

Department of Civil Engineering

2>15> cUrkMNt;BIdWeRknPaBminkMNt;rbs;
eRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTic. tMNTaMgGs;
CatMNrwg btMNbgb;.
cMeNaT

NPIC

2>16> cat;cMNat;fak;neRKOgbgMnImYyCa
eRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTic eRKOgbgMminkMNt;
edaysaTic beRKOgbgMKansirPaB. RbsinebICa
eRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTic cUrkMNt;BIdWeRkn
PaBminkMNt;. TRm nigtMNTaMgGs;RtUv)ansnt;
dUcbgaj.

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

2>20> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenAelIFwm.

2>21> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenAelIFwm.
2>17> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenAelIFwm. eKsnt;
TRmenARtg; B CaTRmkl;
nigminKitBIkRmas;rbs;Fwm.

2>22> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm A nig B .

kRmal CD / DE / EF
2>18> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm A nig B . nig FG bBanbnkrbs;va eTAelIrttamTRmkl;.
snt; A CaTRmkl; nig B CaTRmsnak;.
snt; A CaTRmkl; nig B CaTRmsnak;.

2>19> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenAelIFwm.

Problems

2>23> KNnakmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm A nig B

nFwmpSM. enARtg; C CatMNsnak;.
T.Chhay -56

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

2>24> eKeRbIRKwHeCIgtagedIm,IRTbn 50kN . kM- 2>27> KNnakmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRmrelag A

Nt;GaMgtg;sIuet w1 nig w2 nbnkBRgayEdl nigenARtg;TRmsnak; B . tMN C CatMNbgb; .
manGMeBIenAelI)atrbs;RKWHedIm,I[manlMnwg.

2>25> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenAelIFwm.

2>28> eKeRbIeCIgtagkugsul (cantilever

footing) edIm,IRTCBaaMgenAEk,rcugEKmrbs;RKwH
A
dUcenH vaeFVI[mansm<aFdIrayesIenABI
eRkamRKwH. kMNt;bnkBRgayesIcaM)ac; wA nig
wB EdlKitCa kN / m enARtg;RKwH A nig B edIm,I
RTbnkCBaaMg 40kN nig100kN .

2>26> KNnakmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRmrelag C
nigenARtg;TRmsnak; A . snt; B CatMNbgb; .

cMeNaT

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

2>29> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm A nig B

rbs; truss. bnkBRgayRtUv)anbgeLIgeday
sarxl;.

2>32> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm A nig B

2>30> dgsc jib crane mantMNsnak;enARtg; rbs; truss. bnkBRgayRtUv)anbgeLIgeday
sarxl;.
A nigmanTRm smooth collar enARtg; B .
kMNt;bMlas;TI x nbnk 22.5kN dUcenHvaeFVI[
mankmaMgRbtikmGtibrma nigGb,brma. KNna
kmaMgRbtikmenAkgkrNInImYy. snt;eKecal
Tmn;rbs;dgsc. eKtRmUv[1.2m x 3m .
2>33> kMNt;bgMkmaMgRbtikmedk nigQrenA
Rtg;TRm A nig B . tMNenARtg; C nig D CatMN
bgb; .

2>31> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm A nig B

neRKag. snt;fa A CaTRmkl;.

Problems

2>34> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm A / B
nig E . snt; B CaTRmkl;.
T.Chhay -58

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

2>38> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm A / C
nig D .

2>35> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm A / B /
C nig D .
2>39> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg; A nig C .
snt;fa A CaTRmkl; B CatMNbgb; nig C Ca
tMNsnak;.
2>36>
kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenRtg;TRmsRmab;FwmpSM.
eKmansnak;enARtg; A / E nig F .

2>40> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg; A / B . snt;

2>37> sMNg;s<anRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUb. enATI
B CaTRmkl; TRmrGil C CatMNrwg.
enHeyIgeXIjfa truss kNal CD RtUv)anRT
eday truss ly ABC nig DEF . C nig D
CatMNsnak;. kMNt;RbtikmbBarenARtg;TRm
A / B / E nig F RbsinebIbnk 60kN manGMeBI
enAelI truss kNal.

cMeNaT

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

2>41> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm A nig B .

2>42> eRKags<anmYypSMeLIgedaybIkMNat; Edl

2>45> kMNt;bgMkmaMgRbtikmedk nigQrenA
eKKitfa A / D nig E Casnak; ehIy C nig F
CaTRm rocker B CaTRmkl;. kMNt;bgMkmaMg Rtg;TRm A nig B .
RbtikmtamTisedk nigTisQrenARKb;TRm
TaMgGs;EdlbNalBIbnkEdl)anbgaj.

2>46> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm A nig D .

2>43> kMNt;bgMkmaMgRbtikmedk nigQrenA
Rtg; A / B nig C . snt;eKPab;eRKagedaytMN snt;fa A CaTRmbgb; ehIy B / C
snak;enARtg;cMNucTaMgenH ehIy D nig E CatMN nig D Casnak;.
rwg.

2>44> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm A nig B . 2>47> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm A nig C .

eRKagRtUv)antPab;edaytMNsnak;enARtg; A / B
tMN C nig D CatMNrwg.
nig C ehIytMNTaMgBIrCaTRmrwg.
Problems

T.Chhay -60

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

2>50> kMNt;bgMkmaMgRbtikmedk nigQrenA

Rtg;TRm A / B nig C . snt;faeRKagRtUv)an
tPab; edaytMNsnak;enARtg; A / B / D / E
nig F C CaTRmbgb;.

2>48> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;tMN A / B
nig C . snt;tMNnImYyCatMNsnak; ehIytMN
B CatMNrwg.

KMerag pvrfePIgRtUv)anRTedayeRKagebtug
Garem:. snt;rtTRmsmBaBIrRTEdk rail nig
kRmalpvrfePIgEdlmanTmn; 7.5kN / m nig
RTbnkrbs;rfePIg 100kN / m rUbxageRkam.
rt nImYymanRbEvg 100kN / m . Gnuvtbnk
TaMgenHeTAelIeRKags<anTaMgmUl ehIykMNt;
kmaMgsgt;enAkgssrrbs;va. sRmab;karviPaK
snt;fa tMNTaMgGs;CatMNsnak; ehIyecal
2>49> kMNt;bgMkmaMgRbtikmenARtg;tMN A nig TRmg;rbs;eRKag. etIkarsnt;tMNTaMgGs;Ca
C n gable frame. snt;fa A / B nig C CatMN
tMNsnak;GacTTYlyk)aneTsRmab;PaBCak;
snak;. eKdak;bnkenARtg;cMNuc D / E / F nig Esg?
G EkgeTAnwgGkSrbs;rtnImYy.

cMeNaT

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

#> karviPaK truss kMNt;edaysaTic

Analysis of Statically Determinate Trusses

enAkgCMBUkenH eyIgnwgerobrab;BIviFIsRmab;viPaK truss kMNt;edaysaTickMNt;edayeRbIviFItMN

nigviFImuxkat;. b:uEn dMbUgeyIgnwgBNnaBIPaBkMNt; nigsirPaBrbs; truss. bnab;mkeyIgnwgBicarNa
karviPaK truss kgbg;bITRmg;KW truss samBa/ truss pSM nig truss saMjaM. cugeRkay eyIgnwgBicarNa
karviPaK truss kglMh.

#>!> RbePTTUeTArbs; truss (Common Types of Analysis)

CaeRKOgbgMEdlpSMeLIgedayGgt;Evg
EdltPab;KaenAxagcugrbs;va. Ggt;EdleRbICaTUeTA
edIm,IeFVI truss rYmmanr)areQI r)arEdk EdkEkg bEdk
GkSr C. CaFmta tMNRtUv)anbegIteLIg edaybULg
bedaykarpSarcugGgt;eTAnwgbnHEdkFmta EdleKehA
fa gusset plate dUcbgajenAkg rUbTI 3-1 bedayPab;
Ggt;eTAnwgGgt;edaybULg bedayknas;. Truss kgbg; sitenAkgbg;eTal ehIyeKeRcIneRbIvaedIm,I
RTdMbUl beRbIvaCas<an.
Truss

Truss

dMbUl (Roof trusses): CaerOyeKeRbIdMbUl truss enAkgeRKagGKar]sSahkm dUcbgaj

enAkgrUbTI 3-2. enATIenH bnkdMbUlRtUv)anbBaneTA truss tamrytMN. eKehAdMbUl truss rYmCa

mYynwgssrEdlCaTRmrbs;vafa bent. CaFmta dMbUl truss RtUv)anRTedayssrEdleFVIBIeQI Edk
Analysis of Statically Determinate trusses

T.Chhay -62

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

ebtugGarem: bRTedayCBaaMg\d. edIm,IrkSa bent [rwg nigmanlTPaBTb;Tl;nwgkmaMgxl;tam

Tisedk eBlxHeKRtUveRbIkar knee brace enARtg;ssrEdlCaTRm. KMlatrvag bent eK[eQaHfa bay.
sRmab;lkNesdkic eKykKMlat bay RbEhl 4.6m sRmab; bent EdlmanElVg 18m ehIy
RbEhl 6.1m sRmab;ElVg 30m . CaerOy eKPab; bay edayGgt;BRgwgGgt;RTUgedIm,IrkSaPaBrwgmaM
rbs;eRKagsMNg;.
eKeRCIserIs Truss EdleRbIedIm,IRTdMMbUledayEpkelIRbEvgElVg CRmal nigsmarsRmab;dMeLIg
dMbUl. RbePT truss EdleKniymeRbIRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-3. CaFmtaeKGaceRbI scissor truss
rUbTI 3-3a) sRmab;ElVgxIEdlRtUvkarlMhFM. Howe nig Pratt truss rUbTI 3-3b nig 3-3cRtUv)an

karviPaK truss kMNt;edaysaTic

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

eRbIsRmab;dMbUlEdlmanElVgmFmKWRbEhl 18m eTA 30m . RbsineKRtUvkarElVgFMedIm,IRTdMbUl eK

GaceRbI fan truss b Fink truss rUbTI 3-3d nig 3-3e. eKGacsagsg; truss
TaMgenHeday[ r)arxageRkamekageLIgelIdUckarbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-3f. RbsinebIeKcg;sg;dMbUlrab
esI besIrrabesI eKGaceRCIserIs Warren truss enAkgrUbTI 3-3g. rUbTI 3-3h Ca truss Edl
RtUv)aneKeRbI CaerOyenAeBlNaEdlKMlatrbs;ssrminEmnCabBaasMxan; ehIyGVIEdlsMxan;KWBnW.
eBlxHeKeRCIserIs truss dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-3i sRmab;cMNtrfyn XaMgTukynehaHFntUc
ehIy arched truss enAkgrUbTI 3-3j eTaHbICamantmsagsg;fkeday keKeRbIvasRmab;sMNg;GKar
x<s; nigsMNg;Edl manElVgFM dUcCaRKwHsanGb;rMkay kILasan>>>.
Truss s<an (Bridge trusses): Ggt;eRKOgbgMrbs;RbePTs<an truss RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 34. enATIenH eyIgeXIjfabnkenAelIkRmal deck dMbUgRtUv)anepreTA stringer bnab;mkepreTAFwm
kRmal (floor beam) ehIycugeRkaybBaneTAtMNn truss xagTaMgBIrEdlRTva. Ggt;xagelI nigGgt;
xageRkamn truss xagTaMgBIrenHRtUv)anPab;KaedayGgt;BRgwgxagelI (top lateral bracing) nigxag
eRkam EdlvaeFVIkarCaGgt;EdlTb;Tl;kmaMgxagEdlbgeLIgedayxl; nigkareyalxag (sidesway)
EdlbgeLIgedaykarcltrbs;rfynenAelIs<an. eKRtUvbEnmsirPaBEfmeTotedaydMeLIg portal nig
sway bracing. dUckgkrNI truss EdlmanElVgEvgCaeRcIn eKRtUvdak;TRmkl; (roller) enAcugmag
rbs; truss s<anedIm,IGnuBaatkarrIkmaDedaysarkMedA.

RbePTn truss s<anxHEdlRtUv)aneRbICaElVgeTalRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-5. CaFmta

eKniymeRbI Pratt, Howe nig Warren truss sRmab;ElVgEdlmanRbEvgrhUtdl; 60m . TRmg; truss
EdlsamBaCageKKW Warren truss EdlmanGgt;bBar rUbTI 3-5c. sRmab;ElVgFMeKeRcIneRbI
Analysis of Statically Determinate trusses

T.Chhay -64

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

rUbTI 3-5d edIm,IsnSMsMcsmar. eKGacsagsg; Warren truss EdlmanGgt;bBar

tamTRmg; Parker truss sRmab;ElVgrhUtdl; 90m . eKGacTTYl)anlkNesdkicx<s;bMputsRmab;
smarenAeBlEdlGgt;Ggt;RTUgmanmuMpMCamYynwgGkSedkcenaHBI 45o eTA 60o . RbsinebIeKrkSakar
c,ab;enH enaHsRmab;ElVgEdlFMCag 90m eKRtUvdMeLIgkm<s;rbs; truss ehIyCavi)akeKnwgTTYl)an
RbEvgEvg. enAkgRbBnkRmal deck EdlmanTmn;Fn; nigedIm,IrkSaTmn;rbs;kRmal deck [enA
kgkRmitkMNt;EdlGacTTYlyk)aneKRtUvbegIt subdivided truss. ]TahrN_sRmab; truss Edl
man subdivided truss rYmman Baltimore nig subdivided Warren truss rUbTI 3-5e nig3-5f.
cugeRkay eKkGaceRbI K-truss RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-5g edIm,ICMnYs[ subdivided truss,
edaysarvasMercnUveKalbMNgdUcKa.
Parker truss

karsnt;sRmab;karsikSaKNna edIm,IsikSaKNnaGgt; nigtMNrbs; truss/ dMbUgeKcaM)ac;kMNt;

kmaMgEdlekItmanenAkgGgt;nImYy enAeBl truss rgbnkEdl[. kgkrNIenH eKRtUveFVIkarsnt;
sMxan;cMnYnedIm,IeFVIKMrUm:UEDl truss.
!> Ggt;TaMgGs;RtUvtPab;Kaedayknas;relag snak;Kankkit. enAkgkrNI eKeRbIkartPab;
edaybULg nigedayTwkbnSar karsnt;EbbenHGacbMeBjeTA)anluHRtaEtGkSrbs;Ggt;nImYy
EdltPab;KaRtUvkat;KaRtg;cMNucmYy dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-1. b:uEn eKRtUvdwgfa edaysar
tMNCak;EsgmanPaBrwgmaM (rigidity) xH dUcenHvanwgeFVI[Ggt;rgm:Um:g;Bt;;enAeBlEdl truss
karviPaK truss kMNt;edaysaTic

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

rgbnk. kugRtaMgm:Um:g;Bt;EdlekItenAkgGgt;RtUv)aneK[eQaHfa kugRtaMgrg (secondary

b:uEnkugRtaMgenAkgGgt;rbs;m:UEDl truss EdlmantMNsnak;RtUv)aneK[eQaHfa
stress)
kugRtaMgem (primary stress). eKkRmnwgeFVIkarviPaKrkkugRtaMgrgrbs; truss Nas; eTaHbIkug
RtaMgenHenAkg RbePT truss xHmantmFMkeday.
@> RKb;bnkTaMgGs;RtUvGnuvtenARtg;tMN. enAkgsanPaBPaKeRcIn dUcCasRmab;s<an truss nig
dMbUl truss/ karsnt;enHKWBit. CaerOy enAkgkarviPaKkmaMg eKecalTmn;rbs;Ggt;eday
sarGgt;RTkmaMgFMCagTmn;rbs;vaxaMgNas;. RbsinebIeKKitTmn;rbs;Ggt;eTAkgkarviPaK CaTU
eTAeKRtUvKitvaCakmaMgbBarcMcMNucEdlBak;kNalnTMhMrbs;vaRtUv)andak;enAcugsgxagrbs;
Ggt;.
edaysarsnt;TaMgBIrenH Ggt;rbs; truss nImYyeFVIkarCaGgt;rgkmaMgtamGkS (axial force
member) dUcenHkmaMgEdlmanGMeBIenAxagcugrbs;Ggt;RtUvEtsitenAelIGkSrbs;Ggt;. RbsinebI
kmaMgeFVI[Ggt;lUt eKehAvafakmaMgTaj (tensile force T) emIlrUbTI 3-6a. cMENkkmaMgEdl
eFVI[Ggt;rYjxI eK[eQaHvafakmaMgsgt; (compressive force C) emIlrUbTI 3-6b. enAkg
karsikSaKNna truss Cak;Esg eKcaM)ac;bgajfakmaMgenAkgGgt;CakmaMgsgt; bkmaMgTaj eday
sarkarekag (buckling) bGsirPaBPamGacekItmanenAkgGgt;rgkarsgt; (compression
member).

#>@> karcat;cMNat;fak;rbs; truss kgbg; (Classification of Coplanar Trusses)

munnwgcab;epImviPaKrkkmaMgrbs; truss/ eKcaM)ac;RtUvcat;cMNat;fak;rbs; truss Ca truss
samBa truss pSM b truss saMjaM bnab;mkeTotkMNt;rkPaBkMNt; nigsirPaBrbs;va.
Truss samBa (Simple truss): edIm,IkarkardYlrlM rcnasm<nrbs; truss RtUvEtrwgmaM. eyIg
eXIjy:agc,as;fa eRKag ABCD enAkgrUbTI 3-7 nwgmindYlrlMeT RbsinebIeKEfmGgt;Ggt;RTUg AC.
rcnasm<ny:agsamBabMputEdlrwgmaM nigsirPaBKWragRtIekaN. Cavi)ak truss samBaRtUv)ansagsg;
eLIgedaycab;epImCamYynwgragRtIekaN dUcCa ABC enAkgrUbTI 3-8 ehIytPab;Ggt;BIr AD nig
BD eTot edIm,IbegItCarcnasm<nbEnm. dUcenH enAeBlEdleKbEnmGgt;BIreTAelI truss cMnYntMN
nwgekIneLIgmYy.
Analysis of Statically Determinate trusses

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NPIC

]TahrN_sRmab; truss samBaRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-9 Edlrcnasm<nEdlmansirPaB

dMbUgKW ABC. eRkABIrcnasm<ndMbUgenH tMNEdlenAsl; D, E nig F RtUv)anerobtamlMdab;GkSr.
b:uEn sRmab;viFIsagsg;EbbenH eKRtUvdwgfa truss samBaTaMgGs;minEmnsuTEtpSMeLIgedayragRtI
ekaNTaMgGs;eT. ]TahrN_RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-10 Edlcab;epImCamYynwgRtIekaN ABC
bnab;mk eKbEnmr)ar CD nig AD edIm,IbegIttMN D. cugeRkayeKEfmr)ar BE nig DE edIm,IbegIt
tMN E.

Truss

pSM (Compound truss): eKbegIt truss pSMedaykartPab; truss samBaBIr beRcInbBal

Ka. CaerOy eKeRbI truss RbePTenHedIm,IRTbnkEdlmanGMeBIenAelIElVgEvg edaysarkarcMNay

kgkarsagsg; truss pSMEdlmanTmn;RsalmantmefakCagkarsagsg; truss samBaEdlmanTmn;
Fn;Cag.
eKmanviFIbIkgkartPab; truss samBaedIm,IpMCa truss pSM.
RbePTTI1 eKGactPab; truss edaytMNFmta nigedayr)ar. ]TahrN_RtUv)anbgaj
enAkgrUbTI 3-11a Edl truss EdlmanBNdit ABC RtUv)antPab;eTAnwg truss Edl
manBNdit CDE enAkgTRmg;dUcbgajkgrUb.
RbePTTI2 eKtPab; truss edayr)arcMnYnbI dUcenAkgkrNIkartPab; truss ABC Edlman
BNditeTAnwg truss EdlmanTMhMFMCag DEF rUbTI 3-11b.

karviPaK truss kMNt;edaysaTic

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Truss

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

RbePTTI3 eKGactPab; truss edayCMnYsr)arrbs; truss samBaFMEdleK[eQaHfa

truss em eday truss samBatUcEdleK[eQaHfa truss rgvij. ]TahrN_RtUv)anbgaj
enArUbTI 3-11c Edlbnat;dac;rbs; truss em ABCDE RtUv)anCMnYseday truss rgEdl
manBNdit. RbsinebI truss enHRTbnkdMbUl kareRbI truss rgGacmanlkNesdkic
Cag edaysarGgt;EdlCabnat;dac;CargnUvkarBt;begagFM truss rgGaceprbnk)an
lCag.

saMjaM (Complex truss): ral; truss TaMgGs;EdlminRtUv)ancat;cMNat;fak;cUlkg truss

samBa nig truss pSM RtUv)aneK[eQaHfa truss saMjaM EdlmanbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-12.

Analysis of Statically Determinate trusses

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PaBkMNt; (Determinacy): sRmab;karviPaK truss TaMgGs; eKRtUvdwgcMnYnsrubrbs;GBaatedayrYm

bBalTaMgkmaMgenAkgGgt;rbs; truss EdlmancMnYn b nigcMnYnkmaMgRbtikmxageRkAsrub r. eday

sarGgt; truss suTEtCaGgt;Rtg;rgkmaMgtamGkSEdlsitenAkgbg;EtmYy enaHRbBnkmaMgEdleFVI
GMeBIenARtg;tMNnImYyKWenAkgbg; nigRbsBVKa. dUcenH smIkarlMnwgsRmab;karrmYl bsRmab;m:Um:g;
RtUv)anbMeBjedaysVyRbvtenARtg;tMN bsnak; ehIyvacaM)ac;RtUvbMeBjsmIkarlMnwg Fx = 0
nig Fy = 0 edIm,IFanalMnwgkmaMg bFanakarclt. dUcenH eKGacsrsrsmIkarlMnwgEtBIrsRmab;
tMNnImYy ehIyRbsinebIeKmantMNcMnYn j enaHcMnYnsmIkarEdlGacmansRmab;dMeNaHRsayKW 2j.
edayeRbobeFobcMnYnGBaatsrub (b+r) CamYynwgcMnYnsrubrbs;smIkarEdlGacsresr)an dUcenHeK
GackMNt;PaBkMNt;sRmab; truss TaMgGs;. eyIgman
b+r = 2j
b+r > 2j

kMNt;edaysaTic
minkMNt;edaysaTic

(3.1)

dWeRknPaBminkMNt;RtUv)ankMNt;edayplsgncMnYn (b + r ) 2 j .
sirPaB (Stability): RbsinebI b + r < 2j enaH truss nwgminmansirPaB ehIyvanwgdYlrlM eday
sarvaminmancMnYnr)arRKb;RKan;edIm,I bkmaMgRbtikmRKb;RKan;edIm,ITb;tMNTaMgGs;min[clt)an.
ehIy truss kGacGsirPaBeTaHbIvaCaeRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTic bminkMNt;edaysaTickeday.
sRmab;krNIsirPaB eKRtUvkMNt;edaykarGegt bedaykarviPaKkmaMg.
sirPaBxageRkA (External stability): dUckarerobrab;enAkgkfaxN 2-4 eRKOgbgM b truss
EdlGsirPaBxageRkARbsinebIkmaMgRbtikmTaMgGs;rbs;vaRbsBVKa bRsbKa. ]TahrN_ truss BIr
enAkgrUbTI 3-13 Ca truss GsirPaBxageRkA edaysarRbtikmTRmmanExSskmRbsBVKa bRsbKa.

karviPaK truss kMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

sirPaBxagkg (Internal stability): eKGacRtYtBinitsirPaBxagkgrbs; truss edaykarGegt

BIkarteRmobGgt;rbs;vaedayRbugRbyt. RbsinebIeKGackMNt;fatMNnImYyRtUv)aneFVI[rwg dUc enH
eKminGacclt rigid body edayeFobnwgtMNdT)aneT. cMNaMfa truss samBaEtgEtmansirPaB
xagkg. edaysarFmCatinkarsagsg;rbs;va eKTamTar[cab;epImCamYynwgragRtIekaN ehIy
EfmGgt; BIrsRmab;tMNmYyCabnbnab;. Truss enAkgrUbTI 3-14 bgajBIkarsagsg;enH edaycab;
epImCamYynwg truss ragRtIekaNEdlmanBNdit ABC ehIytMN D, E, F, G, nig H RtUv)anbEnm.

RbsinebIeKsg; truss EbbenH tMNrbs;vaminmanTItaMgbgb;eT dUcenHvaGacnwgGsirPaB bman

TRmg;eRKaHfak;. ]TahrN_sRmab;krNIenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-15 EdleKGaceXIjfaenA
cenaHtMN C nig F b B nig E minmankarTb;[rwgmaMeT dUcenH truss GacnwgdYlrlMeRkamGMeBIrbs;
bnk.

edIm,IkMNt;sirPaBxagkgn truss pSM eKcaM)ac;dwgBIviFInkartPab;rvag trusssamBa. ]TahrN_ truss pSMenAkgrUbTI 3-16 KansirPaBedaysarkartPab; truss ABC samBaxag kgeTAnwg
truss DEF xageRkAedayr)arbI AD, BE nig CF EdlRbsBVKaRtg;cMNuc O. dUcenHkmaMgxageRkA
EdlGnuvtenARtg;tMN A, B b C GaceFVI[ truss ABC vil)antictYc.

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RbsinebI truss Ca truss saMjaM eKminGacniyayfavamansirPaBedaykarGegteT. ]TahrN_ eyIgGaceXIjBIkarviPaKEdlmanerobrab;enAkgkfaxN 3-7 fa truss saMjaMenAkgrUbTI 3-17
KansirPaB bmanTRmg;eRKaHfak;RbsinebI d = d. RbsinebI d d ' enaHvanwgmansirPaB.

eyIgGackMNt;BIsirPaBrbs; truss RKb;TRmg;eday[kMuBTredaHRsayRbBnsmIkar 2j Edl

sresrsRmab;RKb;tMNTaMgGs;rbs; truss. RbsinebIeyIgminGacTTYllTpl enaHmannyfa truss
enaHKansirPaB bmanTRmg;eRKaHfak;.
RbsinebIeKminGacRbtibtikarviPaKtamkMuBTr eKGaceRbIviFIEdlmanerobrab;BIelIkmunedIm,I
RtYtBinitsirPaBrbs; truss. Cakarsegb RbsinebI truss manr)arcMnYn b/ kmaMgRbtikm r nigtMN
cMnYn j enaHRbsinebI
b+r <2j
KansirPaB
b+r 2j
KansirPaBRbsinebIkmaMgRbtikmRbsBVKa
bRsbKa bRbsinebIbgM Ggt;rbs; truss
(3-2)
begIt)anCa collapsible mechanism.
RbsinebI truss KansirPaB eKmincaM)ac;KitBIkarkMNt;edaysaTic bminkMNt;edaysaTiceT.
eyIgeXIjy:agc,as;fa eyIgRtUveCosva truss EdlKansirPaBenAkgkarGnuvt.

]TahrN_ 3-1 cat;cMNat;fak; truss nImYyenAkgrUbTI 3-18 Ca truss mansirPaB bKansirPaB

kMNt;edaysaTic bminkMNt;edaysaTic. Truss rgbnkxageRkAEdleKsnt;fasal; ehIyGacman

GMeBIenARKb;TItaMgenAelI truss.

dMeNaHRsay

rUbTI 3-18a Truss enHmansirPaBxageRkA edaysarkmaMgRbtikmrbs;vaminRbsBVKa nigminRsb

karviPaK truss kMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

Ka. eday truss man b = 19 / r = 3 / j = 11 enaH b + r = 2 j b 22 = 22 . dUcenHvaCa truss kMNt;

edaysaTic. tamkarGegtvaCa truss mansirPaBxagkg.

rUbTI 3-18b Truss enHmansirPaBxageRkA. eday b = 15 / r = 4 / j = 9 enaH b + r > 2 j b

19 > 18 . dUcenHvaCa truss minkMNt;edaysaTic 1 dWeRk. tamkarGegtvaCa truss mansirPaBxag
kg.

rUbTI 3-18c Truss enHmansirPaBxageRkA. eday b = 9 / r = 3 / j = 6 enaH b + r = 2 j b

12 = 12 . dUcenHvaCa truss kMNt;edaysaTic. tamkarGegtvaCa truss mansirPaBxagkg.

rUbTI 3-18d Truss enHmansirPaBxageRkA. eday

15 < 16 . Truss minmansirPaBxagkg.

Analysis of Statically Determinate trusses

b = 12

r =3

j =8

enaH

b+r < 2j

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#>#> viFItMN (The method of Joint)

RbsinebI truss sitenAkgsanPaBmanlMnwg enaHtMNrbs;vanImYyksitkgsanPaBlMnwgEdr.

dUcenH viFItMNpSMRtUv)anbegIteLIgedaybMeBjnUvlkxNlMnwg Fx = 0 nig Fy = 0 sRmab;kmaMg
EdlmanGMeBIenAelIsnak;Rtg;tMNnImYyrbs; truss.
enAeBleRbIviFItMN eKcaM)ac;RtUvKUrdaRkamrbs;tMNnImYymunnwgGnuvtsmIkarlMnwg. rMlwkfa
ExSskmnkmaMgrbs;Ggt;nImYyEdleFVIGMeBIenAelItMNRtUvykecjBIragFrNImaRtrbs; truss, eday
sarkmaMgenAkgGgt;rt;tamGkSrbs;Ggt;. ]TahrN_ eKmantMN B n truss enAkgrUbTI 3-19a.
BIdaRkamGgesrI rUbTI 3-19b GBaatCaTMhMrbs;kmaMgenAkgGgt; BA nig BC . dUcbgajenAkg
rUb FBA TajtMN EdlbgajfaGgt; BA rgkarTaj cMENk FBC rujtMN Cavi)akGgt; BC rgkar
sgt;. \TiBlenHbgajy:agc,as;edayeRbIviFImuxkat; nigdak;[tMNenAdac;edayELkBIKaCamYy
nwgkMNat;Ggt;dxIEdlPab;eTAnwgtMNenaH rUbTI 3-19c. cMNaMfa karruj nigkarTajenAelIkMNat;
Ggt;dxIbgajBI\TiBlnGgt;Edlrgkarsgt; bkarTaj.
enARKb;krNITaMgGs; karviPaKtMNKUrcab;epImenARtg;tMNNaEdlmankmaMgEdlsal;y:agtic
bMputmYy nigkmaMgEdlGacGBaaty:ageRcInbMputBIr dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-19b. tamviFIenH kar
GnuvtsmIkar Fx = 0 nig Fy = 0 pl;nUvsmIkarBiCKNitcMnYnBIrEdlGac[eyIgedaHRsayrk)an
kmaMgEdlCaGBaatcMnYnBIr. enAeBlGnuvtsmIkarTaMgenH eKGackMNt;TisedARtwmRtUvrbs;GBaat
EdlCakmaMgedayeRbIviFIBIr.

!> snt;kmaMgrbs;Ggt;EdlCaGBaatEdleFVIGMeBIenAelIdaRkamGgesrIrbs;tMNCakmaMgTaj.
RbsinebIvaEbbnwgEmn enaHdMeNaHRsayCatmelxnsmIkarlMnwgnwg[CatmviCman sRmab;
karviPaK truss kMNt;edaysaTic

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

ral;Ggt;EdlrgkarTaj ehIy[CatmGviCmansRmab;ral;Ggt;TaMgLayNaEdl rgkarsgt;.

enAeBlEdlkmaMgenAkgGgt;EdlCaGBaatRtUv)ankMNt;ehIy eRbITMhM nigTisedARtwmRtUvrbs;
vasRmab;daRkamGgesrIntMNbnab;.
@> enAkgkrNICaeRcIn eKGackMNt;TisedAdRtwmRtUvrbs;kmaMgenAkgGgt;EdlCaGBaatedaykar
Gegt. ]TahrN_ FBC enAkgrUbTI 3-19b RtUvEtrujtMN sgt; edaysarbgMkmaMgedk
rbs;va FBC sin 45o RtUvTUTat;CamYynwgkmaMgGnuvtn_ 500kN Fx = 0 . dUcKa FBA Ca
kmaMgTaj edaysarvaTUTat;CamYynwgbgMkmaMgbBar FBC cos 45o Fy = 0 . enAkgkrNI
EdlsKsajCagenH eKGacsnt;TisedAnkmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;EdlCaGBaat bnab;mkeRkayBI
GnuvtsmIkarlMnwg eKGacEkERbTisedAEdlsnt;eTAtamlTplCaelxEdlTTYl)an. cemIy
viCmanbgajfaTisedAEdlsnt;KWRtwmRtUv cMENkcemIyGviCmanbgajfaeKRtUvRtLb;Tis
edAEdlbgajenAelIdaRkamGgesrI. enHCaviFIEdleyIgnwgeRbIenAkg]TahrN_xageRkam.

dMeNIrkarkgkarviPaK (Procedure for analysis)

CMhanxageRkamenHpl;nUvmeFa)aysRmab;karviPaK truss edayeRbIviFItMN.

sg;daRkamGgesrIntMNEdlmankmaMgEdlsal;y:agticmYy nigGBaatEdlCakmaMgy:ag
eRcInBIr. RbsinebItMNenHenARtg;TRmNamYy eKcaM)ac;RtUvKNnaRbtikmenARtg;TRmeday
eRbIdaRkamGgesrIrbs; truss TaMgmUl.
eRbIviFImYykgcMeNamviFITaMgBIrEdlBiBNnaxagelIsRmab;snt;TisedArbs;GBaatEdlCakmaMg.
eKRtUvkMNt;GkS x nigGkS y y:agNaedIm,IgayRsYledaHRsaybgMkmaMgtamGkS x nigtam
GkS y enAelIdaRkamGgesrI. GnuvtsmIkarlMnwgBIr Fx = 0 nig Fy = 0 edIm,IkMNt;
kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;EdlCaGBaat ehIyepgpat;TisedAsnt;rbs;va.
bnkarviPaKtMNdTeTot EteKcaM)ac;RtUveRCIserIstMNNaEdlmanGBaaty:ageRcInBIr nigman
kmaMgEdlsal;y:agticmYy.
eKeRbIkmaMgenAkgGgt;BIkarviPaKtMNRtg;cugmagrbs;Ggt;BIelIkmunedIm,IviPaKkmaMgEdl
manGMeBIenAelItMNenAcugmageTotrbs;va. eKRtUvcgcaMfa Ggt;rgkarsgt;rujtMN ehIyGgt;
rgkarTajTajtMN.

Analysis of Statically Determinate trusses

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]TahrN_ 3-2 kMNt;kmaMgkgnGgt;nImYyrbs;

dMbUldUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-20a.
bgajfaGgt;rgkarTaj bsgt;. eK[kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;tMN.
truss

dMeNaHRsay

eKcaM)ac;kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;EtcMnYnBak;kNalEtb:ueNaH edaysar
truss enHman lkNsIuemRTITaMgbnk nigragFrNImaRt. tMN A / rUbTI
3-20b/ eyIgGaccab;epImkarviPaKenARtg;tMN A . ehtuGVI?
daRkamGgesrIRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-20b.
+ Fy = 0 /
4 FAG sin 30 o = 0 FAG = 8kN (C )
+
Fx = 0 /
FAB 8 cos 30 o = 0 FAB = 6.93kN (T )
tMN G / rUbTI 3-20c/ enAkgkrNIenH cMNaMBIrebobkMNt;Tisrbs;
GkS x nig y edIm,IeCosvagRbBnsmIkar
+

Fy = 0

Fx = 0

FGB 3 cos 30 o = 0

FGB = 2.60kN (C )

8 3 sin 30 o FGF = 0
FGF = 6.50kN (C )

tMN B / rUbTI 3-20d/

+ Fy = 0 /

FBF sin 60 o 2.60 sin 60 o = 0

FBF = 2.60kN (T )

Fx = 0

FBC + 2.60 cos 60 o + 2.6 cos 60 o 6.93 = 0

FBC = 4.33kN (T )

karviPaK truss kMNt;edaysaTic

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

]TahrN_ 3-3 kMNt;kmaMgkgnGgt;nImYyrbs;

truss

dMbUldUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-21a. bgajfaGgt;rgkarTaj b

sgt;. eK[kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;tMN.

dMeNaHRsay

FwmenHRtUv)anedaHRsaydUcxageRkam.
tMN E / rUbTI 3-21b/ cMNaMfa eKGaceCosvagkaredaHRsay
RbBnsmIkaredayeRCIserIsTis[GkS x nig y .
+ Fy = 0 /
764 cos 30 o FED sin 15 o = 0
FED = 2557 N (C )
+

Fx = 0

2557 cos15 o FEF 764 sin 30 o = 0

FEF = 2088 N (T )

tMN D / rUbTI 3-21c/

+

Fx = 0

FDF sin 75 o = 0

Fy = 0

FDC + 2557 = 0

FDF = 0

FDC = 2557 N (C )

tMN C / rUbTI 3-21d/

+

Fx = 0

FCB sin 45o 2557 sin 45o = 0

FCB = 2557 N (C )

+ Fy = 0

FCF 700 + 2(2557 )cos 45o = 0

FCF = 2916 N (T )

tMN B / rUbTI 3-21e/

+

Fy = 0

FBF sin 75 o 800 = 0

FBF = 828 N (C )

Fx = 0

2557 + 828 cos 75o FBA = 0

FBA = 2771N (C )

tMN A / rUbTI 3-21f/

+

Fx = 0

FAF cos 30 o 2771cos 45 o 566 = 0

FAF = 2916 N (T )

+ Fy = 0

502 2771sin 45o + 2916 sin 30 o = 0

epgpat;

eKGaceFIVkarepgpat;bEnmeTotedayeFVIkarviPaKtMN F .

Analysis of Statically Determinate trusses

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#>$> Ggt;kmaMgsUn (Zero-Force Members)

eKGacsRmYlkargarviPaK truss EdleRbIviFItMN RbsinebIeKGackMNt;CaCMhandMbUgral;Ggt;

TaMgLayNaEdlminrgkmaMg. Ggt;kmaMgsUnTaMgGs;enHmansarsMxan;sRmab;sirPaBrbs; truss
kgGMLgeBlsagsg; nigpl;CaTRmRbsinebIbnkGnuvtn_RtUv)anpas;br. CaTUeTA eKGackMNt;Ggt;
kmaMgsUnrbs; truss edaykarGegttMN ehIyvaekItmanBIrkrNI.
krNITI1 BicarNa truss enAkgrUbTI 3-22a. Ggt;BIrEkgKaenARtg;tMN C ehIyminmanbnkxag
eRkAenARtg;tMNenaH. daRkamGgesrIntMN C rUbTI 3-22b bgajfakmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYy
esIsUnedIm,IrkSalMnwg. elIsBIenH dUcenAkgkrNItMN A rUbTI 3-22c vaBitCaRtwmRtUvedaymin
xVl;BImMu Gacniyayfa rvagGgt;EdlpMKa.

krNITI2 Ggt;kmaMgsUnkekItmanenARtg;tMNEdlmanlkNFrNImaRtdUctMN D enAkgrUbTI 323a. enATIenH minmankmaMgxageRkAeFVIGMeBIelItMN dUcenHplbUkkmaMgtamTis y rUbTI 3-23b

EdlEkgeTAnwgGgt;BIrrt;elIbnat;EtmYy TamTar[ FDF = 0 . edayeRbIlTplenH FC kCaGgt;
kmaMgsUn dUcbgajedaykarviPaKkmaMgntMN F rUbTI 3-23c.

Casegb RbsinebIGgt;BIrEdlminsitenAelIbnat;EtmYybegItCatMN truss ehIyminmanrg

GMeBIbnkxageRkA bkmaMgRbtikmTRm enaHGgt;TaMgBIrenaHCaGgt;kmaMgsUn krNITI1. ehIy
karviPaK truss kMNt;edaysaTic

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

RbsinebI Ggt;bIbegIttMN truss mYyEdlkgenaHGgt;BIrsitenAelIbnat;EtmYy enaHGgt;TIbICaGgt;

kmaMgsUn RbsinebIminmanbnkxageRkA bkmaMgRbtikmTRmmanGMeBIenARtg;tMNenaH krNITI2. eK
RtUvmankarBiinitemIllkNFrNImaRt nigkarrgbnkenARtg;tMN edaysarkarviPaK truss RtUv)an
sRmYly:ageRcInedaysarsal;Ggt;kmaMgsUn.

]TahrN_ 3-4 edayeRbIviFItMN bgajRKb;Ggt;

TaMgLayNaenAkg truss EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 324a CaGgt;EdlmankmaMgkgesIsUn .

dMeNaHRsay edayrktMNEdlmanlkNRsedog
nwgtMNEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-22 nig 3-23.
eyIgman
tMN D / rUbTI 3-24b
+ Fy = 0 /
FDC sin = 0 FDC = 0
+
Fx = 0 /
FDE + 0 = 0
FDE = 0
tMN E / rUbTI 3-24c
+
Fx = 0 /
FEF = 0
cMNaMfa FEC = P ehIykarviPaKtMN C nwg pl;nUvkmaMgenAkgGgt; CF
tMN H / rUbTI 3-24d
+ Fy = 0 /
FHB = 0
tMN G / rUbTI 3-24e/ enARtg;TRm rocker G manEtbgMkmaMgtamGkS x b:ueNaHmanGMeBIenARtg;tMN
enH eBalKW Gx . dUcenH
+ Fy = 0 /
FGA = 0

Analysis of Statically Determinate trusses

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#>%> viFImuxkat; (The method of Section)

RbsinebIeKcg;kMNt;EtkmaMgenAkgGgt;xH CaTUeTAviFImuxkat;pl;nUvmeFa)aykgkarTTYl)an
kmaMgTaMgenaHedaypal;. viFImuxkat;CaviFIekIteLIgedaykarkat; truss enaHCaBIrcMENk. RbsinebI
truss TaMgmUlsitenAkgsanPaBlMnwg enaHEpkTaMgBIreRkayeBlEdlkat;ksitenAkgsanPaBlMnwg
Edr ehIyCalTpl eKRtUvGnuvtsmIkarlMnwgcMnYnbIeTAelIEpkNamYyn truss Edlkat;rYc edIm,I
kMNt;rkkmaMgrbs;Ggt;enARtg;muxkat;enaH.
enAeBlEdleKeRbIviFImuxkat;edIm,IKNnakmaMgenAkgrbs;Ggt; eKRtUveFVIkarseRmcBIrebobkat;
truss enaH. edaysareKGacGnuvtEtsmIkarlMnwgbIEdlkraCBIKa Fx = 0 / Fy = 0 nig M O
= 0 eTAelIEpkrbs; truss Edlkat;rYc CaTUeTAeKRtUveRCIserIsmuxkat;NaEdlminmankmaMgkgrbs;
Ggt;EdlCaGBatelIsBIbI. ]TahrN_ cUrBicarNa truss enAkgrUbTI 3-25a. RbsinebIeKRtUvkar
kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; GC karkat;tammuxkat; aa KWsaksmbMput. daRkamGgesrIrbs;EpkTaMgBIr
RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-25b nig 3-25c. cMNaMfa ExSskmnkmaMgnImYyenAkgGgt;Edl
kat;RtUv)ankMNt;BIlkNFrNImaRtrbs; truss edaysarkmaMgenAkgGgt;sitenAelIGkSrbs;Ggt;.
ehIykmaMgEdlmanGMeBIenAcugmagrbs;Ggt; truss mantmesIKa EtmanTispyKanwgkmaMgEdlman
GMeBIenAelIcugmageTotrbs;Ggt;dEdlenaH c,ab;TIbIrbs;jtun. dUckarbgaj eKsnt;[Ggt; BC
nig GC rgkarTaj Ggt; GF rgkar sgt;.

eKGacTTYlkmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;EdlCaGBaat FBC / FGC nig FGF edayGnuvtsmIkarlMnwgbI

eTAelIdaRkamGgesrIenAkgrUbTI 3-25b. b:uEn RbsinebIeKBicarNadaRkamGgesrIenAkgrUbTI 3karviPaK truss kMNt;edaysaTic

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

25c eKRtUvkMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRm Dx / D y nig E x CadMbUgsin. ehtuGVI? eKGackMNt;kmaMgRbtikm

TRmTaMgbIedayBicarNaeTAelIdaRkamGgesrIrbs; truss TaMgmUl. enAeBlGnuvtsmIkarlMnwg eK
RtUvBicarNaBIviFIsresrsmIkary:agNaedIm,ITTYl)andMeNaHRsaysRmab;GBaatnImYyedaypal;
edayeCosvagkaredaHRsayRbBnsmIkar. ]TahrN_ plbUkm:Um:g;enARtg;cMNuc C enAkgrUbTI 325b Gac[eyIgTTYl)andMeNaHRsaysRmab; FGF edaypal; edaysar FBC nig FGC begIt
m:Um:g;sUnenARtg;cMNuc C . dUcKa eKGacTTYl)an FBC edaypal;edayeFVIplbUkm:Um:g;Rtg;cMNuc G .
cugeRkay eKGayrk FGC edaypal;BIplbUkkmaMgtamTisQr edaysar FGF nig FBC minman
bgMkmaMgbBar.
dUcenAkgviFItMN eKmanviFIBIrEdleKGackMNt;TisedAdRtwmRtUvrbs;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;EdlCa
GBaat.
snt;kmaMgkgEdlCaGBaatTaMgGs;enARtg;kEngEdlkat;CaGgt;rgkarTaj. edaykarGnuvt
EbbenH dMeNaHRsayCaelxnsmIkarlMnwgEdlmantmviCmanbgajfaGgt;rgkarTaj
ehIyRcasmkvijtmGviCmanrbs;dMeNaHRsaybgajfaGgt;rgkarsgt;.
enAkgkrNICaeRcIn eKGackMNt;TisedAdRtwmRtUvrbs;kmaMgkgEdlCaGBaatedaykarGegt.
]TahrN_ FBC CakmaMgTajdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-25b edaysarsmIkarm:Um:g;Rtg;cMNuc G
TamTar[ FGC begItm:Um:g;EdlpyeTAnwgm:Um:g;EdlbegItedaykmaMg 1000 N . ehIy
FGC CakmaMgTaj edaysarbgMkmaMgbBarrbs;RtUvEtTUTat;CamYynwgkmaMg 1000 N . sRmab;
krNIEdlsK saj eKRtUvsnt;TisedArbs;kmaMgEdlCaGBaat. RbsinebIdMeNaHRsay [Ca
tmGviCman vabgajfaTisedArbs;kmaMgpyeTAnwgGIVEdlbgajenAkgdaRkamGgesrI. va
CaviFIEdleyIgnwgeRbIenAkg]TahrN_xageRkam.

dMeNIrkarkgkarviPaK (Procedure for analysis)

xageRkamCaCMhanEdlpl;CameFa)aysRmab;GnuvtviFImuxkat;edIm,IkMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;
rbs; truss.

daRkamGgesrI (Free-body diagram)

kat; truss CaBIrcMENkRtg;kEngEdlRtUvkarkMNt;kmaMgrbs;Ggt;.

munnwgpac;cMENkrbs; truss Edlkat; dMbUgeyIgcaM)ac;kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmrbs; truss dUcenHeK
GaceRbIsmIkarlMnwgEtbIedIm,IkMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;enARtg;muxkat;Edlkat;rYc.

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KUrdaRkamGgesrInEpkrbs; truss Edlkat;rYcEdlmankmaMgmYycMnYnmanGMeBIelIva.

eRbIviFImYykgcMeNamviFITaMgBIrEdlerobrab;xagelIedIm,IedATisedArbs;kmaMgEdlCaGBaat.

smIkarlMnwg (Equations of equilibrium)

eKKYreFVIplbUkm:Um:g;enARtg;cMNucNaEdlsitenARtg;TIRbCMunExSskmrbs;kmaMgEdlCaGBaat
cMnYnBIr tamviFIenHeKGackMNt;kmaMgEdlCaGBaatTIbIedaypal;BIrsmIkarenH.
RbsinebIkmaMgEdlCaGBaatBIrRsbKa eKRtUveFVIplbUkkmaMgtamTisEdlEkgeTAnwgkmaMg
TaMgBIrenaHedIm,ITTYl)ankmaMgEdlCa GBaatTIbIedaypal;.

]TahrN_ 3-5 kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; CF

nig GC rbs; truss dMbUlEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 326a. bgajfaGgt;rgkmaMgTaj bkmaMgsgt;.

RbtikmTRmRtUv)aneK[.

dMeNaHRsay

Ggt; CF
daRkamGgesrI eKGacTTYlkmaMgenAkgrbs;Ggt; CF
edayBicarNamuxkat; aa enAkgrUbTI 3-26a. daRkam
GgesrInEpkxagsaMrbs;muxkat;enHRtUv)an bgajenAkg
rUbTI 3-26b.
smIkarlMnwg eKGacTTYl)andMeNaHRsayedaypal;
sRmab; FCF edayGnuvt M E = 0 . ehtuGVI? edIm,Igay
RsYlyl; eyIgnwgrMkil FCF eTAcMNuc C eKalkarN_nPaBGacbBan)an rUbTI 3-26b. dUcenH
+ ME = 0

FCF sin 30o (4 ) + 1.50(2.31) = 0

FCF = 1.73kN (C )

Ggt; GC
daRkamGgesrI eKGacTTYlkmaMgenAkgrbs;Ggt; GC
edayBicarNamuxkat; bb enAkgrUbTI 3-26a. muxkat;kat;
Ggt;cMnYnbYn b:uEnkmaMgenAkgGgt; GC RtUv)anKNnarYc.
daRkamGgesrInEpkxageqVgrbs;muxkat;enHRtUv)anbgaj
karviPaK truss kMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

enAkgrUbTI 3-26c.
smIkarlMnwg eKeFVIplbUkm:Um:g;enARtg;cMNuc A edIm,Ilb;bM)at;GBaat FHG nig FCD . edayrMkil FCF
1.73kN eTAcMNuc C eyIg)an
+MA = 0

1.50(2.31) + FGC (4 ) 1.73 sin 30o (4 ) = 0

FGC = 1.73kN (T )

]TahrN_ 3-6 kMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt; GF nig GD rbs; truss EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-27a.

bgajfaGgt;rgkarTaj brgkarsgt;. eK[kmaMgRbtikmTRm.

dMeNaHRsay

daRkamGgesrI eKnwgBicarNamuxkat; aa enAkgrUbTI 3-27a. ehtuGVI? daRkamGgesrIrbs;mux

kat;xagsaMRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-27b. eKGackMNt;cMgay EO edayRtIekaNdUc bedaydwg
faGgt; GF manRbEvgRbeyalbBaresInwg 4.5 3 = 1.5m nigmanRbEvgRbeyaledk 3m rUbTI 327a. dUcenH edIm,I)anRbEvg 4.5m edayvas;BIcMNuc G cuHeRkam enaHcMgayBIcMNuc C eTAcMNuc O
RtUvmanRbEvg 9m . ehIy mMuEdlpMrvag FGD CamYynwgbnat;edkKW tan 1(4.5 / 3) = 56.3o ehIymMuEdl
pM rvag FGF CamYynwgbnat;edkKW tan 1(4.9 9) = 26.6o .
smIkarlMnwg eKGackMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt; GF edaypal;edayGnuvtsmIkarlMnwg M D = 0 .
ehtuGVI? sRmab;karKNna eKRtUvrMkilkmaMg FGF eTAcMNuc O . dUcenH
+ MD = 0

FGF sin 26.6o (6 ) + 7(3) = 0

FGF = 7.83kN (C )

eKGackMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; GD edaypal;edayGnuvt M O = 0 . edIm,IgayRsYlkgkarKNna

rMkilkmaMg FGD eTAcMNuc D . dUcenH
+ MO = 0

7(3) + 2(6 ) + FGD sin 56.3o (6 ) = 0

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FGD = 1.80kN (C )

]TahrN_ 3-7 kMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt; BC nig MC rbs; K-truss EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-28a.

bgajfaGgt;rgkarTaj brgkarsgt;. eK[kmaMgRbtikmTRm.

dMeNaHRsay

daRkamGgesrI eTaHbICamuxkat; aa EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-28a

kat;4Ggt;kedaykeKmanlTPaBedaHRsayrkkmaMgenAkgGgt;
BC edayeRbImuxkat;enH. daRkamGgesrInEpkxageqVgrbs; truss
RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-28b.
smIkarlMnwg kareFVIplbUkm:Um:g;Rtg;cMNuc L GaceCosvagGBaatbI
dUcenH
+ ML = 0

14.5(4.5) + FBC (6 ) = 0

FBC = 10.9kN (T )

daRkamGgesrI eKGacTTYl)ankmaMgenAkg MC edayminpal;

edaydMbUgeyIgRtUvKNnakmaMgenAkg MB BIsmIkarkmaMgbBar
enARtg;tMN B rUbTI 3-28cenaHeyIgTTYl)an FMB = 6kN (T ) .
bnab;mkBIdaRkamGgesrIenAkgrUbTI 3-28b eyIg)an
+ Fy = 0

14.5 6 + 6 FML = 0
FML = 14.5kN (T )

edayeRbIlTplTaMgenHdaRkamGgesrIntMN M RtUv)anbgajenA
kgrUbTI 3-28d.
smIkarlMnwg
+

3
3
FMK = 0
FMC

13
13
2
2
+ Fy = 0 14.5 6
FMK = 0
FMC
13
13

Fx = 0

karviPaK truss kMNt;edaysaTic

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil
FMK = 7.66kN (C )

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
FMC = 7.66kN (T )

eBlxH dUcenAkg]TahrN_enH karGnuvtTaMgvIFImuxkat; nigTaMgviFItMN[eKGacedaHRsay

]TahrN_enHdaypal;.
eKkGacedaHRsayrkkmaMgenAkgGgt; MC edayeRbIlTpl FBC pgEdr. enAkgkrNIenH
kat; truss tamGgt; LK / MK / MC nig BC rUbTI 3-28a. pac;muxkat;xageqVg nigGnuvtsmIkar
MK = 0.

#>^> Truss pSM (Compound Truss)

enAkgkfaxN 3.2 eKerobrab;fa truss pSMRtUv)anbegIteLIgedaytPab; truss samBaBIr b
eRcInedayGgt;r)ar bedaytMN. eBlxH eKRtUvkarviPaK truss EbbenHedayGnuvtviFITaMgBIrEdl)an
erobrab;xagelI. edIm,IgayRsYl dMbUgeKKYrdwgBIRbePTnkarsagsg; truss pSMenHdUc)anerobrab;enA
kgkfaxN 3.2 bnab;mkeTIbcab;epImeFVIkarviPaKedayeRbIdMeNIrkarEdlENnaMxageRkam.

dMeNIrkarkgkarviPaK (Procedure for analysis)

RbePTTI1 truss samBaEdlRtUv)antPab;bBalKaedaytMNFmta nigedayGgt;r)ar dMbUgeKRtUvkM-

Nt;Rbtikmrbs; truss nigbnab;mk edayeRbIviFImuxkat; kat; truss Rtg;Ggt;EdltPab; truss samBa

TaMgBIr dUcenHeKGacTTYl)ankmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;enaHenAeBleKKitdaRkamGgesrIrbs;Epk truss
Edlkat;enaH. enAeBleKTTYl)ankmaMgenaHrYcehIy eKGaceFVIkarviPaK truss samBaedayeRbIviFItMN
emIl]TahrN_ 3-8.
RbePTTI2 truss samBaEdlRtUv)antPab;KaedayeRbIGgt;r)arcMnYnbI dMbUgeKRtUvkMNt;kmaMgRbtikm
EdlmanGMeBIelI truss. kat;Ggt;r)arTaMgbIEdltPab; truss samBaTaMgBIr. BIdaRkamGgesrInEpk
Edlkat;NamYy kMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;TaMgbIenaH. bnkarviPaK truss samBaedayeRbIviFItMN
emIl]TahrN_ 3-9.
RbePTTI3 truss samBaEdlRtUv)aneRbICa truss rgsRmab;CMnYsGgt;emrbs; truss em eTaHbICa
eyIgGacviPaK truss RbePTenHedayeRbIviFImuxkat;CamYynwgviFItMNkeday eyIgnwgeRbIviFIEdlman
lkNTUeTACagCMnYsvij. dMbUg eyIgRtUvCMnYs truss rgedayGgt;Edltagedaybnat;dac; dUcenH
truss pSMnwgkayCa truss samBa. kmaMgEdl truss rgGnuvteTAelI truss emRtUv)andak;enARtg;tMN
EdltPab;rvag truss rgCamYynwg truss em. kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;bnat;dac;edayeRbIviFImuxkat; b
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viFItMN. bnab;mk eyIgGnuvtkmaMgEdlrk)aneTAelItMNrbs; truss rg ehIybnab;mkedayeRbIviFI

tMN eyIgGackMNt;kmaMgkgrbs; truss rg emIl]TahrN_ 3-10.
]TahrN_ 3-8 bgajBIrebobviPaK truss pSMEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-29a. eK[kmaMgRbtikmenA
Rtg;tMN.

dMeNaHRsay vaCa truss pSMRbePTTI1 edaysar truss samBa

nig CEG RtUv)antPab;edaytMNenARtg;tMN C nigr)ar HG .

muxkat; aa enAkgrUbTI 3-29a kat;Rtg;r)ar HG nigGgt;
BIrepSgeTotEdlmankmaMgCaGBaat. daRkamGgesrIsRmab;Epk
truss xageqVgEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-29b.
eKkMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; HG dUcxageRkam
+ MC = 0
5(4 ) + 4(2 ) + FHG (4 sin 60 o ) = 0
ACH

FHG = 3.46kN (C )

eyIgGacbnkarkMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyrbs; truss samBa

edayeRbIviFItMN. Ca]TahrN_ daRkamGgesrIrbs; truss ACH
RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-29c. eKGacviPaKtMNrbs; truss
tamlMdab;lMedaydUcxageRkam
tMN A kMNt;kmaMgkg AB nig AI .
tMN H kMNt;kmaMgkg HI nig HJ .
tMN I kMNt;kmaMgkg IJ nig IB .
tMN B kMNt;kmaMgkg BC nig BJ .
tMN J kMNt;kmaMgkg JC .
karviPaK truss kMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

]TahrN_ 3-9 bgajBIrebobviPaK truss pSMEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-30a. eK[kmaMgRbtikm

enARtg;tMN.

dMeNaHRsay eKcat;cMNat;fak;xagelIenHCa truss pSMRbePTTI2 edaysar truss samBa ABCD

nig FEHG RtUv)antPab;edayGgt;r)arbI CE / BH / DG EdlminRsbKa nigminRbsBVKa.

edayeRbImuxkat; aa enAkgrUbTI 3-30a eyIgGackMNt;kmaMgkgGgt;EdltPab;nImYy.
daRkamGgesrIrbs;Epknmuxkat; truss RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-30b. dUcenH
+ MB = 0
10(2 ) FDG (2 sin 45 o ) + FCE cos 45o (4 )
+ FCE sin 45 o (2) = 0
+ Fy = 0

10 10 FBH sin 45 o

+ FCE sin 45 o = 0
+

Fx = 0

(1)

(2)

FBH cos 45o + FDG

FCE cos 45 o = 0

(3)

BIsmIkar (2)/ FBH = FCE bnab;mkedaHRsayRbBnsmIkar (1) nig

(3) enaHeyIgTTYl)an
FBE = FCE = 8.9kN (C )

FDG = 12.6kN (T )

eKGaceFIVkarviPaK truss samBaEdltPab;nImYyedayeRbIviFItMN.

Ca]TahrN_ BIrUbTI 3-30c eKGackMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;n truss
pSMtamlMdab;lMedaydUcxageRkam.
tMN A kMNt;kmaMgkg AB nig AD .
tMN D kMNt;kmaMgkg DC nig DB .
tMN C kMNt;kmaMgkg CB .
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]TahrN_ 3-10 bgajBIrebobviPaK truss pSMsIuemRTIEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-31a. eK[kmaMg

RbtikmenARtg;TRm.

dMeNaHRsay

eKcat;cMNat;fak; truss xagelICa truss pSMRbePT

TI3 Edlman truss AGEF nig truss CHED Ca
truss rg ehIy truss ABCD Ca truss em.
edayyk truss rgTaMgBIrecj rUbTI 331b eKRtUvdak;CMnYsRbtikmrbs;vaEdlmag
esInwg 1.5kN enARtg;tMNsnak; A nigtMN E
ehIyenARtg;tMN E nigtMN C . eKGackMNt;
kmaMgRbtikm rbs; truss rgTaMgBIrenH)an eday
sarGnuvtsmIkarlMnwgeTAelI truss nImYy.
Truss emCamYynwgkardak;bnk 1.5kN RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-31c. eKGackMNt;kmaMgenAkg
Ggt;nImYyBIviFItMN. Ca]TahrN_ sRmab;tMN A daRkamGgesrIRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-31d.
eyIgman
+ Fy = 0

4.62 1.5 sin 45 o FAE sin 45 o = 0

FAE = 5.03kN (C )

Fx = 0

1.5 cos 45 o 5.03 cos 45 o + FAB = 0

FAB = 2.50kN (T )

edaydwgfa FAE = 5.03kN (C ) eyIgGacGnuvtkmaMgEdlCatmelxenHeTAelI truss rg AGEF

enAkgrUbTI 3-31b ehIybnab;mkbnkarviPaKkmaMgenAkgGgt;rbs; truss enHedayviFItMN.
karviPaK truss kMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

cMNaMfa eKkGacviPaKkmaMgenAkgGgt;rbs; truss enAkgrUbTI 3-31c edaypal;edayeRbI

viFImuxkat;k)anEdr. Ca]TahrN_ kat; truss Rtg;Ggt; FE / EG nig AB bnab;mkkMNt;kmaMgkg
rbs;Ggt;nImYyedayeRbIviFItMN.

#>&> Truss saMjaM (Complex Trusses)

eKGackMNt;kmaMgxagkgGgt;rbs; truss saMjaMedayeRbIviFItMN b:uEneKRtUvkarsresrsmIkar

lMnwgBIrsRmab;RKb;tMNEdlmancMnYn j rbs; truss ehIybnab;mkedaHRsaysMnMuRbBnsmIkarcMnYn 2 j .
viFIenHBitCaBi)aksRmab;karKNnaedayd CaBiesssRmab;krNI truss FM. dUcenH viFIEdlman
lkNpal;sRmab;viPaK truss saMjaMKWviFICMnYsGgt; (method of substitute members) ehIyviFIwenH
RtUv)anykmkerobrab;enATIenH.
1

dMeNIrkarkgkarviPaK (Procedure for analysis)

eyagtam truss enAkgrUbTI 3-32a, xageRkamCaCMhancaM)ac;edIm,IedaHRsayrkkmaMgkg
rbs;Ggt;edayeRbIviFICMnYsGgt;.

kareFVI[vaeTACa truss samBasirPaB. kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm nigcab;epImviPaKkmaMgkg

rbs;Ggt;edayeRbIviFItMN. eKRtUvCMnYsedayGgt;nimitcMnYnmYy enARtg;tMNNaEdlmanGBaatEdl
CakmaMgcMnYnbI. kareFVIEbbenH KWeKeFVI[ truss kayCa truss samBasirPaB.
Ca]TahrN_ enAkgrUbTI 3-32a eyIgsegteXIjfatMNnImYymankmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;Ca
GBaatcMnYnbImanGMeBIelIva. dUcenH eyIgnwgykGgt; AD ecj ehIyCMnYsvaedayGgt;nimit EC rUbTI
1

eKGaceRbIviFIenHedaymanCMnYyBIkMuBTrEdlnwgmanbgajenAkgCMBUkTI14.

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3-32b. eKGacviPaK truss enaHedayviFItMNsRmab;bnkTaMgBIrRbePTdUcxageRkam.

kmaMgxageRkAenAelI truss samBa dak;bnkCak;EsgenAelI truss samBa bnab;mkkMNt;kmaMg S'i
enAkgGgt; i . enAkgrUbTI 3-32b/ kgkrNIEdleKkMNt;kmaMgRbtikmrYc eKGaccab;epImkar viPaK
truss Rtg;tMN AD edIm,IkMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; AB nig AF bnab;mkviPaKtMN F edIm,IkMNt;kmaMg
enAkgGgt; FE nig FC bnab;mkeTotviPaKtMN D edIm,IkMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; DE nig DC Ggt;
TaMgBIrenHCaGgt;EdlmankmaMgsUn ehIybnab;mkeTot viPaKtMN E edIm,IkMNt;kmaMgrbs;Ggt;
EB nig EC ehIycugeRkay viPaKtMN B edIm,IkMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; BC .
ykkmaMgxageRkAecjBI truss samBa BicarNa truss samBaEdlminmankmaMgxageRkA. dak;bnk
mYyktaenARtg;tMNTaMgBIrEdleyIg)anykGgt;ecj edaybnkktaenaHmanTisedApyKa. Rbsin
ebIbnkktaenHbegItkmaMg Si enAkgGgt; truss TI i enaHedaysmamaRt kmaMgEdlCaGBaat x enA
kgGgt;EdlykecjnwgeFVI[Ggt;TI i rgkmaMg xsi .
BIrUbTI 3-32c/ bnkktanwgminbegIt[mankmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm A nigTRm C enA
eBlEdlGnuvtsmIkarlMnwgeTAelI truss TaMgmUl. eKGackMNt;kmaMg si edayviPaKtMNtamlMdab;lM
edaydUcelIkmun eBalKWcab;epImBItMN A bnab;mktMN F / tMN D / tMN E nigcugeRkaytMN B .
eFVItRmYtpl (superposition) RbsinebIeKpb\TiBlrbs;bnkTaMgBIrxagelI
kmaMgenAkgGgt;TI i rbs; truss nwgkayCa
S i = S 'i + xsi

(1)

sRmab;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nimit EC enAkgrUbTI 3-32b KW S EC = S ' EC + xsEC . edaysar enAkg

truss Cak;EsgminmanGgt;nimitenH dUcenHeyIgRtUveRCIserIstmrbs; x EbbNaEdlvanwgeFVI[Ggt;
nimitCaGgt;kmaMgsUn. dUcenH
S ' EC + xs EC = 0

(2)

b x = S ' EC / s EC . enAeBlEdlkMNt;tmrbs; x rYcehIy enaHeKGackMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;rbs;

truss saMjaMBIsmIkar (1).

]TahrN_ 3-11 kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyrbs; truss saMjaMEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-33a.

snt;tMN B / F nig D sitenAelIbnat;edk. bgajnUvsanPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;nImYy.

dMeNaHRsay

eFVI[ truss kayCa truss samBamansirPaB. edaykarGegt tMNnImYymankmaMgEdlCa

GBaatcMnYnbI . eKGacGnuvtviFItMNedaydRbsinebIeKykGgt; CF yk ehIyCMnYsGgt; DB vij
karviPaK truss kMNt;edaysaTic

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

rUbTI 3-33b. Truss EdlTTYl)anBIkaredaHdUrGgt;mansirPaB nigmindYlrlM.

KNnakmaMgkgrbs; truss samBamansirPaBeRkamGMeBIkmaMgxageRkA. dUceXIjenAkgrUbTI 333b kmaMgRbtikmrbs;TRmRtUv)ankMNt;. edayeRbIviFItMN dMbUgeyIgGacviPaKtMN C edIm,IrkkmaMg

kgrbs;Ggt; CB nig CD . bnab;mktMN F EdleyIgeXIjfaGgt; FA nig FE CaGgt;kmaMgsUn.
bnab;mkeTot viPaKtMN E edIm,IkMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; EB nig ED ehIybnab;mkeTot viPaKtMN D
edIm,I kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; DA nig DB ehIycugeRkayviPaKtMN B edIm,IkMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;
BA . edaysnt;fakmaMgTajviCman ehIykmaMgsgt;GviCman enaHkmaMg S'i RtUv)andak;enAkgCYrQr
TI2 ntaragTI 1.
KNnakmaMgkgrbs; truss samBasirPaBedayykkmaMgxageRkAecj. bnkktaEdlmanGMeBIenA
elIRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-33c. kmaMgEdldUcKa EtmanTisedApyKamineFVI[ truss man
kmaMgRbtikmeT. kMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;edayeRbIviFItMNtamlMdab;lMedayEdl)anerobrab;xagelI
eBalKWtMN C / F / E / D nig B . lTplnkarviPaKkmaMg si RtUv)andak;enAkgCYrQrTI3 rbs;tarag
TI1.
eFVItRmYtpl eyIgtRmUv[
S DB = S ' DB + xs DB = 0

edayCMnYstmrbs; S'DB nig s DB Edl S'DB mantmGviCmanedaysarvaCakmaMgsgt; eyIgman

10.0 + x(1.167 ) = 0
x = 8.569

tmrbs; xsi RtUvbgajenAkgCYrQrTI4 ntaragTI1 ehIykmaMgrbs;Ggt;Cak;Esg Si = S 'i + xsi

RtUv)andak;enAkgCYrQrTI5.
Analysis of Statically Determinate trusses

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NPIC

#>*> Truss kglMh (Space Trusses)

kglMhpSMeLIgedayGgt;EdltPab;Ka
enARtg;cugrbs;edIm,IbegItCarcnasm<nman sirPaBbI
TMhM (stable three-dimension structure). enAkg
kfaxNTI 3-2 )anbgajBITRmg;dsamBabMputrbs;
truss mansirPaBBIrTMhMRtUv)anpSMeLIgedaykarteRmob
Ggt;CaragRtIekaN. tamTRmg;dUcKa rUbragsamBa
bMputrbs; truss kglMhEdlmansirPaBKWragctutl
(tetrahedron) EdlbegIteLIgeday eRbIGgt;r)arcMnYn6
EdltPab;Ka)antMN4 dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-34.
karEfmGgt;bEnmeTAelIrag mUldanenHGaceFVI[va
manGBaatelIskgkarTb;Tl;kmaMg P . eKGacbegIt
truss kglMhecjBI ragmUldanctutledayEfmGgt;bI
CamYynwgtMNmYyedIm,ITTYl)anctutlEfmmYyeTot.
Truss

PaBkMNt; nigsirPaB
edaydwgfaenAkgbITMhM eKGacmansmIkarlMnwgcMnYnbIsRmab;Ggt;nImYy Fx = 0 / Fy = 0 /
Fz = 0 enaHsRmab; truss kglMhEdlmantMNcMnYn j eKGacmansmIkarlMnwgcMnYn 3 j . RbsinebI
karviPaK truss kMNt;edaysaTic

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

manr)arcMnYn b nigkmaMgRbtikmcMnYn r enaHdUckrNIrbs; truss kgbg; smIkar 3-1 nig 3-2

eyIgGacsresr
truss KansirPaB
b+r <3
b+r =3j
truss kMNt;edaysaTic
RtUvRtYtBinitsirPaB
b+r >3j
truss minkMNt;edaysaTic
RtUvRtYtBinitsirPaB (3-3)
sirPaBxageRkArbs; truss kglMhTamTar[kmaMgRbtikmTRmrkSalMnwgkmaMg niglMnwgm:Um:g;rbs;
truss RKb;GkS. eBlxHeKGacRtYtBinitvaedaykarGegt. eBlxH truss KansirPaB EtdMeNaHRsay
rbs;smIkarlMnwgnwg[lTplminzitezr.
sirPaBxagkgrbs; truss kglMhRtUv)anRtYtBinity:agRbugRbytedaykarGegtBIkarteRmobGgt;.
RbsinebItMNnImYymanlkNbgb;edayTRm bedayGgt;EdltPab; enaHvaminGacclt)aneTeFob
nwgtMNepSgeTot ehIy truss enaHRtUv)aneKcat;cMNat;fak;Ca truss EdlmansirPaBxagkg. ehIy
RbsinebIkareFVIviPaKkmaMgrbs; truss bgajlTplminzitezr enaHmannyfarUbrag truss enaHminman
sirPaB bkmanTRmg;eRKaHfak;.
karsnt;kgkarsikSaKNna Ggt;rbs; truss kglMhGacCaGgt;rgkmaMgtamGkS RbsinebIkmaMg
xageRkAeFVIGMeBIenARtg;tMN ehIytMNCa ball-and-socket connection. karsnt;EbbenHBitCaRtwm
RtUv RbsinebIGgt;Edlkat;KaRtUv)antPab;KaedaytMNFmta ehIyeKGacecalTmn;rbs;Ggt;)an.
enAkgkrNIEdleKKitTmn;rbs;Ggt;kgkarviPaK CaTUeTAeKKitTmn;rbs;CabnkcMcMNucEdlmanTis
bBar edayeK[TMhMrbs;vaBak;kNalmanGMeBIelIcugsgxagrbs;va.
sRmab;karviPaKkmaMg CaTUeTAeKeRcIneFVIm:UEDl[TRmCa short link/ plane roller joint,
slotted roller joint b ball-and-socket joint. TRm nigbgMkmaMgrbs;vanImYyRtUv)anbgajenAkg
taragTI 3-1.
bgMkmaMgtamTis x / y / z edaysarkarviPaK truss kglMhCakarviPaKtamlkNbITMhM eKcaM)ac;
RtUvbMEbkkmaMg F enAkgGgt;CabgMkmaMgEdleFVIGMeBItamGkS x / y nig z . Ca]TahrN_ enAkgrUbTI
3-35 Ggt; AB manRbEvg l ehIy x / y / z CaRbEvgRbeyalelIGkSkUGredaenrbs;va. TMnak;TMng
rvagRbEvgRbeyalCamYynwgRbEvgrbs;Ggt;RtUv)ankMNt;edayrUbmn
truss

l = x2 + y2 + z2

(3-4)

edaysarkmaMg F eFVIGMeBItamGkSrbs;Ggt; enaHeKGackMNt;bgMrbs;kmaMg F edaysmamaRtxag

eRkam
Analysis of Statically Determinate trusses

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karviPaK truss kMNt;edaysaTic

NPIC

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil
x
Fx = F
l

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
y
Fy = F
l

z
Fz = F
l

(3-5)

cMNaMfa smamaRtxagelItRmUv[
F = Fx2 + Fy2 + Fz2

(3-6)

kareRbIR)as;smIkarTaMgenHnwgbgajenAkg]TahrN_ 3-12.

Ggt;kmaMgsUn enAkgkrNIxH eKGacsRmYlkarviPaKtMNrbs; truss RbsinebIeKGacsal;Ggt;Na

mankmaMgsUn. kardwgGgt;kmaMgsUnGaceFVIeTA)anGaRsynwgkrNIFmtaBIrrbs;ragFrNImaRt
rbs;tMN.
krNITI1 sRmab;Ggt;TaMgGs;EdltPab;KaRtg;tMNmYy manGgt;mYyminsitenAkgbg;CamYynwgGgt;
dT ehIytMNenaHminrgbnkxageRkA enaHGgt;enaHCaGgt;kmaMgsUn. karbkRsayBIesckIEcgenH
manbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-36 EdlGgt; A / B / C sitenAelIbg; x y . edaysarbgMkmaMgtamTis
z rbs;kmaMg FD RtUvEtesInwgsUnedIm,IbMeBjlkxNsmIkar Fz = 0 enaHGgt; D RtUvEtCaGgt;
kmaMgsUn. tamkarbkRsaydUcKa Ggt; D nwgrgbnkEdlGackMNt;BIsmIkar Fz = 0 RbsinebI
kmaMgxageRkAeFVIGMeBIenAelItMN.

Analysis of Statically Determinate trusses

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NPIC

krNITI2 RbsinebIGgt;BIrkgcMeNamGgt;epSgeTotEdltPab;KaenARtg;tMNmYyCaGgt;kmaMgsUn
enaHGgt;EdlenAsl;BIrepSgeTotkCaGgt;kmaMgsUnEdr kgkrNIEdlBYkvaminsitenAelIbnat;Et
mYy. sanPaBEbbenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-37 EdleKdwgfaGgt; A nig C CaGgt;kmaMgsUn.
edaysar FD sitenAelIGkS y enaHkarGnuvtn Fx = 0 b Fz TamTar[bgMkmaMgtamGkS x b
GkS z rbs; FB RtUvEtesIsUn. dUcenH FB = 0 . ehIy FD = 0 edaysar Fy = 0 .

enAeBleFVIkarviPaK truss kglMheKRtUvykcitTukdak;CamYynwgkrNITaMgBIrEdlerobrab;xag

elI edaysarkardwgBIGgt;kmaMgsUnsRmYldl;karviPaK truss kglMhy:ageRcIn.

dMeNIrkarkgkarviPaK (Procedure for analysis)

eKGaceRbIviFItMN bviFImixkat;edIm,IviPaKkmaMgkgEdlekItmanenAkgGgt;rbs; truss kglMh.
viFImuxkat; RbsinebIeKRtUvkarkMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;xH eKGaceRbIviFImuxkat;. enAeBleKkat; truss
CaBIrcMENk enaHRbBnkmaMgEdleFVIGMeBIenAlIcMENkn truss nImYyRtUvEtbMeBjsmIkarlMnwg6KW
Fx = 0 / Fy = 0 / Fz = 0 / M x = 0 / M y = 0 nig M z = 0 . edaykareRCIserIsmux
kat; nigGkSdRtwmRtUvsRmab;eFVIplbUkkmaMg nigm:Um:g; enaHeKGackMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;EdlCa
GBaatedaypal; edayeRbIlMnwgsmIkarEtmYy. sRmab;krNIEbbenH eyIgRtUvcaMfam:Um:g;nkmaMgRtg;
cMNucmYyesIsUn RbsinebIkmaMgRsbeTAnwgGkSEdlcMNucenaHsitenA.
viFItMN CaTUeTA vIFIEdlsaksmbMputsRmab;karkMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;TaMgGs;rbs; truss KWviFItMN.
enAeBleKeRbIviFItMN eKcaM)ac;RtUvedaHRsaysmIkarlMnwgbI Fx = 0 / Fy = 0 nig Fz = 0
sRmab; tMNnImYy. edaysarkarKUrdaRkamGgesrI nigkarGnuvtsmIkarlMnwgmanlkNgayRsYl
enaHkar Gnuvtrbs;vamanlkNzitezr.
karviPaK truss kMNt;edaysaTic

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

]TahrN_ 3-12 kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyrbs; truss kglMhEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-

38a. Truss RtUv)anRTeday ball-and-socket enARtg;tMN A / slotted roller enARtg;tMN B nig

edaykabenARtg;tMN C .

dMeNaHRsay

enHkMNt;edaysaTic edaysar b + r = 3 j
b 9 + 6 = 3(5) / rUbTI 3-38b.
kmaMgRbtikmTRm
eyIgGacTTYl)ankmaMgRbtikmTRmBIdaRkamGgesrIrbs; truss
TaMgmUl rUbTI 3-38b dUcxageRkam
Truss

M y = 0

4(2 ) + B x (4 ) = 0

Mz = 0

Cy = 0

Mx = 0

B y (4 ) 4(4 ) = 0

B y = 4kN

Fx = 0

2 Ax = 0

Ax = 2kN

Fy = 0

Ay 4 = 0

Ay = 4kN

Fz = 0

Az 4 = 0

Az = 4kN

B x = 2kN

tMN B eyIgGaccab;epImviFItMNenARtg;tMN B edaysarva

mankmaMgEdlCaGBaatcMnYnbIenARtg;tMNenH rUbTI 3-38c.
eyIgGacKNnabgMkmaMgrbs; FBE edaysmamRteTAnwgRbEvg
rbs;Ggt; BE dUcbgaj edaysmIkar 3-5. eyIgman
Analysis of Statically Determinate trusses

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Department of Civil Engineering

Fy = 0
Fx = 0
Fz = 0

NPIC

4
4 + FBE = 0
6
2
2 FBC 6 = 0
6
4
FBA 6 = 0
6

FBE = 6kN (T )

FBC = 0
FBA = 4kN (C )

tMN A edayeRbIlTpln FBA = 4kN (C ) . daRkamGgesrIrbs;tMN A RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI

3-38d. eyIgman
Fz = 0
Fy = 0
Fx = 0

4 4 + FAC sin 45 o = 0

FAC = 0

2
FAE
+ 4 = 0
5
1
2 + FAD + 4.47
= 0
5

FAE = 4.47 kN (C )
FAD = 0

tMN D edaykarGegt Ggt;enARtg;tMN D rUbTI 3-38a rgbnksUn

edaysarkarteRmobrbs;Ggt;manlkNRsedogKanwgkrNITaMgBIrEdlmanbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-36
nig 3-37. ehIyBIrUbTI 3-38e
Fx = 0

FDE = 0

Fz = 0

FDC = 0

tMN C edaykarGegtdaRkamGgesrInrUbTI 3-38f

FCE = 0

]TahrN_ 3-13 kMNt;Ggt;kmaMgsUnrbs; truss EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 3-39a. TRmGnuvtbgM

kmaMgRbtikmmkelI truss dUcbgajenAkgrUb.

karviPaK truss kMNt;edaysaTic

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNaHRsay

daRkamGgesrI rUbTI 3-39a bgajfavamankmaMg

RbtikmcMnYn8 b:uEneKGacmansmIkarlMnwgEtcMnYn6.
eTaHbIy:agenHkeday keKGackMNt;kmaMgRbtikm)anEdr
edaysar b + r = 3 j b16 + 8 = 3(8).
edIm,IrkGgt; kmaMgsUn eyIgRtUveRbobeFob
lkxNnragFrNImaRt nigkarrgbnkenARtg;tMNeTAnwg
rUbTI 3-36 nig3-37.
BicarNatMN F rUbTI 3-39b. edaysarGgt;
FC / FD / FE sitenAelIbg; x y ehIyGgt; FG minsit
enAelIbg;enH enaHGgt; FG CaGgt;kmaMgsUn. vaRtUvEt
bMeBjlkxNsmIkar Fz = 0 .
tamrebobdUcKa BItMN E rUbTI 3-39c Ggt;
FE CaGgt;kM;laMgsUn edaysarvaminsitenAkgbg; y z .
vaRtUvEtbMeBjsmIkar Fx = 0 . edayRtLb;BiniteTAtMN
F vij rUbTI 3-39b eyIgeXIjfa FFD = FFC = 0 edaysar FFE = FFG = 0 nigKankmaMgxag
eRkAeFVIGMeBImkelItMN.
eKGacbnkarviPaKelItMN G FGF = 0 edIm,IkMNt;kmaMgenAxagkgGgt; GH / GB nig
GC . bnab;mkviPaKtMN H edIm,IrkkmaMgenAkgGgt; HE / HB / HA . viPaKtMN E sRmab;kmaMg
enAkgGgt; EA / ED . viPaKtMN A sRmab;kmaMgenAkgGgt; AB / AD nig Az . viPaKtMN B edIm,Irk
kmaMgenAkgGgt; BC nig Bx / Bz . viPaKtMN D sRmab;KNnakmaMgenAkgGgt; DC nig D y / Dz .
ehIycugeRkay viPaKtMN C edIm,IkMNt; C x / C y nig C z .

Analysis of Statically Determinate trusses

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NPIC

cMeNaT
3>1> cat;cMNat;fak; truss xageRkamCa truss
mansirPaB KansirPaB kMNt;edaysaTic min
kMNt;edaysaTic. RbsinebIminkMNt;bgaj
BIdWeRkrbs;va. Ggt;TaMgGs;RtUv)antPab;eday
snak;enAxagcugrbs;va.

sirPaB. RbsinebIminkMNt; cUrbgajdWeRkrbs;

va.

3>3> cat;cMNat;fak; truss xageRkamCa truss

kMNt;edaysaTic minkMNt;edaysaTic bKan
sirPaB. RbsinebIminkMNt; cUrbgajdWeRkrbs;
va.

3>2> cat;cMNat;fak; truss xageRkamCa truss

kMNt;edaysaTic minkMNt;edaysaTic bKan
cMeNaT

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

FwmEdlQrenAelItMNxagelIrbs; truss.
kMNt;kmaMgkgGgt;nImYyrbs; truss ehIy
bgajBIsPaBkmaMg EdlGgt;rg. snt;Ggt;
TaMgGs;RtUv)antPab; edaytMNsnak;.

3>7> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyrbs; truss.

3>4> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyrbs; truss. bgajsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;.
bgajsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;.

3>8> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyrbs; truss.

bgajsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;. snt;Ggt;TaMg
3>5> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyrbs; truss.
Gs;tPab;Kaedaysnak;.
bgajsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;. yk P = 8kN .

3>9> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyrbs;dMbUl
3>6> Truss EdlbgajRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IRT truss. bgajsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;. snt;
kRmal deck. bnkBRgayenAelIkRmal Ggt;TaMgGs;tPab;Kaedaysnak;.
KW 30kN / m . bnkenHRtUv)aneprBIkRmaleTA
Problems

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

3>10> Howe truss rgbnkdUcbgajkgrUbxag

eRkam. kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; GF / CD nig
3>14> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; GH / BC nig
GC . bgajsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;.
BG rbs; truss s<an. edaHRsayrkGBaat
nImYyedayeRbIEtsmIkarlMnwgmYy. bgaj
sPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;. snt;Ggt;TaMgGs;t
Pab;Kaedaysnak;.

3>11> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; GH / BC nig

BG rbs; Howe truss xagelI. bgajsPaBrg
kmaMgrbs;Ggt;.
3>12> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyrbs; 3>15> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyrbs;
dMbUl truss. bgajsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;. dMbUl truss. bgajsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;.

3>13> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyrbs;
dMbUl truss. bgajsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;. 3>16> edaHRsaycMeNaT 3>15> eLIgvijeday
snt;famanEtbnk15kN b:ueNaHEdleFVIGMeBIelI
snt;Ggt;TaMgGs;tPab;Kaedaysnak;.
tMN I .
cMeNaT

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

3>17> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; GF / FC nig

CD rbs; truss kugsul. bgajsPaBrgkmaMg
rbs;Ggt;. snt;Ggt;TaMgGs;tPab;Kaeday
snak;.

3>21> Ggt; AB nig BC GacRTRTg;kmaMgsgt;

Gtibrma 4kN ehIyGgt; AD / DC nig BD
GacRTRTg;kmaMgTajGtibrma 7.5kN . Rbsin
ebI a = 3m kMNt;bnkFMbMputrbs; P Edl truss
GacRT)an. rUbkgcMeNaT 3>20
3>22> Ggt; AB nig BC GacRTRTg;kmaMgsgt;
Gtibrma 4kN ehIyGgt; AD / DC nig BD
GacRTRTg;kmaMgTajGtibrma 10kN . Rbsin
ebI a = 1.8m kMNt;bnkFMbMputrbs; P Edl
3>18> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; KJ / CD nig truss GacRT)an. rUbkgcMeNaT 3>20
CJ rbs; truss. bgajsPaBrgkmaMgrbs; Ggt;. 3>23> eKeRbI truss Ggt;bIedIm,IRTbnk P .
kMNt;mMu edIm,IkMu[kmaMgTajGtibrma nig
kmaMgsgt;GtibrmaFMCag 1.25P nig 0.8P
erogKa.

3>19> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; JI / JD nig

DE rbs; truss xagelI. bgajsPaBrgkmaMg
rbs;Ggt;.
3>20> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;rbs; truss eday
eRbItYbnk P ehIybgajsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;
3>24> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; GF / FB nig
Ggt;.
BC rbs; Fink truss. bgajsPaBrgkmaMg
rbs;Ggt;.

Problems

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NPIC

3>25> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; GF / CF nig 3>28> kMNt;RbePTrbs; truss pSM nigkMNt;

CD rbs;dMbUl truss. bgajsPaBrgkmaMg
kmaMgenAkgGgt; JH / BJ nig BI . bgaj
rbs;Ggt;.
sPaBrgkmaMg rbs;Ggt;. mMukgrbs;Ggt;BIrKW
60 o . Truss enHRtUv)anRTedayTRmsnak;enA
Rtg;tMN A nigTRmkl;enARtg;tMN F . snt;
Ggt;TaMgGs;tPab;Kaedaysnak;.

3>26> cat;cMNat;fak;rbs; truss nwgbgajfava

mansirPaBbGt;.
3>29> kMNt;RbePTrbs; truss pSM. eKtPab;
truss ACE nig truss BDF edayGgt;bI CF /
ED nig CD . kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYy
nigbgajBIsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;.
3>27> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyrbs;
truss. bgajsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;. snt;
Ggt;TaMgGs;tPab;Kaedaysnak;.
3>30> kMNt;RbePTrbs; truss pSM nigkMNt;
kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYy nigbgajBIsPaBrg
kmaMgrbs;Ggt;. snt;Ggt;TaMgGs;tPab;Ka
edaysnak;.
cMeNaT

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3>34> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;TaMgGs;rbs;
truss saMjaM. bgajBIsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;.
CMnYy CMnYsGgt; JE edayGgt;Edldak;enA
cenaH K nig F .
3>31> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; IH / AH nig
BC rbs; truss. bgajBIsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;
Ggt;.

3>35> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;TaMgGs;rbs;
truss saMjaM. bgajBIsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;.
3>32> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYy. bgaj snt;Ggt;TaMgGs;tPab;Kaedaysnak;.
BIsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;.

3>36> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; JI / DI nig

3>33> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYy. bgaj DE rbs; Pratt truss . bgajBIsPaBrgkmaMg
rbs;Ggt;. snt;Ggt;TaMgGs;tPab;Kaeday
BIsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;.
snak;.

Problems

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NPIC

3>37> eRKag truss mYyrgbnkdUcbgaj. 3>41> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; BG / HG nig

kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; JI / JD nig ID . BC rbs; truss nigbgajBIsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;
bgajBIsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;.
Ggt;.

3>38> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; HI / ED nig

EI enAkg truss ncMeNaT 3>37. bgajBI
sPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;.
3>39> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; EF / EP nig
LK n truss s<an nigbgajBIsPaBrgkmaMg
rbs;Ggt;. ehIy bgajral;Ggt;kmaMgsUn.

3>42> eKeRbI Warren truss edIm,IRTdMbUl

Turss
GKar]sSahkm.
enHRTedayTRmsamBa enAelICBaaMg\denARtg;
A
nig
G
dUcenHmanEt
kmaMgRbtikmtamTisQrb:ueNaHekItmanenARtg;
TRmTaMgenH. kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; LC /
CD nig KD . bgajBIsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;.
snt;Ggt;TaMgGs;tPab;Kaedaysnak;.

3>43> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; KJ / NJ /
ND nig CD n K-truss . bgajBIsPaBrg
3>40> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; HG / BG nig kmaMgrbs;Ggt;.
BC rbs; truss. bgajBIsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;
Ggt;.

cMeNaT

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3>44> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; IH / CD nig

LH n K-truss . bgajBIsPaBrg kmaMgrbs;
Ggt;. CMnYy kat; truss Rtg;Ggt; IH / IL /
LC nig CD edIm,Irk IH nig CD snt;Ggt;
TaMgGs;tPab;Kaedaysnak;.

3>45> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;TaMgGs;rbs;
truss saMjaM. bgajBIsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;.
CMnYy CMnYsGgt; AD edayGgt;enAcenaH E
nig C .

3>47> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYy nig

bgajBIsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;.

3>48> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikm nigkmaMgenAkg

Ggt; BA / AD nig CD .
3>46> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;TaMgGs;rbs;
truss saMjaM. bgajBIsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;.
CMnYy CMnYsGgt; JE edayGgt;enAcenaH K
nig F .
3>49> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyrbs; truss
kglMh nigbgajBIsPaBrgkmaMgrbs; Ggt;.
Problems

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NPIC

3>52> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikm nigkmaMgenAkg

Ggt;nImYyrbs; truss kglMh. bgajBIsPaB
rgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;. LaMgmanTmn; 5kN .

3>50>

kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyrbs;
truss kglMh. bgajBIsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;
3>53> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;TaMgGs;rbs;
Ggt;.
truss saMjaM nigbgajBIsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;.
CMnYy kmaMgRbtikmenARtg; E manGMeBItamGkS
EB . ehtuGVI?

3>51> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; AB / AD nig

AC rbs; truss kglMh. bgajBIsPaBrg
kmaMgrbs;Ggt;.
3>54> eKtPab; truss bIdUcKaedIm,IbegItCa
rcnasm<ndUcbgaj. RbsinebIrcnasm<nsit
enAelITRmrelag A / C nig E kMNt;kmaMgenA
kgGgt; CD / DH nig CH . bgajBIsPaBrg
kmaMgrbs;Ggt;.
cMeNaT

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

3>59> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyn truss

kglMh. bgajBIsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;.
TRm Rtg; A nig B CaTRmkl; ehIyenARtg; C Ca
3>55> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; DF / FH nig
ball-and-socket.
etI
truss
EF rbs; truss enAkgcMeNaT 3>54 xagelI.
enHmansirPaBbGt;?
bgajBIsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;.
3>56> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; BE / DF nig
BC rbs; truss kglMh nigbgajBIsPaBrg
kmaMgrbs;Ggt;.
KMerag dMbUl Pratt truss manKM;latefr 5m .
kRmal smardMbUl nigdrENgmanTmn;mFm
0.28kN / m 2 . dMbUlenHrgbnkGefrsrub
1.4kN / m 2 . bnkKitelIpRbeyaltamTis
3>57> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; AB / CD / ED edk. kMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;nImYyEdl
nig CF rbs; truss kglMhncMeNaT 3>56 bNalBIbnkefr nigbnkGefr. Tmn;rbs;Ggt;
truss RtUv)anecal ehIysnt; A CaTRmsnak;
xagelI nigbgajBIsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;.
3>58> eKtPab; truss bYndUcKaedIm,IbegItCa nig E CaTRmkl;.
rcnasm<ndUcbgaj. RbsinebIrcnasm<nsit
enAelITRmrelag A / B / C nig G kMNt;kmaMg
enA kgGgt;nImYyrbs; truss ABCD . bgaj
BIsPaBrgkmaMgrbs;Ggt;.

Problems

T.Chhay -108

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

$> bnkxagkgEdlekItmanenAkgGgt;eRKOgbgM
Internal loading developed in structural members

munnwgeyIgGacKitsmamaRtmuxkat;rbs;Ggt;eRKOgbgM eyIgcaM)ac;RtUvkMNt;kmaMg nigm:Um:g;

manGMeBIenAxagkgva. enAkgCMBUkenH eyIgnwgbegItviFIsRmab;rkbnkTaMgenHenARtg;TItaMgCak;lak;
tambeNayGkSrbs;Ggt; nigsRmab;KUrdaRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;. karGnuvtRtUv)aneFVIeTA
elIFwm nigeRKag.

$>!> bnkxagkgenARtg;cMNucCak;lak; (Internal loading at a specified point)

dUcerobrab;enAkgkfaxN 2-3 eKGackMNt;bnkxagkgedayeRbIvFi Imuxkat;. CaTUeTA sRmab;
eRKOgbgMkgbg; bnkTaMgenHrYmmankmaMgEkg (normal force) N / kmaMgkat; (shear force) V nig
m:Um:g;Bt; (bending moment) M . b:uEneKRtUvdwgfa Cak;EsgbnkTaMgenHtag[ersultg;nkugRtaMg
BRgayEdlmanGMeBIelIpmuxkat;rbs;Ggt;enARtg;muxkat;Edlkat;. enAeBlEdleKdwgersultg;bnk
xagkg enaHeKGackMNt;TMhMkugRtaMgRbsinebIeKsal;pmuxkat;EdlkugRtaMgRtUvBRgayelI.
*

karkMNt;sBaa (Sign Convention): munnwgbgajBIviFIsRmab;rkkmaMgEkg kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;

Bt;eyIgcaM)ac;RtUvkMNt;sBaa[va . eTaHbICakareRCIserIsmanlkNbuKlkeday EtkarkMNt;

rcnasm<nbITMhMkGacnwgrgm:Um:g;rmYl EdlmYlGgt;CMuvijGkSbeNayrbs;va.
karkMNt;sBaaenHnwgpl;PaBgayRsYlsRmab;kfaxN 4-2 nig 4-3 EdleyIgnwgbgaj V nig M CaGnuKmn_eTAnwg x rYceyIg
nwgKUrdaRkamnGnuKmn_enH. karkMNt;sBaamanlkNRsedognwgkarkMNt;[TisedA x mansBaabUkenAeBlvamanTisedA
eTAsaM nigTisedAeLIgelIsRmab; y enAeBlEdleyIgKUrdaRkamnGnuKmn_ y=f(x).
*

Internal loading developed in structural members

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NPIC

sBaaenATIenHRtUv)anvisVkreRKOgbgMTTYlsal;CaTUeTA ehIyvaRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-1a. enA

elIpxageqVgdrbs;Ggt;Edlkat;kmaMgEkg N manGMeBIeTAsaM kmaMgkat; V manGMeBIcuHeRkam ehIy
m:Um:g;Bt;eFVIGMeBIbRBaas;RTnicnaLika. eyagtamc,ab;TIbIrbs;jtun muxkat;xagsaMdrbs;Ggt;nwgrg
kmaMgEkg kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;EdlmanTMhMb:unKa EtTisedApyKa. viFIEdlgayRsYlkgkarcgcaM
karkMNt;sBaaTaMgenHKWpac;Ggt;CakMNt;dtUc ehIycMNaMfakmaMgEkgviCmanKWTajkMNat;Ggt; rUbTI
4-1b kmaMgkat;viCmanKWeFVI[Ggt;vilRsbTisRTnicnaLika rUbTI 4-1c ehIym:Um:g;Bt;viCman
KWBt;kMNat;Ggt;ekageLIgelIdUcfk;Twk rUbTI 4-1d.

dMeNIrkarkgkarviPaK (Procedure for analysis)

CMhanxageRkamenHpl;nUvmeFa)aysRmab;karGnuvtviFImuxkat;edIm,IkMNt;kmaMgEkg kmaMg
kat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;TItaMgCak;lak;enAkgGgt;eRKOgbgM.

kmaMgRbtikmTRm (Support reactions)

muxnwgkat;Ggt; eKcaM)ac;RtUvkMNt;RbtikmTRmrbs;Ggt;edIm,I[eKGaceRbIEtsmIkarlMnwg
edIm,IedaHRsayrkmaMgkgenAeBlEdlGgt;RtUv)ankat;.
RbsinebIGgt;mantMNsnak; eKGackMNt;klaMgRbtikmsnak;edayeRbIviFIenAkgkfaxN 2-5.

daRkamGgesrI (Free-body diagram)

rkSabnkBRgay m:Um:g; nigkmaMgTaMgGs;EdlmanGMeBIenAelIGgt;[enATItaMgdEdl bnab;mk

kat;Ggt;[EkgnwgGkSrbs;Ggt;enARtg;cMNucEdleKRtUvkarkMNt;bnkxagkg.
eRkayBIkat;Ggt;ehIy KUrdaRkamGgesrIrbs;kMNat;Ggt;EdlmancMnYnbnkticCageK. enA
Rtg;muxkat;bgajersultg;EdlCaGBaat N / V nig M EdlmanGMeBItamTisedAviCman rUbTI
4-1a.

smIkarlMnwg (Equation of Equilibrium)

eKKYreFVIplbUkm:Um:g;enARtg;muxkat;CMuvijGkSEdlkat;tamTIRbCMuTmn;rbs;pmuxkat;rbs;Ggt;
edIm,IlubbM)at;GBaat N nig V ehIyeKnwgTTYl)andMeNaHRsaysRmab; N edaypal;.
RbsinebIdMeNaHRsaynsmIkarlMnwgEdlTTYl)anCaTMhMGviCman enaHTisedArbs;kmaMgKW
pyeTAnwgGIVEdl)anbgajenAkgdaRkamGgesrI.

bnkxagkgEdlekItmanenAkgGgt;eRKOgbgM

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]TahrN_ 4-1 kMNt;kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;EdlmanGMeBIenAkgFwmkugsul (cantilever beam)

EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-2a enARtg;muxkat;Edlkat;Rtg;cMNuc C nig D .

dMeNaHRsay

daRkamGgesrI RbsinebIeyIgBicarNadaRkamGgesrIrbs;kMNat;Ggt;EdlenAxagsaMdrbs;Ggt;
enaHeKmincaM)ac;KNnakmaMgRbtikmTRmenARtg;cMNuc A eT. daRkamsRmab;kMNat;Ggt; CB nig DB
RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI4-2b nig4-2c. cMNaMfabnkxagkgsnt;eFVIGMeBItamTisviCman.
smIkarlMnwg
kMNat; CB / rUbTI 4-2b/
+ Fy = 0

VC 5 5 5 = 0
VC = 15kN
M C 5(1) 5(2 ) 5(3) 20 = 0

+ MC = 0

M C = 50kN .m

kMNat; DB / rUbTI 4-2c/

+ Fy = 0

VD 5 5 5 = 0
VD = 20kN

+ MD = 0

M D 5(1) 5(2 ) 5(3) 20 = 0

M D = 50kN .m

]TahrN_enHbgajvakmaMgkat;mantmxusKaenARtg;pmuxkat; TaMgsgxagEdlrgkmaMgcMcMNuc
xNEdlm:Um:g;Bt;mantmdUcKa. dUcenHeKRtUvkMNt;kmaMgkat;cMnYnBIrenARtg;muxkat;rgkmaMgcMcMNuc.

Internal loading developed in structural members

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NPIC

]TahrN_ 4-2 kMNt;kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;EdlmanGMeBIenARtg;muxkat;Edlkat;Rtg;cMNuc C enA

kgFwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-3a.

dMeNaHRsay

RbtikmTRm edayCMnYsbnkBRgayedaykmaMgpbrbs;va nigedayKNnaRbtikmTRm enaHeyIgTTYl

lTpldUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-3b.
daRkamGgesrI
eyIgnwgBicarNakMNat;Ggt; AC edaysareyIgGacTTYl)an
dMeNaHRsayy:aggayRsYl rUbTI 4-3c. eyIgGacKNna
GaMgtg;sIuetbnkBRgayenARtg;cMNuc C edaysmamaRtdUc
xageRkam
wC = (2m / 6m )(45kN / m ) = 15kN / m

smIkarlMnwg
+ Fy = 0
+ MC = 0

45 15 VC = 0

VC = 30kN

45(2 ) + 15(0.667 ) + M C = 0

M C = 80kN .m

]TahrN_enHbgajBIsarsMxan;kgkarrkSabnkBRgay[enAelIFwmrhUtdl;eRkayeBlEdlFwm
RtUv)ankat;. RbsinebIFwmenARtg;rUbTI 4-3b RtUv)ankat;enARtg;cMNuc C enaH\TiBlrbs;bnkBRgay
enAelIkMNat;Ggt; AC nwgminRtUv)anKit ehIylTplVC = 45kN nig M C = 90kN .m EdlTTYl)an
nwgxus.

]TahrN_ 4-3 kmaMg 45kN enAkgrUbTI 4-4a RtVv)anRTedaykRmal DE EdleKRkalvaenAelI

rnUt edayTRmsamBa. rnUtenHeprbnkrbs;vaeTAFwmTRmsamBa AB . kMNt;kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Edl

eFVIGMeBIenARtg;cMNuc C enAkgFwm.
bnkxagkgEdlekItmanenAkgGgt;eRKOgbgM

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNaHRsay

RbtikmTRm lMnwgrbs;kRmalrnUt nwgFwmRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-4b. eyIgKYrEtRtYtBinitlTplTaMgenH.

daRkamGgesrI eKeRbIdaRkamGgesrIrbs;kMNat;Ggt; AC rbs;Fwm edaysareKGacTTYl)an
dMeNaHRsayy:agsamBabMput rUbTI 4-4c.
smIkarlMnwg
+ Fy = 0

+ MC = 0

18.75 30 Vc = 0

VC = 11.25kN

18.75(3.75) + 30(0.75) + M C = 0

M C = 47.8kN .m

$>@> GnuKmn_kmaMgkat; nigGnuKmn_m:Um:g; (Shear and Moment Functions)

karsikSaKNnaFwmTamTarcMeNHdwglMGitBIbERmbRmYlkmaMgkat;V nigbERmbRmYlm:Um:g; M
EdlmanGMeBIenARtg;cMNucnImYytambeNayGkSrbs;Fwm. CaTUeTA kmaMgEkgminRtUv)anBicarNa
edaymUlehtuBIr 1 enAkgkrNICaeRcIn bnkEdlmanGMeBIeTAelIFwmeRcInEtEkgeTAnwgGkSrbs;Fwm
dUcenHehIyvanwgbegIt)anEtkmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;b:ueNaH nig2 sRmab;eKalbMNgnkarsikSa
KNnaersIusg;rbs;FwmTb;Tl;nwgkmaMgkat; nigCaBiessTb;Tl;nwgkmaMgkat;mansarsMxan;CaglTPaBrbs;FwmkgkarTb;Tl;nwgkmaMgEkg. b:uEnkmaMgEkgRtUv)anBicarNa enAeBlFwmrgkmaMgsgt;tam
GkSedaysareKRtUveFVIkarGegtelI buckling bGsirPaBEdlGacekItman.
eKGacTTYl)anbERmbRmYlrbs; V nig M CaGnuKmn_eTAnwgTItaMg x rbs;cMNucNamYytam
beNayFwmedayeRbIviFImuxkat;Edl)anerobrab;enAkgkfaxN 4-1. b:uEnenATIenH eKcaM)ac;kat;FwmenA
Internal loading developed in structural members

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NPIC

Rtg;TI taMg x NamYyBIcugmagrbs;FwmRbesIrCakat;enARtg;Cak;ElkNamYy.

CaTUeTA GnuKmn_kmaMgkat; nigGnuKmn_m:Um:g;CaGnuKmn_dac; bkCRmal (slope) rbs;vaCaCRmal
dac;enARtg;cMNucNaEdlRbePT bTMhMrbs;bnkBRgaypas;br benARtg;kEngNaEdlmankmaMgcMcMNuc
bm:Um:g; (couple moment) eFVIGMeBI. edaysarmUlehtuenH eKRtUvkMNt;GnuKmn_kmaMgkat; nigGnuKmn_
m:Um:g;eTAtamtMbn;rbs;FwmEdlmanTItaMgenAcenaHPaBdac;nbnkBIr. ]TahrN_ eKeRbIkUGredaen x1 /
x2 nig x3 edIm,IBNnabERmbRmYlrbs; V nig M elIRbEvgrbs;FwmenAkgrUbTI 4-5a. kUGredaenHTaMg
enH mannyEtenAkgtMbn;BI A eTA B sRmab; x1 / BI B eTA C sRmab; x2 nigBI C eTA D sRmab; x3 .
eTaHbICakUGredaenrbs;vaenATIenHmaneKaldUcKakeday kvaKanbBaaEdr. b:uEnvaCakargayRsYlCag
kgkarbegItGnuKmn_kmaMgkat; nigGnuKmn_m:Um:g;edayeRbIkUGredaen x1 / x2 nig x3 EdlmaneKalenA
Rtg;cMNuc A / B nig D dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-5b. enATIenH x1 nig x2 viCmaneTAsaM ehIy x3 viCman
eTAeqVg.

dMeNIrkarkgkarviPaK (Procedure for analysis)

CMhanxageRkampl;nUvviFIsRmab;kMNt;bERmbRmYlkmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;enAkgFwmCaGnuKmn_eTA
nwgTItaMg x .

RbtikmTRm (Support reactions)

kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRmenAelIFwm nigbMEbkRKb;kmaMgxageRkATaMgGs;[eTACabgMkmaMg Edl

eFVIGMeBIEkg nigRsbeTAnwgGkSrbs;Fwm.

GnuKmn_kmaMgkat; nigGnuKmn_m:Um:g; (Shear and Moment Functions)

kMNt;kUGredaen x EdlmaneKaldac;edayELk nigkUGredaen x EdlmaneKalrYm Edllat

snwgeTAkgtMbn;rbs;FwmEdlenAcenaHkmaMgcMcMNuc nigb cenaHm:Um:g; bEdlmanPaBmin
Cab;nbnBRgay.

bnkxagkgEdlekItmanenAkgGgt;eRKOgbgM

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

kat;FwmEkgeTAnwgGkSrbs;vaenARtg;cMgay x nImYy nigBIdaRkamGgesrInkMNat;Ggt;mYy

kMNt;GBaat V nig M enARtg;muxkat;CaGnuKmn_n x . enAelIdaRkamGgesrI eyIgeXIjfa
V nig M kgTisedAviCmanrbs;vaEdleKarBtamkarkMNt;sBaaEdl[enAkgrUbTI 4-1.
eKTTYl)anV BI Fy = 0 ehIyeKTTYl)an M edayeFVIplbUkm:Um:g;Rtg;cMNuc S Edlman
TItaMgenARtg;muxkat;/ M S = 0 .
eKGacepgpat;lTpledaycMNaMfa dM / dx = V nig dV / dx = w . TMnak;TMngenHnwgbk
RsayenAkgkfaxN 4-3.

]TahrN_ 4-4 kMNt;kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;enAkgFwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-6a CaGnuKmn_n x .

dMeNaHRsay

RbtikmTRm sRmab;eKalbMNgnkarKNnaRbtikmTRm eKRtUvCMnYsbnkBRgayedaykmaMgpb

135kN rUbTI 4-6b. b:uEneKcaM)ac;RtUvcaMfabnkpbminEmnCabnkCak;EsgenAelIFwmeT.
GnuKmn_kmaMgkat; nigGnuKmn_m:Um:g; daRkamGgesrInkMNat;FwmRbEvg x RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI
4-6c. cMNaMfa eKkMNt;GaMgtg;sIuetrbs;bnkRtIekaNenARtg;muxkat;edaysmamaRt Edl w / x =
10 / 3 b w = 10 x / 3 . CamYynwgkarsal;bnkGaMgtg;sIuet eKGackMNt;kmaMgpbnbnkBRgayenA
kgrebobFmtaRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUb. dUcenH
+ Fy = 0

1 10 x
135
x V = 0
2 3

Internal loading developed in structural members

V = 135 1.667 x 2

T.Chhay -115

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+ MS = 0

NPIC

1 10 x x
810 135 x +
x M = 0
2 3 3
10 x
dV / dx =
=w
3

cMNaMfa dM / dx = V nig

M = 810 + 135 x 0.556 x 3

EdlsRmab;karRtYtBinitlTpl.

]TahrN_ 4-5 kMNt;kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;enAkgFwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-7a CaGnuKmn_n x .

dMeNaHRsay

kmaMgRbtikmTRm kmaMgRbtiikmenARtg;TRmbgb;KW V = 480kN nig M = 2274kN .m rUbTI 4-7b.

GnuKmn_kmaMgkat; nigGnuKmn_m:Um:g; edaysarvamanPaBminCab;nbnkBRgayenARtg; x = 3.6m eK
RtUvBicarNatMbn;BIrn x edIm,IBiBNnaGnuKmn_kmaMgkat; nigGnuKmn_m:Um:g;sRmab;FwmTaMgmUl. enATIenH
x1 sRmab;RbEvg 3.6m xageqVg nigeKGaceRbI x2 sRmab;kMNat;Ggt;EdlenAsl;.
sRmab; 0 x1 3.6m cMNaMfa V nig M EdleXIjenAkgrUbTI 4-7c manTisedAviCman
+ Fy = 0

+ MS = 0

480 50 x1 V = 0

V = 480 50 x1

x
2274 480 x1 + 50 x1 1 + M = 0
2

M = 2274 + 480 x1 25 x12

sRmab; 3.6m x2 6m / rUbTI 4-7d

+ Fy = 0

+ MS = 0

480 180 V = 0

V = 300

2274 480 x 2 + 180(x2 1.8) + M = 0

M = 300 x 2 1950

eKGacRtYtBinitlTplenHedaycMNaMfaenAeBl x2 = 6m enaH V = 300kN nig M = 150kN .m .

ehIycMNaMfa dM / dx = V nig dV / dx = w .
bnkxagkgEdlekItmanenAkgGgt;eRKOgbgM

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

]TahrN_ 4-6 kMNt;kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;enAkgFwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-8a CaGnuKmn_n x .

dMeNaHRsay

kmaMgRbtikmTRm edIm,IkMNt;RbtikmTRm eKEbgEckbnkBRgayCabnkRtIekaN nigbnkctuekaN

ehIyeKCMnYsbnkTaMgenHedaykmaMgpbrbs;va. kmaMgRbtikmRtUv)anKNna nigbgajenAelIdaRkam
GgesrIrbs;Fwm rUbTI 4-8b.

GnuKmn_kmaMgkat; nigGnuKmn_m:Um:g; daRkamGgesrIrbs;kMNat;Ggt;Edlkat;RtUv)anbgajenAkg

rUbTI 4-8c. dUceXIjkgrUbxagelI eyIgCMnYsbnkctuekaNBayedaybnkBRgayctuekaN nigbnk
BRgayRtIekaN. cMNaMfa eKGackMNt;GaMgtg;sIuetbnkBRgayRtIekaNenARtg;muxkat;edaysmamaRt. kmaMgpbnbnkBRgaynImYy nigTItaMgrbs;vaRtUv)anbgaj. edayGnuvtsmIkarlMnwg
eyIgman
+ Fy = 0

+ MS = 0

1
x
75 10 x (20) x V = 0
9
2
x 1
x x
75 x + (10 x ) + (20) x + M = 0
2 2
9 3

V = 75 10 x 1.11x 2
M = 75 x 5 x 2 0.370 x 3

$>#> daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;sRmab;Fwm

(Shear and Moment Diagram for beams)

RbsinebIeKKUrbERmbRmYlrbs; V nig M CaGnuKmn_n x EdlTTYl)anenAkgkfaxN 4-2 enaH

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NPIC

eK[eQaHvaCadaRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamGgesrI erogKa. enAeBlEdlFwmrgkmaMgbnkcMcMNuc

m:Um:g; nigbnkBRgayeRcIn karsg;daRkam V nig M eFobnwg x manlkNsKsaj edaysareKRtUv
karsg;daRkamedayeRbIGnuKmn_eRcIn. enAkgkfaxNenH eyIgnwgerobrab;BIviFIdsamBa viFIEdlQr
elITMnak;TMngDIepr:g;EslEdlekItmanrvagbnk kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g; edIm,Isg;daRkamTaMgenH.

edIm,IbegItTMnak;TMngTaMgenH eKRtUvBicarNaFwmenAkgrUbTI 4-9a EdlrgnUvbnkBRgay W =

w(x ) nigesrInbnkcMcMNuc nigm:Um:g;. sRmab;karerobrab;xageRkamenH eKKitfabnkBRgayviCmanenA
eBlbnkeFVIGMeBIeLIgelIdUcbgaj. eyIgnwgBicarNadaRkamGgesrIsRmab;kMNat;Ggt;tUcrbs;Fwm
EdlmanRbEvg x rUbTI 4-9b. edaysar eKeRCIserIskMNat;Ggt;enHenARtg;cMNuc x tambeNay
FwmEdlminrgkmaMgcMcMNuc bm:Um:g; eKnwgTTYl)anlTplelIkMNat;EdlminrgkmaMgcMcMNuc bm:Um:g;.
eK snt;[kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;EdlbgajenAelIdaRkamGgesrImanGMeBItamTisviCmanEdlGaRsy
eTAtamkarkMNt;sBaa rUbTI 4-1. cMNaMfa TaMgkmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;EdleFVIGMeBIenAelIpxagsaMekIn
eLIgedaytmtictYc edIm,IrkSalMnwgrbs;kMNat;Ggt;enH. eKCMnYsbnkBRgayedaykmaMgcMcMNuc
w(x )x EdleFVIGMeBIenAelIcMgay (x ) BIcugxagsaM Edl 0 < < 1 Ca]TahrN_ RbsinebI w(x ) Ca
bnkBRgay bbnkefr enaH w(x )x nigekItmanenARtg; 12 x dUcenH = 12 . edayGnuvtsmIkar
lMnwg eyIg)an
+ Fy = 0

+ MS = 0

V + w(x )x (V + V ) = 0

V = w(x )x

Vx M w( x )x (x ) + (M + M ) = 0
M = Vx + w(x ) (x )2

edayEcksmIkarTaMgBIrxagelIeday x ehIy[lImItn x 0 enaHsmIkarTaMgenHnwgkayCa

dV
= w(x )
dx

bnkxagkgEdlekItmanenAkgGgt;eRKOgbgM

(4-1)

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

CRmalrbs;daRkamkmaMgkat; = GaMgtg;sIurbs;bnkBRgay
dM
=V
dx

(4-2)

V = w(x )dx

(4-3)

M = V ( x )dx

(4-4)

CRmalrbs;daRkamm:Um:g;Bt; = GaMgtg;sIurbs;bnkBRgay
eKRtUveFVIkarkt;cMNaMfa smIkar 4-1 bgajBIPaBesIKanCRmalrbs;daRkamkmaMgkat; (dV / dx ) nig
GaMgtg;sIuetrbs;bnkBRgay w(x ) . dUcKa smIkar 4-2 bgajfaCRmalrbs;daRkamm:Um:g; (dM / dx )
esInwgGaMgtg;sIuetrbs;kmaMgkat;.
eKGaceFVIGaMgetRkalsmIkar 4-1 nig 4-2 BIcMNucmYyeTAcMNucmYyeTotrvagbnkcMcMNuc
bm:Um:g; dUcCa BIcMNuc B eTAcMNuc C enAkgrUbTI 4-9a EdlenAkgkrNIenH
bERmbRmYlkmaMgkat; = RkLapndaRkambnkBRgay
nig

bERmbRmYlm:Um:g;Bt; = RkLapndaRkamkmaMgkat;
eKRtUveFVIkarkt;cMNaMfa smIkar 4-3 bgajBIPaBesIKanbERmbRmYlkmaMgkat;rvagBIrcMNucCamYynwg
RkLapndaRkambnkBRgayrvagcMNucenaH. dUcKa smIkar 4-4 bgajfabERmbRmYlm:Um:g;Bt;rvag
BIrcMNucesInwgRkLapndaRkamkmaMgkat;enAcenaHcMNucenaH. RbsinebIeKgayRsYlKNnaRkLap
rbs;daRkambnk nigdaRkamkmaMgkat; enaHsmIkar 4-3 nig4-4 pl;nUvviFIsRmab;kMNt;tmrbs;
kmaMgkat; nig m:Um:g;Bt;CatmelxenARtg;cMNucepSgenAtambeNayFwm.

eyIgRtUvcMNaMfa eKminGaceRbIsmIkar 4-1 nig 4-3 sRmab;bnkcMcMNuceT edaysarsmIkarTaMg

enH min)anKitBIbERmbRmYlkmaMgkat;PamenARtg;cMNucTaMgenH. dUcKa edaysarPaBminCab;rbs;m:Um:g;
eKminGaceRbIsmIkar 4-2 nig 4-4 enARtg;cMNucEdlrgGMeBIm:Um:g;eT. edIm,IKitkrNITaMgBIrenH eKRtUv
BicarNadaRkamGgesrIrbs;FatuGnntUcrbs;FwmenAkgrUbTI 4-9a EdlmanTItaMgenARtg;kEngEdlbnk
cMcMNuc nigm:Um:g;manGMeBI. ]TahrN_nFatuenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-10a nig 4-10b erogKa. BI
rUbTI 4-10a eKeXIjfasmIkarlMnwgkmaMgTamTar[bERmbRmYlkmaMgkat;kayCa
Internal loading developed in structural members

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+ Fy = 0

NPIC

V = F

(4-5)

dUcenH enAeBlEdl F eFVIGMeBIedaymanTisedAcuHeRkammkelIFwm enaH V GviCman dUcenHdaRkam

kmaMgkat;manTiscueRkam. dUcKa RbsinebI F manTisedAeLIgelI enaH V nwgeLIgelI. BIrUbTI 4-10b
edayyk x 0 smIkarlMnwgm:Um:g;Bt;TamTar[bERmbRmYlm:Um:g;kayCa
+ MO = 0

M = M '

(4-6)

enAkgkrNIenH RbsinebIm:Um:g;xageRkA M ' manGMeBIRsbTisRTnicnaLika enaH M viCman dUcenH

daRkammanTiseLIgelI ehIyenAeBl M ' eFVIGMeBIRcasTisRTnicnaLika enaH M RtUvEtmanTiscuH
eRkam.

tarag 4-1 bgajBIkarGnuvtnsmIkar 4-1, 4-2, 4-5, nig 4-6 eTAelIkrNIbnkFmtaeday

snt;fa V nig M enAEtrkSatmviCman. CRmalenARtg;cMNucepSgenAlIExSekagnImYyRtUv)anbgaj.
bnkxagkgEdlekItmanenAkgGgt;eRKOgbgM

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

eKmincaM)ac;cgcaMlTplTaMgenHeT EteKRtUvsikSa[)anht;ct;dUcenHeKGacyl;BIrebobsg;daRkam
kmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;edayEpkelIkaryl;dwgBIbERmbRmYlnCRmalBIdaRkambnk nigda
RkamkmaMgkat; erogKa.

dMeNIrkarkgkarviPaK (Procedure for analysis)

CMhanxageRkampl;nUvviFIsRmab;sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Fwm edayeRbI
smIkar 4-1 rhUtdl; 4-6.

kmaMgRbtikmTRm (Support Reactions)

kMNt;RbtikmTRm nigbMEbkkmaMgEdleFVIGMeBIenAelIFwmCabgMkmaMgEdlEkg nigRsbeTAnwg

GkSrbs;Fwm.

daRkamkmaMgkat; (Shear diagram)

begItGkSV nig x ehIybgajtmrbs;kmaMgkat;enAcugTaMgBIrrbs;Fwm.

edaysar dV / dx = w enaHCRmalrbs;daRkamkmaMgkat;enARKb;cMNucesInwgGaMgtg;sIuet
rbs;bnkBRgayenARtg;cMNucenH. cMNaMfa w vICmanenAeBlEdlvaeFVIGMeBIeLIgelI.
RbsinebIeKkMNt;tmCaelxrbs;kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc eKGackMNt;tmenHedayeRbIviFImux
kat;Edlerobrab;enAkgkfaxN 4-1 bedaysmIkar 4-3 EdlbgajfabERmbRmYlkmaMgkat;
esInwgRkLapdaRkambnkBRgay.
edaysareKeFVIGaMgetRkaleTAelI w(x ) edIm,ITTYl)anV enaHRbsinebI w(x ) CaExSekagdWeRkTI
n enaH V ( x ) nwgkayCaExSekagdWeRkTI n + 1 . Ca]TahrN_ RbsinebI w(x ) BRgayesI enaH V (x )
CaExSekagbnat;.

daRkamm:Um:g;Bt; (Moment diagram)

begItGkS M nig x ehIybgajtmrbs;m:Um:g;enAcugTaMgBIrrbs;Fwm.
edaysar dM / dx = V enaHCRmalrbs;daRkamm:Um:g;enARKb;cMNucesInwgGaMgtg;sIuetrbs;
kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNucenH.
enARtg;cMNucEdlkmaMgkat;esIsUn dM / dx = 0 dUcenHvaCacMNucm:Um:g;Gtibrma b
Gb,brma.
RbsinebIeKkMNt;tmCaelxrbs;m:Um:g;enARtg;cMNuc eKGackMNt;tmenHedayeRbIviFImuxkat;
Edlerobrab;enAkgkfaxN 4-1 bedaysmIkar 4-4 EdlbgajfabERmbRmYlm:Um:g;esInwg

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NPIC

RkLapdaRkamkmaMgkat;.
edaysareKeFVIGaMgetRkaleTAelI V (x ) edIm,ITTYl)an M enaHRbsinebI V (x ) CaExSekagdWeRkTI
n enaH M (x ) nwgkayCaExSekagdWeRkTI n + 1 . Ca]TahrN_ RbsinebI V (x ) CaExSekagbnat; enaH
M ( x ) CaExSekag)a:ra:bUl.

]TahrN_ 4-7 KUrdaRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;FwmenAkgrUbTI 4-11a.

dMeNaHRsay

kmaMgRbtikmTRm
kmaMgRbtikmRtUv)anbgajenAelIdaRkamGgesrIrbs;Fwm
rUbTI 4-11b.
daRkamkmaMgkat; dMbUgsg;kmaMgkat;enAcMNuccug x = 0 /
V = +30kN nig x = 9m / V = 60kN .
edaysarbnk w GviCman ehIyekIneLIgCalkNbnat;
enaHCRmalrbs;daRkamkmaMgkat;ekIneLIglkNbnat;
EttmfycuH dV / dx = w .
eKRtUvkMNt;cMNucEdlkmaMgkat;esIsUnedayeRbI
viFImuxkat;BIkMNat;FwmelIRbEvg x rUbTI 4-11e. eyIg
TamTar[ V = 0 dUcenH
+ Fy = 0

1 x
30 20 x = 0
2 9
x = 5.20m

daRkamm:Um:g; BIdaRkamkmaMgkat; rUbTI 4-11c

sRmab; 0 < x < 5.20m tmrbs;kmaMgkat;viCmanb:uEnfy
cuH dUcenHCRmalrbs;daRkamm:Um:g; M (x ) fycuH Ettmrbs;vaekIneLIg dM / dx = V . enARtg;
cMNuc x = 5.20m / dM / dx = 0 . dUcKasRmab; 5.20m < x < 9m kmaMgkat; nigCRmalrbs;daRkam
bnkxagkgEdlekItmanenAkgGgt;eRKOgbgM

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

m:Um:g;ekIneLIg Ettmrbs;m:Um:g;fycuH. tmGtibrmarbs;m:Um:g;KWenARtg; x = 5.20m edaysar

dM / dx = V = 0 enARtg;cMNucenH rUbTI 4-11d. BIdaRkamGgesrIenAkgrUbTI 4-11e enaH
+ MS = 0

1 5.20
5.20
30(5.20 ) + 20
+M =0
(5.20)
2 9
3

M = 104kN .m

]TahrN_ 4-8 KUrdaRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;FwmenAkgrUbTI 4-12.

dMeNaHRsay

RbtikmTRm RbtikmTRmRtUv)anKNna nigbgajenAelI

daRkamGgesrIrbs;FwmnImYy.
daRkamkmaMgkat; BIkarkMNt;sBaa rUbTI 4-1 dMbUg
eKRtUvbgajkmaMgkat;enAxagcugrbs;FwmnImYy. eday
sar dV / dx = w eKGackMNt;CRmalrbs;daRkamkmaMg
kat;rvagcMNuccugTaMgBIr ehIyeKGacKUrdaRkamV GaRsy
nwg x )an.
daRkamm:Um:g; BIkarkMNt;sBaamgeTot rUbTI 4-1 dMbUg
eyIgRtUvbgajm:Um:g;enAcugnImYyrbs;Fwm. edaysar
dM / dx = V eKGackMNt;CRmalrbs;daRkamm:Um:g;rvagcMNuc
TaMgenH ehIyeKGacKUrdaRkam M GaRsynwg x )an.

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NPIC

]TahrN_ 4-9 KUrdaRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;FwmenAkgrUbTI 4-13a.

dMeNaHRsay

RbtikmTRm RbtikmTRmRtUv)anKNna nigbgajenAelIdaRkamGgesrIrbs;FwmnImYy.

daRkamkmaMgkat; eKRtUvbgajtmrbs;kmaMgkat;
enARtg;cug A V A = 0.5kN ehIyRtg;cMNuc B
VB = 0.25kN . enARtg;cMNuckNalrvag A nig C
CRmalrbs;daRkamkmaMgkat;KWsUnedaysar dV / dx
= w = 0 . dUcenHkmaMgkat;enAEtrkSatm 0.5kN rbs;
vadEdlenAkgtMbn;enH. enARtg;cMNuc C daRkamkmaMg
kat;manlkNdac; minCab;edaysarkmaMgcMcMNucxag
eRkA 3kN enATIenaH. eKGacrktmrbs;kmaMgkat;enAxag
saMcMNuc C Etbnic edaykat;FwmenARtg;cMNucenaH. da
RkamGgesrIrbs;vaRtUv)anbgajkgsanPaBlMnwgkgrUbTI
4-13e. cMNucenH V = 2.5kN RtUv)anbgajenA
elIdaRkamkmaMgkat;. dUcelIkmun w = 0 BI C eTA B
dUcenHCRmal dV / dx = 0 . daRkambBab;edaytm
2.5kN enARtg;cMNuc B dUcbgaj. cMNaMfa vaminman
PaBdac;nkmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc D EdlCacMNucm:Um:g;
6kN .m manGMeBI rUbTI 4-13b.
eKKYrkt;cMNaMfa eKGacsg;daRkamkmaMgkat;
y:agelOnedayGnuvttamdaRkambnkrbs;daRkamGg
esrI rUbTI 4-13b. edaycab;epImBIcMNuc A CamYy
nwgkmaMg 0.5kN manGMeBIeLIgelI dUcenHV A = +0.5kN .
edayKanbnkeFVIGMeBIenAcenaH A nig C dUcenHkmaMgkat;
enArkSatmefr. enARtg;cMNuc C kmaMg 3kN manGMeBI
edayTisedAcuHeRkam dUcenHkmaMgkat;RtUvcuHeRkam 3kN BI 0.5kN mk 2.5kN . mgeTot kmaMg
kat;efr KanbnkxageRkA ehIybBab;enARtg;cMNuc B CamYynwg 2.5kN ehIycugeRkaydaRkam
enHbiTedayvart;BI 2.5kN eTAsUnenARtg;cMNuc B TisedAeLIgelI.
bnkxagkgEdlekItmanenAkgGgt;eRKOgbgM

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

daRkamm:Um:g;Bt; m:Um:g;Bt;enAcugsgxagrbs;FwmKWsUn rUbTI 4-13d. CRmalrbs;daRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;BI A eTA C mantmefredaysar dM / dx = V = +0.5 . eKGackMNt;tmrbs;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;
cMNuc C edayviFImuxkat; rUbTI 4-13e bedaykMNt;RkLaprbs;daRkamkmaMgkat;rvagcMNuc A
nig C . edaysar M A = 0
M AC = M C 0 = (0.5kN )(0.3m )
M C = 1.5kN .m

CRmalBIcMNuc C eTA D KW dM / dx = V = 2.5kN rUbTI 4-13c edaysar M C = 1.5kN .m m:Um:g;

Bt;Rtg;cMNuc D KW
M CD = M D 1.5kN .m = ( 2.5kN .m )(1.5m )
M D = 2.25kN .m

daRkamm:Um:g;RtUv)ankat;pac;Rtg;cMNuc D edaysarm:Um:g; 6kN .m . viFImuxkat; rUbTI 4-13f [tm

m:Um:g;Bt; 3.75kN .m xagsaMcMNuc D Etbnic. BIcMNucenH CRmal dM / dx = 2.5kN enArkSarhUtdl;
daRkamenHbiTCamYynwgtmsUnenARtg;cMNuc B rUbTI 4-13d.

]TahrN_ 4-10 FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbftRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IRTsMy:absRmab;pvcUlGKar. KMrU

m:UEDl rbs;FwmCamYynwgbnkEdlmanGMeBIelIvaRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-14a. KUrdaRkamkmaMg

kat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;sRmab;Fwm.

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NPIC

dMeNaHRsay

RbtikmTRm eKKNnakmaMgRbtikmtamrebobFmta. lTplRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-14b.

daRkamkmaMgkat; dMbUgeKRtUvsg;kmaMgkat;enAxagcugrbs;Fwm rYmmanV A = 0 nig VC = 2.19kN
rUbTI 4-14c. CRmalrbs;daRkamkmaMgkat;GviCmanelIRbEvgFwmTaMgmUl dV / dx = w = 10kN .
edIm,IrkkmaMgkat;enAxageqVgcMNuc B eKeRbIviFImuxkat;sRmab;kMNat;Ggt; AB bkKNnaRkLapbnk
BRgay eBalKW V = VB 0 = 10(0.75) enaH VB = 7.5kN . kmaMgRbtikmeFVI[kmaMgkat;brBI
7.5kN eTA 7.5 + 15.31 = 7.81kN . bnab;mk CRmaldaRkameq<aHeTArk 2.19kN . eKGac
kMNt;cMNucEdlmankmaMgkat;sUnBICRmal 10kN / m btamRtIekaNdUc 7.81/ x = 2.19 /(1 x )
enaHeyIg)an x = 0.781m .
daRkamm:Um:g; dMbUgeKRtUvsg;m:Um:g;enAcugFwm M A = M C = 0 rUbTI 4-14d. karGegtelIdaRkam
kmaMgkat;bgajfadaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;tmGviCman ehIyCRmalrbs;vaekIneLIg. enARtg;cMNuc B ekIt
mankarpas;brCRmalGviCman 7.50 eTACRmalviCman 7.81 . ehIybnab;mkCRmalfycuHeTArk
sUn rUbTI 4-14c nigkayCaGviCmanrhUtdl;CRmalrbs;vamantmesInwg 2.19 . eKGacKNna
tm 2.81 nig 0.239 enAelIdaRkamm:Um:g;edayviFImuxkat; bedayrkRkLapdaRkamkmaMgkat;.
Ca]TahrN_ M = M B 0 = 12 ( 7.50)(0.75) = 2.81 enaH M B = 2.81kN .m . eyIgeFVIdUcKa
edIm,Ibgajfam:Um:g;viCmanGtibrmaKW 0.239kN .m .

]TahrN_ 4-11 KUrdaRkamkmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;sRmab;FwmpSM (compound beam) Edlbgaj

enAkgrUbTI 4-15a. snt;faTRmenARtg; A nig C CaTRmkl; (roller) ehIy B nig E CatMNsnak;.

dMeNaHRsay

RbtikmTRm enAeBlEdleKpac;FwmRtg;snak; B eKGacKNnaRbtikmTRmdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 415b.

daRkamkmaMgkat; CaFmta ehIycab;epImedaykarsg;kmaMgkat;enAxagcugFwmRtg; A nig E rUbTI
bnkxagkgEdlekItmanenAkgGgt;eRKOgbgM

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

4-15c. ExSekagRtUv)anbgajedayeRbIsmIkar dV / dx = w . cMNaMfa CRmalGviCmanefr dV / dx

= 20kN / m BIcMNuc A eTA B / CRmalsUnBIcMNuc B eTAcMNuc C / CRmalGviCmanekIneLIgBIcMNuc
C eTAcMNuc D 0 eTA 30kN / m ehIycugeRkayCRmalGviCmanfycuHBIcMNuc D eTAcMNuc E
30kN / m eTA 0 . sakl,grktmkmaMgkat;edayeRbIRkLapdaRkambnk ExSekag w edIm,I
rkbERmbRmYlkmaMgkat;. eKGacTItaMgkmaMgkat;esIsUn x = 1m edayeRbIRtIekaNdUc bedayeRbI
saTicdUcenAkgrUbTI 4-11e n]TahrN_ 4-7.
daRkamm:Um:g;Bt; dMbUgeKRtUvsg;m:Um:g;enAxagcugFwm M A = 150kN .m nig M E = 0 rUbTI 4-15d.
sikSadaRkam nigcMNaMBIrebobkgkarsg;ExSekagepSgedayeRbI dM / dx = V . epgpat;tmCaelx
sRmab;kMBUlExSekagedayeRbIsaTic bedayKNnaRkLapdaRkamkmaMgkat;edIm,IrkbERmbRmYl
m:Um:g;.

]TahrN_ 4-12 KUrdaRkamkmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;sRmab;FwmnImYyEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-16.

dMeNaHRsay

enAkgkrNInImYy kmaMgRbtikmTRmRtUv)anKNna ehIyRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUb. GnuvttambeckeTs Edlerobrab;enAkg]TahrN_elIkmun daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;RtUv)anbgaj. eKRtUv

eFVIkarkt;cMNaMfadaRkamTaMgenHRtUv)ansg;edayEpkelICRmal nigm:Um:g; Edl dV / dx = w nig
Internal loading developed in structural members

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NPIC

. eKKNnaTMhMrbs;kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;edayeRbIviFImuxkat; bedayrkRkLapda

Rkambnk nigRkLapdaRkamkmaMgkat;.
dM / dx = V

$>$> daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;sRmab;eRKag

(Shear and Moment Diagram for Frames)

rMlwkfaeRKagCarcnasm<nEdlGgt;CaeRcInRtUv)antPab;edaytMNbgb; nigtMNsnak;enAxag
cugrbs;va. karsikSaKNnaBIeRKOgbgMenATamTarkarKUrdaRkamkmagM kat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;
Ggt;nImYy. edIm,IviPaKRKb;cMeNaTTaMgGs; eyIgGaceRbIdMeNIrkarsRmab;karviPaKEdlmanerobrab;
enAkgkfaxN 4-3. dMbUg vaTamTarkarkMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRmeRKag. bnab;mkedayeRbIviFI
muxkat; eyIgGacrkkmaMgtamGkS kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;EdlmanGMeBIenARtg;cugrbs;Ggt;nImYy.
bnkxageRkATaMgGs;RtUv)anbMEbk[eFVIGMeBIEkg nigRsbnwgGkSrbs;Ggt; bnab;mkeKGacKUrdaRkam
kmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Ggt;nImYydUckarerobrab;enAkgkfaxNelIkmun.
enAeBlKUrdaRkamm:Um:g; eKeRcIneRbIkarkMNt;sBaamYykgcMeNamBIrenAkgkarGnuvt. CaTUeTA
RbsinebIeRKagplitBIebtugGarem: GksikSaKNnaniymKUrdaRkamm:Um:g;viCmanenAEpkxagTajrbs;
eRKag. ma:gvijeTot RbsinebIm:Um:g;begItkugRtaMgTajenApxageRkArbs;eRKag. edaysarebtugman
ersIusg;TajtUc enaHeKGacdwgBIEpkEdlRtUvkarEdkBRgwgedayRKan;EteXIjdaRkamm:Um:g;. b:uEnenA
kgesovePAenH eyIgnwgeRbIkarkMNt;sBaapyBIGIVEdlerobrab;xagelI edayeyIgnwgKUrdaRkamm:Um:g;
bUkenAEpkrgkugRtaMgsgt;. karkMNt;sBaaRtUv)anGnuvtsRmab;FwmEdlerobrab;enAkgkfaxN 4-1.
bnkxagkgEdlekItmanenAkgGgt;eRKOgbgM

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

]TahrN_xageRkambgajBIdMeNIrkarGnuvtCaelx.

]TahrN_ 4-13 KUrdaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;sRmab;eRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-17a. snt;TRm B

CaTRmsnak;.

dMeNaHRsay

kmaMgRbtikmTRmRbtikmTRmRtUv)anbgajenAkgdaRkamGgesrIrbs;eRKagTaMgmUl rUbTI 4-17b.

bnab;BIkat;eRKagenHCaBIrGgt; eyIgGackMNt;kmaMgkgenAcugTRmedayeRbIlTplTaMgenH rUbTI 417c. cMNaMfa eKbgajEtbnkxageRkA 25kN enAelIdaRkamGgesrIrbs;tMN C Etb:ueNaH.
daRkamm:Um:g; edayeKarBtamkarkMNt;sBaaEdlmantmviCman nigedayeRbIbeckeTsEdlerobrab;
enAkgkfaxN 4-3 daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Ggt;eRKagRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-17d.

]TahrN_ 4-14 KUrdaRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;eRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-

18a. snt; A CaTRmsnak; C CaTRmkl; ehIy B CatMNbgb; (fixed joint).

dMeNaHRsay

kmaMgRbtikmTRm daRkamGgesrIrbs;eRKagTaMgmUlRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-18b. enATIenH

bnkBRgayEdltMNagedaybnkxl;RtUv)anCMnYsedaykmaMgpbrbs;va ehIyeKKNnakmaMgRbtikm.
Internal loading developed in structural members

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NPIC

bnab;mkeyIgkat;eRKagRtg;tMN B ehIyKNnakmaMgkgenARtg;tMN B rUbTI 4-18c. tamkar

RtYtBinit smIkarlMnwgRtUv)anbMeBjenARtg;tMN B ehIykRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUb.
daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g; bgMkmaMg kMub:Usg;nbnkBRgay (72kN ) /(5m) = 14.4kN / m
ehIy (96kN )/(5m) = 19.2kN / m RtUv)anbgajenAelIGgt; AB rUbTI 4-18d. daRkamkmaMgkat;
nigdaRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Ggt;nImYyRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-18d nig 4-18e.

bnkxagkgEdlekItmanenAkgGgt;eRKOgbgM

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

]TahrN_ 4-15 sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;eRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-

19a. snt; A CaTRmsnak; C CaTRmkl; ehIy B CatMNbgb; (fixed joint). ecalkMras;rbs;Ggt;.

dMeNaHRsay

kmaMgRbtikmTRmenAelIeRKagTaMgmUlRtUv)anKNna nigbgajenAelIdaRkamGgesrIrbs;va rUbTI 419b. BIdaRkamenH eKKUrdaRkamGgesrIrbs;Ggt;nImYy rUbTI 4-19. bgMkmaMgnkmaMgpb

enAelIGgt; BC KW (9kN )cos 45o = (9kN )sin 45o = 6.364kN . dUcenHbgMkmaMgnbnkBRgayelI
Ggt; BC KW 6.364kN / 4.243m = 1.5kN / m dUcbgaj. edayeRbIlTplTaMgenH daRkamkmaMgkat;
nigdaRkamm:Um;g;RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-19c.

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NPIC

$>%> karsg;daRkamm:Um:g;Bt;edayeRbIviFItRmYtpl
(Moment diagrams constructed by the method of superposition)

edaysareKeRbIFwmedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkugRtaMgBt; enaHdMeNaHRsayndaRkamm:Um:g;RtUv)aneKeRbI
CacaM)ac;sRmab;karsikSaKNnamuxkat;rbs;Ggt;. enAkgkfaxN 4-3 eKsg;daRkamm:Um:g;Bt; eday
dMbUgeKRtUvdaRkamkmaMgkat;. b:uEnRbsinebIeyIgeRbIeKalkarN_tRmYtpl enaHeyIgGacKitkmaMgEdl
manGMeBIelIFwmdac;edayELkBIKa bnab;mkeyIgGacsg;daRkamm:Um:g;nGgt;nImYyEdlbNalBI
kmaMgGnuvtn_nImYy. eyIgnwgeXIjBIGtRbeyaCn_rbs;viFIenH enAeBleyIgGnuvtviFIPaBdabeday
FrNImaRt (geometric deflection method) edIm,IkMNt;PaBdabrbs;Fwm nigkmaMgRbtikmenAelIFwm
minkMNt;edaysaTic.

sRmab;karviPaKeRKOgbgM bnkPaKeRcInEdlmanGMeBIenAelIFwmeRcInpSMeLIgedaybnkEdl
bgajenAkgrUbTI 4-20. karsg;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;eFVIkarbUkbBalKamanbgajenAkg]TahrN_
4-8. edIm,Iyl;BIrebobeRbIviFItRmYlplsRmab;sg;daRkamm:Um:g; eyIgniwgBicarNaFwmTRmsamBaenA
xagelI eKbMputnrUbTI 4-21a. enATIenHkmaMgRbtikmRtUv)anKNna dUcenHehIyRbBnkmaMgenAelI
FwmbegIt)ankmaMgpb nigm:Um:g;pbesIsUn. daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;krNIenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbxag
bnkxagkgEdlekItmanenAkgGgt;eRKOgbgM

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

elIeKbMputnrUbTI 4-21b. cMNaMfa eKsg;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Fwmkugsul (cantilevered beam)

enAeBl vargnUvRbBnkmaMgsmmUledaysaTiceTAnwgbnkEdlmanGMeBIelIFwmsamBa. RbesIrCag
karBicarNa bnkTaMgGs;EdlGMeBIelIFwmkgeBlEtmYysRmab;karsg;daRkamm:Um:g; eyIgGaceFVIkar
bUkbBalKanUv lTplnbnknImYyEdlmanGMeBIelIFwmkugsulbIdac;edayELkBIKadUcbgajenAkg
rUbTI 4-21a. dUcenH RbsinebIdaRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;FwmkugsulnImYyRtUv)anKUr rUbTI 4-21b
kareFVItRmytplndaRkamTaMgenHnaM[eyIgTTYl)andaRkamm:Um:g;pbsRmab;FwmTRmsamBa.
Ca]TahrN_ BIdaRkamdac; edayELknImYy m:Um:g;enAxagcug A KW M A = 500 750 + 1250 = 0
dUckarepgpat;edaydaRkam m:Um:g;enAxagelIbMputnrUbTI 4-21b. enAkgkrNIxH karsg;daRkam
m:Um:g;edayeRbIviFItRmytplman lkNgayRsYlCag.

tamrebobdUcKa eyIgGacsMrYlkarsagsg;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;FwmedayeRbIviFItRmytplnFwm
TRmsamBa. Ca]TahrN_ bnkenAelIFwmEdlbgajenAxagelIbMputnrUbTI 4-22a smmUleTAnwgFwm
rgbnkEdlbgajenAxageRkamva. dUcenH eKGaceRbIdaRkamm:Um:g;dac;edayELksRmab;FwmTaMgbI
Internal loading developed in structural members

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NPIC

sRmab; sg;daRkamm:Um:g;rYmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-22b RbesIrCakarsg;daRkamm:Um:g;edayeRbI

bnkCaeRcInmanGMeBIelIFwmEtmYy.

]TahrN_ 4-16 sg;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbxagelIbMputnrUbTI 4-23a

edayviFItRmYtpl. BicarNFwmCaFwmkugsulBITRmenARtg;cMNuc B .

dMeNaHRsay

RbsinebIFwmRtUv)anRTCalkNFwmkugsulenARtg;cMNuc B vaRtUvrgbnksmmUledaysaTicEdl
bgajenAkgrUbTI 4-23a. karbUkbBalKanUvFwmkugsulTaMgbIRtUv)anbgajenAxageRkamva edayrYm
CamYy nwgdaRkamm:Um:g;nFwmnImYykgrUbTI 4-23b. CMnYykgkarsg;daRkamTaMgenH manbgaj
enAkgrUb TI 4-20. eTaHbICamincaM)ac;enATIenHkeday eKKYrKUrdaRkamm:Um:g;nbnksrub. sRmab;kar
Gnuvt sakl,gsg;daRkamenH nigRtYtBinitlTplrbs;va.
bnkxagkgEdlekItmanenAkgGgt;eRKOgbgM

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

]TahrN_ 4-17 sg;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbxagelIbMputnrUbTI 4-24a

edayviFItRmytpl. BicarNFwmCaFwmkugsulBITRmenARtg;cMNuc A .

dMeNaHRsay

karbUkbBalKanFwmkugsulRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-24 rYmCamYynwgdaRkam:Um:g;EdlRtUvKanwg

FwmkugsulEdlrgbnkdac;edayELkBIKaRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-24b. CMnYykgkarKUrdaRkam
TaMgenHmanbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-12. cMNaMfa eKminKitkmaMgRbtikmenARtg;snak;EdlmanTMhM
100.7 kN eT edaysarvamin)anbegItm:Um:g;eT. eKGaceRbIviFIenAkgkfaxN 4-3 edIm,Iepgpat;daRkamm:Um:g;srubEdl[enAkgrUbxagelIeKbMputnrUbTI 4-24b.
Internal loading developed in structural members

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bnkxagkgEdlekItmanenAkgGgt;eRKOgbgM

NPIC

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

cMeNaT
4>1> kMNt;kmaMgkat; kmaMgtamGkS nigm:Um:g;
Bt;enARtg;cMNuc C nig D . snt;faTRmRtg;
cMNuc B CaTRmkl;. cMNuc C EdlmanTItaMg
enAxagsaM bnk 40kN Etbnic.

4>6> kMNt;kmaMgkat; kmaMgtamGkS nigm:Um:g;

Bt;enARtg;cMNuc C nig D . snt;faTRmRtg;
cMNuc A CaTRmkl; nig B CaTRmsnak;.

4>2> KUrdaRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;

sRmab;FwmenAkgcMeNaT 4>1.
4>3> kMNt;kmaMgkat; kmaMgtamGkS nigm:Um:g;
Bt;enAkgFwmRtg;cMNuc B .

4>7> kMNt;kmaMgkat; kmaMgtamGkS nigm:Um:g;

Bt;enARtg;cMNuc C EdlsitenAxagsaMdTRm
kl;Rtg; A . nigRtg;cMNuc D EdlenAxageqVg
bnk 15kN .

4>4> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;FwmenAkgcMeNaT 4>3.
4>5> kMNt;kmaMgkat; kmaMgtamGkS nigm:Um:g;
Bt;enAkgFwmRtg;cMNuc C nig D . snt;TRm B
CaTRmkl;. cMNuc D EdlmanTItaMgenAxag
saMbnk 50kN Etbnic.

4>8> kMNt;kmaMgkat; kmaMgtamGkS nigm:Um:g;

Bt;enAkgFwmRtg;cMNuc B .

Problems

4>9> kMNt;kmaMgkat; kmaMgtamGkS nigm:Um:g;

Bt;enARtg;cMNuc C . snt;faTRmRtg;cMNuc
A Ca TRmsnak; nig B CaTRmkl;.

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4>10> kMNt;kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;enAkgrt

kRmalCaGnuKmn_n x Edl 4m < x < 8m .
snt; faTRmRtg;cMNuc A CaTRmsnak; nig B
CaTRmkl;.

4>11> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;rtkRmalenAkgcMeNaT 4>10.
4>12> kMNt;kmaMgkat; kmaMgtamGkS nig m:Um:g;
Bt;enAkgFwmRtg;cMNuc C nig D . snt; faTRm
Rtg;cMNuc A CaTRmsnak; nig B CaTRmkl;.

4>13> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;FwmenAkgcMeNaT 4>12.
4>14> kMNt;kmaMgkat; kmaMgtamGkS nig
m:Um:g;Bt;enAkgFwmRtg;cMNuc C . snt;faTRm
Rtg;cMNuc A CaTRmsnak; nig B CaTRmkl;.
cMeNaT

NPIC

4>15> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;rtkRmalenAkgcMeNaT 4>14.
4>16> kMNt;kmaMgkat; kmaMgEkg nig m:Um:g;Bt;
enARtg;cMNuc E nig D nFwmpSM.

4>17> RKwHebtugCab;RTssrBIrEdlrgbnk. Rb
sinebIeKsnt;fasm<aFdIxageRkamRKwHBRgayesI
cUrkMNt;GaMgtg;sIuet w rbs;va nigcMgayKMlat
d rbs;ssrenARtg; B . KUrdaRkamkmaMgkat;
nigdaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;rbs;RKwHenH.

4>18> kMNt;kmaMgkat; kmaMgEkg nigm:Um:g;Bt;

enARtg;cMNuc C rbs;Fwm.

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4>19> kMNt;cMgay a rvagTRmCaGnuKmn_n

RbEvg rbs;Fwm L edIm,I[m:Um:g;Bt;esIsUnenA
Rtg;cMNuckNalrbs;Fwm. GaMgtg;sIuetrbs;
bnkBRgayenARtg;kNalFwmKW wo .

4>20> kMNt;kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;enAkgFwmCa

GnuKmn_n x . snt;faTRmRtg;cMNuc B CaTRm
kl;.

4>21> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;FwmenAkgcMeNaT 4>20.
4>22> kMNt;kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;CaGnuKmn_
n x Edl 2m < x < 4m .

4>23> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;FwmenAkgcMeNaT 4>22.
4>24> kMNt;kmaMgkat; kmaMgEkg nigm:Um:g;Bt;
enARtg; (a) cMNuc C EdlsitenAxageqVgTRmkl;
Problems

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

bnic nig(b) cMNuc D EdlsitenAxagsaMbnk

cMNuc 12kN Etbnic. snt;faTRm B CaTRm
snak;.

4>25> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;FwmenAkgcMeNaT 4>24.
4>26> kMNt;kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;enAkgFwmCa
GnuKmn_n x .

4>27> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;Fwm.

4>28> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;Fwmkugsul.

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NPIC

TRmsnak;. kRmalRtUv)anRTedayTRmsamBa
enAelIrnUtRtg; C / D / E / F nig G .
4>29> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;
Bt;sRmab;Fwm nigkMNt;kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;
enAkgFwmCaGnuKmn_n x .

4>33> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;rtkRmalenAkgcMeNaT 4>32.
4>34> kMNt;kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;enAkgFwmCa
GnuKmn_n x .

4>30> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;Fwm nigkMNt;kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;
enAkgFwmCaGnuKmn_n x .

4>31> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;Fwmkugsul.

4>32> kMNt;kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;enAkgrt

kRmalCaGnuKmn_ n x Edl1m < x < 2m .
snt;faTRmenARtg;cMNuc A CaTRmkl; nig B Ca
cMeNaT

4>35> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;FwmkugsulenAkgcMeNaT 4>34.
4>36> kMNt;kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;enAkgFwm
kugsulsc (tapered cantilever beam) Ca
GnuKmn_n x .

4>37> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;FwmkugsulenAkgcMeNaT 4>36.
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4>38> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;Fwm ehIykMNt;kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;
enAkgFwmCaGnuKmn_n x .

4>39> eKeRbIrts<an (pier) ebtugGarem:edIm,IRT

FwmsRmab;RTkRmals<an. sg;daRkamkmaMg
kat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;rts<anenAeBlvarg
bnkBIFwmdUcbgaj. snt;ssrenARtg;cMNuc A
nig B GnuvtEtkmaMgRbtikmbBareTAelIrt
enaH.

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

4>41> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;Fwm.

4>42> kMNt;kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;enAkgFwm

CaGnuKmn_n x nigsg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nig
daRkamm:Um:g;Bt;sRmab;Fwm.

4>43> Fwmrgm:Um:g;BRgayesI
m m:Um:g; / RbEvg. sg;daRkamkmaMgkat;
nigdaRkamm:Um:g;Bt; sRmab;Fwm.

4>44> RbBnkRmalsRmab;GKarmYypSMeLIg
4>40> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g; eday rtEdlRTrnUtTTwg ehIyrnUtenaHRT
Bt;sRmab;Fwm. TRmRtg; A nig B GnuvtEtkmaMg kRmalbn eTotedayTRmsamBa. sg;da
RkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;sRmab;rt.
RbtikmbBareTAelIFwm.
snt;rtRTedayTRmsamBa.

Problems

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4>45> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;Fwm.

4>46> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;Fwm. snt;faTRmRtg;cMNuc B Ca
TRmsnak; nig A CaTRmkl;.

NPIC

4>49> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;Fwm. cMNuc C Casnak;.

4>50> FwmebtugRTCBaaMgEdlGnuvtbnkBRgay
mkelIFwmdUcbgaj. FwmenHmanTMhMmuxkat;
300mm 650mm nigeFVIBIebtugEdlmandg;sIuet = 23.6kN / m3 . sg;daRkamkmaMgkat;
nigdaRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Fwm ehIykMNt;m:Um:g;
Gtibrma nigm:Um:g;Gb,brmaenAkgFwm.
ecalTmn;rbs;EdkBRgwgnAkgFwm.

4>47> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;Fwm. snt;faTRmRtg;cMNuc B CaTRm
snak;;.
4>51> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;
Bt;sRmab;Fwm.
4>48> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;
Bt;sRmab;Fwm.

cMeNaT

4>52> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;Fwm.

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

4>53> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;Fwm.

4>54> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;FwmpSM. kMNat;FwmRtUv)antPab;eday
snak;enARtg;tMN B nig D .

4>55> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;Fwm.

4>56> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;FwmpSM. vaRtUv)anRTedaybnHrelag
enA Rtg; A EdlrGilenAkgcgr dUcenHehIyva
minGacRTbnkbBar b:uEnvaGacTb;Tl;m:Um:g; nig
bnkedk.

Problems

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

4>57> bnHEdk ABC nig BCD RtUv)anPab;

bBalKaedaybULgy:agrlugdUcbgaj. Rbsin
ebIbULgenHGnuvtEtRbtikmbBareTAelIbnH cUr
kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm nigsg;daRkam
kmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;bnHnImYy.

4>58> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;FwmpSM. kMNat;FwmRtUv)antPab;eday
snak;enARtg;tMN B .

4>59> kMNt;kmaMgkat; kmaMgEkg nigm:Um:g;Bt;

enAkgFwmRtg;cMNuc D nigcMNuc E . cMNuc E
sit enAxagsaMbnk 20kN bnic. snt;faTRm
Rtg;cMNuc A CaTRmkl;/ B CatMNsnak;; nig
C CaTRmbgb;.

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NPIC

4>60> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;Fwm CDE . snt;fa A CaTRmkl;
ehIy B TRmsnak;. D nig E CatMNbgb;.
4>63> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;
Bt;sRmab;Ggt;nImYyrbs;eRKag. snt;fa A Ca
TRmbgb;/ B CatMNsnak;; ehIy C TRmkl;.
4>61> FwmlyRtUv)anplitedaymanGgt;bBar
BD enABIelI. sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;sRmab;Fwm ABC RbsinebIvaRT
bnk 3.6kN . CMnYy eKCMnYsbnkenAkg
Ggt; DE edaybnksmmUlenARtg;cMNuc B
enAelIGkSrbs;Fwm.

4>62> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;Ggt;nImYyrbs;eRKag. snt;fa A Ca
TRmsnak;; ehIy D TRmkl;.
cMeNaT

4>64> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;Ggt;nImYyrbs;eRKag. snt;fa A Ca
TRmsnak;/ C CaTRmkl;;. tMN B CatMNbgb;.
bnkxl;RtUv)anepreTAGgt;tamryrnUt nig
r)arTTwg.

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

4>65> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;Ggt;nImYyrbs;eRKag. snt;fa A /
C / D CaTRmsnak; ehIy B CatMNbgb;.

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

4>67> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;FwmedayviFItRmytpl. KitFwmCa
FwmTRmsamBa. snt; A CaTRmsnak; nig B
CaTRmkl;.

4>68> edaHRsay 4>67 eLIgvij edayKitfaFwm

CaFwmkugsulBITRmsnak; A .
4>69> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;
Bt;sRmab;FwmedayviFItRmytpl. KitfaFwm
CaFwmkugsulBITRmsnak; A .

4>66> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;Ggt;nImYyrbs;eRKag. snt;fa A /
nig C CaTRmsnak; ehIy B CatMNsnak;.

Problems

4>70> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;FwmedayviFItRmytpl.

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NPIC

4>71> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;FwmedayviFItRmytpl.
KitfaFwmCaFwm kugsulBITRmsnak; A .
KMerag-2> sMyabEdleXIjenAkgrUbftpl;Ca
mb;sRmab;pvcUlGKar. BicarNaRKb;Ggt;TaMg
Gs;CaTRmsamBa. r)arrnUtenARtg; C / D / E /
F manTmn; 0.6kN ehIymanRbEvg 6m . dMbUl
KMerag-1> y:mYymanTItaMgenACan;TIbIrbs;m:UETl
mankMras;100mm nigeFVIBIebtugTmn;RsalEdl
dUceXIjkgrUbft. eKsg;vaedayeRbIkRmal
mandg;sIuet16kN / m3 . bnkGefrEdlbg
ebtug kMras;100mm edayQrenAelIFwmkRmal
edaykarkkrwgnRBilRtUv)ansnt;famanragctu
TRmsamBabYn EdlkgenaHmanrtkugsulxag
ekaNBayCamYynwgbnk 3kN / m enAcugxagsaM
BIr AB nig HG / nigrtmuxeRkay. bg;m:UEDl
nig1kN / m enAcugxageqVg. snt;fakRmal
rbs;eRKag CamYynwgTMhMrbs;vaRtUv)anbgajenA
ebtug RtUv)anRTedayTRmsamBacenaHr)ar
kgrUbxag eRkam. eyagtamkUdtMbn; bnkGefr
rnUt. sg; daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;
EdlmanGMeBIelIy:KW 2kN / m 2 . KUrdaRkam
sRmab;rt AB . ecalTmn;rbs;va.
kmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;rtxagmux
BG nigrtxag AB . snt;rtxagmuxCaEdk
EdlmanragGkSr C EdlmanTmn; 0.36kN / m
ehIyrtxagmanmux kat;GkSr I EdlmanTmn;
0.66kN / m . ecal Tmn;rbs;FwmkRmal
nigbgan;dxagmux.
cMeNaT

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

KMerag-3> bg;eRKagmU:EDlsRmab;RbBnkRmal
xNEdl manTItaMgenAkgrebogTTYlePJvn
GKarkariyalyRtUv)anbgajkgrUb. kRmal
RtUv)anplit BIebtugBRgwgedayEdkEdlman
kRmas; 100mm . RbsinebICBaaMgrbs;CeNIr
yneyageFVIBIbktan; ebtugTmn;RsalkRmas;
100mm nigmankm<s; 3m kMNt;m:Um:g;Gtibrma
enAkgFwm AB . ecal Tmn;rbs;Ggt;.

Problems

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NPIC

%> kab nigeRKOgbgMekagbBar

Cables and arches

kab nig arch begIt)anCaFatuRTbnkcMbgenAkgRbePTeRKOgbgMCaeRcIn ehIyenAkgCMBUk

enHnwgerobrab;BIKMnitEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarviPaKeRKOgbgMTaMgenH. CMBUkenHcab;epImCamYynwgkarerob
rab;CalkNTUeTAnkab nigbnedaykarviPaKkabEdlrgbnkcMcMNuc nigrgbnkBRgayesI. edaysar
arch PaKeRcInCaeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTic enaHmanEt three-hinged arch EdlmanlkNBiess
nwgRtUv)anykmkerobrab;enAkgCMBUkenH. karviPaKeRKOgbgMenHnwgpl;nUvsBaaNxHBImUldannkar
eFVIkarrbs;eRKOgbgM arch TaMgGs;.

%>!> kab (Cables)

CaerOy eKeRbIkabenAkgeRKOgbgMvisVkmsRmab;RT nigedIm,IbBanbnkBIGgt;mYyeTAGgt;
mYy. enAeBleKeRbIkabedIm,IyYrdMbUlBr (suspension roof) s<anBr (suspension bridge) nig
trolley wheel, kabmanCaTICaFatuTTYlbnkdsMxan;enAkgeRKOgbgM. sRmab;karviPaKkmaMgnRbBn
eRKOgbgM EbbenH Tmn;pal;xnrbs;kabRtUv)anecal b:uEnenAeBleKeRbIkabCaExSbBanGKisnI beRbI
vaenAkgGg;EtnviT nigm:asIunsc enaHTmn;pal;rbs;kabnwgkayCasMxan; ehIyeKRtUvEtKitbBalva
eTAkgviPaKeRKOgbgM. enAkgkfaxNbnab;nwgmanerobrab;BI kabrgbnkcMcMNuc nigkabrgbnk
BRgayesI. kgkrNIEdlbnk nigkansitenAkgbg;EtmYy enaHkarviPaKTamTarsmIkarlMnwgRsedog
Ka.
enAbegItTMnak;TMngrvagkmaMgenAkgkabCamYynwgCRmalrbs;va eyIgRtUveFVIkarsnt;fakab
manlkNbt;Ebn nigminGaclUt)an (perfectly flexible and inextensible). edaysarPaBbt;Ebn
(flexibility) rbs;va kabminTb;Tl;nwgkmaMgkat; nigm:m
U :g;Bt; dUcenHkmaMgEdlmanGMeBIenAkgkab
EtgEtb:H (tangent) eTAnwgkabRKb;cMNucTaMgGs;tambeNayRbEvgrbs;va. edaysarvaminGac
lUt)an dUcenHkabmanRbEvgefrTaMgmun nigeRkaykarGnuvtbnk. CalTpl enAeBleKGnuvtbnk
eTAelIkab eKGacKitfakab bkMNat;rbs;vaCaGgFaturwg.

%>@> kabrgbnkcMcMNuc (Cables subjected to concentrated loads)

enAeBlEdlkabEdlecalTmn;pal;xnyYrbnkcMcMNucCaeRcIn enaHkabmanragCakMNat;bnat;
Rtg;CaeRcIn EdlkMNat;nImYykmaMgTajefr. ]TahrN_ eKmankabdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 5-1. enATI
kab nigeRKOgbgMekagbBar

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

enH CamMurvagkab AB CamYynwgGkSedk ehIy L CaRbEvgrbs;kab dUcbgajkgrUb. RbsibebIeK

sal;cmay L1 / L2 / L3 nigbnk P1 / P2 enaHeKRtUvkMNt;GBaatcMnYn 9 EdlrYmmankmaMgTajenAkg
kMNat;TaMgbI bgMkmaMgRbtikmTaMgbUnenARtg;cMNuc A nig B nigRbEvgdk; (sag) yC nig y D enARtg;
cMNuc C nig D . sRmab;dMeNaHRsay eyIgGacsresrsmIkarlMnwgcMnYnBIrenARtg;cMNuc A / B / C
nig D enaHeyIg)ansmIkarcMnYn 8 . edIm,IbMeBjdMeNaHRsay eKcaM)ac;RtUvkarsmIkarmYyeTotEdl
Tak;TgnwgragFrNImaRtrbs;kab. ]TahrN_ RbsinebI LT CaRbEvgsrubrbs;kab enaHeKGaceRbIRTwsI
BItaKr (Pythagorean theorem) edIm,IPab;TMnak;TMngrvag LT eTAnwgRbEvgkMNat;TaMgbI edaysresrCa
GnuKmn_eTAnwg / yC / y D / L1 / L2 nig L3 . EteKminGacedaHRsaycMeNaTRbePTenHedayd)an
edaygayRsYleT. buEneKmanlTPaBpSgeTotKWkMNt;RbEvgdk; yC b y D CMnYs[RbEvgkab.
edayeFVIEbbenH enaHeKGacTTYl)ansmIkarlMnwgRKb;RKan;sRmab;TTYlkmaMgEdlCaGBaat nigRbEvg
dk;EdlenAsl;. enAeBleKTTYl)anRbEvgdk; (sag) enARtg;cugnImYyrbs;bnkehIy eKGackMNt;
RbEvg LT edayRtIekaNmaRt.
enAeBlGnuvtkarviPaKlMnwgsRmab;RbePTcMeNaTEbbenH eKkGacTTYl)ankmaMgkgrbs;kab
edaysresrsmIkarlMnwgsRmab;kabTaMgmUl bsRmab;kMNat;kabk)an. ]TahrN_Catmelxxag
eRkamenHnwgbgajBIKMnitTaMgenH.

]TahrN_ 5-1 kMNt;kmaMgTajenAkgkMNat;kabEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 5-2a. ehIykMNt;TMhM

h

dMeNaHRsay edaykarGegt eKmaneKmanGBaatbYnCa kmaMgRbtikm A / A / D nig D nig

x

GBaatbICakmaMgTajkgkab enAkgkMNat;kabnImYy.

Cables and Arches

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NPIC

eKGackMNt;GBaatTaMg 7 CamYynwgRbEvg dk; h BIsmIkarlMnwg

EdlGacrk)ancMnYn 8 Fx = 0 / Fy = 0 EdlGnuvteTA
elIcMNuc A rhUtdl; cMNuc D .
viFIkgkaredaHRsayEdlmanlkNedaypal;KWkMNt;
CRmalrbs;kMNat;kab CD ehIydaRkamGgesrInkabTaMgmUl
RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 5-2b. eyIgGacTTYl)ankmaMgTaj
enAkgkMNat;kab CD dUcxageRkam
+ M A = 0

TCD (3 / 5)(2m ) + TCD (4 / 5)(5.5m ) 3kN (2m ) 8kN (4m ) = 0

TCD = 6.79kN

\LveyIgGacviPaKlMnwgncMNuc C nig B Cabnbnab;.

sRmab;cMNuc C rUbTI 5-2c
+

6.79kN (3 / 5) TBC cos BC = 0

Fx = 0
+ Fy = 0

6.79kN (4 / 5) 8kN + TBC sin BC = 0

BC = 32.3o

TBC = 4.82kN

sRmab;cMNuc B rUbTI 5-2d

+

Fx = 0

TBA cos BA + 4.82kN cos 32.3o = 0

+ Fy = 0
TBA sin BA 4.82kN sin 32.3o 3kN = 0

BC = 53.8 o

TBA = 6.90kN

dUcenH BIrUbTI 5-2a

h = (2m ) tan 53.8 o = 2.74m

%>#> kabrgbnkBRgayesI (Cables subjected to a uniform distributed loads)

kabpl;nUvmeFa)aydmanRbsiTPaBkgkarRTTmn;efrrbs;rt bkRmals<anEdlmanRbEvg
ElVgEvg. s<anBr (suspension bridge) Ca]TahrN_EdlkRmals<anRtUv)anyYredaykabedayeRbI
kab nigeRKOgbgMekagbBar

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

sMnuMnkabBr (hanger) EdlmanKMlatesIKa nigEk,rKa.

edIm,IviPaKeRKOgbgMEbbenH dMbUgeyIgRtUvkMNt;rUbragrbs;kabEdlrgbnkBRgayesIbBar
wo rUbTI 5-3a. enATIenH eKalrbs;GkS x nig y manTItaMgenAcMNuceRkambMput dUcenHCRmalenA
Rtg;cMNucenHesIsUn. daRkamGgesrIrbs;kMNat;kabdtUcEdlmanRbEvg s RtUv)anbgajenAkg
rUbTI 5-3b. edaysarkmaMgTajenAkgkabpas;brCabnbnab;TaMgTMhM nigTistambeNayRbEvgkab
enaHeKtagbERmbRmYlenHeday T enAelIdaRkamGgesrI. kmaMgpbrbs;bnkBRgayesIRtUv)antag
eday wo x EdlmanGMeBIenAcmay x / 2 BIcMNuc O . edayGnuvtsmIkarlMnwg eyIg)an
+

Fx = 0
+ Fy = 0

+ MO = 0

T cos + (T + T ) cos( + ) = 0
T sin wo (x ) + (T + T )sin ( + ) = 0
wo (x )(x / 2) T cos y + T sin x = 0

edayEcksmIkarTaMgenHnwg x ehIy[lImItn x 0 rYceFVIdUcKasRmab; y 0 /

nig T 0 eyIgTTYl)an
d (T cos )
=0
dx
d (T sin )
= wo
dx
dy
= tan
dx

(5-1)
(5-2)

(5-3)

edayeFVIGaMgetRkalsmIkar 5-1 Edl T = FH enARtg; x = 0 eyIgman

T cos = FH

(5-4)

T sin = wo x

(5-5)

EdlbgajbgMkmaMgedkenARKb;cMNucTaMgGs;tam beNaykabenArkSatmefr.
edayeFVIGaMgetRkalsmIkar 5-2/ nigedaydwgfa T sin = 0 enARtg; x = 0 eyIg)an
Cables and Arches

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NPIC

edayEcksmIkar 5-5 CamYynwgsmIkar 5-4 kmaMg T RtUv)ansRmYl. bnab;mkedayeRbIsmIkar 5-3

eyIgGacTTYl)anCRmalenARKb;cMNucTaMgGs;
tan =

dy wo x
=
dx FH

(5-6)

edayeFVIGaMgetRkalelIkTIBIrCamYynwg y = 0 enAeBl x = 0 eyIg)an

y=

wo 2
x
2 FH

(5-7)

vaCasmIkarGnuKmn_)a:ra:bUl. eKGacTTYltmrfr FH edayeRbIlkxNRBMEdn y = h enARtg; x = L .

w L2
(5-8)
dUcenH
FH = o
2h
cugbBab; edayCMnYstm FH nsmIkar 5-8 eTAkgsmIkar 5-7 eyIg)an
y=

h
2

x2

(5-9)

BIsmIkar 5-4 kmaMgTajGtibrmaenAkgkabekItmanenAeBl mantmGtibrma eBalKWenAeBl

x = L . dUcenH BIsmIkar 5-4 nig 5-5
Tmax = FH2 + (wo L )2

(5-10)

b edayeRbIsmIkar 5-8 eyIgGacsresr Tmax CaGnuKmn_n wo eBalKW

Tmax = wo L 1 + (L / 2h )2

(5-11)

eKRtUvcMNaMfa eKminKitTmn;rbs;kabEdlBRgayesItambeNayRbEvgkab minEmntamRbEvgcMeNal

edkrbs;vaeT. Cak;Esg kabEdlRKan;Etrgbnkpal;xnedayminrgbnkxageRkAkmanragekag
(catenary curve) Edr. b:uEnRbsinebIpleFobRbEvgdk;elIElVg (sag-to-span ratio) mantmtUc
EdlCakrNIsRmab;eRKOgbgMGnuvtn_PaKeRcIn ExSekagenHxiteTArkrag)a:ra:bUl dUcEdl)ankMNt;enA
TIenH.

BI;lTplnkarviPaKenH ExSekagenAEtrkSarag)a:ra:bUldEdl kgkrNIbnkefrrbs;kRmal

deck sRmab;s<anBr bsRmab;rtEdlBrBRgayesIelIRbEvgcMeNaledkrbs;kab. dUcenHRbsinebI
kab nigeRKOgbgMekagbBar

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

rt enAkgrUbTI 5-4a RtUv)anBredayesrInkabBrEdlmanKMlatesIKa nigEk,rKa enaHbnkenAkg

kabBrnImYyRtUvEtesIKaedIm,IFananUvrag)a:ra:bUlrbs;kabs.
edayeRbIkarsnt;xagelIenH eyIgGacGnuvtkarviPaKeRKOgbgMnrt bnrcnasm<ndTepSg
eTotEdlBredayesrI. CaBiess RbsinebIrtRTedayTRmsamBaehIyRtUv)anBredaykabeTotenaH
karviPaKnwgkayCaminkMNt;edaysaTicdWeRkTI1 rUbTI 5-4b. b:uEnRbsinebIrtmansnak;enARtg;
cMNucNamYytambeNayrt rUbTI 5-4c enHvanwgpl;lkxNm:Um:g;sUn ehIyeKGacviPaKvaCart
kMNt;edaysaTic.

]TahrN_ 5-2 kabenAkgrUb 5-5a yYrrtEdlmanTmn; 12kN / m . kMNt;kmaMgTajenAkgkab

enARtg;cMNuc A / B nig C .

dMeNaHRsay

eKalrbs;GkSkUGredaenRtUv)ankMNt;ykenARtg;cMNuc B cMNucTabCageKenAelIExSkab Edlman

CRmal (slope) sUn rUbTI 5-5b. BIsmIkar 5-7 smIkar)a:ra:bUlsRmab;kabKW
y=

wo 2 12kN / m 2
6 2
x =
x =
x
2 FH
2 FH
FH

(1)

edaysnt;facMNuc C mancmay x' BI B eyIgman

6=

6 2
x'
FH

FH = 1.0 x ' 2

(2)

dUcKa sRmab;cMNuc A
Cables and Arches

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

6
[ (30 x')]2
FH
6
12 =
[ (30 x')]2
2
1.0 x'
12 =

x' 2 +60 x'900 = 0

x '= 12.43m

dUcenH BIsmIkar 2 nig 1 bsmIkar 5-6 eyIg)an

enARtg;cMNuc A

FH = 1.0(12.43)2 = 154.4kN
12
dy
=
x = 0.07772 x
dx 154.4

(3)

x = (30 12.43) = 17.57m

dy
tan A =
= 0.07772( 17.57 ) = 1.366
dx x = 53.79o

A = 53.79 o

edayeRbIsmIkar 5-4

TA =

FH
154.4
=
= 261.4kN
cos A cos 53.79 o

enARtg;cMNuc B / x = 0
tan B =

dy
dx

=0
x =0

B = 0o

FH
154.4
TB =
=
= 154.4kN
cos B cos 0 o

enARtg;cMNuc C / x = 12.43m
tan C =

dy
dx

= 0.0772(12.43) = 0.966
x =12.43

C = 44.0 o
TC =

FH
154.4
=
= 214.6kN
cos C cos 44.0 o

]TahrN_ 5-3 s<anBrenAkgrUbTI 5-6a RtUv)ansg;edayeRbI stiffening truss BIrEdlPab;Ka

edaysnak;enARtg;cMNuc C enAmanTRmsnak;enARtg;cMNuc A nigTRmkl;enARtg;cMNuc B . kMNt;

kmaMgTaj GtibrmaenAkgkab IH . kabmanrag)a:ra:bUl ehIys<anrgbnkeTal 50kN .
kab nigeRKOgbgMekagbBar

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNaHRsay daRkamGgesrInRbBnkab nig truss RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 5-6b. eyagtam

smIkar 5-4 T cos = FH bgMkmaMgedkrbs;kmaMgTajenAkgkabenARtg;cMNuc I nig H RtUvEt
mantmefrKWesInwg FH . Kitm:Um:g;Rtg;cMNuc B eyIgman
+ MB = 0

I y (24m ) A y (24m ) + 50kN (9m ) = 0

I y + Ay = 18.75

RbsinebIeKKiteRKOgbgMBrEtBak;kNal rUbTI 5-6c enaHkareFVIplbUkm:Um:g;Rtg;snak; C eyIg)an

+ MC = 0

FH (14m ) FH (6m ) I y (12m ) A y (12m ) = 0

I y + A y = 0.667 FH

BIsmIkarTaMgBIr
18.75 = 0.667 FH

FH = 28.125kN

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NPIC

edIm,ITTYlkmaMgTajGtibrmaenAkgkab eyIgnwgeRbIsmIkar 5-11 b:uEndMbUgeyIgcaM)ac;kMNt;tmbnk

BRgaysnt; wo BIsmIkar 5-8
wo =

2 FH h 2(28.125kN )(8m )
=
= 3.125kN / m
L
(12m )2

dUcenH edayeRbIsmIkar 5-11 eyIgman

Tmax = wo L 1 + (L / 2h )2
= 3.125(12m ) 1 + (12m / 2(8m ))2
= 46.9kN

%>$> eRKOgbgMekagbBar (Arches)

dUckrNIkabEdr eKeRbI arch edIm,Ikat;bnym:Um:g;Bt;enAkgeRKOgbgMEdlmanElVgEvg. Ca
Biess arch eFVIkardUcCakabEdlmanlkNbRBaas dUcenHvargkugRtaMgsgt;CacMbgenAeBlEdl
bnkxageRkAmanGMeBIelIva. edaysarPaBrwgmaMrbs;va vakRtUvTb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;Bt; nigkmaMgkat;xH
edayGaRsyeTAnwgrebobnkarrgbnk nigrUbragrbs;va. RbsinebI arch manrag)a:ra:bUl ehIyvarg
nUvbnkBRgayesIbBar enaHBIkarviPaKkabbgajfa arch RtUvTb;Tl;EtnwgkmaMgsgt;b:ueNaH. rUbrag
arch kglkxNenHRtUv)aneK[eQaHfa funicular arch edaysarminmanm:Um:g; nigkmaMgkat;
ekItmanenAkg arch.

eRKOgbgM arch KMrURtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 5-7 EdlbgajBIeQaHsMKal;epSg. GaRsynwg

karGnuvt eKGaceRCIserIsRbePT arch CaeRcInedIm,IRTbnk. Fixed arch rUbTI 5-8a CaerOy
RtUv)anplitBIebtugGarem:. eTaHbICavaTamTarsMParticsRmab;karsagsg; arch EbbenHCagkarsag
sg; arch RbePTepSgeTot EtvaRtUvmanRKwHtan; (solid foundation) edaysarvaCaeRKOgbgMminkMNt;
edaysaTicdWeRkTIbI. Cavi)ak kugRtaMgbEnmGacekItmanenAkg arch edaysarsRmutnTRmrbs;va.
Two-hinged arch rUbTI 5-8b CaFmtaRtUv)anplitBIEdk beQI. vaCaeRKOgbgMminkMNt;eday
saTicdWeRkTImYy. eTaHbIvaminrwgdUc fixed arch EtvaGacrgplb:HBal;edaysarsRmuttictYc. eyIg
kab nigeRKOgbgMekagbBar

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

GaceFVI[vakayCaeRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTicedayCMnYsTRmsnak;mYyedayTRmkl;. b:uEn kareFVIEbb

enH eFVI[vadklTPaBrbs;vaedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkarBt;tambeNayElVgrbs;va ehIyCalTplvanwg
eFVIkarCaFwmekag (curved beam) minEmnCa arch eT. Three-hinged arch rUbTI 5-8c
EdleKGacsg;vaBIEdk beQI ehIyvaCaeRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTic. mindUc arch minkMNt;edaysaTic
vaminrg\TiBlBIsRmut bbERmbRmYlsItuNPaBeT. cugeRkay RbsinebIeKsg; two-hinged arch b
three-hinged arch edayminRtUvkarRKwHFM nigRbsinebIminmanbBaaerOglMh enaHeKGacPab;TRmrbs;va
eday tie rod rUbTI 5-8d. Tie rod eFVI[eRKOgbgMeFVIkarCaeRKOgbgMrwg edaysar tie rod Tb;Tl;nwg
bgMkmaMgtamTisedkenARtg;TRm. vaminrg\TiBledaysRmutrbs;TRmeT.

%>%> eRKOgbgMekagbBarsnak;bI (Three-hinged arches)

edIm,IeXIjBIrebobEdl arch bBankmaMg eyIgnwgBicarNaBIkarviPaK three-hinged arch dUc
bgajenAkgrUbTI 5-9a. enAkgkrNienH snak;TIbImanTItaMgsitenAcMNucx<s;bMputrbs; arch (crown)
ehIyTRmmannIv:UxusKa. edIm,IkMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm eKRtUvbMEbk arch enH ehIydaRkam
GgesrIrbs;Ggt;nImYyRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 5-9b. enATIenH eKmanGBaatcMnYn 6 ehIyeKGac
mansmIkarlMnwgcMnYn 6 Edr. viFImYykgkaredaHRsaycMeNaTenHKWGnuvtsmIkarlMnwgm:Um:g;Rtg;cMNuc
A nigRtg;cMNuc B . eKGacTTYl)ankmaMgRbtikm C x nig C y BIRbBnsmIkarenH. eKGacTTYl)an
kmaMgEkg kmaMgkat; m:Um:g;Bt;enARKb;cMNucTaMgGs;tambeNay arch edayeRbIviFImuxkat;. eKRtUvkat;
Ggt;[EkgnwgGkSbeNayrbs;vaRtg;cMNucEdlRtUvBicarNa. ]TahrN_ daRkamGgesrIsRmab;
kMNat; AD RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 5-9c.
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NPIC

kGacmanTRmg;Ca truss BIrPab;Kaedaysnak; (two pin-connected

trusses) Edl truss nImYyCMnYs[kMNat; arch AC nig CB enAkgrUbTI 5-9a. karviPaKTRmg;Ebb
enHGnuvtdUckarerobrab;xagelI. ]TahrN_CatmelxxageRkamnwgbgajBIviFITaMgenH.
Three-hinged arch

]TahrN_ 5-4 three-hinged open-spandrel arch bridge EdleXIjenAkgrUbTI 5-10a man

rag)a:ra:bUl nigRTbnkBRgayesI. bgajfa arch )a:ra:bUlrgEtkmaMgsgt;tamGkSenARtg;cMNucxag

kgdUcCacMNuc D CaedIm. snt;fabnkBRgayesIRtUv)anbBaneTAkMNat; arch.

kab nigeRKOgbgMekagbBar

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNaHRsay

enATIenH TRmrbs;vasitelInIv:UdUcKa. daRkamGgesrIrbs; arch TaMgmUl nigrbs;kMNat; BC RtUv)an

bgajenAkgrUbTI 5-10b nig 5-10c. edayGnuvtsmIkarlMnwg eyIg)an
sRmab; arch TaMgmUl
C y (40m ) 320kN (20m ) = 0

+ M A = 0

C y = 160kN

sRmab;kMNat;; arch BC
160kN (10m ) + 160kN (20m ) C x (10m ) = 0

+ MB = 0

C x = 160kN
+

Fx = 0

B x = 160kN

+ Fy = 0

B y 160kN + 160kN = 0
By = 0

muxkat;rbs; arch Edlkat;tamcMNuc D / x = 10m /

rUbTI 5-10d. CRmalrbs;kMNat; arch enARtg; D KW
tan =

y = 10(10 )2 / (20 )2 = 2.5m

dUcbgajenAkg

dy 20
=
x
= 0.5
dx (20 )2
x =10 m

= 26.6 o

edayGnuvtsmIkarlMnwg rUbTI 5-10d eyIg)an

+

Fx = 0

160kN N D cos 26.6 o VD sin 26.6 o = 0

+ Fy = 0

80kN + N D sin 26.6 o VD cos 26.6 o = 0

+ MD = 0

M D + 80kN (5m ) 160kN (2.5m ) = 0

N D = 178.9kN
VD = 0
MD = 0

cMNaM RbsinebI arch manragepSgBIenH bRbsinebIbnkminBRgayesI enaHkmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;nwg

minesIsUneT. ehIy RbsinebIeKeRbIFwmTRmsamBaedIm,IRTbnkBRgayesI vaRtUvTb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;Bt;
Gtibrma M = 1600kN .m . eyIgeXIjfavaBitCamanRbsiTPaBkgkarTb;Tl;nwgkmaMgsgt;edaypal;
eTaHbICaeKRtUvBicarNaBI;lTPaBn buckling keday CagkarTb;Tl;bnkedaym:Um:g;Bt;.
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NPIC

]TahrN_ 5-5 Three-hinged tied arch rgnUvbnkdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 5-11a. kMNt;kmaMgenA

kgGgt; CH nig CB . Ggt;Edlmanbnat;dac; GF rbs; truss CaGgt;kmaMgsUn.

dMeNaHRsay

eKGacTTYl)ankmaMgRbtikmTRmBIdaRkamGgesrIn arch TaMgmUl rUbTI 5-11b

+ M A = 0

E y (12m ) 15kN (3m ) 20kN (6m ) 15kN (9m ) = 0

E y = 25kN

Fx = 0

Ax = 0

+ Fy = 0

Ay 15kN 20kN 15kN + 25kN = 0

Ay = 25kN

eKGackMNt;bgMkmaMgEdlmanGMeBIenARtg;cMNuc C edayBicarNadaRkamGgesrIrbs;kMNat; arch

xageqVg rUbTI 5-11c. eKtagbgMkmaMgTaMgenHedaykmaMgpbrbs;Ggt; CF nig CD EdleFVIGMeBIenA
Rtg;cMNuc C . dMbUg eyIgRtUvkMNt;kmaMgenAkg rod
+ MC = 0

kab nigeRKOgbgMekagbBar

FAE (5m ) 25kN (6m ) + 15kN (3m ) = 0

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

bnab;mk
+

Fx = 0

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
FAE = 21.0kN

C x + 21.0kN = 0
C x = 21.0kN

+ Fy = 0

25kN 15kN 20kN + C y = 0

C y = 10kN

edIm,ITTYl)ankmaMgenAkg CH nig CB eyIgGaceRbIviFItMNdUcxageRkam

tMN G rUbTI 5-11d
+ Fy = 0

FGC 20kN = 0
FGC = 20kN (C )

tMN C rUbTI 5-11e

+

Fx = 0
+ Fy = 0

dUcenH

FCB

FCB

3
2
= 0
21.0kN FCH
10
10
1
1
+ FCH
20kN + 10kN = 0
10
10

FCB = 26.9kN (C )
FCH = 4.74kN (T )

]TahrN_ 5-6 Three-hinged trussed arch EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 5-12a RTbnksIuemRTI. kMNt;

kMNt; h1 ntMN B nigtMN D edIm,I[ arch manragCa funicular shape. Ggt; HG CaGgt;kmaMg
sUn.

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NPIC

dMeNaHRsay

sRmab;bnksIuemRTI/ funicular shape sRmab; arch RtUvEtmanragCa)a:ra:bUldUcbgajedaybnat;dac;

rUb TI 5-12b. enATIenH eyIgRtUvrksmIkarEdlRtUvnwgrUbragenH. CamYynwgGkS x / y Edlman
Kl;enA Rtg;cMNuc C smIkarRtUvmanTRmg; y = cx 2 . edIm,ITTYl)ancMnYnefr c eyIgtRmUv[
(4.5m ) = c(6m )2
c = 0.125 / m

dUcenH
BIrUbTI 5-12a

y D = (0.125 / m )(3m )2 = 1.125m

h1 = 4.5m 1.125m = 3.375m

edayeRbItmenH RbsinebIeKGnuvtviFItMNeTAelI truss lTplnwgbgajfaGgt;xagelI nigGgt;

Ggt;RTUgTaMgGs;suTEtCaGgt;kmaMgsUn ehIybnksIuemRTIRtUv)anRTedayGgt;xageRkam AB /
BC / CD nig DE rbs; truss.

kab nigeRKOgbgMekagbBar

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

cMeNaT
5>1> kMNat;kabyYrbnkdUcbgajkgrUbxag
eRkam. kMNt;cmay yc BIkmaMgenARtg; C eTA
cMNuc D . yk P = 20kN .

5>4> RbsinebIkMNat;kabnImYykgrUbxagelI
RTkmaMgTaj Gtibrma 375N cUrkMNt;bnk P
EdlGacGnuvt)an.
5>5> kMNat;kabyYrbnkbIdUcbgajkgrUbxag
eRkam. kMNt;RbEvgdk; y B nig y D ncMNuc B
nig D . yk P1 = 4kN / P2 = 2.5kN .

5>2> kMNat;kabyYrbnkdUcbgajkgrUbxagelI.
kMNt;TMhM rbs;kmaMgbBar P edIm,I[ yc =
3m .
5>3> kMNat;kmaMgTajenAkgkMNat;kabnImYy
nigRbEvgsrubrbs;kab. yk P = 400 N .

5>6> kMNat;kabyYrbnkbIdUcbgajkgrUbxagelI.
kMNt;TMhM P1 RbsinebI P2 = 3kN nig y B = 0.8m .
dUcKakMNt;RbEvgdk; y D .
5>7> kMNat;kmaMgTajenAkgkMNat;kabnImYy
nigRbEvgsrubrbs;kab.

5>8> kab ABCD yYrbnkdUcbgajkgrUbxag

eRkam. kMNt;kmaMgTajGtibrmaenAkgkab nig
Problems

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Department of Civil Engineering

kMNt;RbEvgdk;rbs;cMNuc B .

5>9>
kMNt;kmaMg P EdlRtUvkaredIm,IeFVI[ kabmanTIt
aMgdUcbgaj eBalKWeFVI[kMNat;
BC enAEtrkSaPaBedkdEdl. ehIyKNna
RbEvgdk; yB
nigkmaMgTajGtibrmaenAkgkab.

5>10> kabyYrbnkdUcbgajkgrUbxageRkam.
kMNt;cmay xB
BIcMNuc B eRkamGMeBInkmaMgeTA cMNuc A .
yk P = 200 N .

NPIC

5>11> kabrgbnkBRgayesI w = 3.75kN / m .

kMNt;kmaMgTajGtibrma nigGb,brmaenAkg
kab.

5>12> kMNt;bnkBRgayGtibrmaEdlkabGac
yYr)an RbsinebIersIusg;kmaMgTajGtibrma
rbs;kabKW15kN .

5>13> eK[kabrgbnkBRgayesI. kMNt;

smIkar y = f (x ) EdlCaGnuKmn_ragrbs;kab
AB nigkmaMgTajGtibrmaenAkgkab.

5>14> kabyYrrtEdlmanTmn;12.75kN / m .
kMNt;kmaMgTajenAkgkabRtg;cMNuc A .
cMeNaT

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

5>17> eK[kabrgbnkBRgayesI. Rbsin

ebICRmalrbs;kabenARtg;cMNuc O esInwgsUn
cUrkM Nt;smIkarragrbs;ExSekag
nigkmaMgenAkg kabenARtg;cMNuc O nig B .
5>15> kabyYrbnkBRgayesI wo = 12kN / m .
kMNt;kmaMgTajenAkgkabRtg;TRm A nig B .

5>16> kab AB yYrbnkBRgayesI 200 N / m .

RbsinebIeKecalTmn;rbs;kab nigmMuCRmalenA
Rtg;cMNuc A nig B KW 30o nig 60o erogKa. cUr
kMNt;GnuKmn_ragrbs;kab nigkmaMgTaj
GtibrmaEdlekItmanenAkgkab.

5>18> kMNt;kmaMgTajGtibrma nigGb,brma

enAkgkabrag)a:ra:bUl nigkmaMgenAkgkabBr
nImYy. rtrgbnkBRgayesI nigRtUv)anPab;
edaytMNsnak;enARtg; B .

5>19> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

sRmab;rtEdlPab;edaysnak; AB nig BC .
kab manrag)a:ra:bUl. rUbxagelI.
5>20> Fwm AB nig BC RtUv)anyYredaykabEdl
manrag)a:ra:bUl. kMNt;kmaMgTajenAkgkab
Rtg;cMNuc D / F nig E ehIykMNt;kmaMgenA
kabBrEdlmanKMlatesI Ka.
Problems

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NPIC

snt; A / B nig C CatMNsnak;.

5>21> sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;

sRmab;Fwm AB nig BC . kabmanrag)a:ra:bUl.
rUbxagelI.
5>22> Truss RtUv)antPab;edaysnak; nigRtUv
)anyYredaykabrag)a:ra:bUl. kMNt;kmaMgTaj
GtibrmaenAkgkab enAeBleRKOgbgMrgbnkdUc
bgaj.

5>23> kMNt;kmaMgpbenARtg;snak; A / B nig

C rbs; truss dMbUl arch snak;bI.

5>24> kMNt;bgMkmaMgRbtikmedk nigbBarenA

Rtg;cMNuc A / B nig C rbs; arch snak;bI.
cMeNaT

5>25> Laminated-wood three-hinged arch rg

bnkdUcbgaj. kMNt;bgMkmaMgRbtikmedk nig
bBarenARtg;snak; A / B / C nigKUrdaRkam
m:Um:g;sRmab;Ggt; AB .

5>26> eRKOgbgM arch rgnUvbnkdUcbgaj.

kMNt;bgMkmaMgRbtikmedk nigbBarrenARtg;
snak; A nig D rYckMNt;kmaMgTajenAkg AD .

5>27> Three-hinged trussed arch rgbnkdUc

bgaj. kMNt;bgMkmaMgRbtikmedk nigbBar
enARtg;snak; A / B nig C .
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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

5>31> kMNt;bgMkmaMgRbtikmedk nigbBar

enARtg;TRm A nig C .

5>28> s<anRtUv)ansg;edayeRbI three-hinged

trussed arch. cUrkMNt;bgMkmaMgRbtikmedk
nigbBarenARtg;snak;; A / B nig C . Ggt;
bnat;dac; DE mankmaMgkgsUn.

5>32> kMNt;bgMkmaMgRbtikmedk nigbBar

enARtg;TRm A nig C .

5>29> kMNt;kMBs;sikSaKNna h1 / h2 nig h3

rbs;Ggt;xageRkamn truss s<anxagelIEdlCa
funicular arch.
5>30> Tied three-hinged arch rgbnkdUc
bgaj. cUrkMNt;bgMkmaMgRbtikmedk nig
bBarenARtg;snak;; A nig C nigkMNt;kmaMg
TajenAkab.

Problems

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NPIC

^> ExS\TiBlsRmab;rcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic
Influence lines for statically determinate structures

ExS\TiBlmansarsMxan;kgkarGnuvtsRmab;karsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgMEdlTb;Tl;nwgbnkGrefrEdl
mantmFM. CMBUkenHmankarerobrab;BIrebobKUrExS\TiBlsRmab;eRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTic. RTwsI
RtUv)anGnuvteTAelIbnkBRgay besrInbnkcMcMNuc ehIykpl;nUvkarGnuvtCak;lak;eTAelIrtkRmal
(floor girder) nig truss s<an. karKNnakmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Gtibrmadac;xatenAkgGgt;RtUv)anerob
rab;enAcugbBab;nCMBUkenH.

^>!> ExS\TiBl (Influence line)

eyIg)ansikSarYcehIyBIbeckeTssRmab;viPaKkmaMgenAkgGgt;eRKOgbgMEdlekItBIbnkmin
clt Kanclna. eyIgeXIjfadaRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;CameFa)aydRbesIrkgkar
bgajBIbERmbRmYlkmaMgTaMgenHenAkgGgt;. b:uEnRbsinebIeRKOgbgMrgbnkclt manclna ExS
\TiBl (influence line) CameFa)aydlbMputkgkarbgajBIbERmbRmYlkmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;Edl
ekItmanenAkgGgt;eRKOgbgM. ExS\TiBlbgajbERmbRmYlrbs;kmaMgRbtikm kmaMgkat; m:Um:g;Bt; nig
PaBdab enARtg;cMNucCak;lak;enAelIFwmeRkamGMeBInkarcltrbs;bnkcMcMNuc. enAeBlEdleKsg;
ExS\TiBlrYc ehIyeKGacR)ab;BITItaMgrbs;bnkcltedIm,IbegIt[man\TiBlFMbMput. elIsBIenH eK
GackMNt; TMhMrbs;kmaMgRbtikm kmaMgkat; m:Um:g;Bt; bPaBdabeRkamGMeBIrbs;bnkenARtg;cMNucNa
mYyBIGredaen rbs;daRkamExS\TiBl. sRmab;mUlehtuenH ExS\TiBledIrtYy:agsMxan;kgkarsikSa
KNnas<an/ pvrt;rbs;]bkrN_eyag (industrial crane rails, conveyor) nigeRKOgbgMdTeTotEdl
bnkcltelIElVgrbs;va.
eTaHbICadMeNIrkarsagsg;ExS\TiBlmanlkNmUldankeday EteKRtUvEbgEck[dac;BIKa
rvagkarsg;ExS\TiBl nigkarsg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;. ExS\TiBlbgajEtBI\TiBlrbs;bnkcltenARtg;TItaMgCak;lak;enAelIGgt; EtdaRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;bgaj
BI\TiBlrbs;bnkGcltenARKb;cMNucTaMgGs;tambeNayGkSrbs;Ggt;.

dMeNIrkarkgkarviPaK (Procedure for analysis)

xageRkamCaviFIBIrEdlRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,Isg;ExS\TiBlenARtg;cMNucCak;lak; P enAkgGgt;

ExS\TiBlsRmab;rcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

sRmab;kmaMgRbtikm kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;. sRmab;viFITaMgBIrenHeyIgnwgeRCIserIskmaMgcltEdl

manTMhMKanxatmYykta mkeRbIsRmab;sg;ExS\TiBl.
*

CMnYstmelxkgtarag (tabulate values)

dak;bnkktaenARtg;TItaMg x epSg tambeNayGgt; ehIyenARtg;TItaMgnImYyeRbI
saTicedIm,IkMNt;kmaMgRbtikm kmaMgkat; m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMNucCak;lak;.
RbsinebIeKcg;sg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgRbtikmbBarenARtg;cMNucmYyenAelIFwm eKRtUvKit
fakmaMgRbtikmmanTMhMviCmanenAeBlvaeFVIGMeBIeLIgelI.
RbsinebIeKKUrExS\TiBlkmaMgkat; nigExS\TiBlm:Um:g;Bt;sRmab;cMNucmYy ykkmaMgkat; nig
m:Um:g;Bt;viCmandUckarkMNt;sBaaEdleRbIsRmab;KUrdaRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;
emIlrUbTI 4-1.
FwmkMNt;edaysaTicTaMgGs;manExS\TiBlEdlpSMeLIgedaykMNat;bnat;Rtg;. eRkayBIkar
GnuvtxH eKGackat;bnykarKNnaeday[bnkktamanGMeBIEtenAcMNuccugnkMNat;Ggt;
nImYy.
edIm,IeCosvagkMhusqg dMbUgeKENnaM[eFVItaragEdlmanBIrCYrQrKW TItaMgrbs;bnkkta x
nigtmEdlKNnasRmab;kmaMgRbtikm bkmaMgkat; bm:Um:g;Bt; EdlRtUvnwgTItaMgenaH. eRkay
eBleKdak;bnkenaHenAelITItaMgepSgCaeRcIntambeNayGgt; taragRtUv)anbMeBjeday
tmelx ehIyeyIgeRbItmkgtaragTaMgenaHedIm,Isg;daRkamExS\TiBl.
smIkarExS\TiBl (influence-line equation)
eKkGacsg;ExS\TiBledaydak;bnkktaenATItaMg x elIGgt; rYcKNnatm R / V b M Ca
GnuKmn_ n x . sRmab;krNIenH eKGacsresr)ansmIkarnkMNat;Ggt;CaeRcInEdlbegItCa
ExS\TiBl rYceKGacsg;ExS\TiBledayeRbIsmIkarTaMgenH.

]TahrN_ 6-1 sg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgRbtikmbBarrbs;FwmenARtg; A rUbTI 6-1a.

dMeNaHRsay

CMnYstmelxkgtarag bnkktaRtUv)andak;enAelIFwmRtg;cMNuc x EdleRCIserIsnImYy ehIytm

Ay RtUv)anKNnaedayeFVIplbUkRtg;cMNuc B . ]TahrN_/ enAeBl x = 2.5m nig x = 5m emIlrUbTI
*

mUlehtunkareRCIserIsenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgkfaxN 6.2.

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6-1b nig 6-1c erogKa. lTplsRmab; Ay RtUv)andak;bBaleTAkgtarag rUbTI 6-1d. daRkam

sRmab;tmTaMgenH CaExS\TiBlsRmab;RbtikmenARtg;cMNuc A rUbTI 6-1e.
smIkarExS\TiBl enAeBleKdak;bnkktacmayERbRbYl x BIcMNuc A rUbTI 6-1f eKGackMNt;
kmaMgRbtikm Ay CaGnuKmn_n x BI
+ MB = 0

A y (10 ) + (10 x )(1) = 0

Ay = 1

1
x
10

smIkarbnat;enHRtUv)ansg;CadaRkamenAkgrUbTI 6-1e.

]TahrN_ 6-2 sg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgRbtikmbBarenARtg; B rbs;FwmenAkgrUbTI 6-2a.

dMeNaHRsay

CMnYstmelxkgtarag edayeRbIsaTic epgpat;fatmsRmab;Rbtikm B y EdlmanenAkgtarag rUb

ExS\TiBlsRmab;rcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

TI 6-2b RtUv)anKNnay:agRtwmRtUvsRmab;TItaMg x nbnkGefr. daRkamrbs;tmkgtaragCaExS

\TiBlsRmab;RbtikmRtg; B rUbTI 6-2c.
smIkarExS\TiBl edayGnuvtsmIkarm:Um:g;Rtg;cMNuc A enAkgrUbTI 6-2d
+ MA = 0

B y (5) 1( x ) = 0
By =

1
x
5

smIkarbnat;enHRtUv)ansg;CadaRkamenAkgrUbTI 6-2c.

]TahrN_ 6-3 sg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc C rbs;FwmenAkgrUbTI 6-3a.

dMeNaHRsay

CMnYstmelxkgtarag enARtg;TItaMg x EdleRCIserIsnImYyrbs;bnkkta eKeRbIviFImuxkat;edIm,I

KNnatmrbs; VC . cMNaMfa eKRtUvdak;bnkenAxageqVgcMNuc C bnic x = 2.5 nigxagsaMcMNuc C
bnic x = 2.5+ edaysarkmaMgkat;manlkNdac;enARtg;cMNuc C rUbTI 6-3b nig 6-3c.
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daRkamntmenAkgrUbTI 6-3d CaExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc C rUbTI 6-3e.

smIkarExS\TiBl enATIenH eKmansmIkarBIrEdlRtUvkMNt; edaysareKmankMNat;Ggt;BIrsRmab;ExS
\TiBlEdlbNalBIPaBdac;rbs;kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc C rUbTI 6-3f. smIkarTaMgenHRtUv)anKUr
daRkamenAkgrUbTI 6-3e.

]TahrN_ 6-4 sg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc C rbs;FwmenAkgrUbTI 6-4a.

dMeNaHRsay

CMnYstmelxkgtarag edayeRbIsaTic nigviFImuxkat; epgpat;fatmrbs;kmaMgkat; Vc enARtg;

cMNuc C enAkgrUbTI 6-4b EdlRtUvKanwgTItaMg x nImYyrbs;bnkktaenAelIFwm. daRkamntm
enAkgrUbTI 6-4b CaExS\TiBlenAkgrUbTI 6-4c.
smIkarExS\TiBl BIrUbTI 6-4d epgpat;fa
1
Vc = x
8
1
Vc = 1 x
8

0 x < 4m
4m < x 12m

smIkarTaMgenHRtUv)anbgajCadaRkamenAkgrUbTI 6-4c.
ExS\TiBlsRmab;rcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

]TahrN_ 6-5 sg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc C rbs;FwmenAkgrUbTI 6-5a.

dMeNaHRsay

CMnYstmelxkgtarag enARtg;TItaMgeRCIserIsnImYyrbs;bnkkta eKKNnatmrbs; M C eday

eRbIviFImuxkat;. Ca]TahrN_ emIlrUbTI 6-5b sRmab; x = 2.5m . daRkamntmenAkgrUbTI 6-5c
bgajCaExS\TiBlsRmab;m:Um:g;enARtg;cMNuc C rUbTI 6-5d.
smIkarExS\TiBl eKGaceRbIGgt;BIrkMNat;sRmab;kMNt;rksmIkarExS\TiBledayeRbI M C = 0
CamYynwgviFImuxkat;EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-5d.
+ MC = 0

M C + 1(5 x ) 1 x 5 = 0
10

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1
x
2
1

M C 1 x 5 = 0
10
1
MC = 5 x
2

MC =
+ MC = 0

0 x < 5m

5m < x 10m

]TahrN_ 6-6 sg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc C rbs;FwmenAkgrUbTI 6-6a.

dMeNaHRsay

CMnYstmelxkgtarag edayeRbIsaTic nigviFImuxkat; epgpat;fatmrbs;m:Um:g; M c enARtg;cMNuc C

enAkgrUbTI 6-6b EdlRtUvKanwgTItaMg x nImYyrbs;bnkktaenAelIFwm. daRkamntmenAkgrUb TI
6-6b CaExS\TiBlenAkgrUbTI 6-6c.
smIkarExS\TiBl BIrUbTI 6-6d epgpat;fa
MC =

1
x
2

MC = 4

0 x < 4m

1
x
2

4m < x 12m

smIkarTaMgenHRtUv)ansg;CadaRkamdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-6c.

ExS\TiBlsRmab;rcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

^>@> ExS\TiBlsRmab;Fwm (Influence line for beams)

edaysarFwm brtCaGgt;rgbnkcMbgnRbBnkRmal bkRmals<an eKcaM)ac;RtUvmanlTPaB sg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgRbtikm kmaMgkat; bm:Um:g;enARtg;cMNucCak;lak;enAkgFwm.
bnk enAeBleKsg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;GnuKmn_ kmaMgRbtikm kmaMgkat; bm:Um:g; enaHeKnwgmanlTPaBkMNt;TItaMgbnkGefrenAelIFwmEdlGacbegItGnuKmn_mantmGtibrma. eKmanbnkBIrRbePT
EdlRtUvBicarNaenATIenH.
bnkcMcMNuc
edaysartmCaelxnGnuKmn_sRmab;ExS\TiBlRtUv)ankMNt;edayeRbIbnkktaKanxat enaH
sRmab;bnkcMcMNuc F EdlmanGMeBIenAelIFwmRtg;TItaMg x eKGacrktmGnuKmn_edayKuNGredaen
rbs;ExS\TiBlenARtg;TItaMg x edayTMhMrbs; F . Ca]TahrN_ eKmanExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgRbtikm
enARtg; A sRmab;Fwm AB rUbTI 6-7. RbsinebIbnkktasitenARtg; x = L / 2 enaHkmaMgRbtikm
enARtg; A KW Ay = 1 / 2 dUcbgajenAkgExS\TiBl. dUcenH RbsinebIkmaMg F manGMeBIenARtg;TItaMgdUc
Ka kmaMgRbtikmrbs;vaKW Ay = F / 2 . Cak;Esg eKGacTTYl)ankmaMgRbtikmEdlmantmdUcKaBI
karKNnaedaysaTic. eyIgeXIjy:agc,as;fa \TiBlGtibrmaEdlbgeday F ekItmanenAeBleK
dak;vaRtg;TItaMgnkMBUlrbs;ExS\TiBl EdlenAkgkrNIenH x = 0 ehIyeyIgnwgTTYl)ankmaMg
Rbtikm Ay = (1)(F ) .

bnkBRgayesI eKmanEpkrbs;FwmEdlrgbnkBRgayesI wo rUbTI 6-8. dUckarbgaj kMNat; dx

nImYyrbs;bnkenHbegItkmaMgcMcMNuc dF = wo dx enAelIFwm. RbsinebI dF sitenARtg; x Edl
GredaennExS\TiBlrbs;FwmsRmab;GnuKmn_ kmaMgRbtikm kmaMgkat; m:Um:g;xH KW y enaHtmn
GnuKmn_KW (dF )( y ) = (wo dx)y . \TiBlnkmaMgcMcMNuc dF TaMgGs;RtUv)ankMNt;edaykareFVIGaMget
RkalelIRbEvgTaMgmUlrbs;Fwm Edl wo ydx = wo ydx . ehIyedaysar ydx smmUleTAnwgRkLa
pExS\TBl enaHtmrbs;GnuKmn_EdlbNalBIbnkBRgayesInwgplKuNrvagRkLapExS\TiBlCa
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mYynwgGaMgtg;sIuetrbs;bnkBRgayesI. Ca]TahrN_ enAkgkrNIFwmrgbnkBRgayesIdUcbgajenA

kgrUbTI 6-9 eKGackMNt;kmaMgRbtikm Ay BIExS\TiBlCa Ay = (area)(wo ) = [(1)(L) / 2]wo =
wo L / 2 . Cak;Esg eKGackMNt;tmenHBIsaTic.

]TahrN_ 6-7

kMNt;kmaMgkat;viCmanGtibrmaEdlGacekItmanenARtg;cMNuc C enAkgFwmdUcbgaj enAkgrUbTI 610a EdlbNalBIbnkcltcMcMNuc 4kN nigbnkcltBRgay 2kN / m .

dMeNaHRsay

sg;daRkamExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkat;sRmab;kmaMgkat;Rtg;cMNuc C enAkg]TahrN_ 6-3 ehIy

RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-10b.
bnkcMcMNuc kmaMgkat;viCmanGtibrmaenARtg; C nwgekItmanenAeBlkmaMg 4kN manGMeBIenARtg; x =
2.5 + m edaysarvakMBUlviCmanrbs;ExS\TiBl. GredaensRmab;kMBUlenHKW + 0.75 Edl
ExS\TiBlsRmab;rcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

Vc = 0.75(4kN ) = 3kN

bnkBRgay bnkBRgaycltbegIt\TiBlviCmanGtibrmasRmab; VC enAeBlEdlbnkeFVIGMeBIenAelI

FwmcenaH x = 2.5+ m nig x = 10m edaysarenAkgtMbn;enH ExS\TiBlmanRkLapviCman. TMhMrbs;
VC EdlbNalBIbnkenHKW

1
VC = (10m 2.5m )(0.75) 2kN / m = 5.625kN

kmaMgkat;GtibrmasrubenARtg;cMNuc C
(VC )max = 3kN + 5.625kN = 8.625kN

cMNaMfa enAeBlEdlTItaMgbnkEdlbegItedayeRbIExS\TiBl rUbTI 6-10c tm (VC )max enHkGac

kMNt;edayeRbIsaTic nigviFImuxkat;.

]TahrN_ 6-8 eKeRbIeRKOgbgMeRKagdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-11a edIm,IRT]bkrN_sc. bnkEdl

]brkrN_sceyagmanbnk 3kN ehIyFwm CB manm:as 24kg / m . snt; A CaTRmsnak;

ehIy B CaTRm kl;. kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRmbBarenARtg; A / B
nigm:Um:g;GtibrmaenAkgFwmRtg;cMNuc D .

dMeNaHRsay

kmaMgGtibrmaenARtg;cMNuc A dMbUgeyIgKUrdaRkamExS\TiBlsRmab; Ay rUbTI 6-11b.

Cak;Esg enAeBlbnkktasitenARtg; A kmaMgRbtikmenARtg; A esInwg1.0 dUcbgaj.
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GredaenenARtg; C esI nwg1.33 .

enATIenHtmGtibrmasRmab; Ay ekItmanenAeBlbnksitenARtg;cMNuc C . edaysarbnk Gefr
Tmn;Fwm manelIRbEvgFwmTaMgmUl eyIg)an
(Ay )max = 3000(1.33) + 24(9.81) 12 (4)(1.33)

= 4.63kN

kmaMgGtibrmaenARtg;cMNuc B ExS\TiBl bFwm manragdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-11c. eKkMNt;

tmenARtg; C nig B edaysaTic. enATIenHbnkRtUvsitenARtg;cMNuc B . dUcenH
(B y )max = 3000(1) + 24(9.81) 12 (3)(1) + 24(9.81) 12 (1)( 0.333)

= 3.31kN

m:Um:g;GtibrmaenARtg;cMNuc D ExS\TiBlmanrUbragdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-11d. eKkMNt;tmenA

Rtg; C nig D BIsmIkarsaTic. enATIenH
(M D )max = 3000(0.75) + 24(9.81) 1 (1)( 0.5) + 24(9.81) 1 (3)(0.75)
2

= 2.46kN.m

^>#> eKalkarN_muyeyeRbs (Qualitative influence lines)

enAqaM 1886/ Heinrich Muller Breslau )anbegItbeckeTssRmab;sg;ExS\TiBly:agelOn

bMput. eKakarN_muyeyeRbseBalfaExS\TiBlsRmab;GnuKmn_kmaMg kmaMgRbtikm kmaMgkat; b
m:Um:gBt; manragdUcnwgrUbragdabrbs;FwmenAeBlFwmrgGMeBIedayGnuKmn_kmagM . edIm,IKUrrUbragdab
[)anl eKRtUvyklTPaBrbs;FwmTb;Tl;GnuKmn_kmaMg dUcenHFwmGacdabenAeBlGnuKmn_kmaMgTaMg
enHmanGMeBI.

ExS\TiBlsRmab;rcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

Ca]TahrN_ eKmanFwmenAkgrUbTI 6-12a. RbsinebIeKRtUvkarkMNt;ragrbs;ExS\TiBl

sRmab;kmaMgRbtikmRtg;cMNuc A enaHeKRtUvCMnYssnak;edaypvr:UlU (roller guide) dUcbgaj enAkg
rUbTI 6-12b. eK RtUvkarpvr:UlU (roller guide) edaysarFwmRtUvTb;kmaMgedkenARtg;cMNuc A minEmn
kmaMgbBar. enAeBleKGnuvt kmaMgviCman TisedAeLIgelI Ay enARtg;cMNuc A FwmxUcRTg;RTay
dUcbnat;dac; EdlbgajrUbrag TUeTArbs;ExS\TiBlsRmab; Ay rUbTI 6-12c. tmCaelxsRmab;
krNICak; EsgRtUv)anKNnaenAkg]TahrN_ 6-1.
*

RbsinebIeKRtUvkarkMNt;rUbragrbs;ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkat;enARtg; cMNuc C rUbTI 613a eKGaceFVInimitsBaapvr:UlU (roller guide) Rtg;cMNuc C dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-13b. ]bkrN_
enHnwgTb;Tb;m:Um:g; nig kmaMgtamGkS EtminTb;Tl;nwgkmaMgkat;eT . edayGnuvtkmaMgkat;viCmanVC
eTA elIFwmRtg;cMNuc C nigedayGnuBaat[FwmdabdUcTItaMgbnat;dac; enaHExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkat;
Rtg;cMNuc C manragdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-13c. cugeRkay RbsinebIeKRtUvkarkMNt;ragExS\TiBl
sRmab;m:Um:g;Rtg;cMNuc C rUbTI 6-14a eKRtUvdak;snak;enARtg;cMNuc C edaysartMNenHTb;Tl;
kmaMg tamGkS nigkmaMgkat; EtminTb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;eT rUbTI 6-14b. edayGnuvtm:Um:g;viCman M C
eTAelI FwmRtg;cMNuc C Fwmnwg dabdUcTItaMgbnat;dac; EdlCaragExS\TiBlsRmab;m:Um:g;Bt;Rtg;cMNuc
C rUbTI 6-13d.

RKb;karBnl;TaMgGs;rUbragdabRtUv)anKUredaymaRtdanFMCagedIm,IbgajBIeKalKMnit.
enATIenHr:UlUCanimitsBaaTRmEdlTb;Tl;bnkTaMgkarTaj nigTaMgkarsgt; emIltarag 2-1 TRm (2).

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eKGacbkRsayeKalkarN_muyeyeRbsedayeRbIeKalkarN_ virtual work. rMlwkfakmn

(work) CaplKuNrvagcmaybMlas;TICamYykmaMgEdlmanGMeBIRsbtamTisrbs;bMlas;TI bCapl
KuNrvagmMurgVilnigm:Um:g;EdlmanGMeBIRsbtamTisrbs;mMru gVil. RbsinebIGgFaturwg Fwm sitkgsan
PaBlMnwg plbUknkmaMgTaMgGs; nigplbUkm:Um:g;TaMgGs;EdlmanGMeBIelIFwmRtUvEtesIsUn. dUcenH
RbsinebIGgFatupl;nUvbMlas;TInimit b bMlas;TI virtual/ kmnEdlekIteLIgedaykmaMg nigm:Um:g;TaMg
enHkRtUvEtesInwgsUnEdr. Ca]TahrN_ eKmanFwmTRmsamBa rUbTI 6-15a EdlrgbnkktaEdl
dak;enARtg;cMNucNamYytambeNayRbEvg. RbsinebIFwmmanbMlas;TInimit (virtual displacement)
y enARtg;TRm A rUb 6-15b manEtkmaMgRbtikm Ay nigbnkktabegItkmnnimit. CaBiess
Ay begItkmnviCman Ay y nigbnkktabegItkmnGviCman 1y ' . TRmenARtg; B minclt ehIy
kmaMgenARtg; B minbegItkmn. edaysarFwmsitenAkgsanPaBlMnwg dUcenHmincltCak;lak; pl
bUkkmaMgnimitesIsUn Edl
Ayy 1y ' = 0

RbsinebIeK[ y = 1 enaH
Ay = y '

niyayma:geTot tmrbs; Ay CakUGredaenrbs;ExS\TiBlenARtg;TItaMgrbs;bnkkta. edaysar

tmenHsmmUleTAnwgbMlas;TI y' enARtg;TItaMgrbs;bnkkta vabgajfarUbragrbs;ExS\TiBl
sRmab;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg; A RtUv)anbegIt. TaMgenHbgajBIeKalkarN_muyeyeRbssRmab;kmaMg
Rbtikm.

enAkgrebobdUcKa RbsinebIFwmRtUv)ankat;enARtg; C ehIyFwmrgbMlas;TI y enARtg;cMNucenH

rUbTI 6-15c enaHkmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc C ehIybnkktabegItkmn. dUcenH smIkarkmnnimitKW
ExS\TiBlsRmab;rcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

VC y 1y ' = 0

mgeTot RbsinebI y = 1 enaH

VC = y '

ehIyeK)anbegItrUbragrbs;ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc C .
cugeRkay snt;snak;RtUv)anbegItenAkgFwmRtg;cMNuc C rUbTI 6-15d. RbsinebImMurgVil
RtUv)anbegItenARtg;snak; kmnnimitRtUv)anbegItedaym:Um:g;xagkg nigbnkkta. dUcenH
M C 1y ' = 0

edayyk = 1 eyIgeXIjfa
M C = y '

EdlbgajfaFwmmanPaBdabdUcragCaExS\TiBlsRmab;m:Um:g;xagkgenARtg;cMNuc C emIlrUbTI 614.

eyIgeXIjy:agc,as;fa eKalkarN_muyeyeRbspl;nUvviFIy:agelOnsRmab;begItrUbragrbs;
ExS\TiBl. enAeBlEdleyIgsal;ragrbs;vaehIy eyIgGackMNt;GredaenenARtg;kMBUledayeRbIviFI
mUldanEdlerobrab;enAkgkfaxN 6-1. karsal;rUbragTUeTArbs;ExS\TiBl eFVI[eyIgGacmanlTPaBkMNt;TItaMgbnkGefrenAelIFwm nigbnab;mkeyIgGackMNt;tmGtibrmarbs;GnuKmn_kmaMgeday
eRbIsmIkarsaTic. ]TahrN_ 6-12 bgajBIbeckeTsenH.

]TahrN_ 6-9 sRmab;FwmnImYyenAkgrUbTI 6-16a rhUtdl; 6-16c KUrExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMg

RbtikmbBarenARtg; A .

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dMeNaHRsay

eKCMnYsTRm A edaypvr:UlU (roller guide) nigGnuvtkmaMg Ay sRmab;rUb 6-16a.

mgeTot CMnUspvr:UlU (roller guide) Rtg;cMNuc A ehIyGnuvtkmaMg Ay eTAelIva rUbTI 6-16b.
eKRtUveRbIpvr:UlUBIr (two-roller guide)Rtg;cMNuc A sRmab;krNIrUbTI 6-16c edaysarTRmRbePT
enH bBanTaMgm:Um:g; M A nigbnktamGkS Ax EtminbBan Ay .

]TahrN_ 6-10 sRmab;FwmnImYyenAkgrUbTI 6-17a rhUtdl; 6-17c KUrExS\TiBlsRmab;

kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc B .

dMeNaHRsay

eKdak;pvr:UlU (roller guide) enARtg;cMNuc B nigGnuvtkmaMgkat;viCman VB rUb 6-17a. cMNaMfa

kMNat;Ggt;xagsaMrbs;Ggt;mindabeT edaysarTRmkl;enARtg; A Tb;Fwmmin[eFVIclnatamTis
bBar emIlTRm (2) enAkgtarag 2-1.
edaydak; roller guide Rtg;cMNuc B ehIyGnuvtkmaMgkat;viCman enARtg;cMNuc B eKTTYl)anragdab
rbs;FwmEdlRtUvKanwgExS\TiBl rUbTI 6-17b.
eKRtUvdak;pvr:UlURtg;cMNuc B ehIyGnuvtkmaMgkat;viCman enaHeKnwg)anrUbragxUcRTg;RTayrbs;Fwm
EdlRtUvKanwgExS\TiBl rUbTI 6-17c. cMNaMfakMNat;Ggt;xageqVgrbs;Fwmmindab edaysarTRm
bgb;.
ExS\TiBlsRmab;rcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

]TahrN_ 6-11 sRmab;FwmnImYyenAkgrUbTI 6-18a rhUtdl; 6-18c KUrExS\TiBlsRmab;

m:Um:g;Bt;e nARtg;cMNuc B .

dMeNaHRsay

eKdak;snak;enARtg;cMNuc B ehIyGnuvtm:Um:g;viCman M B eTAelIFwm rUb 6-18a. ragdabrbs;Fwm

nigExS\TiBlRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-18a.
edaydak;snak;enARtg;cMNuc B ehIyGnuvtm:Um:g;viCman M B eTAelIFwm eKnwgTTYl)anragdabrbs;Fwm
EdlRtUvKanwgExS\TiBl rUbTI 6-18b.
CamYynwgsnak; nigm:Um:g;viCmanenARtg; B rUbragxUcRTg;RTayrbs;FwmEdlRtUvKanwgExS\TiBlRtUv)an
bgajenAkgrUbTI 6-18c. cMNaMfakMNat;Ggt;xageqVgrbs;FwmRtUv)anTb;min[viledaysarTRm
bgb;.

]TahrN_ 6-12 kMNt;m:Um:g;viCmanGtibrmaEdlGacekItmanenARtg;cMNuc D enAkgFwmEdlbgaj

enAkgrUbTI 6-19a EdlbNalBIbnkcltcMNuc16kN bnkcltBRgay 3kN / m nigTmn;Fwm

2kN / m .
dMeNaHRsay eKdak;snak;enARtg;cMNuc D ehIyGnuvtm:Um:g;viCman M D eTAelIFwm. rUbragdab nig
ExS\TiBlEdlRtUvKaRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-19b. eyIgdwgehIyfa bnkcltcMcMNuc16kN
begItm:Um:g;viCmanGtibrmaenARtg;cMNuc D enAeBleKdak;vaenARtg;cMNuc D eBalKWenARtg;kMBUlrbs;
ExS\TiBl. ehIybnkcltBRgay 3kN / m RtUv)andak;BRgayBIcMNuc C eTAcMNuc E edIm,IRKbelI
tMbn;EdlRkLaprbs;ExS\TiBlmantmviCman. cugeRkay Tmn;rbs;Fwm 2kN / m manGMeBIelIRbEvg
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FwmTaMgmUl. bnkEdlmanGMeBIelIFwmRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-19c. edaysal;TItaMgrbs;bnk

eyIgGac kMNt;m:Um:g;GtibrmaenARtg; D edayeRbIsmIkarsaTic. enAkgrUbTI 6-19d kmaMgRbtikmenA
elI BE RtUv)ankMNt;. edaykat;FwmenARtUv)ancMNuc D nigedayeRbIkMNat;Ggt; DE rUbTI 6-19e
eyIg)an

ExS\TiBlsRmab;rcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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+ MD = 0

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
M D 20(2) + 19(4) = 0
M D = 36kN .m

eyIgkGacedaHRsaycMeNaTenHedayeRbItmCaelxsRmab;ExS\TiBldUcenAkgkfaxN 6-1.
edaykarGegtrUbTI 6-19b Cak;Esg eKRtUvkarKNnaEttmkMBUl h Rtg; D b:ueNaH. dUcenHvaTamTar
[dak;bnkktaenAelIFwmRtg;cMNuc D kgrUbTI 6-19a nigbnab;mkedaHRsaym:Um:g;Bt;enAkgFwm
Rtg;cMNuc D . bgajfatmEdlTTYl)anKW h = 1.333 . edayRtIekaNdUc h' /(4 2) = 1.33 /(6 4)
b h'= 1.333 . dUcenH CamYynwgbnkenAelIFwmdUcenAkgrUbTI 6-19c edayeRbIRkLap nigtmkMBUl
nExS\TiBl rUbTI 6-19b eyIg)an

1
M D = 5 (10 4)(1.333) + 16(1.333) 2 (4)(1.333)
2
2

= 36kN.m

^>$> ExS\TiBlsRmab;rtRTkRmal (Influence lines for floor Girders)

eBlxH RbBnkRmalRtUv)ansg;dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-20a EdleyIgeXIjfabnkkRmal
(floor load) RtUv)aneprBIkRmalxNeTAFwmkRmal nigbnab;mkepreTArtxag ehIycugeRkayepreTA
ssrTRm. KMrUm:UEDlnRbBnenHRtUv)anbgajCaKMeXIjkgbg;kgrUbTI 6-20b. enATIenH eKsnt;fa
kRmalxNCakRmalmYyTis ehIyRtUv)anbMEbkCaElVgTRmsamBaEdlQrelIFwmkRmal. ehIyrt
RtUv)an RTedayTRmsamBaenAelIssr. edaysarrtCaGgt;rgbnkcMbgenAkgRbBnenH eBlxHeK
caM)ac;sg; ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkat; nigExS\TiBlsRmab;m:Um:g;rbs;va sRmab;GKar]sSahkmEdl
rgbnkcMcMNucFn;. cMNaMfa bnkktaenAelIkRmalxNRtUv)anepreTArtEtenARtg;cMNucRbsBVrvag
FwmkRmal nigrt eBalKW cMMnuc A / B / C nig D . cMNucTaMgenHeKehAfa panel point ehIytMbn;
cenaHcMNucTaMgenHeK[eQaH fa panel dUcCa BC enAkgrUbTI 6-20b.
eKGackMNt;ExS\TiBlsRmab;cMNucCak;lak;enAelIrtedayeRbIdMeNIrkarsaTicdUcKaenAkg
kfaxN 6-1 eBalKW dak;bnkktaenAelIcMNuc x NamYyenAelIkRmalxN nigkMNt;GnuKmn_kmaMg
kmaMgkat; bm:Um:g; enARtg;cMNucCak;lak; P enAkgrt rUbTI 6-20b. sg;daRkamntmTaMgenH
GaRsynwg x enaHeyIgnwgTTYl)anExS\TiBlsRmab;GnuKmn_kmaMgenARtg; P . CaBiess tmsRmab;
m:Um:g;enAkg girder panel EtgGaRsynwgkareRCIserIsTItaMgrbs; P sRmab;ExS\TiBl edaysarTMhM
M P GaRsynwgTItaMgrbs;cMNucBIcugrbs;rt. Ca]TahrN_ RbsinebIbnkktamanGMeBIenAelIkRmal
xNdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-20c dMbUgeKGacrkkmaMgRbtikm FB nig FC enAelIkRmal bnab;mk
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KNnakmaMgRbtikm F1 nig F2 enAelIrt. bnab;mkkMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg; P edayviFImuxkat; rUbTI 620d. CalTpleyIgnwgTTYl)an M P = F1d FB (d s ) . edayeRbIkarviPaKdUcKa eyIgnwgTTYl
)an VP mantmefrelI panel BC TaMgmUl Edl VP = F1 FB dUcenHvaminGaRsynwgTItaMgCak;lak;
d rbs; P enAkg panel eT. sRmab;mUlehtuenH ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkat;rbs;kRmalrtRtUv)an
kMNt;sRmab; panel minEmnRtg;cMNucNamYytambeNayrteT. kmaMgkat;enAkgrtRtUv)aneK[
eQaHfa panel shear. eKRtUvcMNaMfa edaysarrtrg\TiBledaysarEtbnkEdlepredayFwmkRmal
CaeKTUeTAeKeRcIndak;bnkktaenARtg;TItaMgFwmkRmalnImYyedIm,IbegItTinnycaM)ac;edIm,IKUrExS\TiBl.
]TarhrN_CatmelxxageRkamnwgbgajy:agc,as;BIkarviPaKkmaMg.

]TahrN_ 6-13 sg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkat;enAkg panel CD sRmab;rtRTkRmalenAkgrUbTI

6-21a.

dMeNaHRsay

CMnYstmelxkgtarag eKdak;bnkktaenARtg;TItaMgFwmkRmalnImYy ehIyKNnakmaMgkat;enA

kg panel CD . taragnlTplRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-21b. karKNnalMGitenAeBl x = 0
nig x = 6m RtUv)an[enAkgrUbTI 6-21c nig 6-21d erogKa. cMNaMfa dMbUgeKRtUvkMNt;kmaMg
ExS\TiBlsRmab;rcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

Rbtikm rbs;FwmkRmalenAelIrtkgkrNInImYy bnab;mkkMNt;kmaMgRbtikmrbs;rtenARtg;cMNuc F

eKmin RtUvkar G y eT ehIycugeRkay eKBicarNakMNat;Ggt;rbs;rt ehIyKNnakmaMgkat;VCD
enAkg panel CD . sRmab;kickarbEnm cUrepgpat;tm VCD enAeBl x = 3m / 9m nig12m .

ExS\TiBl enAeBlEdlelxCMnYskgtaragRtUv)ansg;CadaRkamedayPab;BIcMNucmYyeTAcMNucmYy
edaybnat;Rtg; lTplnExS\TiBlsRmab; VCD RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-21e.

]TahrN_ 6-14 sg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;m:Um:g;enARtg;cMNuc F sRmab;rtRTkRmalenAkgrUbTI 622a.

dMeNaHRsay

CMnYstmelxkgtarag eKdak;bnkktaenARtg; x = 0 nigenARtg; panel point nImYy. tmRtUvKa

sRmab; M F RtUv)anKNna ehIyRtUv)anbgajenAkgtarag rUbTI 6-22b. karKNnalMGitsRmab;
x = 2m RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-22c. dUcenAkg]TahrN_elIkmun dMbUgeKcaM)ac;kMNt;kmaMg
Rbtikmrbs;FwmkRmalEdlenAelIrt bnab;mkkMNt;kmaMgRbtikm G y rbs;rt eKmincaM)ac;kMNt;
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NPIC

eTehIy cugbBab; eKBicarNakMNat;Ggt; GF rbs;rt nigKNnam:Um:g;kg M F . sRmab;kickar

bEnm cUrkMNt;tmepSgeTotrbs; M F EdlmanenAkgtaragkgrUbTI 6-22b.
ExS\TiBl daRkamntmkgtaragCaExS\TiBlsRmab; M F RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-22d.
Hy

^>%> ExS\TiBlsRmab; trusses (Influence lines for trusses)

eBlxHeKeRbI truss CaeRKOgbgMRTbnkcMbgsRmab;s<an. dUcenH sRmab;karsikSaKNna eK
RtUvmanlTPaBsg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;Ggt;rbs;vanImyY . dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-23 bnkenAelI
kRmals<anRtUv)anepreTA stringer EdlvabBanbneTAFwmkRmal nigbnab;mkbnkRtUv)anbBaneTA
tMNnGgt;xageRkam (bottom cord) rbs; truss. edayGgt; truss rg\TiBlEtBIbnkRtg;tMN dUc
enHeyIgGac TTYltmGredaenrbs;ExS\TiBlsRmab;Ggt;edaykardak;bnkktaenARtg;tMNnImYy
tambeNaykRmal ehIyeRbIviFItMN bviFImuxkat;edIm,IKNnakmaMgenAkgGgt;. eKGactMerobTinny
enAkgtarag Edlmanbnkkta nigkmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;. edIm,IPaBgayRsYl RbsinebIGgt;rgkmaMg
Taj eKKitfavamantmviCman RbsinebIrgkmaMgsgt; vamantmGviCman.
ExS\TiBlsRmab;rcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

ExS\TiBlsRmab;Ggt;RtUv)ansg;eday bgajTinnyenAkgCacMNuc ehIyKUrPab;BIcMNucmYyeTAcMNuc

mYyedaybnat;Rtg;.
]TahrN_xageRkambgajBIviFIkgkarsg;ExS\TiBl.

]TahrN_ 6-15 sg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkgGgt; GB sRmab; truss s<anEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI

6-24a.

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NPIC

dMeNaHRsay

CMnYstmelxkgtarag enATIenH eKdak;bnkktaenARtg;tMNnImYyenARtg;Ggt;xageRkambnbnab;

rYcKNnakmaMgenAkgGgt; GB edayeRbIviFImuxkat; rUbTI 6-24b. Ca]TahrN_ edaydak;bnk
ktaenARtg; x = 6m tMN B dMbUgKNnakmaMgRbtikmTRmenARtg; E rUbTI 6-24a bnab;mk
kat; truss enARtg;Ggt; HG / GB / BC ehIykMNt;kmaMgenAkg GB BIkMNat; truss xagsaM rUbTI 624c. tamrebobdUcKa kMNt;tmdTepSgeTotEdlmanenAkgtarag.
ExS\TiBl edaybgajtmkgtaragCacMNucenAelIkUGredaen nigedayPab;cMNucnImYyedaybnat;
Rtg; eyIg)anExS\TiBlsRmab;Ggt; GB rUbTI 6-24d. edaysarExS\TiBlbnayelIElVgrbs;
truss TaMgRsug enaHeKcat;TukGgt; GB CaGgt;em (primary member). enHmannyfa GB rgkmaMg
eday minKitTItaMgeFVIGMeBIrbs;bnkmkelIkRmals<aneT. cMNucnkmaMgsUn x = 8m RtUv)an
kMNt;edayRtIekaNdUcrvag x = 6m nig x = 12m Edl (0.354 + 0.707) /(12 6) = 0.354 / x'
x' = 2m dUcenH x = 6 + 2 = 8m .

]TahrN_ 6-16 sg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkgGgt; CG sRmab; truss s<anEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI

6-25a.

dMeNaHRsay

CMnYstmelxkgtarag taragnbnkktaenARtg;tMNnGgtx; ageRkam nigkmaMgxagkgGgt; CG

ExS\TiBlsRmab;rcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-25b. eyIgGacTTYl)antmTaMgenHy:agRsYlbMputedaypac;tMN C rUb

TI 6-25c. enATIenH eyIgeXIjfaGgt; CG CaGgt;EdlmankmaMgsUn elIkElgEtkgkrNIbnk
ktamanGMeBIenARtg;tMN C EdlenAkgkrNIenH FCG = 1(T ) .
ExS\TiBl edaybgajtmkgtaragCacMNucenAelIkUGredaen nigedayPab;cMNucnImYyedaybnat;
Rtg; eyIg)anExS\TiBlsRmab;Ggt; CG rUbTI 6-25d. cMNaMfa enAeBlbnkktasitenARtg;
x = 9m kmaMgenAkg CG KW FCG = 0.5 . sanPaBEbbenHTamTar[dak;bnkktaenAelIkRmal
s<ancenaH tMN. kareprbnkBIkRmaleTA truss RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-25e. BIrUbenH eyIg
eXIjfa FCG = 0.5 edaykarviPaKlMnwgntMN C rUbTI 6-25f. edaysarExS\TiBlsRmab;
CG minlatsnwgelI ElVgTaMgmUlrbs; truss rUbTI 6-25d eKehAGgt; CG CaGgt;rg (secondary
member).

]TahrN_ 6-17 kMNt;kmaMgFMbMputEdlGacekItmanenAkgGgt; BC rbs; truss s<anEdlbgaj

enAkgrUbTI 6-26a EdlbNalBIbnkclt100kN nigbnkBRgayclt 7.5kN / m . bnkRtUv)an
GnuvtenAGgt;xagelI.

dMeNaHRsay

CMnYstmelxkgtarag taragnTItaMgbnkkta x enARtg;tMNtambeNayGgt;xagelICamYynwg

kmaMgenAkgGgt; BC RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-26b. eKGaceRbIviFImuxkat;sRmab;karKNna. Ca
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NPIC

]TahrN_ enAeBlbnkktaenARtg;cMNuc I Edl x = 8m dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-26a dMbUgeKRtUv

kMNt;kmaMgRbtikm E y Edl E y = 0.25 . bnab;mk eKkat; truss Rtg;Ggt; BC / HB nig HI ehIy
eyIgBinitkMNat; truss xagsaM rUbTI 6-26c. eKTTYl FBC edayeFVIplbUkm:Um:g;Rtg;cMNuc H
edIm,IlubbM)at; FHI nig FHB . tamrebobdUcKa kMNt;tmdTeTotenAkgrUbTI 6-26b.
ExS\TiBl daRkamntmkgtaragCaExS\TiBl rUbTI 6-26d. tamkarGegt Ggt; BC CaGgt;
em. ehtuGVI?
kmaMgcMcMNucGefr bnkFMbMputenAkgGgt; BC ekItmanenAeBleKdak;kmaMgclt100kN enARtg;
x = 16m . dUcenH
FBC = (1.33)(100) = 133kN

bnkBRgayGefr eKRtUvdak;bnkBRgayGefrenAelI truss TaMgmUledIm,IbegIt)ankmaMgTajFMbMput

enAkgGgt; BC . dUcenH
*

FBC = (32)(1.33) 7.5 = 160kN

2

kmaMgGtibrmasrub
(FBC )max = 1.33kN + 160kN = 293kN

^>^> \TiBlGtibrmaenARtg;cMNucmYyEdlbNalBIesrInbnkcMcMNuc
(Maximum influence at a point due to a series of concentrated loads)

enAeBleKsg;ExS\TiBlrbs;GnuKmn_kmaMgsRmab;cMNucmYyenAkgeRKOgbgMrUcehIy eKGac
kMNt;\TiBlGtibrmaEdlbNalBIkmaMgcMcMNucGefredayKuNGredaenkMBUlrbs;ExS\TiBlCamYynwg
TMhMrbs;kmaMg. b:uEnenAkgkrNIxH eRKOgbgMEtgEtrgnUvesrInbnkcMcMNuc dUcCabnkrbs;kg;rfyn
dwkTMnij brfePIg. edIm,IkMNt;\TiBlGtibrmaenAkgkrNIEbbenH eKGaceRbIviFIsakl,gEktRmUv
(trial-and-error procedure) beRbIviFIEdlQrelIkarbERmbRmYlGnuKmn_kmaMgEdlKitfabnkclt.
enATIenH viFInImYyRtUv)anBnl;sRmab;karGnuvteTAelIkmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;.
kmaMgkat; eKmanFwmTRmsamBaCamYynwgExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc C enAkgrUbTI 627a. eKGackMNt;kmaMgkat;viCmanGtibrmaenARtg;cMNuc C EdlbNalBIesrInbnkcMcMNucEdl
cltelIFwmBIsaMeTAeqVg. bnkeRKaHfak;ekItmanenAeBleKdak;bnkmYyenAxagsaMcMNuc C bnicEdl
kmaMgTajFMbMputenAkgGgt; GB n]TahrN_ 6-15 ekItmanenAeBlbnkBRgayeFVIGMeBIenAelI truss BI x = 0m eTA 8m
rUbTI 6-24d
*

ExS\TiBlsRmab;rcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

RtYtsIuKanwgcMNuckMBUlrbs;ExS\TiBl. eday trial and error eKGaceFVIkarGegtkrNIEdlGacekIt

mancMnYnbI rUbTI 6-27b. eyIg)an
krNITI1 (VC )1 = 4.5(0.75) + 18(0.625) + 18(0.5) = 23.63kN
krNITI2 (VC )2 = 4.5( 0.125) + 18(0.75) + 18(0.625) = 24.19kN
krNITI3 (VC )3 = 4.5(0) + 18( 0.125) + 18(0.75) = 11.25kN
krNITI2 EdlmankmaMg 4.5kN sitenARtg;1.5+ m BITRmxageqVgeFVI[tm VC FMbMput dUcenH
vaCakardak;bnkEdleRKaHfak;bMput. Cak;Esg karGegtkrNITI3 KWmanlkNmincaM)ac; edaysar
kartMerobbnkEbbenHeFVI[tmrbs; (VC )3 tUcCag (VC )2 .

enAeBlbnkcMcMNucCaeRcIneFVIGMeBIelIElVgFwm dUckgkrNIbnk E-72 nrUbTI 1-11 eKGac

eRbIkarKNna trial-and-error xagelI)an. eKGackMNt;TItaMgeRKaHfak;rbs;bnkedayrkbERmbRmYl
kmaMgkat; V EdlekItmanenAeBlbnkcltBIkrNITImYyeTAkrNITIBIr bnab;mkBIkrNITIBIreTAkrNI
TIbI nigbnbnab;. enAeBlEdlkarKNna V viCman TItaMgfInwgeFVI[mankmaMgkat;enAkgFwmRtg; C FM
CagTItaMgelIkmun. eKRtUveFVIkarGegtrhUtdl;TTYl)anbERmbRmYlkmaMgkat;GviCman. enAeBleyIg
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NPIC

TTYl)antmGviCmanEbbenH mannyfaTItaMgrbs;bnkelIkmunpl;nUvtmeRKaHfak;. eKGackMNt;

bERmbRmYlkmaMgkat; V sRmab;bnk P EdlcltBITItaMg x1 eTA x2 enAelIFwmedayKuN P CamYynwg
bERmbRmYlGredaenrbs;ExS\TiBl Edl y2 y1 . RbsinebICRmalrbs;ExS\TiBlKW s enaH
( y 2 y1 ) = s(x2 x1 ) dUcenH
V = Ps( x2 x1 )
sRmab;ExS\TiBlEdlmanCRmal
(6-1)
RbsinebIbnkcltqgcMNucEdlExS\TiBlmanPaBdac; dUcbnk C enAkgrUbTI 6-27a enaH
bERmbRmYlkmaMgkat;manlkNsamBabMputKW
V = P( y 2 y1 )
sRmab;ExS\TiBlEdlmanPaBdac;
(6-2)
kareRbIsmIkarxagelICamYynwgFwmrgbnkbgajBIExS\TiBlsRmab; VC rUbTI 6-27a. cMNaMfatm
rbs;CRmalnExS\TiBlKW s = 0.75 /(12 3) = 0.75 / 9 = 0.0833 ehIyPaBdac;enARtg;cMNuc C man
TMhM 0.75 + 0.25 = 1 . BicarNabnknkrNITI1 Edlclt1.5m eTAkrNITI2 rUbTI 6-27b. enA
eBlekItmankrNIenH bnk 4.5kN Fak;cuH 1 ehIybnkTaMgGs;clteLIgtamCRmalrbs;ExS\TiBl.
dUc enHbERmbRmYlkmaMgkat;sRmab;krNIenHKW
V1 2 = 4.5( 1) + [4.5 + 18 + 18](0.0833)(1.5) = +0.563kN

edaysar V1 2 viCman enaHkrNITI2nwgmanVC FMCagkrNITI1. eRbobeFobcemIy (VC )1 nig (VC )2

Edl)anKNnaBImun EdlCak;Esg (VC )2 = (VC )1 + 0.563 . eFVIkarGegt V2 3 EdlekItmanenAeBl
krNITI2clteTAkrNITI3 rUbTI 6-27b eyIgRtUvKitkarFak;cuHnbnk18kN nigkarclttamTis
edk1.5m nbnkTaMgGs;elICRmalrbs;ExS\TiBl. eyIg)an
V2 3 = 18( 1) + [4.5 + 18 + 18](0.0833)(1.5) = 12.94kN

edaysar V2 3 GviCman enaHkrNITI2CaTItaMgnbnkeRKaHfak; dUckarkMNt;elIkmun.

m:Um:g;Bt; eyIgkGaceRbIviFIelIkmunedIm,IkMNt;TItaMgeRKaHfak;nesrInbnkcMcMNucEdlbegItm:Um:g;Bt;
FMbMputenARtg;TItaMgCak;lak;enAelIeRKOgbgM. dMbUg eKcaM)ac;RtUvKUrExS\TiBlsRmab;m:Um:g;enARtg;
cMNuc nigkMNt;CRmal s rbs;kMNat;ExS\TiBlrbs;va. sRmab;clnatamTisedk (x2 x1 ) rbs;bnk
cMcMNuc P bERmbRmYlm:Um:g;Bt; M smmUleTAnwgTMhMrbs;bnkKuNnwgbERmbRmYlGredaenrbs;ExS
\TiBleRkamGMeBI rbs;bnk.
M = Ps (x2 x1 )
sRmab;ExS\TiBlEdlmanCRmal
(6-3)
Ca]TahrN_ BicarNaFwm bnk nigExS\TiBlsRmab;m:Um:g;enARtg;cMNuc C enAkgrUbTI 6-28a. Rbsin
ebI eKdak;bnknImYynbnkcMcMNucTaMgbIenAelIFwm[RtUvKanwgkMBUlrbs;ExS\TiBl eyIgnwgTTYl)an
ExS\TiBlsRmab;rcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

\TiBlFMbMputBIkmaMgnImYy. krNInkardak;bnkbIRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-28b. enAeBlbnk

nkrNITI1 clt)an1.2m eTAeqVg eyIgnwg)ankrNITI2. eyIgeXIjfa bnk 9kN kat;bny M 1 2
edaysarCRmal (2.25 / 3)manTisedAcuHeRkam rUbTI 6-28a. dUcKa kmaMg18kN nig13.5kN eFVI
[ M 1 2 ekIneLIg edaysarCRmal [2.25 /(12 3)] manTisedAeLIgelI. eyIgman
2.25
2.25
M 1 2 = 9
(1.2) + (18 + 13.5)
(1.2) = 1.35kN .m
3
12 3

edaysar M 1 2 viCman eyIgRtUveFVIkarGegtbneTotedaycltbnk1.8m BIkrNITI2 eTAkrNITI3.

2.25
2.25
M 2 3 = (9 + 18)
(1.8) + 13.5
(1.8) = 30.38kN .m
3
12 3

enATIenH bERmbRmYlGviCman dUcenHm:Um:g;Bt;FMbMputenARtg;cMNuc C nwgekItmanenAeBlFwmrgbnkdUc

bgajenAkgkrNITI2 rUbTI 6-28c. dUcenHm:Um:g;GtibrmaenARtg; C KW
(M C )max = 9(1.35) + 18(2.25) + 13.5(1.8) = 77.0kN .m

]TahrN_xageRkamnwgbgajBIbEnmBIviFIenH.

]TahrN_ 6-18 kMNt;kmaMgkat;viCmanGtibrmaEdlekItmanenARtg;cMNuc B enAkgFwmEdlbgaj

enAkgrUbTI 6-29a EdlbNalBIbnkkg;rbs;rfyndwkTMnij.

dMeNaHRsay

ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc B RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-29b.

karclt 0.9m rbs;bnk18kN Kitfabnk18kN eFVIGMeBIenAxagsaMcMNuc B bnicEdleFIV[eyIg
TTYl)an\TiBlviCmanGtibrma. edaysarkMNat;Fwm BC manRbEvg 3m enaHbnk 4.5kN minTan;man
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NPIC

GMeBIelIFwmeT. enAeBlrfyndwkTMnijclt 0.9m eTAeqVg bnk18kN Fak;cuHenAelIExS\TiBl1kta

ehIybnk18kN / 40.5kN nig 67.5kN eFVI[ VB viCmanekIneLIg edaysarCRmalekIneLIgeTAeqVg.
eTaHbICabnk 45kN clteTAmux 0.9m keday kvaenAminTan;manGMeBIelIFwmEdr. dUcenH
0.5
VB = 18( 1) + (18 + 40.5 + 67.5)
0.9 = +0.9kN
3

karclt1.8m rbs;bnk 40.5kN enAeBlbnk 40.5kN manGMeBIenAxagsaMcMNuc B bnic ehIybnab;

mkrfyndwkTMnijclt1.8m eTAeqVg eyIgman
0.5
0.5
VB = 40.5( 1) + (18 + 40.5 + 67.5)
(1.8) + 4.5
(1.2) = +6.3kN
3
3

cMNaMfakgkarKNnabnk 45kN clt)an1.2m enAelIFwm.

karclt1.8m rbs;bnk 67.5kN RbsinebIbnk 67.5kN manTItaMgenAxagsaMcMNuc B bnic ehIy
bnab;mkrfyndwkTMnijclteTAeqVg)ancmay1.8m enaHbnk18kN enAsl;Etcmay 0.3m eTot
vanwgecjBIFwm dUcKaRbsinbnk 40.5kN cltEfm1.2m vaknwgcakecjBIFwmEdr. dUcenH
0.5
0.5
0.5
VB = 67.5( 1) + 18
(1.8) = 24.8kN
(0.3) + 40.5
(1.2) + (67.5 + 45)
3
3
3

edaysar VB GviCman TItaMgdRtwmRtUvrbs;bnkekItmanenAeBlbnk 67.5kN sitenAxagsaMcMNuc B

bnic rUbTI 6-29c. dUcenH
(VB )max = 18( 0.05) + 40.5( 0.2) + 37.5(0.5) + 45(0.2) = 33.8kN

kgkarGnuvt eKkGacBicarNaclnarbs;rfyndwgTMnijBIeqVgeTAsaM ehIybnab;mkeRCIserIstm

GtibrmarvagsanPaBTaMgBIrenH.
ExS\TiBlsRmab;rcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

]TahrN_ 6-19 kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;viCmanGtibrmaEdlekItmanenARtg;cMNuc B enAkgFwmEdlbgaj

enAkgrUbTI 6-30a EdlbNalBIbnkkg;rbs;]bkrN_eyag (crane).

dMeNaHRsay

ExS\TiBlsRmab;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMNuc B RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-30b.

karclt 2m rbs;bnk 3kN RbsinebIeKsnt;fabnk 3kN eFVIGMeBIenARtg;cMNuc B ehIybnab;mkva
clt 2m eTAxagsaM rUbTI 6-30b enaHbERmbRmYlm:Um:g;Bt;KW
1.20
1.20
M B = 3
(2) + 8
(2) = 7.20kN .m
3
2

ehtuGIVeKminKitbBalbnk 4kN kgkarKNna?

karclt 3m rbs;bnk 8kN RbsinebIeKsnt;fabnk 8kN eFVIGMeBIenARtg;cMNuc B ehIybnab;mkva
clt 3m eTAxagsaM enaHbERmbRmYlm:Um:g;Bt;KW
1.20
1.20
1.20
M B = 3
(3) 8
(3) + 4
(2) = 8.40kN .m
3
2
2

cMNaMfa enATIenHbnk 4kN sitenAxageRkAFwm1m dUcenHvacltelIFwmEt 2m b:ueNaH.

edaysar M B pas;brsBaa TItaMgBitR)akdrbs;bnksRmab;m:Um:g;viCmanGtibrmaenARtg; B
ekItmanenAeBlEdlkmaMg 8kN sitenARtg; B rUbTI 6-30b. dUcenH
(M B )max = 8(1.20) + 3(0.4) = 10.8kN .m

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NPIC

]TahrN_ 6-20 kMNt;kmaMgsgt;GtibrmaEdlekItmanenAkgGgt; BG n truss xagenAkgrUbTI

6-31a EdlbNalBIbnkkg;xagsaMrbs;rfyn nigrfseNag. snt;fabnkGnuvtedaypal;eTAelI

truss nigclteTAEtsaM.

dMeNaHRsay

ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgenAkgGgt; BG RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-31b. enATIenH eyIgnwgeRbIviFI

trial-and error sRmab;karedaHRsaycMeNaTenH. edaysareyIgcg;)ankmaMgGviCman sgt;FMbMput
enAkgGgt; BG eyIgcab;epImedaHRsaydUcxageRkam
bnk1.5kN enARtg;cMNuc C enAkgkrNIenH
0.3125
FBG = 1.5kN ( 0.625) + 4(0) + 2kN
(1m ) = 0.729kN
3m

bnk 4kN enARtg;cMNuc C edayGegtkrNIenH eyIgeXIjfavamanlkNsmRsbCagkrNIelIkmun

0.625
FBG = 4kN ( 0.625) + 1.5kN
(4m ) + 2kN (0.3125) = 2.50kN
6m

bnk 2kN enARtg;cMNuc C enAkgkrNIenHbnkTaMgGs;nwgbegItkmaMgsgt;enAkgGgt; BC .

0.625
0.625
FBC = 2kN ( 0.625) + 4kN
(3m ) + 1.5kN
(1m ) = 2.66kN
6m
6m

edaysarlTplnkrNIcugeRkaypl;nUvcemIyFMbMput bnkeRKaHfak;ekItmanenAeBlbnk 2kN enA

Rtg;cMNuc C .

^>&> kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Gtibrmadac;xat (Absolute maximum shear and moment)

enAkgkfaxN 6-6 eyIg)anbegItviFIsRmab;KNnakmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;GtibrmaenARtg;

cMNucCak;lak;enAelIFwmEdlbNalBIesrInbnkcltcMcMNuc. cMeNaTEdlmanlkNTUeTACagEdl
Bak;BnnwgkarkMNt;TItaMgrbs;cMNucenAelIFwm nigTItaMgrbs;bnkenAelIFwmEdlGac[eKTTYl)an

ExS\TiBlsRmab;rcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

kmaMgkat;Gtibrmadac;xat nigm:Um:g;Bt;Gtibrmadac;xatEdlekItBIbnkxageRkA. RbsinebIFwmCaFwm

kugsul bFwmTRmsamBa eKGacedaHRsaydUcxageRkam
kmaMgkat; sRmab;FwmkugsulkmaMgkat;Gtibrmadac;xatnwgekItmanenARtg;cMNucEdlmanTItaMgEk,r
TRmbgb;. eKGacrkkmaMgkat;GtibrmaedayviFImuxkat; CamYynwgbnkEdlmanTItaMgNamYyenAelI
ElVgFwm rUbTI 6-32.

sRmab;FwmTRmsamBakmaMgkat;Gtibrmadac;xatnwgekItmanenAEk,rTRmNamYy. enAkgkrNI
enH eKdak;bnky:agNa[bnkmYyenAEk,rTRmCabnbnab; dUcenAkgrUbTI 6-33.

m:Um:g;Bt; m:Um:g;Bt;Gtibrmadac;xatsRmab;FwmkugsulekItmanenARtg;cMNucdUcKanwgkarekItmankmaMg
kat;Gtibrmadac;xat eTaHbICaenAkgkrNIenHbnkcMcMNucmanTItaMgenAcugqayBITRmkeday dUcenAkg
rUbTI 6-34.

CaFmta sRmab;FwmTRmsamBaeKminGackMNt;TItaMgeRKaHfak;rbs;bnk nigm:Um:g;Gtibrmadac;

xat edaykarGegt)aneT. b:uEneyIgGackMNt;TItaMgedaykarviPaK. ]bmaeKmanFwmrgkmaMg F1 /
F2 / F3 EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-35a. edaysardaRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;esrInkmaMgcMcMNucpSMeLIg
eday kMNat;bnat;Rtg;EdlmankMBUlenARtg;kmaMgnImYy m:Um:g;Gtibrmadac;xatnwgekItmaneRkamGMeBI
nkmaMgmYynkmaMgTaMgbI. snt;fam:Um:g;GtibrmaenHekItmaneRkamGMeBI F2 . TItaMgnbnk F1 / F2 /
F3 enAelIFwmRtUv)ankMNt;edaycmay x Edlvas;BI F2 eTAcMNuckNalrbs;FwmdUcbgaj. edIm,I
kMNt;tmCak;lak;rbs; x dMbUgeyIgRtUvkMNt;kmaMgpbrbs;RbBnkmaMg FR nigcmay x' Edlvas;
BI F2 . bnab;mkeTot eFVIplbUkm:Um:g;Rtg;cMNuc B eyIgnwg)ankmaMgRbtikm Ay xageqVgrbs;Fwm Edl
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MB = 0

Ay =

NPIC

1
(FR ) L x' x
L
2

RbsinebIeKkat;FwmenAxageqVg F2 bnic enaHdaRkamGgesrIrbs;vaRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6-35b.

dUcenH m:Um:g; M 2 eRkamGMeBI F2 KW
M = 0

M 2 = Ay x F1d1
2

1
L
L

= (FR ) x' x x F1d1

L
2
2

FR L FR x' FR x 2 FR x x'

+
F1d1
4
2
2
L

edIm,I[ M 2 Gtibrma eKTamTar[

2 F x F x'
dM 2
= R + R =0
dx
L
L
x'
x=
2

b
dUcenH eyIgGacsnidanfam:Um:g;Gtibrmadac;xatenAkgFwmTRmsamBaekItmaneRkamGMeBInkmaMgcM
cMNucmYy EdlkmaMgenHmanTItaMgenAelIFwmEbbNaEdlva nigkmaMgpbnRbBnkmaMgmancmayesIKa
BIcMNuckNalFwm. edaysareKmanesrInkmaMgenAelIElVg ]TahrN_ F1 / F2 / F3 kgrUbTI 635a eKRtUvGnuvteKalkarN_eTAelIbnknImYynesrIbnk nigKNnam:Um:g;GtibrmaEdlRtUvnwgkmaMg
enaH. edaykareRbobeFob m:Um:g;EdlmanTMhMFMCageKCam:Um:g;Gtibrmadac;xat. CaTUeTA m:Um:g;Gtibrma
dac;xateRcInekItmaneRkamGMeBIkmaMgEdlFMCageKEdlsitenAEk,rkmaMgpbrbs;RbBnkmaMg.

kBab;ntmExS\TiBlGtibrma c,ab; brUbmnsRmab;kMNt;kmaMgkat; bm:Um:g;Gtibrmadac;xatmankar

Bi)aksRmab;FwmEdlxusBIFwmkugslu nigFwmTRmsamBaEdl)anerobrab;enATIenH. b:uEn edIm,IedaH
RsaycMeNaTEbbenH eKRtUvsg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMNuceRCIserIstam
beNayFwm ehIybnab;mkKNnakmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;sRmab;cMNucnImYyedayeRbIviFIenAkg
kfaxN 6-6. eRkayeBlsg;daRkamntmTaMgenH eKnwg)ankBab;ntmGtibrmaBItmkmaMgkat;
ExS\TiBlsRmab;rcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

bm:Um:g;Bt;Gtibrma dac;xat ehIyeKGackMNt;TItaMgrbs;va. CakarBit eKENnaM[eRbIkmviFIkMuBTr

sRmab;edaHRsaycMeNaTsKsaj edaysarkarviPaKedaydmanlkNsaMjaM.

]TahrN_ 6-21 kMNt;m:Um:g;Gtibrmadac;xatenAkgkRmals<anTRmsamBaEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI

6-36a.

dMeNaHRsay

dMbUgeKRtUvkMNt;TMhM nigTItaMgrbs;kmaMgpbnRbBn rUbTI 6-36a. eyIgman

+ FR = F
+ M RC = M C

FR = 8 + 6 + 4 = 18kN

18 x = 6(3) + 4(4.5)

x = 2m

dMbUgeyIgsnt;fam:Um:g;Gtibrmadac;xatekItmaneRkamGMeBInbnk 6kN . eKdak;bnk nigbnkpbenA

cmayesIKaBIcMNuckNalrbs;Fwm rUbTI 6-36b. dMbUg KNna Ay rUbTI 6-36b eyIgman
+ MB = 0

Ay (9 ) + 18(5) = 0

Ay = 10kN

edayeRbImuxkat;xageqVgrbs;Fwm rUbTI 6-36c eyIg)an

+ MS = 0

10(5) + 8(3) + M S = 0

M S = 26.0kN .m

m:Um:g;Gtibrmadac;xatGacmanlTPaBekItmaneRkamGMeBInbnk 8kN edaysar 8kN > 6kN ehIy

edaysar FR sitenAcenaHbnk 8kN nig 6kN . edIm,IGegtkrNIenH eKRtUvdak;bnk 8kN nig FR
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NPIC

cmayesIKaBIcMNuckNalrbs;Fwm rUbTI 6-36d. bgajfa Ay = 7kN dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 636e nigbgajfa

M S = 24.5kN .m

edaykareRbobeFob m:Um:g;Gtibrmadac;xagKW
M S = 26kN .m

EdlekItmaneRkamGMeBInbnk 6kN enAeBlEdlbnkmanTItaMgenAelIFwmdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 636b.

ExS\TiBlsRmab;rcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

cMeNaT
6>1> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab; (a) kmaMgRbtikm
bBarenARtg;cMNuc A (b) kmaMgkat;enARtg;
cMNuc C nig (c) m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMNuc C .
edaHRsaycMeNaT enHedayeRbIviFImUldann
kfaxN 6-1.

6>2> edaHRsaycMeNaT 6>1> edayeRbIeKalkarN_muyeyeRbs.

6>3> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab; (a) kmaMgRbtikm
bBarenARtg;cMNuc A (b) m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;
cMNuc A nig (c) kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc B .
snt;faTRmenA Rtg;cMNuc A CaTRmbgb;.
edaHRsaycMeNaT enHedayeRbIviFImUldann
kfaxN 6-1.

6>4> edaHRsaycMeNaT 6>3> edayeRbIeKalkarN_muyeyeRbs.

6>5> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab; (a) kmaMgRbtikm
bBarenARtg;cMNuc A (b) kmaMgkat;enARtg;
cMNuc C nig (c) m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMNuc C .
edaHRsaycMeNaT enHedayeRbIviFImUldann
kfaxN 6-1.
Problems

6>6> edaHRsaycMeNaT 6>5> edayeRbIeKalkarN_muyeyeRbs.

6>7> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab; (a) kmaMgkat;enARtg;
TRmbgb; A nig (c) m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMNuc B .

6>8> edaHRsaycMeNaT 6>7> edayeRbIeKalkarN_muyeyeRbs.

6>9> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab; (a) kmaMgRbtikm
bBarenARtg;cMNuc B (b) m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;
cMNuc C nig (c) kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc C .
snt;fa A CaTRm snak; ehIy B CaTRmkl;.
edaHRsaycMeNaT enHedayeRbIviFImUldann
kfaxN 6-1.

6>10> edaHRsaycMeNaT 6>9> edayeRbIeKalkarN_muyeyeRbs.

6>11> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab; (a) kmaMgRbtikm
bBarenARtg;cMNuc B (b) kmaMgkat;enARtg;
cMNuc C nig (c) m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMNuc C . edaH
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RsaycMeNaTenHedayeRbIviFImUldannkfaxN
6-1.

6>12> edaHRsaycMeNaT 6>10> edayeRbI

eKalkarN_muyeyeRbs.
6>13> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab; (a) m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;
cMNuc A nig(b) m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMNuc B .
snt;fa A CaTRmbgb;. edaHRsaycMeNaT
enHedayeRbI viFImUldannkfaxN 6-1.

6>14> edaHRsaycMeNaT 6>13> edayeRbI

eKalkarN_muyeyeRbs.
6>15> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab; (a) m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;
cMNuc C (b) kmaMgRbtikmbBarenARtg;cMNuc A
nig (c) kmaMgkat;bBarenARtg;cMNuc B . cMNuc
E Casnak;. edaHRsaycMeNaTenHedayeRbIviFI
mUldannkfaxN 6-1.

6>16> edaHRsaycMeNaT 6>15> edayeRbI

eKalkarN_muyeyeRbs.
cMeNaT

NPIC

6>17> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab; (a) kmaMgkat;enA

Rtg;cMNuc C (b) m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMNuc C nig
(c) kmaMgkat;bBarenARtg;cMNuc D . bgaj
tmCaelxsRmab;kMBUl. FwmenHmansnak;
enARtg;TRm B ehIy A CaTRmsnak;. edaH
RsaycMeNaTenH edayeRbIviFImUldannkfaxN 6-1.

6>18> edaHRsaycMeNaT 6>17> edayeRbI

eKalkarN_muyeyeRbs.
6>19> FwmmYyRTbnkefrBRgayesI 500 N / m
nigkmaMgcMcMNucGefreTal 3000 N . kMNt; (a)
m:Um:g;viCmanGtibrmaEdlGacekItmanenARtg;
cMNuc C nig(b) kmaMgkat;viCmanGtibrmaEdl
GacekItmanenARtg;cMNuc C . snt; A CaTRm
snak; nig B CaTRmkl;.

6>20> bnkGefrBRgayesI10.5kN / m nigbnk

cMNucGefreTal 45kN RtUv)andak;elIFwm.
kMNt; (a) kmaMgRbtikmbBarGefrviCmanGtibrmaenARtg;TRm A (b) kmaMgkat;GefrviCman
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GtibrmaenARtg;cMNuc C (c) m:Um:g;GefrviCman

GtibrmaenARtg;cMNuc C . snt; A CaTRmkl;
nig B CaTRmsnak;.

6>21> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab; (a) kmaMgRbtikm

bBarenARtg;cMNuc B (b) m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMNuc
E . snt;TRm B nig D CaTRmkl; (roller).
enARtg;cMNuc C Casnak;. edaHRsaycMeNaT
enHeday eRbIviFImUldannkfaxN 6-1.

6>22> edaHRsaycMeNaT 6>21> edayeRbI

eKalkarN_muyeyeRbs.
6>23> FwmsmasrgbnkefrBRgayesI 2kN / m
nigbnkGefrBRgayesI1.5kN / m . kMNt; (a)
m:Um:g;Bt;GviCmanGtibrmaEdlekItenARtg;cMNuc
A nig (b) kmaMgkat;viCmanGtibrmaenARtg;
cMNuc D . snt; B CatMNsnak; nig C Ca
TRmkl;.

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

m:Um:g;Bt;GefrGtibrmaEdlGacekItmanenARtg;cM
Nuc C nig (b) kmaMgkat;viCmanGtibrmaEdl
GacekItmanenARtg;cMNuc C . snt; B CaTRm
snak; nig A CaTRmkl;.

6>25> bnkGefrBRgayesI 7.5kN / m nig

kmaMgcMcMNuceTal 90kN manGMeBIenAelIFwm.
kMNt; (a) kmaMgRbtikmbBarviCmanGtibrma
enARtg;TRm B (b) kmaMgkat;GrefrviCmanGtibrmaenARtg;cMNuc C nig (c) m:Um:g;GefrviCman
GtibrmaenARtg;cMNuc C . snt;fa A CaTRm
snak; nig B CaTRmkl;.

6>26> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgTajkgkab
BC . kMras;rbs;FwmRtUv)anecal. etIkmaMg
TajGtibrmakgkabEdlbNalBIbnk 30kN
manTMhMb:unan?

6>24> FwmrgbnkefrBRgayesI 500 N / m nig

kmaMgcMcMNucGefreTal 3000 N . kMNt; (a)
Problems

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6>27> FwmrgbnkGefrBRgayesI 0.6kN / m nig

kmaMgcMcMNucGefr 0.8kN . kMNt; (a) m:Um:g;Bt;
GefrviCmanGtibrmaEdlGacekItmanenARtg;
cMNuc B nig (b) kmaMgRbtikmbBar enARtg;
cMNuc D . snt; C CaTRmsnak; nig D CaTRm
kl;.

6>28> FwmsmasrgbnkefrBRgayesI
1.5kN / m nig kmaMgcMcMNucefreTal 10kN .
kMNt; (a) m:Um:g; Bt; GviCmanGtibrmaEdlGac
ekItmanenARtg; cMNuc A nig (b) kmaMgkat;
viCmanenARtg;cMNuc B . snt; A CaTRmbgb;
B Ca tMNsnak; nig C CaTRmkl;.

6>29> eKRtUvdak;bnkGefreTal 2kN enAelIFwm

Rtg;TItaMgNaedIm,I[vabegItm:Um:g;Bt;GefrFM
bMputenARtg;cMNuc D ? etIm:Um:g;Bt;enHmanTMhM
b:unan? snt; A CaTRmbgb; B Ca tMNsnak;
nig C CaTRmkl;.

NPIC

6>30> etIeKRtUvdak;bnkGefrBRgayesI
6kN / m Rtg;kEngNaenAelIFwm ABC n
cMeNaT 6>29 edIm,I TTYl)an (a) m:Um:g;Bt;
GrefrFMbMputenARtg;cMNuc A nig (b) kmaMgkat;
GefrFMbMputenARtg;cMNuc D ? kMNt;tmn
m:Um:g;Bt; nigkmaMgkat;. snt; A CaTRmbgb; B
CatMNsnak; nig C CaTRmkl;.
6>31> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab; (a) kmaMgkat;kg
panel BC rbs;rt (b) m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMNuc A .
snt; B CaTRmkl; nig D CaTRmsnak;.

6>32> bnkBRgayGefr 7.5kN / m nigbnk

cMcMNucGefr 9kN manGMeBIenAelIkRmalxN.
kMNt; (a) kmaMgkat;GefrviCmanGtibrmaenAkg
panel DE nig (b) m:Um:g;Bt;GefrGviCmanGtibrmaenARtg;cMNuc C .

6>33> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab; (a) kmaMgkat;kg

panel DE rbs;rt (b) m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMNuc C .

6>34> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab; (a) kmaMgkat;kg

panel CD rbs;rt (b) m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMNuc E .
cMeNaT

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6>35> bnkBRgayGefr 6kN / m nigbnkGrfr

cMcMNuc 9kN manGMeBIelIkRmalxN. kMNt; (a)
kmaMgkat;GefrGtibrmaenAkg panel CD nig
(b) m:Um:g;GefrGtibrmaenARtg;cMNuc B .

6>36> bnkBRgayGefr 27kN / m nigbnk

GrfrcMcMNuc 60kN manGMeBIelIkRmalxagelIFw
m. RbsinebIFwm kRTbnkBRgayefr
5.25kN / m EdrenaH cUrkMNt; (a) kmaMgkat;
GtibrmaenAkg panel BC rbs;rt nig (b)
m:Um:g;Bt;Gtibrma enAkg rtRtg;cMNuc C .

6>37> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab; (a) kmaMgkat;kg

panel BC rbs;rt (b) m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMNuc C .
snt; B CaTRmsnak; nig D CaTRmkl;.

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

6>38> bnkBRgayGefr 5kN / m nigbnkGrfr

cMcMNuc18kN manGMeBIelIkRmal. kMNt; (a)
kmaMgRbtikmbBarenARtg;cMNuc D (b) kmaMg
kat;viCmanGtibrmaenAkg panel EF rbs;rt
nig (c) m:Um:g;Bt;viCmanGtibrmaenARtg;cMNuc F .
snt;fa D CaTRmkl; nig G CaTRmsnak;.

6>39> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab; (a) m:Um:g;Bt;enAkg

rtRtg;cMNuc D (b) kmaMgkat;kg panel BC
rbs; rt.

6>40> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab;m:Um:g;Bt;enAkgrt
Rtg;cMNuc B . kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;GefrviCman
GtibrmaenA kgrtRtg;cMNuc B RbsinebIkmaMg
GefrcMcMNuceTal 50kN cltelIkRmalxag
elIFwm. snt;TRmrbs;FwmTaMg enHGacGnuvt
kmaMgEdlmanTiseLIgelI nig kmaMgEdlman
TiscuHeRkam eTAelIFwm.

6>41> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab;m:Um:g;Bt;enAkgrt
Rtg; cMNuc F . kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;GefrviCman
Problems

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NPIC

GtibrmaenA kgrtRtg;cMNuc F RbsinebIkmaMg

GefrcMcMNuceTal 8kN cltelIkRmalxagelI.
snt;TRmrbs;FwmTaMg enHGacGnuvtkmaMgEdl
manTiseLIgelI nig kmaMgEdlmanTiscuHeRkam 6>45> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgenAkgGgt;
eTAelIFwm.
GF n Warren truss. bgajtmCaelx
sRmab;kMBUlrbs;ExSekag. Ggt;TaMgGs;man
RbEvgesIKa.
6>42> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkat;enAkg
panel CD rbs;rt. kMNt;kmaMgkat;Gefr
GviCmanGtibrmaenAkg panel CD Edl
bNalBIbnkBRgayGefr 10kN / m Edlman
GMeBIenAelIkRmalxagelIFwm.

6>46> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgenAkgGgt;
FC n Warren truss ncMeNaT 6>45 .
bgajtmCaelxsRmab;kMBUlrbs;ExSekag.
Ggt;TaMg Gs;manRbEvgesIKa.
6>47> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgenAkgGgt;
DE n Warren truss ncMeNaT 6>45 .
bgaj tmCaelxsRmab;kMBUlrbs;ExSekag.
Ggt;TaMgGs;manRbEvgesIKa.
6>48> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgenAkg (a)
Ggt; EH nig (b) Ggt; JE .

6>43> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;
cMNuc E rbs;rtncMeNaT 6>41. kMNt;m:Um:g;
Bt;GefrviCmanGtibrmaenAkgrtRtg;cMNuc E
Rbsin ebIkmaMgGefrcMcMNuc 40kN cltenAelI
kRmal xagelIFwm.
6>44> bnkBRgayGefr 5kN / m nigbnkGrfr
cMcMNuc18kN manGMeBIelIkRmal. kMNt; (a)
kmaMgRbtikmbBarenARtg;cMNuc D (b) kmaMg
kat;GefrGtibrmaenAkg panel DE rbs;rt nig 6>49> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgenAkgGgt; JI
(c) m:Um:g;Bt;viCmanGtibrmaenARtg;cMNuc E .
n truss kgcMeNaT 6>48.
snt; D CaTRmkl; nig G CaTRmsnak;.
cMeNaT

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

6>50> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgenAkgGgt;
AL n truss kgcMeNaT 6>48.
6>51> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgenAkgGgt;
HG bnab;mkkMNt;kmaMgGefrGtibrma
kmaMgTaj bkmaMgsgt; EdlGacekItman
enAkgGgt;Edl bNalBIbnkBRgayGefr
16kN / m EdlmanGMeBIelIkRmals<antam
beNayGgt;xageRkamrbs; truss.

6>55> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgenAkgGgt;
NG n truss kgcMeNaT 6>54.
6>56> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgenAkgGgt;
OC n truss kgcMeNaT 6>54.
6>57> eKeRbIdMbUl truss sRmab;Brpvn
]bkrN_eyagEdlPab;eTAnwgGgt;xageRkam
rbs; truss dUcbgaj. kMNt;kmaMgGefrGtibrma kmaMgTaj bkmaMgsgt; EdlGacekIt
manenAkgGgt; GF EdlbNalBIbnk]bkrN_
eyag 60kN . kMNt;TItaMg x rbs;bnk. snt;
6>52> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgenAkgGgt;
truss RtUv)anRTedayTRmsnak;Rtg;cMNuc A
HC bnab;mkkMNt;kmaMgGefrGtibrma kmaMg
nigRtg;cMNuc E edayTRmkl;. ehIysnt;fa
Taj bkmaMgsgt; EdlGacekItmanenAkg
Ggt;Edl bNalBIbnkBRgayGefr 16kN / m Ggt;TaMgGs;RtUv)antPab;KaRtg;tMNeday
gusset plate.
EdlmanGMeBIelIkRmals<antambeNayGgt;
xageRkamrbs; truss ncMeNaT 6>51.
6>53> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgenAkgGgt;
AH bnab;mkkMNt;kmaMgGefrGtibrma
kmaMgTaj bkmaMgsgt; EdlGacekItman
enAkgGgt;Edl bNalBIbnkBRgayGefr
6>58> kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;GefrGtibrmaenARtg;cMNuc
16kN / m Edlman GMeBIelIkRmals<antam
A enAelIrteTalEdlekIteLIgedaysarkUn
beNayGgt;xageRkam rbs; truss ncMeNaT
reTHEdlmanm:as 2Mg ehIyTIRbCMuTmn;enARtg;
6>51.
G . snt;fa A CaTRmkl;.
6>54> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgenAkgGgt;
RN n Baltimore truss.
Problems

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6>59> rfyndwkTMnijTmn; 54kN GnuvtkmaMgkg;

dUcbgajeTAelIrts<an. kMNt; (a) kmaMgkat;
GefrFMbMputEdlekItmanenARtg;tMN C nig (b)
m:Um:g;Bt;FMbMputenARtg;tMN C . snt;farfyncr
tamTisNak)antambeNayGkSkRmal dUcenH
bnkrbs;vaRtUv)aneprBak;kNaleTArtxagTaMg
BIr. snt;fatMN C CatMNbgb; dUcenHvaGac
Tb;Tl;)anTaMgm:Um:g;Bt; nigTaMgkmaMgkat;.

6>60> rfyndwkTMnijTmn; 40.5kN GnuvtkmaMg

kg;dUcbgajeTAelIrts<an. kMNt; (a) kmaMg
kat;GefrFMbMputEdlekItmanenARtg;tMN C nig
(b) m:Um:g;Bt;FMbMputenARtg;tMN C . snt;[rfyncrtamTisNak)antambeNayGkS kRmal
dUcenHbnkrbs;vaRtUv)aneprBak;kNaleTArt
xagTaMgBIr. snt;fatMN C CatMNbgb; dUcenH
vaGacTb;Tl;)anTaMgm:Um:g;Bt; nigTaMg kmaMgkat;.

NPIC

6>62> rfynmanTmn; 21kN nigTIRbCMuTmn;Rtg;

G . kMNt;m:Um:g;GefrGtibrmaEdlekItmanenA
kgrtxagRtg; C enAeBlEdlvaqgkat;s<an.
snt;farfyncrtamTisNak)antambeNay
GkSkRmal dUcenHbnkrbs;vaRtUv)aneprBak;
kNaleTArtxagTaMgBIr.

6>63> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgenAkgGgt;
IH rbs; truss s<an. kMNt;kmaMgGefrGtibrma kmaMgTaj bkmaMgsgt; EdlGacekIt
manenAkgGgt;enHedaysarrfyndwkTMnij
EdlmanTmn; 83.25kN Edlmanbnkkg;dUc
bgaj. snt; [rfyncrtamTisNak)antam
beNayGkSkRmal dUcenHbnkrbs;vaRtUv)an
eprBak;kNaleTArtxagTaMgBIr. ehIysnt;fa
Ggt;TaMgGs;RtUv)antPab;KaRtg;tMNeday
gusset plate.

6>61> kMNt;m:Um:g;GefrGtibrmaenARtg;cMNuc C
enAelIs<anEdlbNalBIbnkclt.
cMeNaT

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6>64> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgenAkgGgt;
CD rbs; truss s<ankgcMeNaT 6>63. kMNt;
kmaMgGefrGtibrma kmaMgTaj bkmaMgsgt;
Edl GacekItmanenAkgGgt;enHedaysarrfyn
dwkTMnijEdlman Tmn; 83.25kN Edlmanbnk
kg; dUcbgaj. snt;[rfyncrtamTisNa k
)antambeNayGkSkRmal dUcenHbnkrbs;va
RtUv)aneprBak; kNaleTArtxagTaMgBIr. ehIy
snt;faGgt; TaMgGs;RtUv)antPab;KaRtg;tMN
eday gusset plate.
6>65> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgenAkgGgt;
BC rbs; truss s<ankgcMeNaT 6>63. kMNt;
kmaMg GefrGtibrma kmaMgTaj bkmaMgsgt;
Edl GacekItmanenAkgGgt;enHedaysarrfyn
dwkTMnijEdlman Tmn; 83.25kN Edlmanbnk
kg; dUcbgaj. snt; [rfyncrtamTisNa k
)antambeNayGkSkRmal dUcenHbnkrbs;va
RtUv)aneprBak; kNaleTArtxagTaMgBIr. ehIy
snt;faGgt; TaMgGs;RtUv)antPab;KaRtg;tMN
eday gusset plate.
6>66> kMNt;cmay a rbs;FwmlyedIm,I[bnk
cltGacbegItm:Um:g;Bt;GtibrmaenARtg;TRm
esIKanwgm:Um:g;Bt;enAkNalElVg. snt; A Ca
TRm snak; nig B CaTRmkl;.

Problems

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

6>67> KUrExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgenAkgGgt;
IH rbs; truss s<an. kMNt;kmaMgGefrGtibrma kmaMgTaj bkmaMgsgt; EdlGacekIt
manenA kgGgt;enHedaysarrfyndwkTMnij
EdlmanTmn; 25kN Edlmanbnkkg;dUcbgaj.
snt;[rfyncrtamTisNak)antambeNay
GkSkRmal dUcenHbnkrbs;vaRtUv)aneprBak;
kNaleTArtxagTaMgBIr. ehIysnt;faGgt;TaMg
Gs;RtUv)antPab;KaRtg;tMNeday gusset plate.

6>68> kMNt;m:Um:g;GefrGtibrmaenARtg;cMNuc C
EdlbNalBIbnkclt.

6>69> kMNt;kmaMgkat;GefrGtibrmaenARtg;
cMNuc C EdlbNalBIbnkclt rUbncMeNaT
6>68.
6>70> kMNt;m:Um:g;GefrGtibrmaenARtg;cMNuc C
EdlbNalBIbnkclt.

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6>71> kMNt;kmaMgkat;GefrGtibrmaenARtg;
cMNuc C EdlbNalBIbnkclt rUbncMeNaT
6>70.
6>72> kMNt;kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;Gtibrmadac;
xatenAkgFwm AB EdlbNalBIbnk10kN .
lkxNRBMEdnTamTar 0.1m x 3.9m .

6>73> kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;Gtibrmadac;xatenAkgrt
s<anEdlbNalBIbnkrfyndUcbgaj. bnk
RtUv)andak;edaypal;enAelIrt.

NPIC

6>75> kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;Gtibrmadac;xatenAkgrt
s<anEdlbNalBIbnkrfyndwkTMnijdUcbgaj.

6>76> bnkkg;GtibrmasRmab;kg;]bkrN_sc
EdleRbIenAkgGKar]sSahkmRtUv)an[. ]bk
rN_sccrtambeNaypvrfEdlRtUv)anRTeday
TRmsamBaenAelIssr. kMNt; (a) kmaMgkat;
Gtibrmadac;xatenAkgrtkNal AB nig (b)
m:Um:g;Gtibrmadac;xatenAkgrt.

6>77> kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;Gtibrmadac;xatenAkgrt
s<anEdlbNalBIbnkdUcbgaj.
6>74> kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;Gtibrmadac;xatenAkgrt
s<anEdlbNalBIbnkdUcbgaj. bnkRtUv)an
dak;edaypal;enAelIrt.
KMerag6>1> ]bkrN_scclttambeNaydgsc
0.1m < x < 3.4m ehIyGaceyag)an 28kN .
edayeRbIemKuNTgic 0.3 cUrkMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;Gtibrmadac;xatenAkgdgsc nigkmaMgGtibrma
cMeNaT

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

EdlekItmanenAkgExScMNg BC .dgscRtUv)n
Pab;edaytMNsnak;eTAnwgssrCBaaMgenAcug
xageqVgrbs;va A .

KMerag6>2> s<ansRmab;GkefIreCIgEdlmanTRm
samBaRtUv)aneKsg;enAkg]TanTIRkugmYy
ehIyGksikSaKNnaBIrrUb)anesIKMeragdUcbgaj
enAkgkrNI a nig b. Ggt;rbs; truss RtUv)an
sg;BIeQI. kRmalpSMeLIgedaybnHeQIRbEvg
1.5m Edlmanm:as; 20kg / m 2 . kUdkgtMbn;
bgajfabnkGefrenAelIkRmalEdlRtUvkarKW
5kPa CamYynwgemKuNTgic 0.2 . KitfakRmal
RtUv)anRTedayTRmsamBaenAelI stringer. Fwm
kRmaleprbnkeTAtMNxageRkamrbs; truss
emIlrUbTI 6-23 enAkgkrNInImYy cUrrk
Ggt;EdlrgkmaMgTajFMCageK nigGgt;Edlrg
kmaMgsgt;FMCageK ehIyR)ab;BImUlehtukgkar
eRCIserIskarKNnamYykgcMeNamsMeNITaMgBIr.
Tmn;rbs;Ggt; truss RtUv)anecal.

Problems

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NPIC

&> viPaKeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicedayviFIRbEhl
Approximate analysis of statically indeterminate structures

enAkgCMBUkenHmanbgajBIviFIRbEhlxHEdleRbIedIm,IviPaK trusses nigeRKagminkMNt;eday

saTic. viFITaMgenHRtUv)anbegIteLIgedayQrelIeKalkarN_nkareFVIkarrbs;eRKOgbgM ehIyPaB
suRkitrbs;vaenAkgkrNICaeRcInmanlkNRbhak;RbEhlnwgviFIviPaKEdlmanlkNCak;las;Cag.
eTaHCay:agNakedayCMBUkenHmin)anelIkykeRKOgbgMRKb;TRmg;mkBiPakSaeT eKalbMNgrbs;CMBUk
enHnwgpl;nUvsBaaNRKb;RKan;kgkaryl;dwgBIviFITaMgenH dUcenHGksikSaGacvinicyeRCIserIsnUvviFI
EdlRbesIrbMputkgkarviPaKkmaMgneRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicedayviFIRbEhl.

&>!> beRmIbRmas;nviFIRbhak;RbEhl (Use of approximate methods)

enAeKeRbIm:UEDledIm,IbgajeRKOgbgMNamYy karviPaKrbs;vaRtUvbMeBjTaMglkxNlMnwg
(equilibrium) nig TaMglkxNRtUvKa (compatibility) nbMlas;TIenARtg;tMN. lkxNRtUvKa
sRmab;eRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicGacTak;Tgnwgbnk kgkrNIeyIgsal;m:UDuleGLasicrbs;
smar nigmuxkat; rUbragrbs;Ggt;. b:uEn sRmab;karsikSaKNnadMbUg eyIgnwgminsal;muxkat;Ggt;eT
dUcenHeKmin GacBicarNakarviPaKeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTiceT. sRmab;karviPaK eKRtUvbegIt
m:UEDlEdlman lkNsamBaCag dUcCaeRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTic. enAeBleKkMNt;m:UEDleRKOg
bgMehIy karviPaK eRKOgbgMenaHRtUv)aneK[eQaHfa karviPaKRbEhl (approximate analysis).
edayGnuvtkarviPaKRbEhl eKGaceFVIkarsikSaKNnabzmelIGgt;rbs;eRKOgbgM ehIyenAeBlEdl
karsikSaKNnabzmenHcb;sBVRKb; eKGaceFVIkarviPaKeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edayviFIEdlmanlkN
Cak;lak; ehIycugeRkaykarsikSaKNnaRtUv)anEktRmUv[manlkNlRbesIr. karviPaKRbEhlkeFVI
[eyIg)an dwgBIkareFVIkarrbs;eRKOgbgMeRkamGMeBIrbs;bnk ehIyvapl;nUvPaBgayRsYlkgkarRtYt
BinitlTplnviFICak;lak; elIsBIenHeKGaceRbIvasRmab;viPaKeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicenAeBl
EdleKminmaneBlevla fvikar niglTPaB RKb;RKan;kgkarGnuvtkarviPaKEdlmanlkNCak;lak;
Cag.
kgnyTUeTA eyIgRtUvdwgfaviFIviPaKeRKOgbgMRbEhlTaMgGs;manlkNsamBa BIeRBaHeKmin
dwglkxNbnkCak;Esg ragFrNImaRt kareFVIkarrbs;smar nigersIusg;rbs;tMNenARtg;tMN. b:uEn
enAkgCMBUkenH karviPaKminkMNt;edaysaTicRtUv)aneKsMedAelIkarviPaKCak;lak; ehIykarviPaKkMNt;
edaysaTicEdlmanlkNsamBaCagRtUv)aneKsMedAelIkarviPaKRbEhl.
viPaKeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicedayviFIRbEhl

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

&>@> Truss
RbePT truss FmtaEdleKeRcIneRbIsRmab;BRgwgpxagrbs;GKar beRbIsRmab;BRgwgGgt;xag
elI nigGgt;xageRkamrbs;s<anEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7-1a emIlrUbTI 3-4. enAeBleKeRbIva
sRmab;eKalbMNgEbbenH enaHeKminKitvaCaFatusxM an;sRmab;RTRTg;eRKOgbgMeT ehIyCalTpleK
eRcInviPaKvaedayviFIRbEhl. enAkgkrNIEdl)anbgaj eKRtUvcMNaMfaRbsinebIeKykGgt;Ggt;RTUg
ecjBI panel nImYyn panel TaMgbI vanwgkayCa truss kMNt;edaysaTic. dUcenH vaCa truss min
kMNt;edaysaTicdWeRkTIbI edayeRbIsmIkar 3-1/ b + r > 2 j b16 + 3 > 8(2) dUcenH eyIgRtUveFVIkar
snt;cMnYnbI cMeBaHkmaMgr)aredIm,Ikat;eFIV[ truss kayCaeRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTic. karsnt;enHRtUv
eFVIeLIg cMeBaHGgt;RTUgEdlExVgKa EdleKdwgfaenAeBlEdlGgt;Ggt;RTUgmYyrbs; panel CaGgt;rg
kmaMgTaj enaHGgt;Ggt;RTUgmYyeTotCaGgt;rgkmaMgsgt;. eyIgeXIjy:agCak;EsgBIrUbTI 7-1b
Edl kmaMgkat; panel V RtUv)anTb;Tl;edaybgMkmaMgTajtamTisQenAkgGgt; a nigbgMkmaMgsgt;
tamTisQrenAkgGgt; b . CaTUeTAeKmanviFIkgkarviPaKcMnYnBIrEdlGacTTYlyk)an.
viFITI 1 RbsinebIeKmanbMNgcg;sikSaKNna[Ggt;Ggt;RTUgEvg nigRsav eKKYrsnt;favaminGac
Tb;Tl;nwgkmaMgsgt; ebImindUecaHeTvanwggayrgkarekag (buckle). dUcenH kmaMgkat;
panel RtUv)anTb;Tl;edayGgt;Ggt;RTUgrgkmag
M Taj cMENkGgt;Ggt;RTUgrgkarsgt;
RtUv)ansnt;CaGgt;kmaMgsUn.
viFITI 2 RbsinebIeKcg;sagsg;Ggt;Ggt;RTUgBImuxkat;hUtekAFMdUcCaEdkEdlmanmuxkat;Ekg bEdk
Edlmanmuxkat;GkSr C enaHvanwgmanlTPaBesIKakgkarTb;Tl;kmaMgsgt; nigkmaMgTaj.
sRmab;krNIenH eyIgnwgsnt;faGgt;Ggt;RTUgrgkmaMgTaj nigGgt;Ggt;RTUgrgkmaMgsgt;
Tb;Tl;kmaMgkat; panel Bak;kNalesIKa.
viFIviPaKRbEhlTaMgBIrRtUv)anbgajCatmelxenAkg]TahrN_xageRkam.

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NPIC

]TahrN_ 7-1 kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;rbs; truss dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7-2a edaytm

RbEhl. Ggt;Ggt;RTUgRtUv)ansikSaKNna[Tb;Tb;TaMgkmaMgTaj nigkmaMgsgt; dUcenHvaRtUv)an

eKsnt;[Tb;Tl;nwgkmaMgkat; panel Bak;kNal. kmaMgRbtikmTRmRtUv)anKNna[.

dMeNaHRsay

tamkarGegt truss enHminkMNt;edaysaTicdWeRkTI2. eKRtUvsnt;Ggt;RTUgrgkmaMgTaj nigGgt;

RTUgrgkmaMgsgt;cMnYnBIredIm,ITb;Tl;kmaMgesIKa eBalKW FFB = FAE = F . sRmab;muxkat; panel
xageqVg rUbTI 7-2b eyIgman
+ Fy = 0

3
20 10 2 F = 0
5

dUcenH

FFB = 8.33kN (T )

+ M A = 0
+ MF = 0

FAE = 8.33kN (C )
4
8.33 3 + FFE (3) = 0
5
4
8.33 3 + FAB (3) = 0
5

F = 8.33kN

FFE = 6.67 kN (C )
FAB = 6.67 kN (T )

BItMN A rUbTI 7-2c

+ Fy = 0

3
FAF 8.33 10 = 0
5

FAF = 15kN (T )

muxkat;bBarxagsaMrbs; panel RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 7-2d. eyIg)an

viPaKeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicedayviFIRbEhl

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
FDB = 8.33kN (T )

FED = 6.67 kN (C )

FEC = 8.33kN (C )

FBC = 6.67 kN (T )

elIsBIenH edayeRbIdaRkamGgesrIrbs;tMN D nig E rUbTI 7-2e nig 7-2f eyIg)an

FDC = 5kN (C )
FEB = 10kN (T )

]TahrN_ 7-2 kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;rbs; truss dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7-3a edaytm

RbEhl. snt;faGgt;Ggt;RTUgEvgRsav dUcenHvanwgminTb;Tl;kmaMgsgt;eT. kmaMgRbtikmTRm

RtUv)anKNna[.

dMeNaHRsay

tamkarGegt truss enHminkMNt;edaysaTicdWeRkTI4. eKRtUvsnt;Ggt;RTUgrgkmaMgsgt;cMnYnbYnCa

Ggt;kmaMgsUn. dUcenH BImuxkat; panel xageqVg rUbTI 7-3b eyIgman
FAI = 0
+ Fy = 0
+ M A = 0

40 10 FJB cos 45o = 0

FJB = 42.4kN (T )

42.4 sin 45o (5) + FJI (5) = 0

FJI = 30kN (C )

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+ MJ = 0

NPIC

FAB (5) = 0

FAB = 0

BItMN A / rUbTI 7-3c/

FJA = 40kN (C )

muxkat;bBarrbs; truss Rtg;Ggt; IH / IC / BH nig BC RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 7-3d. kmaMg

kat; panel KW V = Fy = 40 10 20 = 10kN . eyIgman
FBH = 0
+ Fy = 0

40 10 20 FIC cos 45o = 0

FIC = 14.1kN (T )

+ MB = 0

40(5) + 10(5) 14.1sin 45 o (5) + FIH (5) = 0

+ MI = 0

40(5) + 10(5) + FBC (5) = 0

FBC = 30kN (T )

42.4 sin 45 o FBI = 0

FBI = 30kN (C )

FIH = 40kN (C )

BItMN B rUbTI 7-3e

+ Fy = 0

eKGackMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;dTeTotedaylkNsIuemRTI b:uEnelIkElg FCH . BItMN C rUbTI 73f eyIgman

+ Fy = 0
2(14.1sin 45o ) FCH = 0
FCH = 20kN (C )

&>#> kmaMgbBarenAelIeRKagsMNg; (Vertical loads on Building Frames)

CaerOy eRKagGKarpSMeLIgedayrtEdltPab;y:agrwgeTAnwgssr dUcenHeRKOgbgMTaMgmUl

manlTPaBkan;EtRbesIrkgkarTb;Tl;nwg\TiBlrbs;kmaMgxagEdlbNalBIbnkxl; nigrBaydI.
CaerOyeKehArcnasm<nrwgEbbenHfa building bent dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7-4.

enAkgkarGnuvt visVkreRKOgbgMGaceRbIbeckeTsCaeRcInsRmab;GnuvtkarviPaK building

bent edayviFIRbEhl. viFInImYyKWQrelIkaryl;dwgBIrebobEdleRKOgbgMeFVIkareRkamGMeBIrbs;
viPaKeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicedayviFIRbEhl

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

bnk. beckeTsmYyKitBicarNaEteTAelIGgt;mYyEdlmanTItaMgenAkgtMbn;mYyrbs;eRKOgbgM.
eKGacpl;PaBdabdl;Ggt;enAkgtMbn;EdlrMxattictYcdl;Ggt;EdlenAeRkAtMbn;. b:uEn PaKeRcIneK
eRcInKitExSekagPaBdabrbs;eRKOgbgMTaMgmUl. BIkarBicarNaenH eKGackMNt;cMNucrbt;Rbhak;
RbEhl cMNucEdlGgt;brkMeNagrbs;va. eKGacBicarNacMNucenHCasnak; edaysarvaman
m:Um:g;sUnenAkgGgt; Rtg;cMNucrbt;enH. eyIgnwgeRbIKMnitenHedIm,IviPaKkmaMgenAelIeRKagGKarEdl
bNalBIbnkbBar ehIyenAkgkfaxN 7-5 nig 7-6 manbgajBIviFIviPaKRbEhlsRmab;eRKagEdl
rgkmaMgTTwgGkS kmaMgxag.
karsnt;sRmab;karviPaKRbEhl eKmanrtKMrUEdlmanTItaMgenAkg building bent ehIyvargbnk
bBarBRgayesI dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7-5a. ssrTRmenARtg;cMNuc A nig B nwgGnuvtkmaMgRbtikm
cMnYnbIeTA elIrt dUcenHrtCaeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicdWeRkTI3 RbtikmcMnYn 6-smIkarlMnwgcMnYn
3. edIm,IeFVI[rtenHkayCaeRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTic dUcenHkarviPaKRbEhlTamTarkarsnt;cMnYn
bI. RbsinebIssrrwgxaMg minmanmMurgVilekItmanenARtg;cMNuc A nig B ehIyExSekagPaBdabsRmab;
rtman ragdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7-5b. edayeRbIviFImYykgcMeNamviFIepSgEdlerobrab;enAkgCMBUk
9 rhUt dl;CMBUk 11 karviPakCak;lak;bgajfasRmab;krNIcMNucrbt;TaMgenH bcMNucm:Um:g;sUn ekIt
manenARtg; 0.21L BITRmnImYyrbs;va. b:uEnRbsinebItMNssrenARtg;cMNuc A nig B manlkN
bt;Ebn enaHrtmanlkNdUcrtTRmsamBa enaHm:Um:g;sUnnwgekItenARtg;TRm rUbTI 7-5c. b:uEn
enAkgPaBCak;Esg ssrnwgpl;nUvPaBbt;EbnxHenARtg;TRm dUcenHeyIgsnt;fam:Um:g;sUnekItman
enARtg;cMNucmFmcenaH EdnkMNt;TaMgBIr eBalKWenARtg; (0.21L + 0) / 2 0.1L BITRmnImYy rUbTI
7-5d. elIsBIenH kar viPaKCak;lak;elIFwmEdlTb;Tl;nwgkmaMgbBarbgajfaeKGacecalkmaMg
tamGkSEdlmanenAkgrt.
Cakarsegb eKGaceFVIm:UEDlrtEdlmanRbEvg L CartTRmsamBaEdlmanRbEvg 0.8L Edl
Qr elIcugrbs;FwmkugsulBIrEdlmanRbEvg 0.1L rUbTI 7-5e. karsnt;TaMgbIxageRkamenHRtUv)an
eFVIeLIgsRmab;m:UEDleRKOgbgMenH
1> rtmanm:Um:g;Bt;esIsUnenAcmay 0.1L BITRmxageqVg.
2> rtmanm:Um:g;Bt;esIsUnenAcmay 0.1L BITRmxagsaM.
3> rtminTb;Tl;nwgkmaMgtamGkS
edayeRbIsmIkarsaTic eKGacTTYl)ankmaMgkgrbs;rt ehIyeKGaceFVIkarsikSaKNnabzm
BImuxkat;rbs;va. ]TahrN_xageRkambgajBIkarGnuvtCatmelx.
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NPIC

]TahrN_ 7-3 kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg;tMN E nigtMN C EdlekItBIGgt; EF nig CD rbs; building

bent

enAkgrUbTI 7-6a.

dMeNaHRsay

sRmab;karviPaKRbEhl eKeFVIm:UEDleRKagdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7-6b. cMNaMfaElVgkugsulEdlRT

cMENkkNalrbs;rtmanRbEvg 0.1L = 0.1(5) = 0.5m . sanPaBlMnwgTamTarkmaMgRbtikmenAxag
cugrtcMENkkNalesInwg 32kN rUbTI 7-6c. bnab;mkElVgkugsulrgm:Um:g;Rbtikm
M = 8(0.25) + 32(0.5) = 18kN .m

m:Um:g;RbEhlEdlmanTisedApyKamanGMeBIenARtg;tMN E nigtMN C rUbTI 7-6a.

viPaKeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicedayviFIRbEhl

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

&>$> Portal frames nig truss

eRKag CaerOy eKeRbI portal frame sRmab;BIelIRckcUlrbs;s<an nigCaFatuEdlrwgmaMenAkgkar
sikSaKNnaGKaredIm,IeprkmaMgtamTisedkEdlGnuvtenAxagelIbMputrbs;eRKageTARKwH. sRmab;s<an
eRKag enHTb;Tl;nwgkmaMgEdlbNalBIxl; rBaydI nigbnkcracrN_EdlKantulPaBenAelIkRmal
s<an. Portal frame CamanTRmsnak; TRmbgb; bRTedayTRmEdlmanPaBrwgmineBjelj. kar
viPaKRbEhl nkrNInImYynwgerobrab;sRmab; portal frame samBaEdlmanGgt;bI.
eRKagEdlmanTRmsnak; Portal frame KMrUEdlmanTRmsnak;RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 7-7a. eday
sarvamanGBaatbYnenARtg;TRm EtvamansmIkarlMnwgEtbI dUcenHvaCaeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTic
dWeRkTImYy. Cavi)ak eKRtUveFVIkarsnt;cMnYnmYyedIm,IeFVI[eRKagenHkayCaeRKOgbgMkMNt;eday
saTic.
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NPIC

PaBdabeGLasicrbs; portal frame RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 7-7b. daRkamenHbgajfa

cMNucrbt;Edlm:Um:g;brBIviCmaneTAGviCmanmanTItaMgenAEk,rcMNuckNalrbs;rt edaytmRb
Ehl. edaysarm:Um:g;enAkgrtesIsUnenARtg;cMNucenH eyIgGacsnt;famansnak;enARtg;kEng
enaH ehIybnab;mkeyIgkMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRmedayeRbIsmIkarsaTic. enAeBlEdleyIg
KNnarYcehIy eyIgeXIjfakmaMgRbtikmtamTisedk kmaMgkat; enARtg;Kl;rbs;ssrnImYyesIKa
ehIyRbtikm dTeTotRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 7-7c. elIsBIenH daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;eRKagenH
RtUv)anbgajenA kgrUbTI 7-7d.
eRKagEdlmanTRmsnak; Portal frame KMrUEdlmanTRmbgb;BIr rUbTI 7-8a CaeRKOgbgMminkMNt;
edaysaTicbIdWeRk edaysarvamanGBaatcMnYn6 enARtg;TRmrbs;va. RbsinebIGgt;bBarmanRbEvg
nig RkLapmuxkat;esIKa enaHeRKagnwgxUcRTg;RTaydUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7-8b. sRmab;krNIenH
eyIgnwg snt;cMNucrbt;ekItmanenARtg;cMNuckNalrbs;Ggt;TaMgbI dUcenHeyIgGacdak;snak;enA
Rtg;cMNucTaMgenaH. dUcenHeKGackMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRm nigsg;daRkamm:Um:g;Bt;sRmab;Ggt;nImYy
edaypac;Ggt; TaMgenHecjBIeRKagenARtg;snak; ehIyGnuvtsmIkarlMnwgeTAelIEpkTaMgbYnenaH.
lTplRtUv)an bgajenAkgrUbTI 7-8c. cMNaMfa enAkgkrNI portal frame EdlPab;edaysnak;
viPaKeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicedayviFIRbEhl

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

kmaMgRbtikmtam Tisedk kmaMgkat; enARtg;Kl;rbs;ssrnImYymantmesIKa. daRkamm:Um:g;

Bt;sRmab;eRKagenH RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 7-8d.

eRKagEdlmanTRmmanPaBrwgmaMmineBjelj edaysareKBi)ak ehIycMNayfvikareRcInkgkarsag

sg;RKwH bTRmbgb;sRmab; portal frame eKGacsnt;[manmMurgViltictYcenARtg;TRm rUbTI 7-9a.
CalTpl cMNucrbt;enAelIssrsitenAcenaHkrNI portal frame EdlmanTRmsnak; rUbTI 7-7a
EdlcMNucrbt;rbs;vasitenARtg;TRm Kl;ssr nigkrNI portal frame EdlmanTRmbgb; rUbTI 78a EdlcMNucrbt;sitenARtg;cMNuckNalrbs;ssr. visVkrCaeRcIn)ankMNt;TItaMgcMNucrbt;rbs;
portal frame EdlmanTRmmanPaBrwgmaMmineBjeljenARtg;cmay h / 3 BIKl;ssr rUbTI 7-9b
dUcenHeK RtUvdak;snak;enARtg;cMNucenaH ehIysRmab;rtKWsitenAkNalElVg.
Truss enAeBleKeRbI portal frame sRmab;cmayElVgEvg eKGaceRbI truss CMnYs[rt. eKeRbIrcna
sm<nEbbenHsRmab;s<anEdlmanElVgEvg nigsRmab; bent TTwgnsalshkILa nigGKareragcRk.
]TahrN_KMrURtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 7-10a. enAkgkrNITaMgGs; eKsnt;[ truss tPab;eTAnwg
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NPIC

ssredaytMNsnak;. elIsBIenH truss rkSassr[QrRtg;enAkgtMbn;EdltPab; enAeBlEdl

portal truss rgnUv sidesway rUbTI 7-10b. Cavi)ak eyIgGacviPaK portal frame EdleRbI truss
edayeRbIkarsnt;dUcKanwgkarviPaK portal frame samBa. sRmab;ssrEdlmanTRmsnak; snt;
kmaMgRbtikmtamTisedk kmaMgkat; esIKa dUcenAkgrUbTI 7-7c. sRmab;ssrEdlmanTRmbgb;
snt; kmaMgRbtikmtamTisedkesIKa ehIycMNucrbt; bsnak; ekItmanenAelIssrnImYy Edlsit
enABak;kNalssrcenaHKl;ssreTAcMNucTabCageKntMNrvagGgt; truss eTAnwgssr emIlrUbTI
7-8c nig 7-10b.
]TahrN_xageRkambgajBIrebobkMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;rbs; portal frame EdleRbI truss
edayeRbIviFIviPaKRbEhlEdl)anerobrab;xagelI.

viPaKeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicedayviFIRbEhl

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

]TahrN_ 7-4 kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg;tMN E nigtMN C EdlekItBIGgt; EF nig CD rbs; building

bent

enAkgrUbTI 7-6a.

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dMeNaHRsay

Ggt; truss B / C / F / G eFVIkarCaGgt;rwg. edaysarTRmrbs;vaCaTRmbgb; enaHeKsnt;facMNuc

rbt;sitenARtg; 7m / 2 = 3.5m BIelIcMNuc A nig I ehIykmaMgRbtikmtamTisedk bkmaMgkat;eFVI
GMeBIenARtg;Kl;ssrmantmesIKa eBalKW Fx = 0 / V = 40kN / 2 = 20kN . CamYynwgkarsnt;
TaMgenH eyIgGacpac;eRKOgbgMenARtg;snak; J nig K rUbTI 7-11b ehIykMNt;RbtikmenARtg;Kl;
ssrdUcxageRkam
Bak;kNalxageRkamrbs;ssr
+ MA = 0

M 3.5(20 ) = 0

M = 70kN .m

+ MJ = 0

40(5.5) + N (8) = 0

N = 27.5kN

EpkxagelIrbs;ssr
edayeRbIviFImuxkat; rUbTI 7-11c eyIgGacbnkarviPaKedIm,ITTYl)ankmaMgenAkgGgt; CD / BD
nig BH .
27.5 + FBD sin 45 o = 0

FBD = 38.9(T )

+ MB = 0

20(3.5) 40(2 ) + FCD (2 ) = 0

FCD = 75kN (C )

+ MD = 0

FBH (2 ) 20(5.5) + 27.5(2 ) = 0

FBH = 27.5kN (T )

FDH sin 45 o 38.9 sin 45 o = 0

FDH = 38.9kN (C )

+ Fy = 0

tamrebobdUcKa bgajfaeKTTYllTpldUcenAkgdaRkamGgesrIrbs;ssr FGI enAkgrUbTI 711d. edayeRbIlTplenH eyIgGacrkkmaMgkgrbs;Ggt; truss nImYyrbs; portal truss eday
eRbIviFItMN.
tMN D rUbTI 7-11e
+ Fy = 0
+

Fx = 0

75 2 38.9 cos 45 o FDE = 0

FDE = 20kN (C )

FHE sin 45 o 38.9 sin 45 o = 0

FHE = 38.9kN (T )

tMN H rUbTI 7-11f

+ Fy = 0

lTplTaMgenHRtUv)ansegbenAkgrUbTI 7-11g.

viPaKeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicedayviFIRbEhl

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

&>%> bnkxagmanGMeBIelIeRKagsMNg; Portal method

(Lateral load on building frame: Portal method)

enAkgkfaxN 7.4 manerobrab;BIGMeBIrbs;bnkTTwgGkS bkmaMgxag (lateral load) enAelI

portal frame ehIyeyIgeXIjfaeRKagEdlmanTRmbgb;mancMNucrbt;enAEk,rBak;kNalkm<s;rbs;
ssr nigBak;kNalrbs;FwmnImYy ehIyssrrgnUvkmaMgkat;TTwgesIKa rUbTI 7-8. Building
bent xUc RTg;RTayRsedogKanwg portal frame Edr rUbTI 7-12a dUcenHeKGacsnt;facMNucrbt;
ekItmanenA Rtg;cMNuckNalrbs;ssr nigFwm. RbsinebIeyIgKitfa bent nImYyrbs;eRKagpMeLIg
eday portal Ca eRcIn rUbTI 7-12b enaHeKGacsnt;bneTotfassrxagkgtMNag[ssrrbs;
portal frame cMnYnBIr dUcenHfaRtUvrgkmaMgkat;TTwg V BIrdgnssrxageRkA.

Casegb viFI portal sRmab;karviPaKeRKagGKarEdlmanTRmbgb;TamTarkarsnt;dUcxageRkam

1> snak;RtUv)andak;enARtg;cMNuckNalrt edaysareKsnt;cMNucenHCacMNucEdlmanm:Um:g;
sUn.
2> snak;RtUv)andak;enARtg;cMNuckNalssrnImYy edaysarvaCacMNucEdlmanm:Um:g;sUn.
3> enARtg;nIv:UkRmal kmaMgkat;enARtg;snak;ssrxagkgesIwnwgBIrdgnsnak;ssrxageRkA
edaysareKBicarNaeRKagCa portal RtYtelIKa.
karsnt;TaMgenHpl;nUvlTPaBRKb;RKan;kgkareFVI[eRKagminkMNt;edaysaTiceTACaeRKag
kMNt;edaysaTicEdlmansirPaBeRkamGMeBInbnk.
edayeRbobeFobCamYynwgkarviPaKeRKagminkMNt;edaysaTicEdlmanlkNCak;lak; viFI
portal manlkNsaksmkgkareRbIR)as;sRmab;viPaKeRKagEdlmannIv:UTab nigmanElVgeRKagesIKa.
mUlehtunkarsnidanEbbenH)anBIskmPaBrbs;rcnasm<neRkamGMeBIrbs;bnk. edIm,IeFVIkarbk
Rsay cUrBicarNaeRKagEdleFVIkardUcFwmkugsulEdlRtUv)anbgb;eTAnwgdI. rMlwkBIemkanicnsmar
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NPIC

eyIgeXIjfakgkarsikSaKNnaFwmxI lTPaBTb;kmaMgkat;mansarsMxan;
Cag pymkvijsRmab;karsikSaKNnaFwmEvglTPaBTb;nwgm:Um:g;Bt;mansarsMxan;Cagvijmg emIl
kfaxN 7.6. viFI portal QrelIkarsnt;EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkmaMgdUcEdl)anerobrab;enAkgcMNucTI3
xagelI.
]TahrN_xageRkambgajBIrebobnkarGnuvtviFI portal eTAelIkarviPaK building bent.
(mechanics of materials)

]TahrN_ 7-5 kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;Kl;ssrrbs;eRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7-13a

edaytmRbEhl. eRbIviFI portal sRmab;viPaKeRKagenH.

dMeNaHRsay

edayGnuvtkarsnt;BIrdMbUgrbs;viFI portal, eyIgdak;snak;enARtg;kNalrt nigssrrbs;eRKag rUbTI

7-13a. kat;eRKagtamssrRtg;snak; I / J / K nig L eyIgnwg)andaRkamGgesrIdUcbgajenA
kgrUbTI 7-13b. enATIenH Gnuvtkarsnt;TIbIcMeBaHkmaMgkat;enAelIssr. enaHeyIg)an
+

Fx = 0

6 6V = 0

V = 1kN

edayeRbIlTplenH eyIgGacbnkarviPKedaybMEbkeRKagenARtg;snak;TaMgGs; ehIyKNnakmaMg

Rbtikmrbs;va. tamc,ab;TUeTA eKRtUvcab;epImkarviPaKenHenARtg;tMNcugxagelIeKEdlmanrgGMeBIn
viPaKeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicedayviFIRbEhl

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

kmaMgtamTisedk. dUcenH daRkamGgesrIrbs;kMNat; IBM RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 7-13c. eK

kMNt;bgMkmaMgRbtikmTaMgbI I y / M x nig M y enARtg;tMNedayeRbIsmIkar M M = 0 / Fx = 0
nig Fy = 0 erogKa. bnab;mk eKRtUveFVIkarviPaKkMNat;EdlenAEk,rKWkMNat; MJN rUbTI 7-13d
ehIybnedaykMNat; NKO rUbTI 7-13e ehIycugeRkayKWkMNat; OGL rUbTI 7-13f. eday
eRbIlTplTaMgenH daRkamGgesrIrbs;ssrCamYynwgkmaMgRbtikmTRmrbs;vaRtUv)anbgajenAkg
rUbTI 7-13g.

]TahrN_ 7-6 kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;Kl;ssrrbs;eRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7-14a

edaytmRbEhl. eRbIviFI portal sRmab;viPaKeRKagenH.

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dMeNaHRsay

snak;TImYyRtUv)andak;enARtg;cMNuckNalrbs;rt nigssrrbs;eRKag rUbTI 7-14a. eKkat;eRKag

enHtambg;edkRtg;snak; O / P / Q nig J / K / L enaHeyIgTTYl)andaRkamGgesrIEdlbgajenA
kgrUbTI 7-14b. eKKNnakmaMgkat;rbs;ssrdUcxageRkam
+

Fx = 0
+

Fx = 0

20 4V = 0

V = 5kN

20 + 30 4V ' = 0

V ' = 12.5kN

edayeRbIlTplTaMgenH eyIgGacbnkarviPaKeTAelIEpknImYyrbs;eRKag. eKcab;epImkarviPaK

CamYynwgkMNat;cugEKmxagelIEdlmanrgbnktamTisedk OGR rUbTI 7-14c. eKkMNt;GBaat
O y / R x nig R y edayeRbIsmIkarlMnwg. CamYynwglTplenH eKbnkarviPaKeTAelIkMNat; OJM
rUbTI 7-14d bnab;mkeTotkMNat; JA rUbTI 7-14e kMNat; RPS rUbTI 7-14f kMNat;
PMKN rUbTI 7-14g nigkMNat; KB rUbTI 7-14h. ]TahrN_enHbBab;edaykarviPaKeTAelI
kMNat; SIQ bnab;mkeTAelIkMNat; QNL nigcugeRkay LC ehIyeyIgeXIjfa C x = 12.5kN /
C y = 15.625kN nig M C = 37.5kN .m .

&>^> bnkxagmanGMeBIelIeRKagsMNg; Cantilever method

(Lateral load on building frame: Cantilever method)

viFI cantilever QrelIkareFVIkardUcFwmkugsulEdlrgkmaMgTTwgGkS. rMlwkBIemkanicn

smarfabnkbegItkugRtaMgBt;enAkgFwmEdlERbRbYlCalkNbnat;BIGkSNWtrbs;Fwm rUbTI 715a. tamrebobdUcKa bnkxagEdlmanGMeBIelIeRKagcg;eFVI[eRKagRkLab; beFVI[FwmvilCMuvij
GkSNWtEdlsitenAkgbg;edkEdlkat;tamssrenARtg;nIv:UkRmalnImYy. edIm,IRbqaMgnwgkar
RkLab;enH kmaMg bkugRtaMgtamGkSenAkgssrCakmaMgTajenAelIRCugmagrbs;GkSNWt ehIy
kmaMgsgt;enAelIRCugmageTot rUbTI 7-15b. dUcKanwgFwmkugsul eKGacsnt;fakugRtaMgtamGkS
ERbRbYlCalkNbnat;BITIRbCMuTmn;rbs;RkLapssr bBIGkSNWtrbs;ssr. dUcenHviFI cantilever
manlkNsmRsb RbsinebIeRKagmankMNt;x<s; nigRsav bssrmanRkLapmuxkat;xusKa.
Cakarsegb edIm,IeRbIviFI cantilever eKRtUvGnuvtkarsnt;xageRkameTAelIeRKagEdlmanTRm
bgb;
1> eKRtUvdak;snak;enARtg;Bak;kNalrtnImYy edaysareKRtUvsnt;vaCacMNucm:Um:g;sUn.
2> eKRtUvdak;snak;enARtg;Bak;kNalssrnImYy edaysareKRtUvsnt;vaCacMNucm:Um:g;sUn.
viPaKeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicedayviFIRbEhl

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

3> kugRtaMgtamGkSenAkgssrRtUvsmamaRteTAnwgcmayBITIRbCMuTmn;rbs;RkLaprbs;ssr
enARtg;nIv:Urbs;kRmal. edaysarkugRtaMgesInwgkmaMgelIRkLap enaHsRmab;krNIBiess
Edl manssrmanRkLapmuxkat;dUcKa kmaMgenAkgssrRtUvsmamaRteTAnwgcmayBITIRbCMu
Tmn;nRkLapmuxkat;ssr.
karsnt;TaMgbIenHeFVI[eRKagkayCaeRKagEdlmansirPaB nigkMNt;edaysaTic. ]TahrN_xag
eRkambgajBIrebobGnuvtviFI cantilever kgkarviPaK building bent.

]TahrN_ 7-7 kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;Kl;ssrrbs;eRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7-16a

edaytmRbEhl. eKsnt;fassrmanmuxkat;esIKa. eRbIviFI cantilever sRmab;viPaKeRKagenH.

dMeNaHRsay

dMbUgeKdak;snak;enARtg;Bak;kNalkm<s;ssr nigBak;kNalElVgrbs;rt. TItaMgrbs;cMNucTaMgenH

RtUv)anbgajBIGkSr G rhUtdl;GkSr L rUbTI 7-16a. eKGackMNt;TIRbCMuTmn;rbs;RkLapssr
TaMgGs;edaykarGegt rUbTI 7-16b bedaykarviPaKxageRkam
x=

~
x A 0( A) + 6( A)
=
= 3m
A
A+ A

dUcenHkmaMgtamGkSenAkgssrnImYysmamaRteTAnwgcmayrbs;vaBIcMNucenH. dUcenH muxkat;tam

snak; H nig K nCan;xagelIRtUv)anbgajCadaRkamGgesrIenAkgrUbTI 7-16c. cMNaMfassrenA
xageqVgcMNucTIRbCMuTmn;rgkarTaj ssrmageTotrgkarsgt;. karrgkmaMgEbbenHmansarsMxan;
Nas;kgkarTb;Tl;nwgkarRkLab;EdlbgeLIgedaykmaMg 30kN . edayeFVIplbUkm:Um:g;Rtg;GkSNWt
eyIg)an
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30(2 ) + 3H y + 3K y = 0

+ M = 0

GBaatGacTak;TgeTAnwgRtIekaNdUc rUbTI 7-16c Edl

Hy Ky
b H y = K y
=
3
3
dUcenH
H y = K y = 10kN
tamrebobKNnadUcKa edaykat;eRKagtamsnak; G nig L rUbTI 7-16d eyIgman
30(6 ) 15(2 ) + 3G y + 3L y = 0

+ M = 0

edaysar

Gy
3

Ly
3

Gy = Ly

enaH

G y = L y = 35kN

eKGacviPaKkMNat;eRKagnImYyedayeRbIlTplxagelI. dUcenAkg]TahrN_ 7-5 nig 7-6/ eyIg

cab;epImCamYynwgkMNat;eRKagcugxagelIeKbMputEdlrgbnkxag eBalKWkMNat;eRKag HCI rUbTI 716a. edayGnuvtsmIkarlMnwgTaMgbI M I = 0 / Fx = 0 / Fy = 0 eyIgnwgTTYl)anlTpl
sRmab; H x / I x nig I y erogKa EdlbgajenAelIdaRkamGgesrIenAkgrUbTI 7-16e. edayeRbIlTpl TaMgenH eKGacviPaKkMNat;eRKag IDK rUbTI 7-16f EdlbnedaykMNat;eRKag HJG rUbTI
7-16g bnab;mkviPaKkMNat;eRKag KJL rUbTI 7-16h nigcugeRkayviPaKkMNat;eRKagEpkxag
eRkamrbs;ssr rUbTI 7-16i nig 7-16j.

]TahrN_ 7-8 bgajBIrebobkMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;Kl;ssrrbs;eRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI

7-17a edaytmRbEhl. ssrmanmuxkat;dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7-17b. eRbIviFI cantilever

sRmab;viPaKeRKagenH.

dMeNaHRsay

dMbUg eKsnt;famansnak;enARtg;kNalElVgrbs;rt nigBak;kNalkm<s;rbs;ssr rUbTI 7-17a.

eKkMNt;TIRbCMuTmn;rbs;RkLapmuxkat;ssrTaMgGs;BIrUbTI 7-17b dUcbgaxageRkam
x=

~
x A 0(6250 ) + 6(5000 ) + 10.5(3750) + 18(6250)
=
= 8.559m
A
6250 + 5000 + 3750 + 6250

enATIenH ssrmanmuxkat;xusKa dUcenHkugRtaMgtamGkSenAkgssrRtUvsmamaRteTAnwgcmayrbs;va

BIGkSTIRbCMuTmn;EdlmanTItaMgenARtg; x = 8.56m . dUcenH edaykat;eRKagtambg;Rtg;snak; L / M /
N / O eKTTYl)andaRkamGgesrIdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7-17c. cMNaMfassrenAxageqVgGkSTIRbCMu
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Tmn;rgkugRtaMgTaj ehIyssrEdlenAxagsaMrgkugRtaMgsgt;. ehtuGVI? edayeFVIplbUkm:Um:g;Rtg;

GkSNWteyIg)an
+ M = 0

36(1.8) + L y (8.56 ) + M y (2.56 ) + N y (1.94 ) + O y (9.44 ) = 0

(1)

edaysarssrnImYymankugRtaMg smamaRteTAnwgcmayBIGkSNWt eyIgGaceFVITMnak;TMng

kugRtaMgssredayRtIekaNdUc. edaysMEdgTMnak;TMngTaMgenHeTAnwgkmaMg L y eyIg)an
M =

2.56
L
8.56

N =

1.94
L
8.56

O =

9.44
L
8.56

My
5000

Ny
3750
Oy
6250

2.56 L y

8.56 6250

M y = 0.239 L y

(2)

1.94 L y

8.56 6250

N y = 0.136 L y

(3)

9.44 L y

8.56 6250

O y = 1.103L y

(4)

edayedaHRsaysmIkar (1)-(4) eyIg)an

L y = 3.26kN

M y = 0.78kN

viPaKeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicedayviFIRbEhl

N y = 0.44kN

O y = 3.60kN
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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

edayeRbIviFIdUcKa bgajfaeKGacTTYl)anlTplenAkgrUbTI 7-17d sRmab;ssrenARtg;snak; E /

F / G nig H .
eyIgGacbnkarviPaKkMNat;eRKagnImYy. dUcenAkg]TahrN_elIkmun eyIgcab;epImCamYynwg
kMNat;eRKagcugxagelIeKKWkMNat;eRKag LP rUbTI 7-17e. edayeRbIlTplEdl)anKNna eKGac
viPaKkMNat;eRKag LEI rUbTI 7-17f EdlbnedaykMNat;eRKag EA rUbTI 7-17g. eKGacbn
karviPaKkMNat;eRKagdTeTottamlMdab;lMeday eBalKW PQM bnab;mk MJFI bnab;mk FB nigbn
bnab;.

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cMeNaT
7>1> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyrbs; truss
edaytmRbEhl. snt;Ggt;Ggt;RTUgGac
Tb;Tl;TaMgkmaMgTaj nigkmaMgsgt;.

7>2> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyrbs; truss

ncMeNaT 7>1> edaytmRbEhl. snt;
Ggt;Ggt;RTUgminGacTb;Tl;nwgkmaMgTajeT.
7>3> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyrbs; truss
edaytmRbEhl. snt;Ggt;Ggt;RTUgGac
Tb;Tl;TaMgkmaMgTaj bkmaMgsgt;.

7>6> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyrbs; truss

ncMeNaT 7>5> edaytmRbEhl. snt;
Ggt;Ggt;RTUgminGacTb;Tl;nwgkmaMgTajeT.
7>7> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyrbs; truss
edaytmRbEhl. snt;Ggt;Ggt;RTUgGac
Tb;Tl;TaMgkmaMgTaj bkmaMgsgt;.

7>8> kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;edaytmRbEhlenARtg;
cMNuc F nig D rbs;eRKag.
7>4> edaHRsaycMeNaT 7>3 edaysnt;faGgt;
Ggt;RTUgminGacTb;Tl;nwgkmaMgsgt;eT.
7>5> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyrbs; truss
edaytmRbEhl. snt;Ggt;Ggt;RTUgGac
Tb;Tl;TaMgkmaMgTaj bkmaMgsgt;.
cMeNaT

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

7>9> kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;edaytmRbEhlenARtg;
tMN E nig C EdlekItBIGgt; EF nig CD erog
Ka.

7>10> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRmenARtg; A / B
nig C rbs;eRKag.

7>11> kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;edaytmRbEhlenARtg;
tMN I nig L . ehIy kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;
tMN H EdlbNalmkBIGgt; HG .
Problems

7>12> kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt; nigkmaMgkat;edaytm

RbEhlenARtg;xagcugrbs;Ggt;nImYyrbs;
portal frame. snt;faTRmenARtg; A nig D
CaTRm bgb;mineBjelj ehtudUcenHcMNucrbt;
manTItaMg enAcmay h / 3 BIKl;rbs;ssr
nImYy.

7>13> kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;edaytmRbEhlenARtg;
tMN D nig C . snt;TRmenARtg; A nig D
CaTRm snak;.
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nig DH . snt;fatMNTaMgGs;CatMNsnak;.
ehIycUrkMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;BRgwg CF .

7>14> kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt; nigkmaMgkat;edaytm

RbEhlenARtg;xagcugrbs;Ggt;nImYyrbs;
portal frame. snt;faTRmenARtg; A nig D Ca
(a) TRmsnak; (b) TRmbgb; nig (c) TRmbgb;
mineBj eljEdleFVI[cMNucrbt;rbs;vasitenA
cmay h / 3 = 2m BIcMNuc A nig D .

7>15> sg;daRkamm:Um:g;edaytmRbEhl
sRmab;ssr ACE rbs; portal frame Edlsg;
edayeRbIrtrwgCamYynwgGgt;BRgwg CF
cMeNaT

7>16> edaHRsaycMeNaT 7>15 RbsinebIeK

CMnYsTRm A nigTRm B BITRmbgb;mkCaTRm
snak;.
7>17> sg;daRkamm:Um:g;edaytmRbEhl
sRmab;ssr ACE rbs; portal frame. snt;
faGgt;rbs; truss TaMgGs;tPab;eTAnwgssr
edaytMNsnak;enAxagcugrbs;va. ehIycUr
kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; EG / CG nig EF .

7>18> edaHRsaycMeNaT 7>17 RbsinebIeK

CMnYsTRm A nigTRm B BITRmbgb;mkCaTRm
snak;.
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7>19> kMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt; truss nImYy

rbs; portal frame. ehIycUrkMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRmenARtg;TRmbgb; A nig B . snt;fa
Ggt;rbs; truss TaMgGs;tPab;KaedaytMN
snak;.

7>20> kMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt; truss nImYy

rbs; portal frame. ehIycUrkMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRmenARtg;TRmbgb; A nig B . snt;fa
Ggt;rbs; truss TaMgGs;tPab;KaedaytMN
snak;.

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

7>21> kMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt; truss nImYy

rbs; portal frame. ehIycUrkMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRmenARtg;TRmsnak; A nig B . snt;fa
Ggt;rbs; truss TaMgGs;tPab;KaedaytMN
snak;.

7>22> kMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt; truss nImYy

rbs; portal frame. snt;faGgt; rbs; truss
TaMgGs;tPab;KaedaytMNsnak; ehIyTRm A
nig B CaTRmbgb;.

7>23> kMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt; truss nImYy

rbs; portal frame. ehIycUrkMNt;kmaMgRbtiProblems

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kmTRmenARtg;TRmbgb; A nig B . snt;fa

Ggt;rbs; truss TaMgGs;tPab;KaedaytMN
snak;.

7>27> sg;daRkamm:Um:g;edaytmRbEhl
sRmab;rt IJKL rbs;eRKagGKaredayeRbI portal
method.

7>24> eRbI portal method cUrkMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRmenARtg;TRmbgb; A / B / C / D nig E

rbs;eRKag edaytmRbEhl.

7>28> sg;daRkamm:Um:g;edaytmRbEhl
sRmab;rt IJKL rbs;eRKagGKarxagelIedayeRbI
cantilever method. ssrTaMgGs;manmuxkat;
dUcKa.
7>29> sg;daRkamm:Um:g;edaytmRbEhl
sRmab;rt IJKL rbs;eRKagGKaredayeRbI portal
method.

7>25> eRbI portal method cUrkMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRmenARtg;TRmbgb; A / B / C nig D rbs;

eRKag edaytmRbEhl.

7>26> sg;daRkamm:Um:g;edaytmRbEhl
sRmab;rt EFGH rbs; portal frame xagelI
edayeRbI portal method.
cMeNaT

7>30> edaHRsaycMeNaT 7>29 edayeRbI

cantilever method. ssrnImYymanmuxkat;
dUcbgaj.

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

7>31> eRbI portal method cUrkMNt;kmaMgtam

GkS kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;enARtg; A eday
tmRbEhl.

7>32> edaHRsaycMeNaT 7>31 edayeRbI

cantilever method. ssrnImYymanmuxkat;
dUcbgaj.
KMerag 7>1> Building bent EdlbgajenAkg
rUbmanKMlat 3m BIKa ehIyRtUv)ansnt;favaman
TRmsnak;TaMgGs;. eRbIm:UEDldUcbgaj cUr
kMNt;bnkxl;EdlmanGMeBIelI bent. cMNaMfa
bnk xl;RtUv)aneprBICBaaMgeTA purlin TaMgbYn
ehIy bnab;mkvaRtUv)anepreTAssrEpkxag
saM. edayeRbIkarviPaKRbEhl cUrkMNt;bnk
tamGkSGtibrma nigm:Um:g;Bt;GtibrmaenAkg
ssr AB . snt;fassr nigGgt;BRgwgRtUv)an
tPab; edaytMNsnak;enAxagcugrbs;va.
GKarenHsit enAelITIvalrabesIenAkgrd New
orleans, Louisiana Edlman V = 56m / s nig
yk I = 0.87 .

Problems

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*> PaBdab
(Deflection)

CMBUkenHnwgbgajBIrebobkMNt;PaBdabeGLasicrbs;FwmedayeRbIviFIGaMgetRkalDub nigviFI
FrNImaRty:agsMxan;cMnYnBIrKW RTwsIRkLapm:Um:g; (moment-area method) nigviFI conjugate beam.
eKeRbIviFIGaMgetRkalDubedIm,ITTYl)ansmIkarEdlkMNt;CMral bmMurgVil (slope) nigExSekageGLasic.
viFIFrNImaRtpl;nUvmeFa)ayedIm,ITTYlmMurgVil nigPaBdabenARtg;cMNucCak;lak;NamYyenAelIFwm.
viFITaMgenHmanKuNsm,ti nigKuNvibtrbs;va EdlRtUv)anerobrab;enAeBlENnaMBIviFInImYy.

*>!> daRkamPaBdab nigExSekageGLasic

(Deflection diagram and the elastic curve)

PaBdabrbs;eRKOgbgMGacekItBIktaepSgCaeRcIndUcCa
bnk sItuNPaB kMhuskgkarplit bsRmut. enAkgkarsikSa
KNna eKRtUvkMritEdnkMNt;[PaBdabedIm,IkarBarsameRbHEdl
GacekItmanelIsmarEdlmanlkNRsYydUcCaebtug bkMe)ar
bUk. elIsBIenH eRKOgbgMminRtUvjr bdabxaMgeT edIm,Ibgaj
suvtiPaBdl;GkEdleRbIR)as;GKarenaH. eTaHbICay:agNak
eday enAeBlEdleKviPaKrcnasm<nminkMNt;edaysaTic eK
RtUvkMNt;PaBdabRtg;cMNucCak;lak;enAelIeRKOgbgM.
PaBdabEdlBicarNaenAkgesovePAenHGnuvtEteTA
elIrcnasm<nEdlmansmarCaeGLasic (linear elastic
material). eRkamlkxNenH eRKagbgMEdlrgbnknwgRtLb;
eTArksanPaBedImvij eRkayeBlEdleKdkbnkecjmkvij.
PaBdabrbs;rcnasm<nRtUv)anbgeLIgedaybnkxagkgrbs;va
dUcCakmaMgEkg (normal force), kmaMgkat; (shear force) b
m:Um:g;Bt; (bending moment). b:uEn sRmab;Fwm nigeRKag PaB
dabFMbMputRtUv)anbgeLIgedaym:Um:g;Bt; b:uEnkmaMgtamGkS eFVI
[manPaBdabrbs; truss.
PaBdab

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

munnwgKNnamMurgVil bPaBdabrbs;cMNucenAelIFwm beRKag eKKYrKUrragrbs;eRKOgbgMEdlrg

bnk eRBaHvaCaEpkmYyEdlCYyeyIgkgkarBinitlTplEdl)anKNna. daRkamPaBdabenHtMNag
[ExSekageGLasicsRmab;cMNucenARtg;TIRbCMuTmn;nRkLapmuxkat;tambeNayGgt;nImYy.
sRmab;cMeNaTPaKeRcIn eKminBi)akkgkarKUrExSekageGLasicenHeT. b:uEn enAeBlKUrExSekageGLasic eKcM)ac;RtUvdwgBIlkxNnkarekItmanmMurgVil nigPaBdabenARtg;TRm benARtg;tMN. eyagtam
taragTI 8-1 TRmEdlTb;Tl;nwgkmaMgdUcCa TRmsnak;minGnuBaat[manbMlas;TIenARtg;TRmeT ehIy
TRmEdlTb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g; dUcCaTRmbgb; minGnuBaat[manmMurgVileT. cMNaMfa PaBdabnGgt;rbs;
eRKOgbgMEdlmantMNbgb; (4) eFVI[Ggt;enARtg;tMNenaHmanmMurgVilesIKa. m:agvijeTot RbsinebI
vatPab;edaytMNsnak; (5) mMurgVilrbs;Ggt;Rtg;tMNenaHnwgmantmxusKa edaysartMNsnak; min
GacTb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;eT.

RbsinebIeKBi)aksg;ExSekageGLasic dMbUgeKesI[sg;daRkamm:Um:g;Bt;sRmab;Fwm nig

eRKag. edayeRbIkarkMNt;sBaasRmab;m:Um:g;Bt;Edl)anbegIteLIgenAkgCMBUkTI 4 m:Um:g;Bt;viCmancg;
eFVI[Fwm bGgt;edkpt rUbTI 8-1. dUcKa m:Um:g;Bt;GviCmancg;eFVI[Fwm bGgt;edke)a:g rUbTI 82 dUcenH RbsinebIeKsal;daRkamm:Um:g;eKGacsg;ExSekageGLasicedaygay. ]TahrN_ eKman
FwmdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-3 CamYynwgdaRkamm:Um:g;rbs;va. edaysarTRmsnak; nigTRmkl;
bMlas;TIenARtg;TRm A nigTRm D RtUvesInwgsUn. enAkgtMbn;m:Um:g;GviCman ExSekageGLasicnwg
e)a:g ehIyenAkgtMbn;m:Um:g;viCman ExSekageGLasicnwgpt. vaRtUvmancMNucrbt;enARtg;cMNucEdl
ExSekagbr PaBekag edaysarRtg;cMNucenHCacMNucm:Um:g;sUn. edayeRbIeKalkarN_dUcKa cMNaMBI
rebobKUrExSekag eGLasicsRmab;FwmenAkgrUbTI 8-4 EdlQrelIdaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;rbs;va. ]TahrN_xageRkambgajBI rebobKUrExSekagPaBdabsRmab;Fwm nigsRmab;eRKagedayeRbIeKalkarN_
TaMgenH.

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]TahrN_ 8-1 sg;rUbragdabrbs;FwmnImYyEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-5.

PaBdab

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNaHRsay

enAkgrUbTI 8-5a TRmkl;enARtg;cMNuc A GnuBaat[manmMurgVilEdlminGnuBaat[manPaBdabeT

xNEdlTRmbgb;enARtg; B Tb;min[manTaMgmMurgVilTaMgPaBdab. rUbragdabRtUv)anbgajedayExS
dit. enAkgrUbTI 8-5b minGacmanmMurgVil nigPaBdabekItmanenARtg;TRm A nig B eT. enAkgrUbTI
8-5c m:Um:g;nwgeFVI[cugTMenr A vil. m:Um:g;enHnwgeFVI[cugsgagrbs;FwmbMlas;TI EtenARtg;TRm B nig
C minmanPaBdabeT. cMNaMfa kMNat;Ggt; CD enArkSaragminxUcRTg;RTay bnat;Rtg; edaysar
KankmaMgxagkgGnuvteTAelIva. enAkgrUbTI 8-5d snak;enARtg;cMNuc B GnuBaat[mankarvileday
esrI ehIymMurgVilrbs;ExSekagPaBdabnwgbry:agelOnenARtg;cMNucenH xNEdlFwmRtUv)anTb;eday
TRmrbs;va. enAkgrUbTI 8-5e FwmpSMdabdUcbgaj. mMurgVilbry:agxaMgenAsgagsnak;Rtg;cMNuc B .
cugeRkay sRmab;rUbTI 8-5f ElVg BC nwgdabedayptedaysarbnk. edaysarvaCaFwmCab; ElVgcug
nwgdabedaye)a:g.

]TahrN_ 8-2 sg;rUbragdabrbs;eRKagnImYyEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-6.

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dMeNaHRsay

enAkgrUbTI 8-6a enAeBlbnk P rujtMN B nigtMN C eTAsaM vanwgeFVI[ssrnImYyvilRsbRTnic

naLika. CalTpl tMN B nigtMN C RtUvEtvilRsbRTnicnaLika. edaysarGgt;RtUvrkSamMurbs;tMN
EdlmanTMhM 90o dUcenHFwmnwgxUcRTg;RTajdUcbgajedaykMeNagrbs;vapas;brBIpteTAe)a:g. cMNaM
fakarpas;bkMeNagEbbenHeFVI[ekItmancMNucrbt;enAkgFwm. enAkgrUbTI 8-6b bnk P eFVI[tMN
A / B nig C pas;TIeTAsaM EdleFVI[ssrnImYyekagdUcbgaj. tMNbgb;RtUvEtrkSamMuEkg rbs;va
dUcenHGgt; BC nig CD RtUvEtpas;brPaBekagedaymancMNucrbt;enAEk,rkNalGgt;. enAkgrUbTI
8-6c bnkbBarEdlmanGMeBIenAelIeRKagsIuemRTInwgeFVI[Fwm CD pt EdleFVI[tMN C vilRsbRTnic
naLika ehIyeFVI[tMN D vilRcasRTnicnaLika. edaysarvaRtUvrkSamMuEkgrbs;va[enAdEdl enaH
ssrRtUvekagdUcbgaj. dUcenHGgt; BC nig DE RtUvEte)a:g EdleFVI[tMN B vilRcasRTnicnaLika
ehIytMN E vilRsbRTnicnaLika. cugeRkay enAkgrUbTI 8-6d bnk P ruj tMN B nigtMN C eTAsaM
EdleFVI[ssrekagdUcbgaj. tMNbgb;Rtg; B RtUvrkSamMuEkgrbs;va b:uEnvaminmankarTb;kgkarvil
rvagGgt;EdltPab;enARtg;cMNuc C eT edaysartMN C CatMNsnak;. Cavi)ak manEtFwm CD minman
karpas;brkMeNag.

*>@> RTwsIFwmeGLasic (Elastic-curve theory)

enAkgkfaxNenH eyIgnwgbegItsmIkardsMxan;cMnnY BIredayPab;TMnak;TMngrvagm:Um:g;Bt;enAkg
FwmeTAnwgbMlas;TI nigmMurgVilnExSekageGLasicrbs;va. smIkarTaMgenHbegItCaeKalkarN_sRmab;
viFIKNnaPaBdabEdlerobrab;enAkgCMBUkenH ehIysRmab;mUlehtuenH eKRtUvyl;BIkarsnt; nigEdn
kMNt; EdleRbIenAkgkarbegItviFIenH[)anc,as;.
edIm,IbegItTMnak;TMngenH eyIgnwgkMritkarviPaK[enAkgkrNITUeTAbMputEdlFwmxUcRTg;RTay
edaybnkmanGMeBIEkgeTAnwgGkS x rbs;Fwm ehIyvasitenAkgbg; x ma:geTotmuxkat;rbs;Fwm
manlkNsIuemRTI rUbTI 8-7a. edaysarbnk kMhUcRTg;RTayrbs;FwmnwgekIteLIgedaysarkmaMg
kat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;. RbsinebIFwmmanRbEvgFMCagkm<s;rbs;vaxaMgenaH kMhUcRTg;RTajEdlFMCageKnwg
bgeLIgedaym:Um:g;Bt; dUcenHeyIgnwgykcitTukdak;EteTAnwg\TiBlrbs;m:Um:g;Bt;b:ueNaHsRmab;Fwm
enAeBlenH. PaBdabEdlbgedaykmaMgkat;nwgRtUv)anerobrab;enAeBleRkayenAkgemeronenH.
enAeBlm:Um:g;Bt; M eFVI[FatunFwmxUcRTg;RTay mMurvagmuxkat;kayCa d rUbTI 8-7b. Rb
EvgF dx EdltMNag[cMENkrbs;ExSekageGLasicRbsBVCamYynwgGkSNWtsRmab;muxkat;nImYy.
PaBdab

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

eKkMNt;kaMkMeNagsRmab;FenHedaycmay EdlRtUv)anvas;BIpitnkMeNag O' eTA dx . FenAelI

Ggt;eRkABI dx rgnUvbERmbRmYlrageFobEkg (normal strain). Ca]TahrN_ bERmbRmYlrageFobenA
kgkMNat;F ds EdlsitenAcmay y BIGkSNWt KW = (ds'ds ) / ds . b:uEn ds = dx = d ehIy
ds ' = ( y )d dUcenH
( y )d d
1

=
b
=
d

y
RbsinebIvaCasmarsac;mYy (homogeneous) ehIyeFVIkarCalkNeGLasic enaHeKGacGnuvtc,ab;
hUk (Hookes law) = / E . ehIyma:geTot eKmansmIkarkugRtaMgm:Um:g;Bt; = My / I .
edaypSMsmIkarTaMgenH ehIyCMnYsvaeTAkgsmIkarxagelI eyIg)an
1

Edl

M
EI

(8-1)

kaMrbs;kMeNagenARtg;cMNucCak;lak;enAelIExSekageGLasic eKehA1 / CakMeNag

M = m:Um:g;Bt;enAkgFwmenARtg;cMNucEdleKRtUvkarkMNt;
E = m:UDuleGLasicrbs;smar
I = m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;FwmEdlKNnaeFobGkSNWt.
plKuN EI enAkgsmIkar 8-1 eK[eQaHfaPaBrwgTb;nwgkarBt;begag (flexural rigidity)
ehIyvamantmviCmanCaTUeTA. edaysar dx = d enaHBIsmIkar 8-1
=

d =

M
dx
EI

(8-2)

RbsinebIeyIgeRCIserIsGkS v viCmanenAeBlvamanTisedAeLIgelI rUbTI 8-7a ehIyRbsin

ebIeyIgsresrsmIkarkMeNag1 / CaGnuKmn_n x nig v enaHeyIgGackMNt;ExSekageGLasicsRmab;
Fwm. enAkgesovePA calculus PaKeRcInbgajfa
1

dUcenH

d 2 / dx 2

[1 + (d / dx) ]

2 3/ 2

M
d 2 / dx 2
=
EI 1 + (d / dx )2

3/ 2

(8-3)

smIkar 8-3 CasmIkarDIepr:g;Esl nonlinear dWeRkTIBIr. dMeNaHRsayrbs;va = f (x ) [nUvrag

BitR)akdnExSekageGLasic edaysnt;fa PaBdabrbs;FwmekIteLIgedaysarEtm:Um:g;Bt;b:ueNaH.
edIm,IsMrYlkgkaredaHRsaynUvcMeNaTy:ageRcIn eKsMrYlsmIkar 8-3 [manlkNgayRsYl. eday
sarmMurgVilrbs;ExSekageGLasicsRmab;rcnasm<nPaKeRcInmantmtUcEmnETn eyIgnwgeRbIRTwsIPaB
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dabtUc (small deflection theory) ehIysnt;fa dv / dx 0 . Cavi)ak kaerntm dv / dx Gacecal

)anRbsinebIeRbobeFobnwgtmkta dUcenHsmIkar 8-3 kat;bnymkRtwm
d 2v
dx

M
EI

(8-4)

edaysarkarsnt; dv / dx 0 enaHRbEvgedImrbs;GkSFwm x nigkMNat;Frbs;ExSekageGLasicnwg

manRbEvgRbEhlKa. eyIgGacniyayma:geTotfa ds enAkgrUbTI 8-7b manRbEvgRbEhlnwg dx
ds = dx 2 + d 2 = 1 + (d / dx )2 dx dx

lTplenHbgajfacMNucenAelIExSekagmanbMlas;TIEttamTisQr nigmanbMlas;TItamTisedkeT.

*>#> viFIGaMgetRkalDub (The double integration method)

enAeBlEdleKKNnasmIkarm:Um:g:Bt; M CaGnuKmn_nTItaMg x enaHGaMgetRkalbnbnab;n
smIkar 8-4 pl;nUvPaBdabrbs;Fwm tan = d / dx = (M / EI )dx smIkar 8-2 ehIysmIkar
rbs;ExSekageGLasic = f (x) = (M / EI )dx erogKa. sRmab;kareFVIGaMgetRkalnImYy eKcaM)ac;
RtUvbBal tmefrrbs;GaMgetRkal ehIybnab;mkedaHRsayrktmefrenaHedIm,ITTYl)andMeNaH
Rsay. BIkfaxN 4-2 RbsinebIbnkenAelIFwmminEmnCaGnuKmn_Cab; vamanesrInbnkcMcMNuc nig
bnkBRgay enaHeKRtUvsresrsmIkarGnuKmn_m:Um:g;Bt;CaeRcIn EdlsmIkarnImYymannyEtenAkg
tMbn;EdlsitenAcenaHPaBdac;. Ca]TahrN_ eKmanFwmdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-8. eKRtUvsresr
smIkarGnuKmn_m:Um:g;Bt;enAkgtMbn; AB / BC nig CD CaGnuKmn_eTAnwgGab;sIus x1 / x2 nig x3 . enA
eBleKeFVIGaMgetRkalGnuKmn_TaMgenHtamkarGnuvtnsmIkar 8-4 CamYynwgkarkMNt;tmefrrbs;
PaBdab

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

GaMgetRkal GnuKmn_nwg[nUvmMurgVil nigPaBdab ExSekageGLasic sRmab;tMbn;nImYyrbs;Fwm.

karkMNt;sBaa enAeBlGnuvtsmIkar 8-4 eKcaM)ac;RtUveRbIsBaadRtwmRtUvsRmab;m:Um:g;Bt; M Edl)an

begItedaykarkMNt;sBaaEdleRbIenAkgkarbMEbksmIkarenH rUbTI 8-9a. elIsBIenH rMlwkfaPaB
dab viCman manTisedAeLIgelI ehIyCalTpl mMurgVil viCmanRtUv)anvas;edayRcasRTnicnaLika
BIGkS x . ehtuplsRmab;karkMNt;sBaaenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-9b. enATIenH kMeNIn dx nig
d enAelIGkS x nig mantmviCman eFVI[kMeNIn d vilRcasRTnicnaLika. ehIyedaysarEtmMu
rgVil mantmtUc enaHeKGackMNt;tmrbs;vaEdlKitCara:dg;edaypal;BI tan = d / dx .
lkxNCab; niglkxNRBMEdn (boundary and continuity condition) eKkMNt;tmrbs;GaMgetRkaledaykMNt;GnuKmn_sRmab;mMurgVil nigGnuKmn_sRmab;bMlas;TIenARtg;cMNucCak;lak;enAelIFwm
EdleK Gacdwgtmrbs;GnuKmn_. tmTaMgenHRtUv)aneKehAfalkxNRBMEdn. Ca]TahrN_ RbsinebI
FwmRtUv)anRTedayTRmkl; bTRmsnak; enaHeKTamTar[bMlas;TIrbs;vaesIsUnenARtg;cMNucenaH.
ehIy enARtg;TRmbgb; TaMgmMurgVil nigbMlas;TIesInwgsUn.
RbsinebIeKminGaceRbIEtkUGredaen x edIm,IedaHRsaysmIkarsRmab;mMurgVilrbs;Fwm bExSekag
eGLasic enaHeKRtUveRbIlkxNCab;edIm,IkMNt;tmefrrbs;GaMgetRkalxH. BicarNaFwmenAkgrUbTI
8-10. enATIenH kUGredaen x1 nig x2 mannyEtenAkgtMbn; AB nig BC erogKa. enAeBleKTTYl)an
GnuKmn_sRmab;mMurgVil nigGnuKmn_sRmab;PaBdabenARtg;cMNuc B x1 = x2 = a dUcenHExSekageG
LasicmanlkNCab;enARtg;cMNucenH. edayKittamnyKNitviTa vaTamTar[ 1 (a ) = 2 (a )
ehIy 1 (a ) = 2 (a ) . eKGaceRbIsmIkarTaMgenHsRmab;kMNt;tmefrrbs;GaMgetRkalcMnYnBIr.

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dMeNIrkarkgkarviPaK (Procedure for analysis)

CMhanxageRkampl;nUvviFIsRmab;kMNt;mMurgVil nigPaBdabrbs;FwmedayeRbIviFIGaMgetRkal
Dub. eKKYrdwgfaviFIenHsaksmsRmab;EtPaBdabeGLasicsRmab;FwmEdlmanmMurgViltUcb:ueNaH.
elIsBIenH viFIenHBicarNaEtPaBdabEdlbNalBIm:Um:g;Bt;b:ueNaH. PaBdabbEnmEdlbNalBIkmaMg
kat;CaTUeTAesInwgBIr bbIPaBrynPaBdabedaym:Um:g;Bt;b:ueNaH dUcenHCaFmtavaRtUv)aneKecal
sRmab;karGnuvt.

ExSekageGLasic

sg;KMehIjnExSekageGLasicrbs;Fwm. rMlwkfacMNucnmMurgVil nigPaBdabsUnekItmanenA

Rtg;TRmbgb; ehIyPaBdabsUnekItmanenARtg;TRmkl; nigTRmsnak;.
sg;GkSkUGredaen x nig v . GkS x RtUvEtRsbeTAnwgGkSFwmEdlminTan;xUcRTg;RTay ehIy
Kl;rbs;vaenAEpkxageqVgrbs;Fwm EdlTisedATissaMCaTisedAviCman.
RbsinebImanbnkEdlmanCab;eRcIn eKRtUvbegItkUGredaen x EdlmannysRmab;tMbn;nImYy
rbs;FwmrvagPaBminCab;enaH.
enARKb;krNITaMgGs; GkS mantmviCmanenAeBlEdlvamanTisedAeLIgelI

GnuKmn_bnk bGnuKmn_m:Um:g;Bt;

sRmab;tMbn;nImYyEdlenAkgenaHmankUGredaen x eKRtUvsresrsmIkarm:Um:g;Bt; M Ca
GnuKmn_n x .
eKEtgEtsnt;fam:Um:g;Bt; M eFVIGMeBIkgTisedAviCmanenAeBlEdlGnuvtsmIkarlMnwgedIm,I
kMNt; M = f (x ) .

mMurgVil nigExSekageGLasic

PaBdab

eday EI Catmefr GnuvtsmIkarm:Um:g; EId 2 / dx 2 = M (x ) EdlTamTarGaMgetRkalcMnYnBIr

dg. sRmab;kareFVIGaMgetRkalnImYy eKcaM)ac;RtUvEtbBaltmefrrbs;GaMgetRkal. eK
kMNt;tmTaMgenHedayeRbIlkxNRBMEdnsRmab;TRm ehIyeKeRbIlkxNCab;sRmab;GnuKmn_
BIrCYbKa.
enAeBlEdleKkMNt;efrGaMgetRkalehIy eKRtUvCMnYsvaeTAkgsmIkarmMurgVil nigsmIkarPaB
dabeLIgvij. cugeRkay eKGackMNt;mMurgVil nigPaBdabenARtg;cMNucCak;lak;enAelIExSekag
eGLasic)an. eKGacepgpat;lTplEdlTTYledaylkNRkaPicedayeRbobeFobvaCa
mYynwgExSekageGLasicEdleyIg)anKUrBIxagelI.
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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

tmviCmansRmab;mMurgVilKWRcasRTnicnaLika ehIyPaBdabviCmanmanTisedAeLIgelI.
]TahrN_ 8-3 FwmkugsulEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-11a rgm:Um:g; M 0 enAcugTMenrrbs;va.
kMNt;smIkarExSekageGLasic. EI Catmefr.

dMeNaHRsay

ExSekageGLasic bnkxageRkAeFVIFwmxUcRTg;RTaydUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-11a. tamkarGegt

eKGackMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enAkgFwmTaMgmUledayeRbIEtkUGredaen x .
GnuKmn_m:Um:g;Bt; BIdaRkamGgesrI CamYynwgm:Um:g;Bt; M EdlmanGMeBIenAkgTisedAviCman rUbTI 811b eyIg)an
M = M0

mMurgVil nigExSekageGLasic edayGnuvtsmIkar 8-4 nigedayeFVIGaMgetRkalBIrdgenaH

d 2
= M0
dx
d
= M 0 x + C1
EI
dx
M x2
EI 0 + C1 x + C 2
2
EI

(1)
(2)
(3)

edayeRbIlkxNRBMEdn d / dx = 0 enARtg; x = 0 nig = 0 enARtg; x = 0 enaH C1 = C2 = 0 .

edayCMnYslTplTaMgenHeTAkgsmIkar (2) nig (3) CamYynwg = d / dx eyIg)an
M0x
EI
M x2
= 0
2 EI

mMurgVilGtibrma nigPaBdabGtibrma ekItmanenARtg;cMNuc A Edl x = L

Deflection

M 0L
EI
M L2
= 0
2 EI

A =

(4)

(5)

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lTplviCmansRmab; A bgajfacMNuc A xUcRTg;RTayedayvilRcasRTnicnaLika ehIylTplviCman sRmab; A bgajfaPaBdabenARtg;cMNuc A manTisedAeLIgelI. lTplenHRtUvKanwglTpl

Edl)anKUrRBagenAkgrUbTI 8-11a.
edIm,ITTYl)anKMnitxHCaTMhMCak;EsgsRmab;mMurgVil nigPaBdabenARtg;cMNuc A eK[FwmenA
kgrUbTI 8-11a manRbEvg 3.6m Tb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g; M 0 = 20kN .m ehIyFwmenHRtUv)ansg;BIEdkEdl
man Est = 200GPa . RbsinebIeKsikSaKNnaFwmenHedaymineRbIemKuNsuvtiPaBedaysnt;fa kug
RtaMgEkgGnuBaatesInwgkugRtaMgyal (yield stress) aloow = 250 N / mm 2 enaHeKrkeXIjfamuxkat;
W 6 9 I = 6.8 10 6 mm 4 manlkNRKb;RKan;kgkarTb;Tl;nwgbnkxageRkAenH. BIsmIkar (4)
nig (5) eyIgTTYl)an
A =

A =

20kN .m(3.6m )

[200 10 kN / m ][6.8 10
6

10 12 m 4

20kN .m(3.6m )2

][

] = 0.0529rad

2 200 10 6 kN / m 2 6.8 10 6 10 12 m 4

] = 95.3mm

edaysar A2 = 0.00280(10 6 ) << 1 enaHvabgajfakareRbIR)as;smIkar 8-4 manlkNRbesIrCag

karGnuvtsmIkar 8-3 sRmab;karkMNt;PaBdabrbs;Fwm. ehIy edaysarkarGnuvtCaelxenHGnuvt
eTAelIFwmkugsul dUcenHeyIgTTYl)an max nig max mantmFMCag max nig max sRmab;FwmTRm
samBa.

]TahrN_ 8-4 FwmenAkgrUbTI 8-12a rgbnk P enAxagcugTMenrrbs;va. kMNt;bMlas;TIenARtg;

C

. EI Catmefr.

dMeNaHRsay
PaBdab

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

ExSekageGLasic FwmxUcRTg;RTaykgTRmg;dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-12a. edaysarEtbnk eKRtUv

BicarNakUGredaen x BIIr.
GnuKmn_m:Um:g;Bt; edayeRbIdaRkamGgesrIEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-12b eyIg)an
P
x1
0 x1 2a
2
P
3P
( x 2 2a )
M 2 = x2 +
2
2
M1 =

= Px 2 3Pa

2a x 2 3a

mMurgVil nigExSekageGLasic edayGnuvtsmIkar 8-4

2
sRmab; x1 / EI d 21 = P2 x1

sRmab; x2 /

dx1
d
P
EI 1 = x12 + C1
dx1
4
P
EI 1 = x13 + C1 x1 + C 2
12
2
d 2
EI
= Px 2 3Pa
dx 22
d 2 P 2
EI
= x 2 3Pax 2 + C3
dx 2
2
P
3
EI 2 = x 23 Pax 22 + C3 x 2 + C 4
6
2

(1)
(2)

(3)
(4)

eKkMNt;efrGaMgetRkalTaMgbYnedayeRbIlkxNRBMEdnbI eBalKW 1 = 0 enARtg; x1 = 0 / 1 = 0 enA

Rtg; x1 = 2a nig 2 = 0 enARtg; x2 = 2a nigsmIkarnPaBCab;mYy. enATIenH PaBCab;rbs;mMurgVil
enARtg;TRmkl;TamTar[ d 1 / dx1 = d 2 / dx2 enARtg; x1 = x2 = 2a . cMNaMfaPaBCab;nbMlas;
TIenARtg;cMNuc B RtUv)aneKKitenAkglkxNRBMEdnrYcehIy edaylkNminpal;edaysar
1 = 2 = 0 enARtg; x1 = x 2 = 2a . edayGnuvtlkxNTaMgbYnenH eyIg)an
1 = 0 enARtg; x1 = 0
0 = 0 + 0 + C2
P
1 = 0 enARtg; x1 = 2a
0 = (2a )3 + C1 (2a ) + C 2
12
P
3
2 = 0 enARtg; x 2 = 2a
0 = (2a )3 Pa(2a )3 + C3 (2a ) + C 4
6
2
d 1 (2a ) d 2 (2a )
=
dx1
dx 2

P
(2a )2 + C1 = P (2a )2 3Pa(2a ) + C3
4
2

edayedaHRsaysmIkarxagelI eyIg)an
C1 =

Pa 2
3

Deflection

C2 = 0

C3 =

10 2
Pa
3

C 4 = 2 Pa 3

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NPIC

edayCMnYs C3 nig C4 eTAkgsmIkar (4) eyIg)an

P 3 3 Pa 2 10 Pa 2
2 Pa 3
x2
x2 +
x2
2 =
6 EI
2 EI
3EI
EI

eKGackMNt;PaBdabenARtg;cMNuc C edayCMnYs x2 = 3a . eyIg)an

c =

Pa 3
EI

*>$> RTwsIRkLapm:Um:g; (Moment-Area Theorems)

KMnitedImcMnYnBIrsRmab;RTwsIRkLapm:Um:g;RtUv)anbegIteLIgeday Otto Mohr nigeRkaymk
RtUv)anbkRsayCapvkareday Charles E. Greene enAkgqaM 1873. RTwsITaMgenHpl;nUvbeckeTs
RkaPicBak;kNal (semigraphical technique) sRmab;kMNt;mMurgVilnExSekageGLasic nigPaBdab
rbs;vaEdlbNalBIm:Um:g;Bt;. vamanKuNsm,tiBiessenAeBleKeRbIvasRmab;edaHRsaycMeNaTEdl
Tak;TgnwgFwm. CaBiessFwmEdlrgesrInbnkcMcMNcu bEdlkMNat;rbs;vamanm:Um:g;niclPaBxusKa.

eKeyageTAelIFwmEdlrgbnkdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-13a edIm,IbegItRTwsITaMgenH. Rbsin

ebIeyIgKUrdaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;sRmab;Fwm ehIybnab;mkEckvanwgPaBrwgTb;nwgkarBt;begag (flexural
rigidity) EI enaHeKTTYl)andaRkam M / EI dUcEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-13b. tamsmIkar 8-2
M
d = dx
EI

dUcenH eyIgeXIjfabERmbRmYlmMurgVil d nbnat;b:HenAelIRCugsgxagrbs;Fatu dx esInwgRkLapqUt

nExSekag M / EI BIcMNuc A eTAcMNuc B nrUbTI 8-13. kareFVIGaMgetRkalBIcMNuc A enAelIExS
ekageGLasiceTAcMNuc B rUbTI 8-13c eyIg)an
PaBdab

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

B/ A =

BM

EI

dx

(8-5)

smIkarenHbegIt)anCaeKalkarN_sRmab;RTwsIRkLapm:Um:g;TImYy.
RTwsITI1 bERmbRmYlmMurgVilrvagcMNucBIrenAelIExSekageGLasicesInwgRkLaprbs;daRkam
M / EI cenaHcMNucTaMgBIrenaH.
nimitsBaa B / A CamMunbnat;b:HenARtg;cMNuc B Edlvas;eFobeTAnwgbnat;b:HenARtg;cMNuc A .
BI karRsaybBaak; eyIgeXIjfaeKvas;mMuenHBIbnat;b:HRtg;cMNuc A eTAbnat;b:HRtg;cMNuc B RbsinebI
RkLa pndaRkam M / EI mantmviCman rUbTI 8-13c. pymkvij RbsinebIRkLapenHGviCman b enABIeRkamGkS x enaHmMu B / A RtUv)anvas;RsbRTnicnaLikaBIbnat;b:HRtg;cMNuc A eTAbnat;b:H
Rtg;cMNuc B . elIsBIenH BIkarKitxatnsmIkar 8-5 B / A RtUv)anKitCara:dg;.

RTwsIRkLapm:Um:g;Bt;TIBIrKWEpkelIlMgakeFobnbnat;b:Hrbs;ExSekageGLasic. dUceXIjenA
kgrUbTI 8-14c dt CalMgakbBarrbs;bnat;b:HenAelIRCugmagrbs;FatuGnntUc dx . eKvas;lMgakenH
tambeNayExSQrEdlkat;tamcMNuc A . edaysareKsnt;famMurgVilrbs;ExSekageGLasic nigPaB
dabrbs;vamantmtUc dUcenHeKGacKitfaRbEvgbnat;b:HesInwgRbEvg x ehIyRbEvgF ds' esInwg dt .
edayeRbIrUbmnkMNat;Frbs;rgVg; s = r eday r CaRbEvg x dUcenHeyIgGacsresr dt = xd . eday
eRbIsmIkar 8-2 d = (M / EI )dx enaHeKGackMNt;lMgaktamTisQrrbs;bnat;b:HRtg;cMNuc A
EdleFobnwgbnat;b:HRtg;cMNuc B edayGaMgetRkal EdlenAkgkrNIenH
B

t A/ B = x
A

Deflection

M
dx
EI

(8-6)
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NPIC

rMlwkBIemeronsaTic TIRbCMuTmn;rbs;RkLapRtUv)ankMNt;BI x dA = xdA . edaysar (M / EI )dx

CaRkLaprbs;daRkam M / EI enaHeyIgGacsresr
v BM
dx
t A/ B = x
A EI

(8-7)

enATIenH x CacmayBIGkSQrEdlkat;tamcMNuc A eTATIRbCMuTmn;rbs;RkLapcenaHcMNuc A nig B

rUb TI 8-14b.
eKGacbkRsayRTwsIRkLapm:Um:g;TIBIrdUcxageRkam
RTwsITI2 RbEvglMgakbBarrbs;bnat;b:HRtg;cMNuc A enAelIExSekageGLasiceFobnwgbnat;b:HEdl
bnayBIcMNuc B esInwgm:Um:g;nRkLaprbs;daRkam M / EI cenaHcMNucBIr A nig B .
m:Um:g;enHRtUv)aneKKNnaRtg;cMNuc A cMNucenAelIExSeGLasic EdlCaTItaMgEdleKRtUv
karkMNt;lMgak t A / B .
kgkrNIEdlm:Um:g;nRkLap M / EI BIcMNuc A eTAcMNuc B mantmviCman dUcenAkgrUbTI 814b enaHmannyfabnat;b:HRtg;cMNuc A sitenABIelIbnat;b:HeTAnwgExSekagEdlbnayBIcMNuc B rUb
TI 8-14c. dUcKa m:Um:g;nRkLap M / EI EdlmanTMhMGviCman bgajfabnat;b:HRtg;cMNuc A sit
enABIeRkambnat;b:HEdlbnayBIcMNuc B . cMNaMfa CaTUeTA t A / B minesInwg t B / A eT dUcEdlbgajenA
kgrUbTI 8-14d. CaBiess edIm,IkMNt; t A / B eKRtUvrkm:Um:g;nRkLaprbs;daRkam M / EI enAcenaH
cMNuc A nigcMNuc B Rtg;cMNuc A rUbTI 8-14b ehIyedIm,IKNna t B / A eKRtUvrkm:Um:g;nRkLap
rbs; daRkam M / EI enAcenaH cMNuc A nigcMNuc B Rtg;cMNuc B .
eKRtUvdwgfa eKGaceRbIRTwsIRkLapm:Um:g;edIm,IkMNt;mMu niglMgakcenaHbnat;b:HenAelIExSekag
eGLasicrbs;FwmRtg;BIrcMNuc. CaTUeTA vaminpl;nUvdMeNaHRsaysRmab;mMurgVil nigPaBdabRtg;cMNuc
mUy enAelIFwmedaypal;eT. dMbUgeKRtUveFVI[GBaatTaMgenHTak;TgeTAnwgmMu blMgakbBarrbs;bnat;
b:H eTAnwgExSekageGLasic. CaFmta eKRtUvKUrbnat;b:HRtg;TRmedaysarcMNucTaMgenHminmanPaB
dab nigbmanmMurgVilsUn. krNIBiesskgkarbegItTMnak;TMngEdlmanlkNFrNImaRtmanbgaj
enAkgcMeNaT]TahrN_.

dMeNIrkarkgkarviPaK (Procedure for analysis)

CMhanxageRkampl;nUvviFIEdlGaceRbIedIm,IkMNt;PaBdab nigmMurgVilRtg;cMNucmYyenAelIExS
ekageGLasicrbs;FwmedayeRbIRTwsIRkLapm:Um:g;.

daRkam M / EI
PaBdab

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

kMNt;RbtikmTRm nigsg;dalRkam M / EI rbs;Fwm.

RbsinebIFwmrgbnkcMcMNuc enaHdaRkam M / EI nwgpSMeLIgedayesrInkMNat;bnat;Rtg; dUc
enHeKnwggayRsYlkgkarKNnaRkLap nigm:Um:g;nRkLapsMrbs;RTwsIRkLapm:Um:g;.
RbsinebIFwmrgnUvesrInbnkcMcMNuc nigbnkBRgay eKGacKNnaRkLap M / EI nigm:Um:g;
nRkLap M / EI edaysg;daRkam M / EI CaEpk edayeRbIviFItRmYtpldUckarENnaMenA
kgkfaxN 4-5. enAkgkNIEdldaRkam M / EI manrag)a:ra:bUl bExSekagEdlmandWeRk
x<s; eKENnaM[eRbItaraglkNFrNImaRtrbs;RkLap.

ExSekageGLasic

sg;ExSekageGLasicrbs;Fwm. rMlwkfamMurgVilsUnekItmanenARtg;TRmbgb; ehIybMlas;TI

sUnekItmanenARtg;TRmbgb; bTRmsnak; bkTRmkl;.
RbsinebIeKBi)aksg;ragTUeTArbs;ExSekageGLasic cUreRbIdaRkamm:Um:g; bkdaRkam
M / EI . eKRtUvdwgfa enAeBlEdlFwmrgm:Um:g;viCman Fwmpt cMENkFwmrgm:Um:g;GviCman
Fwme)a:g. elIsBIenH cMNucrbt; bkarpas;brkMeNagekItmanenAeBlm:Um:g;enAkgFwmesIsUn.
eKRtUvbgajbMlas;TI nigmMurgVilEdlRtUvkarKNnaenAelIExSekag. edaysarRTwsIRkLap
m:Um:g;Gnuvt)anEtenAcenaHbnat;b:HBIr eKRtUvRbytkgkarsg;bnat;b:HedayeFVIy:agNa[mMu
niglMgakrvagBYkvaGacedaHRsayrkPaBdab nigmMurgVi)an. cMeBaHbBaaenH eKRtUvBicarNakg
karsg;bnat;b:HenARtg;cMNucEdlRtUvrkmMurgVil nigPaBdab nigenARtg;TRm edaysarCaTUeTA
FwmmanbMlas;TIsUn nigbmMurgVilsUnenARtg;TRm.

RTwsIRkLapm:Um:g;

Deflection

GnuvtRTwsITImYyedIm,IkMNt;mMurvagbnat;b:HBIr ehIyRTwsITI2edIm,IkMNt;lMgakbBarrvagbnat;
b:HTaMgenaH.
eKRtUvdwgfaCaTUeTARTwsITI2minpl;nUvbMlas;TrI bs;cMNucenAelIExSekageGLasiceT. enAeBl
EdleKGnuvt)anRtwmRtUv vanwgpl;nUgcmaybBar blMgaknbnat;b:HenARtg;cMNuc A enAelI
ExSekageGLasicBIbnat;b:HRtg;cMNuc B .
bnab;BIGnuvtRTwsITI1 bRTwsITI2 eKGacepgpat;sBaarbs;cMeLIyBImMu niglMgakEdlbgajenA
elIExSekageGLasic.

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Department of Civil Engineering

PaBdab

NPIC

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

]TahrN_ 8-5 kMNt;mMurgVilenARtg;cMNuc B nigcMNuc C rbs;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-15a.

yk E = 200GPa nig I = 360(10 6 )mm 4 .

dMeNaHRsay

daRkam M / EI daRkamenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-15b. vamanlkNgayRsYlCagkgkar

edaHRsaycMeNaTenHedayeRbItY EI nigCMnYsCatmelxenACMhancugeRkay.
ExSekageGLasic bnk10kN eFVI[FwmxUcRTg;RTaydUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-15c. FwmxUcRTg;RTay
edaylkNe)a:g edaysar M / EI GviCman. enATIenH bnat;b:HRtg;cMNuc A TRmEtgEtmanTis
edk. bnat;b:HRtg;cMNuc B nigcMNuc C manlkNdUcbgajenAkgrUb. eyIgRtUvkarkMNt;rk B
nig C . edaykarsg;bnat;b:H mMurvagbnat;b:HRtg; A nigbnat;b:HRtg; B eBalBI B / A smmUlnwg B .
B = B/ A
C = C / A
ehIy
RTwsIRkLapm:Um:g; edayGnuvtRTwsITI1 B / A esInwgRkLaprbs;daRkam M / EI cenaHcMNuc A nig
cMNuc E Edl
1 100kN .m 50kN .m
50kN .m

B = B / A =
(5m )
(5m )
EI
2 EI
EI
375kN .m 2
=
EI

edayCMnYstmCaelxsRmab; E nig I eyIg)an

375kN .m 2

[200(10 )kN / m ][360(10 )(10 )m ] = 0.00521rad

6

12

sBaaGviCmanbgajfamMuRtUv)anvas;RsbTisRTnicnaLikaBIcMNuc A rUbTI 8-15c.

Deflection

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NPIC

tamrebobdUcKa RkLaprbs;daRkam M / EI cenaHcMNuc A nigcMNuc C esInwg C / A .

eyIg)an
1 100kN .m
500kN .m 2
(
)
10
=

2
EI
EI

C = C / A =

edayCMnYsCatmelxsRmab; EI / eyIg)an
500kN .m 2

[200(10 )kN / m ][360(10 )(10 )m ] = 0.00694rad

6

12

]TahrN_ 8-6 kMNt;PaBdabenARtg;cMNuc B nigcMNuc C rbs;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-16a.

tmnm:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;Ggt;nImYyRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUb. yk E = 200GPa .

dMeNaHRsay

daRkam M / EI edaykarGegt daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;FwmmanragCactuekaN. enATIenH eyIgnwgsg;

daRkam M / EI EdlTak;TgeTAnwg I BC edaydwgfa I AB = 2I BC rUbTI 8-16b. tmCaelx
sRmab; EI nwgRtUv)anCMnYsenACMhancugeRkay.
ExSekageGLasic m:Um:g;xageRkAenARtg;cMNuc C eFVI[FwmxUcRTg;RTaydUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-16c.
bnat;b:HRtg;cMNuc A TRm/ Rtg;cMNuc B nigcMNuc C RtUv)anbgaj. eKtRmUv[eyIgrk B nig
C . bMlas;TITaMgenHGacTak;Tgedaypal;eTAnwglMgakcenaHbnat;b:H.
BIkgrUbeyIgeXIjfa B esInwg lMgakrbs;bnat;b:HRtg;cMNuc B eFobeTAnwgbnat;b:HRtg;cMNuc A Edl
B = tB / A

ehIy
PaBdab

C = tC / A

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

RTwsIRkLapm:Um:g; edayGnuvtRTwsITI2 t B / A esInwgm:Um:g;RkLaprbs;daRkam M / EI BC cenaHcMNuc

A nigcMNuc B EdlKitRtg;cMNuc B edaysarvaCacMNucEdleKRtUvkarkMNt;lMgakrbs;bnat;b:H.
dUcenH BIrUbTI 8-16b
3
250 N .m

(4m )(2m ) = 2000 N .m

B = tB / A =
EI BC
EI BC

edayCMnYstmCaelx enaHeyIg)an
B =

2000 N .m 3

[200(10 )N / m ]4(10 )mm 1m /(10 ) mm

9

3 4

= 0.0025m = 2.5mm

dUcKa sRmab; tC / A eyIgRtUvEtKNnam:Um:g;ndaRkam M / EI BC BIcMNuc A eTAcMNuc C Rtg;cMNuc C .

eyIg)an
250 N .m

(4m )(5m ) + 500 N .m (3m )(1.5m )

C = tC / A =
EI BC

EI BC

3
3
7250 N .m
7250 N .m
=
=
6
EI BC
200 10 N / m 2 4 10 6 10 12 m 4

[ ( )

][ ( )(

) ]

= 0.00906m = 9.06mm

edaysarcMeLIyTaMgBIrmantmviCman enaHcMNuc B nigcMNuc C RtUvsitenABIxagelIbnat;b:HRtg;

cMNuc A .

]TahrN_ 8-7 kMNt;mMurgVilenARtg;cMNuc C rbs;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-17a. yk E =

/

( )

200GPa I = 6 10 6 mm 4

dMeNaHRsay
Deflection

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NPIC

daRkam M / EI rUbTI 8-17b.

ExSekageGLasic edaysarbnkEdlGnuvtmkelIFwmmanlkNsIuemRTI enaHExSekageGLasickRtUv
manlkNsIuemRTIEdr dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-17c. eKTamTar[eyIgrk C . eKRtUvdwgfabnat;b:H
Rtg;cMNuc D Cabnat;edk dUcenHBIsMNg;bnat;b:H mMu D / C cenaHbnat;b:HRtg;cMNuc C nigbnat;b:HRtg;
cMNuc D esInwg C . dUcenH
C = D / C

RTwsIRkLapm:Um:g; edayeRbIRTwsITI1 D / C esInwgRkLapqUtrbs;daRkam M / EI BC cenaHcMNuc C

nigcMNuc D . eyIg)an
30kN .m 1
60kN .m 30kN .m

+ (3m )

EI
EI 2
EI
135kN .m 2
=
EI
135kN .m 2
C =
= 0.112rad
200 10 6 kN / m 2 6 10 6 10 12 m 4

C = D / C = 3m

dUcenH

[ ( )

][ ( )(

) ]

]TahrN_ 8-8 kMNt;mMurgVilenARtg;cMNuc C rbs;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-18a. yk E =

/

( )

200GPa I = 360 10 6 mm 4

dMeNaHRsay

daRkam M / EI rUbTI 8-18b.

PaBdab

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

ExSekageGLasic ExSekageGLasicRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-18c. eKtRmUv[eyIgkMNt; C .

sg;bnat;b:HRtg;cMNuc A / B TRm nigRtg;cMNuc C ehIycMNaMfa C / A CamMurvagbnat;b:HRtg;cMnuc A
nig cMNuc C . ehIyeKGackMNt;mMu enAkgrUbTI 8-18c edayeRbI = t B / A / L AB . smIkarenHman
ny edaysar t B / A mantmtUc ehtudUcenHeKGacyk t B / A esInwgRbEvgkMNat;FEdlkMNt;edaykaM
L AB = 8m nigmMu rMlwkfa s = r . BIrUbFrNImaRtnrUbTI 8-18c eyIg)an
C = C / A =

tB / A
C / A
8

(1)

RTwsIRkLapm:Um:g; edayeRbIRTwsITI1 C / A esInwgRkLaprbs;daRkam M / EI cenaHcMNuc A

nigcMNuc C . eyIg)an
C / A =

2
1
(2m ) 20kN .m = 20kN .m
EI
2
EI

edayGnuvtRTwsI2 t B / A esInwgm:Um:g;RkLaprbs;daRkamm:Um:g;cenaHcMNuc B nigcMNuc A

Rtg;cMNuc B edaysarvaCacMNucEdleKRtUvkarrklMgakrbs;bnat;b:H. eyIg)an
1
1

1
60kN .m 2
60kN .m
t B / A = 2m + (6m ) (6m )
+ (2m ) (2m )

2
EI 3
EI
2
=

800kN .m 3
EI

edayCMnYslTplTaMgenHeTAkgsmIkar (1) eyIg)an

C =

dUcenH

C =

800kN .m 3 20kN .m 2 80kN .m 2

=
(8m )EI
EI
EI
80kN .m 2

[200(10 )kN / m ][360(10 )(10 )m ] = 0.0011rad

6

12

]TahrN_ 8-9 kMNt;PaBdabenARtg;cMNuc C rbs;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-19a. yk E =

/

( )

200GPa I = 4 10 6 mm 4

dMeNaHRsay

daRkam M / EI rUbTI 8-19b.

ExSekageGLasic enATIenH eKtRmUv[eyIgrk C rUbTI 8-19c. vaminEmnCaPaBdabGtibrma
rbs;FwmeT edaysarbnk nigExSekageGLasicminmanlkNsIuemRTIeT. GIVEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 819c Cabnat;b:HenARtg;cMNuc A / cMNuc B TRm nigcMNuc C . RbsinebIeKkMNt; t A / B enaHeKGac
rk ' BI RtIekaNdUc Edl ' / 3 = t A / B / 6 b ' = t A / B / 2 . BIsMNg;bnat;b:HenAkgrUbTI 8-19c
eyIg)an
Deflection

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Department of Civil Engineering

C =

NPIC

t A/ B
tC / B
2

(1)

RTwsIRkLapm:Um:g; eyIgnwgGnuvtRTwsITI2 edIm,Irk t A / B nig tC / B . enATIenH t A / B Cam:Um:g;RkLap

rbs;daRkam M / EI cenaHcMNuc A nigcMNuc B Rtg;cMNuc A . eyIg)an
t A/ B

3
1
1
5kN .m 30kN .m
= (6m ) (6m )
=
EI
EI
3
2

ehIy tC / B Cam:Um:g;RkLap rbs;daRkam M / EI cenaHcMNuc C nigcMNuc B Rtg;cMNuc C . eyIg)an

3
2.5kN .m 3.75kN .m
1
1
t C / B = (3m ) (3m )
=
EI
EI
2
3

edayCMnYslTplTaMgenHeTAkgsmIkar (1) eyIg)an

C =

1 30kN .m 3 3.75kN .m 3 11.25kN .m 3

EI
EI
EI
2

CMnYsCatmelxeyIg)an
C =

11.25kN .m 3

[200(10 )kN / m ][4(10 )(10 )m ]

6

12

= 0.0141m = 14.1mm

]TahrN_ 8-10 kMNt;PaBdabenARtg;cMNuc C rbs;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-20a. yk E =

/

( )

200GPa I = 250 10 6 mm 4

PaBdab

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNaHRsay

daRkam M / EI dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-20b daRkamenHpSMeLIgedayRtIekaN nig)a:ra:bUl.

ExSekageGLasic bnkbg[FwmxUcRTg;RTaydUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-20c. eKtRmUv[eyIgrk C .
edaysg;bnat;b:HenARtg;cMNuc A / cMncu B TRm nigcMNuc C eyIgeXIjfa C = tC / A ' . b:uEn
eKGacPab;TMnak;TMng ' eTAnwg t B / A edayRtIekaNdUc Edl ' / 16 = t B / A / 8 b ' = 2t B / A dUcenH
C = t C / A 2t B / A

(1)

RTwsIRkLapm:Um:g; eyIgnwgGnuvtRTwsITI2 edIm,Irk tC / A nig t B / A . enATIenH tC / A Cam:Um:g;RkLap

rbs;daRkam M / EI cenaHcMNuc C nigcMNuc A Rtg;cMNuc C . eyIg)an
1
192kN .m
1
192kN .m 1
3
t C / A = (8m ) (8m )

+ (8m ) + 8m (8m )
EI 3
EI
2

4
=

11264kN .m 3
EI

ehIy t B / A Cam:Um:g;RkLap rbs;daRkam M / EI cenaHcMNuc B nigcMNuc A Rtg;cMNuc B . eyIg)an

2048kN .m 3
1
192kN .m
1
t B / A = (8m ) (8m )
=
EI
EI
2

ehtuGIV)anCatYTaMgenHmantmGviCman? edayCMnYslTplTaMgenHeTAkgsmIkar (1) eyIg)an

2048kN .m 3
11264kN .m 3

EI
EI

3
7168kN .m
=
EI
7168kN .m 3
C =
200 10 6 kN / m 2 250 10 6 10 12 m 4

C =

dUcenH
Deflection

[ ( )

][ ( )(

) ]
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NPIC

= 0.143m

]TahrN_ 8-11 kMNt;mMurgVilenARtg;cMNuc B rbs;FwmlysgxagdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-21a.

yk E =

( )

200GPa I = 18 10 6 mm 4

dMeNaHRsay

daRkam M / EI eKGacsMrYldaRkam M / EI edayKUrvaCaEpk nigBicarNadaRkam M / EI sRmab;

bnkbI EdlbnknImYymanGMeBIenAelIFwmkugsulEdlmanTRmbgb;enARtg;cMNuc D rUbTI 8-21b.
eKminKitbnk10kN eT edaysarvaminbegItm:Um:g;enARtg;cMNuc D .
ExSekageGLasic RbsinebIeKKUrbnat;b:HRtg;cMNuc B nigRtg;cMNuc C rUbTI 8-21c eKGackMNt;
mMurgVil B edayrk tC / B nigsRmab;mMutUc
B =

PaBdab

tC / B
2m

(1)

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

RTwsIRkLapm:Um:g; edIm,Irk t B / C eyIgGnuvtRTwsIRkLapm:Um:g;edayrkm:Um:g;RkLaprbs;daRkam

M / EI cenaH BC Rtg;cMNuc C .
m:Um:g;RkLapEdleyIg)anrkCam:Um:g;nRkLapEdlqUtrbs;daRkam BIrenAkgrUbTI 8-21b. dUcenH

10kN .m
30kN .m 2m 1
t C / B = (1m )(2m )
+
(2m )

EI 3 2

EI

53.33kN .m 3
=
EI

edayCMnYslTplxagelIeTAkgsmIkar (1) eyIg)an

B =

53.33kN .m 3

(2m )[200(10 6 )kN / m 3 ][18(10 6 )(10 12 )m 4 ]

= 0.00741rad

*>%> viFIFwmnimit (Conjugate-beam method)

vIFIFwmnimitRtUv)anbegItedaymuyeyeRbs enAkgqaM 1865. CaBiess vatRmUv[karKNna
manTMhMesIKanwgRTwsIRkLapm:Um:g;edIm,IkMNt;mMurgVil bPaBdabrbs;Fwm b:uEnviFIenHkQrelIeKalkarN_saTic EdleyIgGacedaHRsayedaygay.

eKalkarN_sRmab;TTYl)anviFIenHRsedogKanwgsmIkar 4-1 nigsmIkar 4-2 nigBIsmIkar 8-2

dl;smIkar 8-4. edIm,IbgajnUvPaBdUcKa eyIgnwgsresrsmIkarTaMgenHdUcxageRkam
dV
=w
dx
d M
=
dx EI

d 2M
dx 2
d 2v
dx

=w
M
EI

edayeFVIGaMgetRkal eyIgTTYl)an
V = wdx
Deflection

M = wdx dx
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NPIC

M
dx
EI

M
dx dx
EI

enATIenH kmaMgkat; V manlkNRsedognwgmMurgVil m:Um:g;Bt; M manlkNRsedognwgbMlas;TI

ehIybnkxageRkAmanlkNRsedognwgdaRkam M / EI . edIm,Iyl;BIkarRbdUcenH eyIgnwgBicarNa
FwmEdlmanRbEvgdUcKanwgFwmBit EdleK[eQaHfaFwmnimit (conjugate beam) enAkg rUbTI 8-22.
FwmnimitrgnUvbnkndakam M / EI EdldUcKanwgbnk w EdlmanGMeBIenAelIFwmBit. BIkarRbdUcxag
elI eyIgGaceBalnUvRTwsIBIrEdlTak;TgeTAnwgFwmnimitKW
RTwsITI1 mMurgVilenARtg;cMNucmYyenAelIFwmBitmantmCaelxesInwgkmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNucRtUvKaenA
elIFwmnimit.
RTwsITI2 bMlas;TIrbs;cMNucmYyenAelIFwmBitmantmCaelxesInwgm:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMNucRtUvKaenAelI
Fwmnimit.

PaBdab

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

TRmrbs;Fwmnimit enAeBlKUrFwmnimiteKcaM)ac;RtUveFVI[kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;EdlekItmanenARtg;

TRmrbs;FwmnimitRtUvKanwgmMurgVil nigPaBdabrbs;FwmBitenARtg;TRmrbs;vaEdr edayeyagtamRTwsITI
1 nigRTwsITI2. Ca]TahrN_ dUcEdl)aneXIjenAkgtarag 8-2 TRmsnak; nigTRmkl;enARtg;cug
rbs;FwmBitpl;nUvbMlas;TIsUn b:uEnmMurgVilrbs;vaminsUn. Cavi)ak BIRTwsITI1 nigRTwsITI2 FwmnimitRtUv
EtRTedayTRmsnak; nigTRmkl;; edaysarTRmTaMgenHmanm:Um:g;sUn EtmankmaMgkat; bkmaMgRbtikm. enAeBlFwmBitRtUv)anRTedayTRmbgb; (3) TaMgmMurgVil nigTaMgbMlas;enARtg;TRmesIsUn. enA
TIenH FwmnimitmancugesrI KanTRm edaysarenAxagcugmankmaMgkat;sUn nigm:Um:g;Bt;sUn. TRm
RtUvKarvagFwm Bit nigFwmnimitsRmab;krNIepSgeTotmanbgajenAkgtarag. ]TahrN_nFwmBit nig
FwmnimitRtUv)an bgajenAkgrUbTI 8-23. cMNaMfa tamk,nc,ab; edayecalkmaMgtamGkS FwmBit
kMNt;edaysaTicmanFwmnimitkMNt;edaysaTic. cMENkFwmBitminkMNt;edaysaTicEdlbgajenA
kgkrNIcug eRkaynrUbTI 8-23 kayCaFwmnimitKanesrPaB. eTaHbICakrNIenHekIteLIgkeday k
bnk M / EI nwgpl;nUvlMnwgedIm,IeFIV[FwmmansirPaB.

dMeNIrkarkgkarviPaK (Procedure for analysis)

CMhanxageRkampl;nUvviFIEdlGaceRbIedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TI nigmMurgVilRtg;cMNucmYyenAelIExS
ekageGLasicrbs;FwmedayeRbIviFIFwmnimit.

Fwmnimit
Deflection

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NPIC

KUrFwmnimitsRmab;FwmBit. FwmenHRtUvmanRbEvgdUcKanwgFwmBit nigmanTRmRtUvKadUcbgaj

enAkgtarag 8-2.
CaTUeTA RbsinebITRmrbs;FwmBitmanmMurgVil enaHTRmrbs;FwmnimitRtUvmankmaMgkat; ehIyebI
TRmrbs;FwmBitmanPaBdab enaHTRmrbs;FwmnimitRtUvEtmanm:Um:g;Bt;.
FwmnimitRtUvrgnUvbnkEdlCadaRkam M / EI rbs;FwmBit. eKsnt;bnkenHBRgayelIFwm
nimit nigmanTisedAeLIgelIenAeBl M / EI viCman ehIymanTisedAcuHeRkamenAeBl M / EI
GviCman. eKGacniyayma:geTotfa bnkmanGMeBIecjBIFwm.

smIkarlMnwg

edayeRbIsmIkarlMnwg kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRmrbs;Fwmnimit.
kat;FwmnimitenARtg;cMNucEdleKRtUvkarrkmMurgVil nigbMlas;TI rbs;FwmBit. enARtg;mux
kat; eKRtUvbgajkmaMgkat; V ' nigm:Um:g;Bt; M ' EdlCaGBaatEdleFVIkarkgTisedAviCman.
kMNt;kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;edayeRbIsmIkarlMnwg. V ' nig M ' esInwg nig erogKa sRmab;
FwmBit. RbsinebItmTaMgenHviCman mMurgVilKWvilRcasRTnicnaLika ehIybMlas;TImanTis
eLIgelI.

]TahrN_ 8-12 kMNt;mMurgVil nigPaBdabenARtg;cMNuc B rbs;FwmEdkdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-

24a. kmaMgRbtikmRtUv)anKNna[. yk E = 200GPa / I = 475(106 )mm 4 .

dMeNaHRsay
PaBdab

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

Fwmnimit FwmnimitRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-24b. TRmenARtg; A' nig B' RtUvKanwgTRm A nigTRm

B enA elIFwmBit tarag 8-2. eKcaM)ac;RtUvdwgBImUlehturbs;va. daRkam M / EI GviCman dUcenH
bnk BRgayeFVIGMeBIcuHeRkam eBalKWecjBIFwm.
smIkarlMnwg edaysareKRtUvkarkMNt; B nig B dUcenHeyIgRtUvKNna VB' nig M B' enAkgFwmnimit
rUbTI 8-24c.
+ Fy = 0

250kN .m 2
VB ' = 0
EI
250kN .m 2
B = VB ' =
EI

250kN .m 2

[200(10 )kN / m ][475(10 )(10 )m ]

6

12

= 0.00263rad

+ M B' = 0

250kN .m 2
(8.33m ) + M B ' = 0
EI
2083kN .m 3
B = M B' =
EI
2083kN .m 3
=
200 10 6 kN / m 2 475 10 6 10 12 m 4

[ ( )

][ ( )(

) ]

= 0.0219m = 21.9mm

sBaaGviCmanbgajfamMurgVilrbs;FwmRtUv)anvas;RsbRTnicnaLika ehIybMlas;TImanTiscuHeRkam
rUbTI 8-24d.

]TahrN_ 8-13 kMNt;PaBdabGtibrmarbs;FwmEdkdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-25a. kmaMgRbtikm

RtUv)anKNna[. yk E = 200GPa / I = 60(106 )mm 4 .

dMeNaHRsay

Fwmnimit FwmnimitRtUvrgbnkndaRkam M / EI dUcEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-25b. edaysardakam

M / EI viCman bnkBRgayeFVIGMeBIeLIgelI ecjBIFwm.
smIkarlMnwg dMbUg eKRtUvkMNt;kmaMgRbtikmxageRkAenAelIFwmnimit nigbgajvaenAelIdaRkam
GgesrIenAkgrUbTI 8-25c. PaBdabGtibrmarbs;FwmBitekItmanenARtg;cMNucEdlmMurgVilrbs;FwmesI
sUn. vaRtUvKanwgcMNucenAelIFwmnimitEdlmankmaMgesIsUn. edaysnt;facMNucmanGMeBIenAkgtMbn;
0 x 9m BIcMNuc A' s eyIgGackat;Fwm nigBinitEpkxagsaMnFwmdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-25d.

Deflection

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NPIC

cMNaMfa eKRtUv KNnakMBUlrbs;bnkBRgayBIRtIekaNdUc Edl w / x = (18 / EI ) / 9 .

eyIgtRmUv[ V ' = 0 Edl
+ Fy = 0

45 1 2 x
+ x = 0
EI 2 EI
x = 6.71m

(0 x 9m )

O.K.

edayeRbItmenHsRmab; x PaBdabGtibrmaenAkgFwmBitRtUvnwgm:Um:g;Bt; M ' . dUcenH

+ M = 0

45
(6.71) 1 2(6.71) 6.71 1 (6.71) + M ' = 0
EI
2 EI
3

max = M ' =

201.2kN .m 3
EI

201.2kN .m 3
=
4

200 10 6 kN / m 2 60 10 6 mm 4 1m 4 / 10 3 mm 4

[ ( )

] ( )

( )

= 0.0168m = 16.8mm

sBaaGviCmanbgajfaPaBdabcuHeRkam.

]TahrN_ 8-14 rtenAkgrUbTI 8-26a CartCab; nigeFVIBIebtug ehIyenAkNalElVgRtUv)anGb

edaybnHEdkedaysarm:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;kEngenHmantmFM. kMNat;Ggt;cugsgxagEdlmanRbEvg
4m manm:Um:g;niclPaB I = 270(10 6 )mm 4 ehIykMNat;Ggt;EdlenAkNalman I = 540(10 6 )mm 4 .
kMNt;PaBdabenARtg;kNalElVg. yk E = 200GPa . kmaMgRbtikmRtUv)anKNna[.
PaBdab

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNaHRsay

Fwmnimit dMbUgeKRtUvkMNt;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Fwm dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-26b. edaysar M / EI

nimitRtUvrgbnkndaRkam I ' = 2I edIm,ICakargayRsYl eyIgGacsMEdgbnkenAelIFwmnimiteday
eRbItY EI efr dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-26c.
smIkarlMnwg eKGacKNnakmaMgRbtikmenAelIFwmnimitedayPaBsIuemRTIrbs;bnk bedayeRbIsmIkar
lMnwg. lTplRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-26d. edaysareKRtUvkarkMNt;PaBdabenARtg;cMNuc C
dUcenHeyIgRtUvKNnam:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMNuc C ' . edayeRbIviFImuxkat; eKRtUvpac;kMNat;Ggt; A' C '
ehIy eKRtUvkMNt;kmaMgpbnkmaMgBRgay nigTItaMgrbs;va rUbTI 8-26e. dUcenH

Deflection

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+ MC = 0

NPIC

620
(6) 400 (3.333) 200 (1) 20 (0.667 ) + M C ' = 0
EI
EI
EI
EI
3
2173kN .m
M C' =
EI

edayCMnYstmCaelxn EI eyIgTTYl)an
C = M C' =

2173kN .m 3

[200(10 )kN / m ][270(10 )(10 )m ] = 0.0402m = 40.2mm

6

12

sBaaGviCmanbgajfaPaBdabmanTiscuHeRkam.

]TahrN_ 8-15 kMNt;bMlas;TIrbs;snak;enARtg;cMNuc B nigmMurgVilrbs;kMNat;FwmnImYyEdl

)anPab;enARtg;snak;nFwmpSMEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-27a.

PaBdab

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNaHRsay

Fwmnimit ExSekageGLasicsRmab;FwmRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 8-27b edIm,IdwgBIbMlas;TI B nig

mMurgVil ( B )L nig ( B )R enAxagsaM nigenAxageqVgrbs;snak;. edayeRbItarag 8-2 FwmnimitRtUv)an
bgajenAkgrUbTI 8-27c. edIm,IsMrYldl;karKNna eKKUrdaRkam M / EI CaEpkedayeRbIeKalkarN_tRmYtpl dUckatBNnaenAkgkfaxN4-5. cMeBaHkrNIenH eKKitFwmBitCaFwmkugsulEdlman
TRmbgb;enAcugxageqVg A . daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;bnk 40kN kmaMgRbtikm C y = 10kN nigkmaMg
m:Um:g; 50kN.m RtUv)an[. cMNaMfa tMbn;GviCmanrbs;daRkamenHbegItbnkBRgaycuHeRkam ehIy
tMbn; viCmanmanbnkBRgayEdlmanGMeBIeLIgelI.
smIkarlMnwg dMbUgeKRtUvKNnakmaMgRbtikmenARtg;cMNuc B' nig C ' ehIylTplRtUv)anbgajenA
kgrUbTI 8-27d. edIm,IkMNt; ( B )R eKRtUvkat;FwmnimitenAxagsaMcMNuc B' bnic ehIyKNnakmaMg
kat; (VB' ) rUbTI 8-27e. dUcenH
+ Fy = 0

(V B' )R + 125 250

EI

( B )R = (V B ' )R

2
=0
EI
EI
127kN .m 2
=
EI

127 kN .m 2

[200(10 )kN / m ][18(10 )(10 )m ] = 0.0353rad

6

12

m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMNuc B' [CabMlas;TInsnak;. dUcenH

+ M B' = 0

125
(1.67) 250 (2.5) 2 (5) = 0
EI
EI
EI
3
427 kN .m
427 kN .m 3
B = M B' =
=
EI
200 10 6 kN / m 2 18 10 6 10 12 m 4
M B' +

[ ( )

][ ( )(

) ]

= 0.119m = 119mm

eKGacrkmMurgVilBIkarkat;FwmenAxageqVgcMNuc B' bnic rUbTI 8-27f. dUcenH

+ Fy = 0

(V B ' )L + 127 + 125 250

EI

EI

EI

2
=0
EI

( B )L = (V B ' )L = 0

eyIgeXIjy:agc,as;fa B = M B' sRmab;kMNat;Ggt;enHmantmesInwgtmEdl)anKNnaBIelIkmun

edaysardXas;rbs;vaenAkgrUbTI 8-27e nigenAkgrUbTI 8-27f xusKaEtbnicb:ueNaH.

Deflection

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NPIC

cMeNaT
8>1> kMNt;smIkarExSekageGLasicrbs;Fwm
edayeRbIkUGredaen x EdlmannysRmab;
0 x < L / 2 . kMNt;mMurgVilenARtg;cMNuc A nig
PaBdabGtibrmarbs;Fwm. EI Catmefr.

8>2> kMNt;smIkarExSekageGLasicrbs;Fwm
edayeRbIkUGredaen x1 nig x2 . EI Catmefr.

8>5> kMNt;smIkarExSekageGLasicrbs;Fwmkug
sulEdlrgkmaMgm:Um:g; M 0 . ehIykMNt;mMurgVil
Gtibrma nigPaBdabGtibrmarbs;Fwm. EI Ca
tmefr.

8>6> kMNt;PaBdabGtibrmarbs;Fwm nigmMurgVil

Rtg;cMNuc A edayeRbIviFIGaMgetRkalDub.
EI Ca tmefr.
8>3> kMNt;smIkarExSekageGLasicrbs;Fwm
edayeRbIkUGredaen x1 nig x2 . kMNt;PaBdab
Gtibrmarbs;Fwm. EI Catmefr.

8>4> kMNt;smIkarExSekageGLasicrbs;Fwm
edayeRbIkUGredaen x1 nig x2 . kMNt;mMurgVilRtg;
cMNuc A nigPaBdab Gtibrmarbs;Fwm. EI Ca
tmefr.
cMeNaT

8>7> kMNt;smIkarExSekageGLasicedayeRbI
kUGredaen x ehIykMNt;mMurgVilRtg;cMNuc A nig
PaBdabRtg;cMNuc C . EI Ca tmefr.

8>8> kMNt;smIkarExSekageGLasicrbs;Fwm
TRmsamBaEdlrgkmaMgm:Um:g; M 0 .
T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

ehIykMNt; mMurgVilGtibrma nigPaBdabGtibrma

rbs;Fwm. EI Catmefr.

8>9> kMNt;mMurgVilGtibrma nigPaBdabGtibrma

rbs;FwmTRm samBaEdlrgkmaMgm:Um:g; M 0
edayeRbIviFIGaMgetRkalDub. EI Catmefr.

8>10> eRbIRTwsIRkLapm:Um:g;edIm,IkMNt;mMurgVil
nigPaBdabRtg;cMNuc B . EI Catmefr.

8>13> FwmrgbnkdUcbgaj. eRbIRTwsIRkLap

m:Um:g;edIm,IkMNt;mMurgVilRtg;cMNuc A nigbMlas;TI
enARtg;cMNuc B . snt; A CaTRmsnak; nig B Ca
TRmkl;. EI Catmefr.

8>14> Fwmrgbnk P dUcbgaj. eRbIRTwsIRkLa

pm:Um:g;edIm,IkMNt;TMhMkmaMg F EdlRtUvdak;enA
Rtg;cugnFwmlyRtg;cMNuc C edIm,IeFVI[bMlas;
TIRtg;cMNuc C esIsUn. EI Catmefr.

8>11> kMNt;mMurgVilRtg;cMNuc B nigPaBdab

Gtibrmarbs;Fwm. snt; A CaTRmkl; nig
B CaTRmsnak;. yk E = 200GPa /
I = 195(10 6 )mm 4 . eRbIRTwsIRkLapm:Um:g;.

8>12> FwmrgbnkBIr. eRbIRTwsIRkLapm:Um:g;

edIm,IkMNt;mMurgVil nigbMlas;TIenARtg;cMNuc A
nigcMNuc B . EI Catmefr.
Problems

8>15> sRmab;FwmkgcMeNaT 8>15 RbsinebI

F = P kMNt;bMlas;TIRtg;cMNuc D edayeRbI
RkLapm:Um:g;. EI Catmefr.
8>16> kMNt;mMurgVilRtg;cMNuc B nigPaBdab
Gtibrmarbs;Fwm. yk E = 200GPa /
I = 200(10 6 )mm 4 . eRbIRTwsIRkLapm:Um:g;.

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Department of Civil Engineering

8>17> etIeKRtUvdak;TRm A nigTRm B enARtg;

cmay a y:agNaedIm,I[PaBdabenAkNal
ElVg rbs;FwmesInwgPaBdabenARtg;xagcug
rbs;va? eRbIRTwsIRkLapm:Um:g;. TRmGnuvtEt
kmaMgRbtikmbBarelIFwmb:ueNaH. EI Catm
efr.

8>18> FwmrgbnkdUcbgaj. eRbIRTwsIRkLap

m:Um:g;edIm,IkMNt;mMurgVilenARtg;cMNuc B nigPaBda
benARtg;cMNuc C . EI Catmefr.

8>19> FwmrgbnkdUcbgaj. RbsinebITRmenA

Rtg; A nig B GnuvtEtkmaMgRbtikmbBareTA
elIFwm cUrkMNt;mMurgVilenARtg;cMNuc A nig
bMlas;TIenA Rtg;cMNuc C . eRbIRTwsIRkLap
m:Um:g;. EI Ca tmefr.

cMeNaT

NPIC

8>20> eRbIRTwsIRkLapm:Um:g;edIm,IkMNt;mMurgVil
enARtg;cMNuc B nigPaBdabenARtg;cMNuc C .
EI Catmefr.

8>21> eRbIRTwsIRkLapm:Um:g;edIm,IkMNt;PaB
dabRtg;cMNuc C nigmMurgVilrbs;FwmRtg;cMNuc A /
B nig C . EI Catmefr.

8>22> eRbIRTwsIRkLapm:Um:g;edIm,IkMNt;mMurgVil
Rtg;cMNuc C nigPaBdabRtg;cMNuc B . EI Ca
tmefr.

8>23> eRbIRTwsIRkLapm:Um:g;edIm,IkMNt;tm
rbs; a EdleFVI[mMurgVilRtg; A esIsUn. EI Ca
tmefr.

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

8>24> eRbIRTwsIRkLapm:Um:g;edIm,IkMNt;mMurgVil
Rtg;cMNuc C nigbMlas;TIRtg;cMNuc B . EI Ca
tmefr.

8>28> eRbIviFIFwmnimitedIm,IkMNt;mMurgVil nig

bMlas;TIRtg; A . EI Catmefr.

8>25> eRbIRTwsIRkLapm:Um:g;edIm,IkMNt;mMurgVil
Rtg;cMNuc B nigbMlas;TIRtg;cMNuc C . Ggt;enH
eFVIGMBIEdk A-36 Edlman I = 32(106 )mm 4 .

8>29> eRbIviFIFwmnimitedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TIRtg;
C nigmMurgVilRtg; A / B nig C . EI Catm
efr.

8>26> eRbIRTwsIRkLapm:Um:g;edIm,IkMNt;bMlas;
TIRtg;cMNuc B nig mMurgVilRtg;cMNuc A . EI Ca
tmefr.

8>27> eRbIRTwsIRkLapm:Um:g;edIm,IkMNt;bMlas;
TIRtg;cMNuc C . yk E = 200GPa / I =
500(10 6 )mm 4 .

Problems

8>30> eRbIviFIFwmnimitedIm,IkMNt;mMurgVilRtg;
B nig bMlas;TIRtg; C . EI Catmefr.

8>31> eRbIviFIFwmnimitedIm,IkMNt;mMurgVilnig
bMlas;TIRtg; C . E = 200GPa /
I = 70(10 6 )mm 4 .

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8>32> eRbIviFIFwmnimitedIm,IkMNt;mMurgVilnig
bMlas;TIRtg; C . snt; A CaTRmsnak; nig B Ca
TRmkl;. EI Ca tmefr.

8>33> eRbIviFIFwmnimitedIm,IkMNt;mMurgVilnig
bMlas;TIRtg; C . E = 200GPa /
I = 400(10 6 )mm 4 .

8>34> eRbIviFIFwmnimitedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TIRtg;
A . snt; B CaTRmkl;. E = 200GPa /
I = 80(10 6 )mm 4 .

NPIC

8>36> eRbIviFIFwmnimitedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TIRtg;
B nigmMurgVilRtg; A . snt;faTRmRtg; A CaTRm
snak; nig C CaTRmkl;. EI Catmefr.

8>37> eRbIviFIFwmnimitedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TIRtg;
D nigmMurgVilRtg; C . snt;faTRmRtg; A CaTRm
bgb; nig C CaTRmkl;. EI Catmefr.

8>38> eRbIviFIFwmnimitedIm,IkMNt;mMurgVilEdlenA
xagsaM nigxageqVgrbs; B bnic. ehIykMNt;
PaBdabenARtg; D . snt;faFwmenHmanTRm
bgb;enARtg; A nig C CaTRmkl;. EI Catm
efr.

8>35> eRbIviFIFwmnimitedIm,IkMNt;mMurgVilRtg; C
nigbMlas;TIRtg; B . EI Catmefr.
cMeNaT

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

(> PaBdabedayeRbIviFIfamBl
(Deflection Using Energy method)

CMBUkenHnwgbgajBIrebobGnuvtviFIfamBledIm,IedaHRsaybBaaEdlBak;BnnwgmMurgVil nigPaB
dab. CMBUkenHcab;epImCamYynwgkarBiPakSaBIkmn (work) nigfamBlnbERmbRmYlrageFob (strain
energy) EdlbnedaykarbegIteKalkarN_kmn nigeKalkarN_famBl. bnab;mkviFIkmnnimit
(virtual work) nigRTwsIkasIKIy:aNU (Castiglianos theorem) RtUv)anbegIt ehIyviFIenHRtUv)aneRbI
edIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TIrbs;cMNucmYyenAelI truss, Fwm nig eRKag.

(>!>kmnxageRkA nigfamBlbERmbRmYlrageFob (External work and strain energy)

viFIBak;kNalRkaPicEdlbgajenAkgCMBUkelIkmunKWmanRbsiTPaBsRmab;rkbMlas;TI nigmMu
rgVilRtg;cMNucmYyenAelIFwmEdlrgbnkEdlmanlkNsamBa. sRmab;bnkEdlmanlkNsK
saj bsRmab;rcnasm<ndUcCa truss nigeRKag eKesI[eRbIviFIfamBlsRmab;karKNnabMlas;TI nig
mMurgVil. viFIfamBlPaKeRcInEpkelIeKalkarN_rkSafamBl (conservation of energy principle)
Edlbgajfakmn U e EdleFVIedaykmaMgxageRkATaMgGs;EdlmanGMeBIenAelIeRKOgbgMRtUv)anbMElg
eTACakmnxagkg bfamBlbERmbRmYYlrageFob U i EdlRtUv)anbegItenAeBleRKOgbgMxUcRTg;
RTay. RbsinebI kMhUcRTg;RTayminFMCagEdnkMNt;eGLasicrbs;smar enaHfamBlbERmbRmYlrag
eFobeGLasic (elastic stain energy) nwgeFVI[rcnasm<nRtLb;eTArksanPaBedImenAeBlEdleKdk
bnkecjvij. eKGacsMEdgeKalkarN_rkSafamBlCalkNKNitviTadUcxageRkam
Ue = Ui

(9-1)

b:uEn munnwgbegItviFIfamBlEdlQrelIeKalkarN_enH dMbUgeyIgRtUvkMNt;kmnxageRkA nig

famBlbERmbRmYlrageFobEdlbgeLIgedaykmaMg nigm:Um:g;. karbegItrUbmnenHnwgpl;nUgmUldan
sRmab;yl;dwgBIviFIkmn nigviFIfamBldUcteTA.
kmnxageRkAEdlekItBIkmaMg enAeBlkmaMg F eFVI[manbMlas;TI dx kgTisdUcnwgTisrbs;kmaMg
kmnEdleFVI)anKW dU e = Fdx . RbsinebIbMlas;TIsrubKW x kmnnwgkayCa
x

U e = Fdx
0

(9-2)

BicarNa\TiBlEdlbgeLIgedaykmaMgtamGkSEdlGnuvtenAxagcugr)arEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 91a. edaysarTMhMrbs; F ekIneLIgBItmsUneTAtmkMNt; F = P enaHsac;lUtrbs;r)arnwgkayCa

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NPIC

. RbsinebIsmarrbs;r)areKarBtameGLasiclIenEGr enaH F = (P / )x . edayCMnYsvaeTAkg

smIkar 9-2 nigedayeFVIGaMgetRkalBI 0 eTA enaHeyIgnwg)an

Ue =

1
P
2

(9-3)

EdlCaRkLapRtIekaNEdlqUtenAkgrUbTI 9-1a.
eyIgkGacsnidan)anfakmaMgRtUv)anGnuvtbnicmgeTAelIr)ar ehIyTMhMrbs;vaekIneLIgCa
lkNbnat;BIsUneTAdl; P kmnEdleFVI)anesInwgkmaMgmFm P / 2 KuNnwgbMlas;TI .

]bmafaeK)anGnuvtkmaMg P eTAelIr)arrYcehIy ehIyeKGnuvtkmaMg F ' mYyepSgeTot dUcenH

r)arxUcRTg;RTayEfmeTotedayTMhM ' rUbTI 9-1b. enaHkmnEdleFVIeday P minEmn F ' enA
eBlr)arrgnUvkMhUcRTg;RTay ' EfmeTotKW
U e ' = P '

(9-4)

enATIenHkmnCaRkLapctuekaNqUtenAkgrUbTI 9-1b. enAkgkrNIenH P min)anpas;brRbEvgrbs;

r)areT eday ' RtUv)anbgeLIgedaysarEt F ' b:ueNaH. dUcenH kmnrbs;vaesInwgplKuNrvagkmaMg
P nigbMlas;TI ' .
PaBdabedayeRbIviFIfamBl

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

Casegb enAeBleKGnuvtkmaMg P eTAelIr)ar ehIybnab;mkGnuvtkmaMg F ' kmaMgsrubEdl

eFVI)anedaykmaMgTaMgBIrKWsMEdgedayRkLapRtIekaN ACE enAkgrUbTI 9-1b. RkLapRtIekaN
ABG CakmnnkmaMg P EdlbgeLIgedaybMlas;TI rbs;kmaMgenH/ RtIekaN BCD CakmnnkmaMg
F ' edaysarkmaMgenHbg[manbMlas;TI ' ehIycugeRkay RkLapctuekaN BDEG CakmnbEnm
EdleFVIedaykmaMg P enAeBlbMlas;TI ' bgeLIgedaykmaMg F ' .
kmnxageRkAEdlekItBIm:Um:g; kmnnm:Um:g;RtUv)ankMNt;edayplKuNn
TMhMnm:Um:g; M nigmMu d Edlviledaysarm:Um:g;enaH Edl dU e = Md /
rUbTI 9-2. RbsinebImMusrubrbs;mMurgVilKW ra:dg; enaH kmnkayCa

U e = Md
0

(9-5)

dUcenAkgkrNIkmaMg RbsinebIeKGnuvtm:Um:g;bnicmgeTAelIrcnasm<n
EdlmanlkNeGLasic lIenEGrBIsUneTA M enaHkmnesInwg
Ue =

1
M
2

(9-6)

b:uEn RbsinebIeKGnuvtm:Um:g;eTAelIrcnasm<nrYcehIy ehIykarGnuvtm:Um:g;epSgeToteFVI[rcnasm<n

xUcRTg;RTayedaybrimaN ' enaHkmnnm:Um:g; M KW
U e ' = M '

(9-7)

famBlbERmbRmYlrageFobedaysarbnktamGkS
enAeBleKGnuvtkmaMgtam GkS N bnicmgeTAelIr)arenAkgrUbTI 9-3
vanwgeFVI[smarmanbERmbRmYlrageFobEdlkmnxageRkAEdleFVIeday N
RtUv)anbMElgeTACafamBlbERmbRmYlrageFobEdlRtUv)anrkSaTukenAkg
r)ar smIkar 9-1. c,ab;hUk = E mannykgkrNIsmarmanlkN
eGLasiclIenEGr ehIyRbsinebIr)armanmuxkat; A efr nigRbEvg L ehIykug
RtaMgEkgKW = N / A nigbMEr bMrYlrageFobcugeRkayKW = / L . Cavi)ak
N / A = E ( / L ) ehIyPaBdab cugeRkayKW
=

NL
AE

(9-8)

edayCMnYsvaeTAkgsmIkar 9-3 eday P = N dUcenHfamBlbERmbRmYlrageFobenAkgr)arKW

Ui =

N 2L
2 AE

Deflection Using Energy Method

(9-9)

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NPIC

famBlbERmbRmYlrageFobedaysarm:Um:g;Bt; BicarNaFwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-4a EdlxUcRTg;

RTayedaysarkarGnuvtbnk P nig w bnicmg. bnkTaMgenHbegItm:Um:g;Bt; M enAkgFwmenARtg;
muxkat;EdlmancMgay x BITRmxageqVg. eKGackMNt;mMurgVilrbs;FatuGnntUc dx rUbTI 9-4b
BIsmIkar 8-2 Edl d = (M / EI )dx . Cavi)ak eKkMNt;famBlbERmbRmYlrageFob
bkmnEdlrkSaTukenAkg Ggt;BIsmIkar 9-6 edaysarm:Um:g;Bt;ekIteLIgbnicmg. dUcenH
M 2 dx
2 EI

dU i =

(9-10)

eKkMNt;famBlbERmbRmYlrageFobsRmab;FwmedayeFVIGaMgetRkaleTAelIsmIkar 9-10 elIRbEvg L

rbs;Fwm. lTplKW
Ui =

M 2 dx
2 EI

(9-11)

(>@> eKalkarN_kmn nigfamBl (Principle of work and energy)

bnab;BIeyIg)ankMNt;rUbmnsRmab;kmn nigfamBlbERmbRmYlrageFobsRmab;kmaMg nig
m:Um:g;rYcehIy eyIgnwgbgajBIrebobGnuvtkarrkSafamBl beKalkarN_kmn nigfamBledIm,IkMNt;
bMlas;TI enARtg;cMNucmYyenAelIeRKOgbgM. BicarNakgkarkMNt;bMlas;TI enARtg;cMNucEdlkmaMg
P Gnuvt eTAelIFwmkugsulenAkgrUbTI 9-5. BIsmIkar 9-3 kmnxageRkAKW U e = P / 2 . edIm,ITTYl
)anfamBlbERmbRmYlrageFob dMbUgeyIgRtUvkMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;CaGnuKmn_eTAnwgTItaMg x enAkgFwm bnab;
mkGnuvtsmIkar 9-11. enAkgkrNI M = Px dUcenH
Ui =

2
L ( Px ) dx
M 2 dx
1 P 2 L3
=
=
0
2 EI
2 EI
6 EI

eday[kmnxagkgesInwgfamBlbERmbRmYlrageFobxagkgesIKa ehIyedayedaHRsayrkbMlas;TI
/ eyIg)an
Ue = Ui

PaBdabedayeRbIviFIfamBl

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

1
1 P 2 L3
P =
2
6 EI
3
PL
=
3EI

eTaHbICaeyIgGacTTYl)andMeNaHRsayedaypal;keday EteKGacGnuvtviFIenHsRmab;EtcMeNaT
eRCIserIsxHb:ueNaH. eKRtUvcMNaMfa sRmab;viFIenHeKGacGnuvtbnk)anEtmYyb:ueNaHeTAelIeRKOgbgM
BIeRBaH RbsinebImanbnkeRcInCagmYymanGMeBIelIeRKOgbgM enaHvanwgekItmanbMlas;TIEdlCaGBaat
eRkamGMeBI nbnknImYy ehIyEdleKmanlTPaBsresrsmIkarkmnEtmYysRmab;Fwm. elIsBIenH
eKGacTTYl)anEtbMlas;TIeRkamGMeBIbnk edaysarkmnxageRkAGaRsynwgkmaMg nigbMlas;TIEdl
RtUvnwgkmaMgenaH. viFIEtmYyedIm,ICMnHnUvkarkRmitenHKWeRbIviFIkmnnimit bRTwsIkasIKIy:aNU EdleyIg
nwgBnl;BIviFITaMgBIrenHenAkgkfaxNbnbnab;.

(>#> eKalkarN_kmnnimit (Principle of virtual work)

eKalkarN_kmnnimitRtUv)anbegIteLIgeday cn EbnuyI (John Bernoulli) kgqaM 1717
ehIyEdleBlxHeK[eQaHvafaviFIkmaMgkta. vapl;nUvmeFa)ayTUeTAedIm,ITTYl)anbMlas;TI
nigmMurgVilenARtg;cMNucCak;lak;enAelIeRKOgbgM EdlGacCaFwm eRKag b truss.
munnwgbegIteKalkarN_kmnnimit eKcaM)ac;RtUveFVIBMenalTUeTAxHGMeBIeKalkarN_kmn nigfamBl Edl)anerobrab;enAkgkfaxNelIkmun. RbsinebIeyIgmanrcnasm<nEdlGacxUcRTg;RTayEdl
manrUbragTUeTANamYy ehIyGnuvtesrInbnkxageRkA P eTAelIva vanwgekItmanbnkxagkg u enAkg
rcnasm<nTaMgmUl. eKcaM)ac;[bnkxageRkA nigbnkxagkgmanTMnak;TMngKaedaysmIkarlMnwg.
edaysarbnkTaMgenH bMlas;TIxageRkA nwgekItmanRtg;bnk P ehIybMlas;TIxagkg nwgekItman
enARtg;cMNucnImYynbnkxagkg u . CaTUeTA bMlas;TITaMgenHmincaM)ac;manlkNeGLasiceT
ehIy BYkvaGacminmanTMnak;TMngeTAnwgbnkeT b:uEnbMlas;TIxagkg nigbMlas;TIxageRkARtUvEtman
TMnak;TMng KaedayPaBRtUvKanbMlas;TI (compatibility of displacements).
Deflection Using Energy Method

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NPIC

eKGacniyaym:ageTotfa Rbsin ebIeKsal;bMlas;TIxageRkA enaHeKGackMNt;bMlas;TIxagkgEdl

RtUvKa. CaTUeTA eKalkarN_kmn nig famBlsMEdgfa
P = u

(9-12)

kmnnkmaMgxageRkA kmnnkmaMgxagkg
edayEpkelIKMnitenH eKGacbegIteKalkarN_kmnnimit. eyIgnwgBicarNarcnasm<n bGgFatu EdlmanragTUeTAdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-6b . ]bmafa eyIgcaM)ac;RtUvkMNt;bMlas;TI rbs;
cMNuc A enAelIGgFatuEdlbgeLIgedaybnkBit P1 / P2 nig P3 . eKRtUvdwgfabnkTaMgenHminbg[
TRmclt b:uEnCaTUeTABYkvaGaceFVI[smarxUcRTg;RTayputBIEdneGLasic. edaysarminmanbnk
xageRkAmanGMeBIeTAelIGgFatuenARtg;cMNuc A nigkgTisn enaHeKGackMNt;bMlas;TIedaydak;
bnknimit (virtual load) enAelIGgFatuEdlbnk P' enHmanGMeBIenAkgTisedAdUcKanwg rUbTI 96a. edIm,IPaBgayRsYl EdleXIjenAeBleRkay eyIgnwgeRCIserIs P' CabnkEdlmanTMhMmYy
kta Edl P' = 1 . BaknimitEdleRbICamYynwgbnk P' edaysarvaminEmnCabnkBit ehIyvakmin
EmnCaEpknbnkBit. bnkkta P' begItCabnkkgkta u enAkgFatuEdlCatMNag bsrsrbs;
GgFatuEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-6a. enATIenHeKtRmUv[ P' nig u manTMnak;TMngeTAnwgsmIkar
lMnwg .
*

enAeBleKdak;bnknimit bnab;mkeKGnuvtbnkBit P1 / P2 nig P3 rUbTI 9-6b. cMNuc A eFVI

[manbMlas;TI EdleFVI[FatuxUcRTg;RTayedayTMhM dL . CalTpl kmaMgnimitxageRkA P' nigbnk
*

ragTUeTAmanragCa truss/ Fwm beRKag.

eTaHbICabnkTaMgenHbg[manbMlas;TInimitkeday keyIgnwgminKitBITMhMrbs;vaEdr.

PaBdabedayeRbIviFIfamBl

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

nimitxagkg u manGMeBItamTisrbs;bMlas;TI nig dL erogKa dUcenHvaeFVI[mankmnnimit xageRkA

1 enAelIGgFatu nigeFVI[mankmnnimitxagkg u dL enAelIFatu. edaydwgfakmnnimitxageRkAesI
nwgkmnnimitxagkgEdleFVIenAelIRKb;FatuTaMgGs;rbs;GgFatu eyIgGacsresr
smIkarkmnnimitCa
bnknimit
1 = u dL

(9-13)

1 = u dL

(9-14)

bMlas;TIBitR)akd
Edl P' = 1 = bnknimitktaxageRkAEdlmanGMeBItamTisedArbs;
u = bnknimitxagkgEdlmanGMeBIenAelIFatukgTisedArbs; dL
= bMlas;TIxageRkAEdlbgedaybnkBit
dL = kMhUcRTg;RTayxagkgrbs;FatuEdlbgedaybnkBit
edayeRCIserIs P' = 1 eyIgGaceXIjfadMeNaHRsayrbs; manlkNedaypal; edaysar
= udL .
enAkgrebobdUcKa RbsinebIeKRtUvkarkMNt;mMurgVil bCRmalnbnat;b:HenARtg;cMNucenAelI
rcnasm<n eKRtUvGnuvtm:Um:g;nimit M ' EdlmanTMhMmYykta. Cavi)ak m:Um:g;xageRkAbegItbnknimit
u enAkgFatumYyrbs;GgFatu. edaysnt;fabnkBiteFVI[FatuxUcRTg;RTayedaybrimaN dL eK
GackMNt;mMurgVil BIsmIkarkmnnimit
bnknimit
bMlas;TIBitR)akd
Edl M ' = 1 = m:Um:g;nimitktaxageRkAEdlmanGMeBItamTisedArbs;
u = bnknimitxagkgEdlmanGMeBIenAelIFatukgTisedArbs; dL
= bMlas;TIxageRkAEdlbgedaybnkBit
dL = kMhUcRTg;RTayxagkgrbs;FatuEdlbgedaybnkBit
viFIeKalkarN_kmnnimitCaerOyeKehAfaviFIkmaMgnimit edaysareKGackMNt;bMlas;TIBit
edayeRbIkmaMgnimit. smIkarkmnnimitenAkgkrNIenHCatRmUvkar RtUvKanbMlas;TIsRmab;eRKOgbgM.
eTaHbICaenATIenH vaminsMxan;keday eyIgRtUvdwgfaeyIgkGac GnuvteKalkarN_kmnnimitCaviFIbMlas;
TInimitk)anEdr. enAkgkrNIenHeK[rcnasm<nmanbMlas;TInimit xNEdlvargbnkBit. eKGaceRbI
Deflection Using Energy Method

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NPIC

viFIenHedIm,IkMNt;kmaMgenAelI benAkgrcnasm<n EdleK GacsMEdgsmIkarkmnnimitCatRmUvkarn

smIkarlMnwg.
*

(>$> viFIkmnnimitsRmab; Trusses (Method of virtual work: Trusses)

eyIgGaceRbIviFIkmnnimitedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TIrbs;tMN truss enAeBl truss rgbnkxageRkA
bERmbRmYlsItuNPaB bkMhusqgkgkarplit. eyIgnwgsikSaBIsanPaBnImYyenATIenH.
bnkxageRkA sakl,gBicarNabMlas;TIbBar rbs;tMN
B rbs; truss enAkgrUbTI 9-7. enATIenH Ggt;mYyrbs;
truss KMrUmanRbEvg L . RbsinebIbnk P1 nig P2 manGMeBIelI
truss EdleRbIsmarEdlmanlkNeGLasiclIenEGr
enaHGgt;enHnwgxUcRTg;RTayedaybrimaN L = NL / AE
Edl N CakmaMgEkg bkmaMgtamGkSenAkgGgt; EdlbgedaykmaMg. edayGnuvtsmIkar 9-13 dUc
enHsmIkarkmnnimitsRmab; truss KW
1 =

Edl

nNL
AE

(9-15)

kmaMgnimitktaxageRkAEdlmanGMeBIelItMN truss enAkgTisedArbs; .

n = kmaMgEkgnimitkgrbs;Ggt; truss EdlbgeLIgedaybnknimitktaxageRkA.
= bMlas;TIrbs;tMNEdlbgeLIgedaybnkBitEdlmanGMeBIelI truss.
L = RbEvgrbs;Ggt;.
A = RkLapmuxkat;rbs;Ggt;.
E = m:UDuleGLasicrbs;Ggt;.
karbegItsmIkarenHGnuvttamkarerobrab;enAkgkfaxN 9-3. enATIenHbnknimitktabegIt
kmaMgnimitxagkg n enAkgGgt; truss nImYy. bnab;mkkmaMgBiteFVI[tMN truss pas;TI kgTis
edAdUcKanwgkmaMgnimitkta ehIyGgt;nImYypas;TIedayTMhM NL / AE kgTisedAdUcKanwgTisrbs;
kmaMg n . Cavi)ak kmn 1 esInwgkmnnimitxagkg bfamBlbERmbRmYlrag eFobnimitxagkg
EdlrkSaenAkgGgt; truss TaMgGs; Edl nNL / EA .
sItuNPaB enAkgkrNIxH Ggt; truss Gacpas;brRbEvgrbs;BYkvaedaysarkMedA. RbsinebI Caem
KuNlUtedaysarkMedAsRmab;Ggt; ehIy T CabERmbRmYlsItuNPaB
*

1=

eKeRbIrebobenHenAkgkfaxN 6.3 CamYynwgeKalkarN_muyeyeRbs.

PaBdabedayeRbIviFIfamBl

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

enaHbERmbRmYlRbEvgrbs;Ggt;KW L = T L . dUcenHeyIgGackMNt;bMlas;TIrbs;tMN truss

eRCIserIsNamYyEdlbNalBIbMEr bMrYlsItuNPaBBIsmIkar 9-13 EdlGacsresrCa
1 = nT L

Edl

(9-16)

kmaMgnimitktaxageRkAEdlmanGMeBIelItMN truss enAkgTisedArbs; .

n = kmaMgEkgnimitkgrbs;Ggt; truss EdlbgeLIgedaybnknimitktaxageRkA.
= bMlas;TIrbs;tMNEdlbgeLIgedaybERmbRmYlsItuNPaB.
L = RbEvgrbs;Ggt;.
= emKuNlUtedaysarkMedA.
T = bERmbRmYlsItuNPaBrbs;Ggt;.
kMhusqgkgkarplit nigPaBekag eBlxH kMhusqgkgkarplitGacekItmaneLIgcMeBaHRbEvgrbs;
Ggt;rbs; truss. ehIykgkrNIxH eKplitGgt;rbs; truss manRbEvgEvg bxICagbnicedIm,IeFVI[
truss manPaBekag. CaerOy eKRtUvkarPaBekagsRmab; truss s<anEdleKeFVI[Ggt;xageRkamrbs;
truss ekageLIgelICamYynwgTMhMsmmUleTAnwgPaBdabrbs;vaEdlekItBIbnkGefrrbs;s<an. Rbsin
ebIGgt; truss xI bEvgCagGVIEdlcg;)an eKGackMNt;bMlas;TIrbs;tMN truss BITItaMgrMBwgTukedaypal;
edayGnuvtsmIkar 9-13 EdlGacsresrCa
1=

1 = nL

Edl

(9-17)

kmaMgnimitktaxageRkAEdlmanGMeBIelItMN truss enAkgTisedArbs; .

n = kmaMgEkgnimitkgrbs;Ggt; truss EdlbgeLIgedaybnknimitktaxageRkA.
= bMlas;TIrbs;tMNEdlbgeLIgedaykMhusqgkgkarplit.
L = bERmbRmYlRbEvgrbs;Ggt;BITMhMEdlcg;)anrbs;vaEdlbNalBIkMhusqgkgkarplit.
eKcaM)ac;RtUveFVIplbUknGgxagsaMnsmIkar 9-15 rhUtdl; 9-17 RbsinebIbnkxageRkAmanGMeBIeTA
elI truss ehIyGgt;rbs; truss xHrgnUvbERmbRmYlsItuNPaB bmankMhusqgkgkarplit.
1=

dMeNIrkarkgkarviPaK (Procedure for analysis)

CMhanxageRkampl;nUvviFIsRmab;kMNt;bMlas;TIrbs;tMNn truss edayeRbIviFIkmnnimit

kmaMgnimit n

dak;kmaMgmYyktaenAelI truss enARtg;tMNEdlRtUvkarkMNt;rkbMlas;TI. bnkenHRtUvman

TisedAdUcnwgTisedArbs;bMlas;TI eBalKWedk bQr.

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NPIC

CamYynwgbnkktaEdldak;elI truss eKRtUvdkbnkBitEdlmanGMeBIelI truss ecjTaMgGs;

rYceRbIviFItMN bviFImuxkat;edIm,IKNnakmaMgkg n enAkgGgt; truss nImYy. snt;fakmaMg
TajviCman nigkmaMgsgt;GviCman.

kmaMgBit N

eRbIviFImuxkat; bviFItMNedIm,IkMNt;kmaMg N enAkgGgt;nImYy. kmaMgTaMgenHbgeLIgeday

sarEtkmaMgBitmanGMeBIelI truss Etb:ueNaH. dUcKa eKRtUvsnt;fakmaMgTajviCman ehIy
kmaMgsgt;GviCman.

smIkarkmnnimit

GnuvtsmIkarkmnnimitedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TIEdlcg;)an. eKcaM)ac;rkSaPaBdUcKankarsnt;
sBaaBiCKNitrbs;kmaMg n nigkmaMg N enAeBlCMnYsvaeTAkgsmIkar.
RbsinebI nNL / EA viCman bMlas;TI manTisedAdUcTisedArbs;bnkkta. RbsinebI lTplmantmGviCman nwgmanTisedApynwgTisedArbs;bnkkta.
enAeBlGnuvt1 = n T L eKRtUvdwgfaRbsinebIGgt;nImYyrgnUvkMeNInsItuNPaB
enaH T nwgviCman b:uEnebIsItuNPaBEdlfycuHvanwgeFVI[ T GviCman.
sRmab; 1 = n L enAeBlEdlkMhusqgkgkarpliteFVI[RbEvgrbs;Ggt;EvgCagmun
L nwgviCman b:uEnebIRbEvgrbs;vaxICagmun enaH L nwgGviCman.

]TahrN_ 9-1 kMNt;bMlas;TIbBarrbs;tMN C n truss EdkEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-8a. RkLa

pmuxkat;rbs;Ggt;nImYyKW A = 300mm 2 ehIy E = 200GPa .

dMeNaHRsay

kmaMgnimit n eKdak;Etbnk1kN enARtg;tMNC ehIyeKedaHRsaykmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyedayeRbI

viFItMN. lTplRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-8b. elxviCmanbgajkmaMgTaj ehIyelxGviCman
bgajkmaMgsgt;.
PaBdabedayeRbIviFIfamBl

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

kmaMgBit N kmaMgBitenAkgGgt;RtUv)anKNnaedayeRbIviFItMN. lTplRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 98c.

smIkarkmnnimit edayerobcMTinnyenAkgtarag eyIg)an

nNL 369.6kN
dUcenH
1kN C =
=
AE
AE
edayCMnYstmCaelxsRmab; A nig E eyIg)an

1kN C v =

396.6kN 2 m

[300(10 )m ][200(10 )kN / m ]

6

C v = 0.00616m = 6.16mm

]TahrN_ 9-2 RkLapmuxkat;rbs;Ggt;nImYyrbs; truss EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-9a KW A =

ehIy E = 200GPa . (a) kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisQrrbs;tMN C RbsinebIeKdak;kmaMg
4kN eTAelI truss Rtg;tMN C. (b) RbsinKanbnkmanGMeBIelI truss cUrkMNt;bMlas;TItamTisQr
rbs;tMN C RbsinebIGgt; AB manRbEvgxICamun 5mm .
400mm 2

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NPIC

dMeNaHRsay
(a)

kmaMgnimit n edaysareKRtUvkarrkbMlas;TItamTisQrrbs;tMNC dUcenHeKRtUvdak;kmaMgnimit 1kN

enARtg;tMNC edaymanTisQr. xatrbs;kmaMgRtUvdUcKanwgxatrbs;kmaMgBit. eKRtUvKNnakmaMg
RbtikmenARtg;tMN A nigtMN B nigkMNt;kmaMg n enAkgGgt;nImYyedayviFItMNdUcbgajenAkg
daRkamGgesrIrbs;tMN A nigtMN B rUbTI 9-9b.
kmaMgBit N karviPaKtMN A nigtMN B enAeBleKdak;kmaMgBit 4kN eTAelI truss RtUv)an[enA
kgrUbTI 9-9c.
smIkarkmnnimit edaysar AE efr eKGacKNna nigerobtY nNL enAkgtarag. enATIenHsBaaviCman
bgajfakmaMgTaj nigsBaaGviCmanbgajkmaMgGviCman.

nNL 10.67kN m
1kN C =
=
dUcenH
AE
AE
edayCMnYstm A = 400mm 2 = 400(106 )m 2 nig E = 200GPa = 200(106 )kN / m 2 eyIg)an
2

1kN C v =

10.67 kN 2 m

[400(10 )m ][200(10 )kN / m ]

6

C v = 0.000133m = 0.133mm

(b)

enATIenH eyIgRtUvGnuvtsmIkar 9-17. edaysareKRtUvkarkMNt;bMlas;TItamTisQrRtg;tMN C eyIg

GaceRbIlTplrbs;rUbTI 9-7b. manEtGgt; AB b:ueNaHEdlrgbERmbRmYlRbEvg eBalKW
L = 5mm . dUcenH
1 = nL
1kN C v = (0.667 kN )( 0.005m )

C v = 0.00333m = 3.33mm

sBaadkbgajfatMN C bMlas;TIeLIgelI EdlpyBIkmaMgbBar1kN . cMNaMfa RbsinebIKitTaMgkmaMg

4kN nigkMhusqgkgkarplitbBalKa enaHbMlas;TIsrubKW C = 0.133 3.33 = 3.20mm eLIg
elI.
v

PaBdabedayeRbIviFIfamBl

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

]TahrN_ 9-3 kMNt;bMlas;TIbBarrbs;tMN C n truss EdkEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-10a.

edaysarkMedAEdlPayecjBICBaaMg Ggt; AD rgnUvkMeNInsItuNPaB T = +60o C . yk =
1.08(10 5 )/ o C nig E = 200GPa . RkLapmuxkat;rbs;Ggt;nImYyRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUb.

dMeNaHRsay

kmaMgnimit n eKdak;kmaMgbBar 1kN eTAelI truss enARtg;tMN C ehIyKNnakmaMgenAkgGgt;

rUbTI 9-10b.
kmaMgBit N edaysarkmaMg n enAkgGgt; AB nigGgt; BC esIsUn enaHeKmincaM)ac;kMNt;kmaMg
N enAkgGgt;TaMgenaHeT. ehtuGVI? EtsRmab;karKNnaeBjelj karviPaKkmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;TaMg
Gs;EdlekItBIkmaMgBitxageRkARtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-10c.
smIkarkmnnimit bnk nigkMedAeFVI[ truss xUcRTg;RTay dUcenHeKRtUvKitsmIkar 9-15 nigsmIkar 918 bBalKa. edaybMEbkxat[)anRtwmRtUv eyIg)an
1 C v =
Cv =

nNL
+ nTL
AE
0.75(600 )(1.8)

( )[ ( )]

(1)(400)(2.4)

( )[ ( )]
( )[ ( )] [ ( )]
6

1200 10 200 10
1200 10 6 200 10 6
( 1.25)( 500)(3) + (1)1.08 10 5 (60)(2.4)
+
900 10 6 200 10 6
6

C v = 0.00193m = 19.3mm

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NPIC

(>%> viFIkmnnimitsRmab;Fwm nigeRKag (Method of virtual work: beams and

frames)

eKkGaceRbiviFIkmnnimitedIm,IkMNt;PaBdabrbs;Fwm nigeRKag. edaysarbERmbRmYlrageFob

EdlekIteLIgedaysarkarBt;CaktasMxan;kgkareFVI[Fwm nigeRKagmanPaBdab dMbUgeyIgniwgBiPakSa
BI\TiBlenH. eyIgnwgBiPakSaBIPaBdabEdlbNalBIkmaMgkat; kmaMgtamGkS kmaMgrmYl nigbERm
bRmYlsItuNPaBenAkgkfaxN 9-6.

tamryeKalkarN_kmnnimit bviFIkmaMgnimit eKGacbegItrUbmnsRmab;PaBdabrbs;Fwm nig

PaBrbs;eRKagedayBicarNaelIFwmEdl)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-11a. enATIenH eKRtUvkarkMNt;
bMlas;TI rbs;cMNuc A . edIm,IkMNt; eKRtUvdak;kmaMgktaEdlmanGMeBIenAelIFwmRtg;cMNuc A
tamTisedArbs; ehIyeKRtUvkMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;nimit m edayviFImuxkat;enARtg;TItaMg x NamYyBITRm
xageqVg rUbTI 9-11b. enAeBlkmaMgBitmanGMeBIelIFwm rUbTI 9-11a cMNuc A pas;TI)an .
kg krNIEdlkmaMgTaMgenHeFVI[smareFVIkarenAkgtMbn;eGLasiclIenEGr enaHBIsmIkar 8-2 Fatu
dx xUcRTg;RTay bvil)an d = (M / EI )dx *. enATIenH M Cam:Um:g;Bt;enARtg; x EdlbgeLIgeday
kmaMgBit. dUcenH kmnnimitxageRkAEdleFVIedaykmaMgktaKW 1 ehIykmnnimitxagkgEdleFVI
edaym:Um:g; m KW m d = m(M / EI )dx . plbUkn\TiBlenAelIFatu dx TaMgGs;tambeNayFwm
tRmUv[mankareFVIGaMgetRkal dUcenHsmIkar 9-13 kayCa
1 =

Edl

1=

mM
dx
EI

(9-18)

kmaMgnimitktaxageRkAEdlmanGMeBIenAelIFwm beRKagenAkgTisedArbs; .

rMlwkfa RbsinebIsmarmanbERmbRmYlrageFobhYsEdneGLasicrbs;va eKkGacenAEteRbIeKalkarN_kmnnimit)anEdr

eTaH bICaenAkgenHeKRtuvkareRbIkarviPaK nonlinear b)asickeday.
*

PaBdabedayeRbIviFIfamBl

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

m:Um:g;Bt;nimitenAkgFwm beRKag EdlsresrCaGnuKmn_n x nigEdlbgeLIgedaybnk

nimitktaxageRkA.
= bMlas;TIrbs;cMNucEdlbgeLIgedaybnkBitEdlmanGMeBIelIFwm beRKag.
M = m:Um:g;Bt;enAkgFwm beRKag EdlRtUv)ansresrCaGnuKmn_n x ehIyvabgeLIgeday
kmaMgBit.
I = m:Um:g;niclPaBnRkLapmuxkat; EdlRtUv)anKNnaeFobnwgGkSNWt.
E = m:UDuleGLasicrbs;Ggt;.
tamrebobdUcKa RbsinebIeKRtUvkarkMNt;mMurgVil enARtg;cMNucNamYyrbs;Fwm eKRtUvdak;m:Um:g;mYy
ktaenARtg;cMNucenaH ehIyeKRtUvkMNt;m:Um:g;Bt; m EdlRtUvKa. edaysarkmnnm:Um:g;mYyktaKW
m=

1 =

m M
dx
EI

(9-19)

enAeBlGnuvtsmIkar 9-18 nig 9-19 eKcaM)ac;RtUvdwgfaGaMgetRkalkMNt;nGgxagsaMCabrimaNnfamBlbERmbRmYlragnimitEdlrkSaTukenAkgFwm. RbsinebIkmaMgcMcMNuc bm:Um:g;xageRkAeFVI

GMeBIenAelIFwm bkbnkBRgaymanlkNminCab; eKminGaceFVIGaMgetRkalEtmYyenAelIRbEvgTaMgmUl
rbs;Fwm)aneT KWeKRtUveRCIserIskUGredaen x dac;edayELkenAkgtMbn;EdlKanbnkEdlmanlkN
minCab; ehIykUGredaenrbs; x nImYymincaM)ac;mancMNuceKalEtmYyeT b:uEnkUGredaenrbs; x Edl
eRCIserIs sRmab;kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt; M BitRtUvEtdUcKanwgkUGredaen x EdleRCIserIssRmab;kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;
nimit m b m enAkgtMbn;dUcKa. ]TahrN_ BicarNaFwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-12. edIm,IkMNt;
bMlas;TIrbs; D eKRtUvBicarNabYntMbn; dUcenHeKRtUvedaHRsayGaMgetRkalEdlmanTRmg;
(mM / EI )dx . eyIgGac eRbI x1 edIm,IkMNt;famBlbERmbRmYlrageFobenAkgtMbn; AB / x2 sRmab;
tMbn; BC / x3 sRmab;tMbn; DE nig x4 sRmab;tMbn; DC . enARKb;krNITaMgGs; eKeRCIserIs x y:agNa
edIm,IkMNt; M nig m b m y:ag gay.

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PaBdabedayeRbIviFIfamBl

NPIC

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

Deflection Using Energy Method

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

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NPIC

GaMgetRkaledayeRbItarag enAeBlrcnasm<nrgbnkEdlmanlkNsamBa ehIydMeNaHRsay

sRmab;bMlas;TIminRtUvkarGaMgetRkaleRcIn eKGaceRbIviFItamtaragedIm,IedaHRsayGaMgetRkal.
edIm,I eFVIEbbenH dMbUgeKRtUvKUrdaRkamm:Um:g;rbs;Ggt;nImYysRmab;bnkBit nigbnknimit. eday
ppgdaRkamsRmab; m nig M CamYynwgtaragsRmab;KNna 0L mm' dx xageRkam eKGackMNt;
GaMgetRkal mMdx BIrUbmnsmRsb. ]TahrN_ 9-6 nig 9-8 bgajBIkarGnuvtviFIenH.

dMeNIrkarkgkarviPaK (Procedure for analysis)

eKGaceRbICMhanxageRkamedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TI nig/bmMurgVilenARtg;cMNucmYyenAelIExSekag
eGLasicrbs;Fwm beRKagedayeRbIviFIkmnnimit.

m:Um:g;Bt;nimit m b m

dak;bnkktaenAelIFwm beRKagenARtg;cMNucEdleyIgRtUvkarrkbMlas;TIedaymanTisdUcKa.
RbsinebIeKRtUvkarkMNt;mMurgVil eKRtUvdak;m:Um:g;xageRkAmYyktaenARtg;cMNucEdlcg;rk.
begItkUGredaen x smRsbEdlmannyenAkgtMbn;rbs;Fwm beRKagEdlminmanPaBdac;n
bnkBit bbnknimit.
CamYynwgkardak;bnknimit eKRtUvdkbnkBitTaMgGs;ecjBIFwm beRKag ehIyKNnam:Um:g;Bt;
m b m CaGnuKmn_nkUGredaennImYy.
snt; m b m eFVIGMeBIkgTisedAviCmandUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4-1.

m:Um:g;Bt;Bit

edayeRbIkUGredaen x dUcKanwgkarbegItsRmab;KNna m nig m kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt; M Edl

bNalBIkmaMgBit.
edaysareKsnt; m b m manGMeBIkgTisedAviCman eKcaM)ac;RtUv[ M EdlmanTMhMviCman
manGMeBIkgTisedAdUcKa BIeRBaHkmnxagkgviCman nigkmnxagkgGviCmanGaRsynwgTisedA
rbs;bnk EdlkMNt;eday m b m nigTisedArbs;bMlas;TI EdlkMNt;eday
Mdx / EI .

smIkarkmnnimit

GnuvtsmIkarkmnnimitedIm,IkMNt;bMlas; bmMurgVil Edlcg;)an. eKcaM)ac;RtUvrkSasBaa

BiCKNitrbs;GaMgetRkalnImYyEdlKNnaCamYynwgtMbn;kMNt;Cak;lak;rbs;va.

PaBdabedayeRbIviFIfamBl

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

RbsinebIplbUkBiCKNitrbs;GaMgetRkalTaMgGs;sRmab;Fwm beRKagTaMgmUlviCman enaH

nig manTisedAdUcKanwgbnknimitkta bm:Um:g;nimitkta erogKa. RbsinebIlTplrbs;va
GviCman enaHTisedArbs; b nwgpyBITisedArbs;bnknimitkta nigm:Um:g;nimitkta.

]TahrN_ 9-4 kMNt;bMlas;TIrbs;cMNuc B rbs;FwmEdkEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-13. yk E =

/

( )

200GPa I = 500 10 6 mm 4

dMeNaHRsay

m:Um:g;nimit m eKTTYlbMlas;TItamTisbBarrbs;cMNuc B edaydak;bnknimitkta1kN enARtg;

cMNuc B rUbTI 9-13b. edaykarGegt eyIgeXIjfaminmanPaBdac;nbnkBIt nigbnknimitenAelI
FwmeT. dUcenH eKGaceRbIkUGredaenH x EtmYyedIm,IkMNt;famBlbERmbRmYlrageFobnimit. eKeRCIs
erIseKalrbs; x Rtg;cMNuc B edaysareKminRtUvkarrkkmaMgRbtikmenARtg;cMNuc A edIm,IkMNt;m:Um:g;
Bt; m nig M . edayeRbIviFImuxkat; smIkarrbs;m:Um:g;Bt; m RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-13b.
m:Um:g;Bit M edayeRbIkUGredaen x dUcKa smIkarm:Um:g;Bt; M RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-13c.
smIkarkmnnimit bMlas;TItamTisQrrbs; B KW
L mM
10 ( 1x )( 6 x 2 )dx
1kN B =
dx =
0

0
EI
15 10 3 kN 2 .m 3
1kN B =
EI

Deflection Using Energy Method

( )

EI

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B =

NPIC

( )
200(10 )kN / m (500(10 )mm )10

15 103 kN .m 3

12

4
m 4 / mm

= 0.150m = 150mm

]TahrN_ 9-5 kMNt;mMurgVilenARtg;cMNuc A rbs;FwmEdkEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-14. yk E =

( )

200GPa I = 60 10 6 mm 4

dMeNaHRsay

m:Um:g;nimit m eKTTYl)anmMurgVilRtg;cMNuc A edaydak;m:Um:g;nimitkta1kN.m enARtg;cMNuc A rUbTI

9-14b. eKkGaceRbIkUGredaen x EtmYyedIm,IkMNt;famBlbERmbRmYlrageFobnimit. kUGredaen
enH maneKalenARtg;cMNuc A edIm,Irkm:Um:g;Bt; m nig M . edayeRbIviFImuxkat; smIkarm:Um:g;Bt; m
RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-14b.
m:Um:g;Bit M edayeRbIkUGredaen x dUcKa smIkarm:Um:g;Bt; M RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-14c.
smIkarkmnnimit mMurgVilenARtg;cMNuc A KW

m M
dx
EI
3

( 1) x
3
3 dx
=
0
EI
1 3 3
=
x dx
3EI 0

(1kN .m ) A = 0

PaBdabedayeRbIviFIfamBl

( )

6.75

( ( )

)(

200 10 kN / m 60 10 6 mm 4 10 12 m 4 / mm 4
6

)
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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

A = 0.000563rad

]TahrN_ 9-6 kMNt;mMurgVil enARtg;cMNuc B rbs;FwmEdkEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-15a. yk

/

( )

E = 200GPa I = 60 10 6 mm 4

dMeNaHRsay

m:Um:g;nimit m eKkMNt;mMurgVilRtg;cMNuc B edaydak;m:Um:g;nimitkta1kN.m enARtg;cMNuc B rUbTI 915b. enATIenH eKRtUveRCIserIskUGredaen x cMnYnBIr edIm,IkMNt;famBlbERmbRmYlrageFobnimitenA
kgFwm. eKKNnafamBlbERmbRmYlrageFobenAkgGgt; AB nigGgt; BC edayeRbIkUGredaen x1 nig
x 2 erogKa. eKKNnam:Um:g;Bt; m enAkgGgt;nImYyedayeRbIviFImuxkat;dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-15b.
m:Um:g;Bit M edayeRbIkUGredaen x1 nig x2 dUcKa enaHsmIkarm:Um:g;Bt; M RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI
9-15c.
smIkarkmnnimit mMurgVilRtg;cMNuc B RtUv)an[eday

Deflection Using Energy Method

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NPIC

m M
dx
0 EI
5 (0 )( 3 x1 )dx1
5 (1)[ 3(5 + x 2 )]dx 2
=
+
0
0
EI
EI
2
112.5kN .m
B =
EI

1 B =

(1)

eyIgkGacKNnaGaMgetRkal m Mdx tamRkaPicedayeRbItaragsRmab;KNnaGaMgetRkalxagelI

L
0 mm' dx . dMbUgeKcaM)ac;KUrdaRkamm:Um:g; sRmab;FwmenAkgrUbTI 9-15b nig 9-15c. ehIyda
Rkamm:Um:g;TaMgenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-15d nig 9-15e erogKa. edaysarvaKanm:Um:g; m
sRmab; 0 x < 5m eyIgGaceRbIEtRkLapqUtragctuekaN nigRkLapqUtragctuekaNBayedIm,I
KNnaGaMgetRkal. edayrkrUbragsmRsbTaMgenHenAkgCYredk nigCYrQrrbs;tarag eyIgman
10

m Mdx =

1
1
m (M 1 + M 2 )L = (1)( 15 30 )5
2
2

= 112.5kN 2 .m 3

tmenHdUcKanwglTplEdl)ankMNt;enAkgsmIkar (1). dUcenH

(1kN .m ) B

112.5kN 2 .m 3

[ ( ) ](

( )

200 10 6 kN / m 2 60 10 6 mm 4 10 12 m 4 / mm 4

B = 0.00928rad

sBaaGviCmanbgajfa B manTisedApyeTAnwgTisedArbs;m:Um:g;nimitEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-15b.

]TahrN_ 9-7 kMNt;bMlas;TIenARtg;cMNuc D rbs;FwmEdkEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-16a. yk

/

( )

E = 200GPa I = 300 10 6 mm 4

dMeNaHRsay

m:Um:g;nimit m FwmrgkmaMgnimitktaenARtg;cMNuc D dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-16b. tamkarGegt eK

RtUveRbIkUGredaenbIdUcCa x1 / x2 nig x3 edIm,IRKbdNb;RKb;tMbn;TaMgGs;rbs;Fwm. cMNaMfa kUGredaen
TaMgenHRKbdNb;tMbn;EdlbnkBit bbnknimitEdlmanGMeBIelIFwmminmanPaBdac;. eKKNnam:Um:g;Bt;
m enAkgrUbTI 9-16b edayeRbIviFImuxkat;.
m:Um:g;Bit M dMbUgeKRtUvkMNt;Rbtikmrbs;Fwm bnab;mkedayeRbIIkUGredaen x dUcKanwgkUGredaenEdl
eRbIsRmab;KNna m eKkMNt;m:Um:g;Bt; M dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-16c.
smIkarkmnnimit edayGnuvtsmIkarkmnnimiteTAelIFwmedayeRbITinnyenAkgrUbTI 9-16b nig 916c eyIg)an
PaBdabedayeRbIviFIfamBl

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil
1 D =

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

L mM

dx
EI
3 ( 0.75 x3 )(120 5 x3 )
4.5 ( 1x1 )(0 )dx1
3 (0.75 x 2 4.5)(35 x 2 )dx 2
dx3
=
+
+
0
0
0
EI
EI
EI
0 472.5 371.25
843.75kN .m 3
=

=
EI
EI
EI
EI
3
843.75kN .m
0

D =

[200(10 kN / m )][300(10 )(10 )m ]

6

12

= 0.0141m = 14.1mm

sBaaGviCmanbgajfabMlas;TImanTiseLIgelI EdlpyeTAnwgTisedAcuHeRkamrbs;bnkkta rUbTI

9-16b. ehIycMNaMfa eKmincaM)ac;KNna m1 edaysar M 1 = 0 .

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]TahrN_ 9-8 kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisedkenARtg;cMNuc C enAelIeRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 917a. yk E = 200GPa / I = 235(106 )mm 4 sRmab;Ggt;TaMgBIr.

dMeNaHRsay

m:Um:g;nimit m edIm,IPaBgayRsYl eyIgnwgeRbIkUGredaen x1 nig x2 enAkgrUbTI 9-17a. bnkmYy

ktaRtUv)andak;enARtg;cMNuc C rUbTI 9-17b. ehtuGVI? kmaMgRbtikm nigm:Um:g;Bt;RtUv)anKNnadUc
bgaj.
PaBdabedayeRbIviFIfamBl

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

m:Um:g;Bit M tamrebobdUcKa kmaMgRbtikm nigm:Um:g;Bt; M BitRtUv)anKNna nigbgajenAkgrUbTI 917c.

smIkarkmnnimit edayeRbITinnyenAkgrUbTI 9-17b nig 9-17c eyIg)an
2
L mM
3 (1x1 )(180 x1 30 x1 )dx1
2.4 (1.25 x 2 )(112.5 x 2 )dx 2
dx =
1 C =
+
0

0
EI
EI
1012.5 648 1660.5kN .m 3
=
+
=
EI
EI
EI

Ch

EI

(1)

eKkGaceFVIGaMgetRkal mMdx tamRkaPicedayeRbItaragsRmab;KNnaGaMgetRkal 0L mm' dx . da

Rkamm:Um:g;sRmab;eRKagenAkg rUbTI 9-17b nig 9-17c RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-17d nig 917e erogKa. dUcenH edayeRbIrUbmn sRmab;ragRsedogKaenAkgtaragsRmab;KNnaGaMgetRkal
L
0 mm' dx eyIg)an
mMdx = 12 (3)(270)(3) + 3 (3)(270)(2.4)
5

= 1012.5 + 648 = 1660.5kN 2 .m 3

lTplenHdUcKaeTAnwglTplEdl)anBIkarKNnaenAkgsmIkar (1). dUcenH

Ch =

1660.5kN .m 3

[200(10 )kN / m ][235(10 )(10 )m ]

6

12

= 0.0353m = 35.3mm

]TahrN_ 9-9 kMNt;mMurgVilenARtg;cMNuc C rbs;eRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-18a. yk

/

( )

E = 200GPa I = 15 10 6 mm 4

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dMeNaHRsay

m:Um:g;nimit m eKRtUveRbIkUGredaen x1 nig x2 EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-18a. eKRtUvdak;m:Um:g;mYy

ktaenARtg;cMNuc C rYcKNnam:Um:g;Bt; m rUbTI 9-18b.
m:Um:g;Bit M tamrebobdUcKa m:Um:g;Bt; M BitRtUv)anKNnadUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-18c.
smIkarkmnnimit edayeRbITinnyenAkgsmIkar 9-18b nig 9-18c eyIg)an

1 C =

L m M

( 1)( 2.5 x1 )dx1 + 2(1)(7.5)dx2

0 EI
0
EI
EI
11.25 15 26.25kN .m 2
+
=
C =
EI
EI
EI
26.25kN .m 2
C =
200 10 6 kN / m 2 15 10 6 mm 4 10 12 m 4 / mm 4
0

dx =

( )

[ ( ) ](

= 0.00875rad

(>^> famBlbERmbRmYlrageFobnimitEdlbNalBIbnktamGkS kmaMgkat; kmaMgrmYl

nigsItuNPaB
(Virtual strain energy caused by axial load, shear, torsion and Temperature)

eTaHbICaPaBdabrbs;Fwm nigeRKagbgeLIgedayfamBlbERmbRmYlrageFobEdlbNalBI
m:Um:g;Bt;CacMbgkeday kenAkgrcnasm<nxHfamBlbERmbRmYlrageFobbEnmnkmaMgtamGkS
kmaMgkat; kmaMgrmYl nigsItuNPaBGackayCasMxan;. eyIgnwgsikSaBI\TiBlnImYyenATIenH.
kmaMgtamGkS Ggt;rbs;eRKagGacrgkmaMgtamGkS ehIyeKGacsresrsmIkarfamBlbERmbRmYl
rageFobEdlbNalBIkM;laMgenHdUcenAkgkfaxN 9-4. sRmab;Ggt;Edlmanmuxkat;efr eyIgman
Un =

Edl

nNL
AE

(9-20)

kmaMgtamGkSnimitxagkgEdlbNalBIkmaMgnimitktaxageRkA.
N = kmaMgtamGkSxagkgenAkgGgt;EdlbNalBIkmaMgBit.
E = m:UDuleGLasicsRmab;smar.
A = RkLapmuxkat;rbs;Ggt;.
L = RbEvgrbs;Ggt;.

n=

PaBdabedayeRbIviFIfamBl

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

kmaMgkat; edIm,IkMNt;famBlbERmbRmYlrageFobenAkgFwmEdlbNalBI
kmaMgkat; eyIgnwgBicarNa FatuGnntUc dx rbs;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI
9-19. kMhUcRTg;RTayedaykmaMgkat; (shearing distortion) dy rbs;
FatuGnntUcEdlbNal BIkmaMgBitKW dy = dx . RbsinebIbERmbRmYlrag
eFobedaysarkmaMgkat; (shearing strain) EdlbNalBIkmaMgkat;man
GMeBIelIsmareGLasiclIenEGr enaHeKGacGnuvtc,ab;hUk = / G .
dUc enH dy = ( / G )dx . eyIgGacsresrkugRtaMgkat;Ca = K (V / A) Edl K CaemKuNrag (form
factor) EdlGaRsynwgrUbragnRkLapmuxkat; A rbs;Fwm. dUcenHeyIgGacsresr
dy = K (V / GA)dx . sRmab;FwmTaMgmUl
eKGackMNt;famBlbERmbRmYlrageFobnimitedayGaMgetRkal
L vV
Us = K
dx
0
GA

Edl

(9-21)

kmaMgkat;nimitxagkgenAkgGgt;EdlRtUv)ansresrCaGnuKmn_n x ehIybNalBIbnk
nimitktaxageRkA.
V = kmaMgkat;xagkgenAkgGgt;EdlRtUv)ansresrCaGnuKmn_n x ehIybNalBIkmaMgBit.
A = RkLapmuxkat;rbs;Ggt;.
K = emKuNragsRmab;RkLapmuxkat; (form factor for cross-sectional area)
K = 1.2 sRmab;muxkat;ctuekaN
K = 10 / 9 sRmab;muxkat;rgVg;
K 1.0 sRmab;FwmGkSr I Edl A CaRkLaprbs;RTnug
G = m:UDuleGLasicnkmaMgkat; (shear modulus of elasticity) sRmab;smar.
kmaMgrmYl CaerOyrcnasm<nbITMhM kglMh rgkmaMgrmYl.
RbsinebIGgt;manmuxkat;mUl enaH muxkat;rbs;vaminman warping
ekIteLIgeT enAeBlEdlvargbnk. CalTpl eKGacsresrfamBl
bERmbRmYlrageFobenAkgGgt;)anedayRsYl edayBicarNaelIFatu
GnntUc dx rbs;Ggt;Edlrgm:Um:g; rmYl T rUbTI 9-20. kmaMg
rmYlenHeFVI[manbERmbRmYlrageFobkmaMgkat; = (cd ) / dx . kg krNIsmarmanlkN
v=

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NPIC

eGLasiclIenEGr enaH = / G Edl = Tc / J . dUcenH mMurmYl d = (dx )/ c = ( / Gc )dx =

(T / GJ )dx . RbsinebIeKdak;kmaMgnimitktaeTAelIrcnasm<nEdleFVI[ mankmaMgrmYlxagkg t
enAkgGgt; enaHeRkayBIkarGnuvtkmaMgBit famBlbERmbRmYlrageFobenAkg Ggt;elIRbEvg dx KW
dU t = td = tTdx / GJ . edayeFVIGaMgetRkalelIRbEvg L rbs;Ggt; eyIg)an
Ut =

Edl

tTL
GJ

(9-22)

kmaMgrmYlnimitxagkgEdlbNalBIbnknimitktaxageRkA.
T = kmaMgrmYlxagkgenAkgGgt;EdlbNalBIkmaMgBit.
G = m:UDuleGLasicnkmaMgkat; (shear modulus of elasticity) sRmab;smar.
J = m:Um:g;niclPaBb:UElrsRmab;muxkat;/ J = c 4 / 2 Edl c CakaMrbs;muxkat;.
K = RbEvgrbs;Ggt;.
eKRtUvkMNt;famBlbERmbRmYlrageFobEdlbNalBIkmaMgrmYlsRmab;Ggt;Edlmanmuxkat;minEmn
mUl edayeRbIkarviPaKEdlmanlkNht;ct;CagGVIEdl)anerobrab;enATIenH.
kmaMgrmYl enAkgkfaxN 9-4 eyIg)anBicarBaelI\TiBlnbERmbRmYlsItuNPaBesI dT enAelIGgt;
truss ehIy)anbgajfaGgt;nwglUt brYjxIedaybrimaN dL = TL . b:uEn enAkgkrNIxH rcnasm<n GacrgsItuNPaBxusKaelImuxkat;TaMgmUl dUckgkrNInFwmEdl)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-21a.
kgkrNIEbbenH eKGackMNt;bMlas;TIrbs;cMNuctambeNayExSekageGLasicrbs;FwmedayeRbI
eKalkarN_kmnnimit. edIm,IGnuvteKalkarN_kmnnimit dMbUgeyIgRtUvKNnabrimaNmMurgVilrbs;Fatu
GnntUc dx rbs;FwmEdlbNalmkBIbERmbRmYlkMedA (thermal gradient) EdlmanGMeBIelImuxkat;
Fwm. eyIgnwgeRCIserIskrNIsamBabMputrbs;FwmEdlmanGkSNWtsitenABak;kNalkm<s; (c ) rbs;
muxkat;Fwm. RbsinebIeyIgKUrTRmg;nbERmbRmYlsItuNPaBenAkgmuxkat; rUbTI 9-21b eyIgeXIj
fasItuNPaBmFmKW Tm = (T1 + T2 ) / 2 . RbsinebI T1 > T2 enaHbERmbRmYlsItuNPaBenATItaMgxag
elIbMputeFVI[FatuGnntUcmanbERmbRmYlrageFoblUt ehIybERmbRmYlrageFobrbs;FatuGnntUcenA
TItaMgxageRkambMputrYj. enAkgkrNITaMgBIr bERmbRmYlsItuNPaBKW Tm = T1 Tm = Tm T2 .
edaysarbERmbRmYlkMedA rbs;RbEvgenAxagelIbMput nigenAxageRkambMputKW x = Tm dx rUbTI 921c enaHmMurgVilrbs;Fatu GnntUcKW
t=

d =

PaBdabedayeRbIviFIfamBl

Tm dx
c

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

RbsinebIeyIgGnuvtkmaMgnimitktaenARtg;cMNucmYyenAelIFwmEdleKRtUvkarkMNt;bMlas;TI bGnuvt
m:Um:g;nimitktaenARtg;cMNucEdlRtUvkarkMNt;bMlas;TIEdlKitCamMurgVilrbs;bnat;b:H enaHkmaMgTaMg
enHnwgbegItm:Um:g;nimit m enAkgFwmRtg;cMNucEdlFatuGnntUc dx sitenA. enAeBlEdlbERmbRmYl
sItuNPaBmanGMeBI enaHfamBlbERmbRmYlrageFobnimitenAkgFwmKW
U temp =

Edl

mTm dx
c

(9-23)

m:Um:g;nimitxagkgEdlsmIkarrbs;vaRtUv)ansresrCaGnuKmn_eTAnwg x ehIyEdlbNal
BIbnknimitktaxageRkA bm:Um:g;nimitkta.
= emKuNlUtkMedA.
Tm = bERmbRmYlsItuNPaBrvagsItuNPaBmFm nigsItuNPaBenAxagelI benAxageRkam
bMputrbs;Fwm.
c = km<s;Bak;kNalrbs;muxkat;Fwm.
elIkElgEtmankarbBaak; ebImindUcenaHeTcMeNaTenAkgesovePAenHnwgBicarNaEtPaBdabrbs;Fwm
nigPaBdabrbs;eRKagEdlbNalBIm:Um:g;Bt;Etb:ueNaH. b:uEn CaTUeTAGgt;Fwm nigeRKagGacrgnUvbnk
epSgCaeRcIndUcEdl)anerobrab;enAkgkfaxNenH. b:uEn dUcEdl)anerobrab;rYcenAkgkfaxNmun
PaBdabbEnmEdlbNalBIkmaMgkat; kmaMgtamGkS eFIV[PaBdabrbs;FwmERbRbYlRtwmEtBIr bbI
PaKryb:ueNaH. edaysarmUlehtuenH CaTUeTAeKecalvakgkarviPaK. RbsinebIeKKit\TiBlEdl)an
erobrab;enAkgkfaxNenH eKGacbUkbBalfamBlbERmbRmYlrageFobnimitEdl)ankMNt;enAkg
smIkar 9-20 dl; 9-23 eTAkgsmIkarkmnnimitEdl)ankMNt;edaysmIkar 9-18 b 919. ]TahrN_
xageRkambgajBIkarGnuvtnsmIkarTaMgenH.
m=

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NPIC

]TahrN_ 9-10 kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisedkrbs;cMNuc C enAelIeRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-

22a edayKitbBalfamBlbERmbRmYlrageFobxagkgEdlbNalBIkmaMgtamGkS nigkmaMgkat;.

yk E = 200GPa / G = 80GPa / I = 235(106 )mm 4 ehIy A = 50(103 )mm 2 sRmab;Ggt;TaMgBIr.
muxkat;rbs;Ggt;manragctuekaN.

PaBdabedayeRbIviFIfamBl

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNaHRsay

enATIenH eyIgRtUvEtGnuvtkmaMgktaedkRtg;cMNuc C . daRkamGgesrIEdlcaM)ac;sRmab;bnkBit

nig bnknimitRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-22b nig 9-22c.
m:Um:g;Bt; famBlbERmbRmYlrageFobnimitEdlbNalBIm:Um:g;Bt;RtUv)anKNnaenAkg]TahrN_ 9-8.
vaRtUv)anbgajdUcxageRkam
Ub =

L mMdx

EI

1660.5kN 2 .m 3
1660.5kN 2 .m 3
=
EI
200 10 6 kN / m 2 235 10 6 10 12 m 4

[ ( )

][ ( )(

) ]

= 0.0353kN .m = 35.3kN .mm

kmaMgtamGkS BITinnyenAkgrUbTI 9-22b nig 9-22c eyIgman

Ua =
=

nNL
AE
1.25kN (112.5kN )(3m )

1kN (0 )(2.4m )

[50(10 )(10 )m ][80(10 )kN / m ] [50(10 )(10 )m ][80(10 )kN / m ]

3

= 0.000105kN .m = 0.105kN .mm

kmaMgkat; edayGnuvtsmIkar 9-21 CamYynwg K = 1.2 sRmab;muxkat;ctuekaN nigedayeRbIGnuKmn_

kmaMgkat;EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-22b nig 9-22c eyIg)an
L vV
Us = K
dx
0
GA
31.2(1)(180 60 x1 )dx1
2.4 1.2( 1.25)( 112.5)dx2
=
+
0
0
GA
GA
2
729kN .m
=
= 0.000182kN .mm = 0.182kN .mm
6
80 10 kN / m 2 50 103 10 6 m 2

[ ( )

][ ( )( ) ]

edayGnuvtsmIkarkmnnimit eyIg)an
1kN C h = 35.3kN .mm + 0.105kN .mm + 0.182kN .mm
C h = 35.59mm

\TiBlnkmaMgkat; nigkmaMgtamGkSeFVI[bMlas;TIekIneLIgRtwmEt 0.8% b:ueNaH ebIeRbobeFob

nwgbMlas;TIEdlbNalBIm:Um:g;Bt;;.

]TahrN_ 9-11 FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-23a RtUv)aneRbIenAkgGKarEdlrgnUvkMedAxusKaBIr.

RbsinebIsItuNPaBenApxagelIrbs;FwmKW 25o C ehIysItuNPaBenApxageRkamKW 70o C cUrkMNt;

Deflection Using Energy Method

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NPIC

PaBdabtamTisbBarrbs;FwmenARtg;cMNuckNalFwmEdlbNalBIbERmbRmYlsItuNPaB. yk
= 11.7(10 6 )/ o C .

dMeNaHRsay

edaysareKRtUvkarkMNt;PaBdabenAkNalElVgrbs;Fwm eKRtUvdak;bnknimitktaenATIenaH ehIyeK

RtUvKNnam:Um:g;Bt;nimitenAkgFwm rUbTI 9-23b.

sItuNPaBmFmenAcMNuckNalrbs;muxkat;FwmKW (70o C + 25o C )/ 2 = 47.5o C .

sRmab;kar GnuvtsmIkar 9-23, Tm = 47.5o C 25o C = 22.5o C .
ehIy C = 250mm / 2 = 125mm . eday GnuvteKalkarN_kmnnimit eyIg)an
mTm dx
c
1
o
6 o
x 11.7 10 / C 22.5 C
1500 mm 2
dx
= 2
0
125mm

1N C v =

( )

C v = 2.37 mm

lTplbgajfavaCaPaBdabEdlGacecal)an.

(>&> RTwsIbTrbs;kasIKIy:aNU (Castiglianos theorem)

enAqaM 1879 Gal;EbtU kasIKIy:aNU visVkrpvrfePIgsBaatiGIutalI)ane)aHBum<pSayesovePA
mYyk,alEdlENnaMBIviFIsRmab;kMNt;PaBdab bmMurgVilenARtg;cMNucmYyenAkgrcnasm<nEdlGacCa
truss, Fwm bkeRKag. viFIenH EdleK[eQaHfaRTwsITIBIrrbs;kasIKIy:aNU bviFIkmnGb,brma
eRbI)ancMeBaHEtrcnasm<nEdlmansItuNPaBefr TRmEdlminyal (unyielding support) nigeFVIBI
PaBdabedayeRbIviFIfamBl

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

smareGLasiclIenEGr. RbsinebIeKRtUvkarkMNt;bMlas;TI RTwsIeBalfabMlas;TIesInwgedrIev eday

EpkelIkTImYynfamBlbERmbRmYlrageFobenAkgeRKOgbgMtamkmaMgEdlmanGMeBIenARtg;cMNucenaH
nigkgTisrbs;bMlas;TI. tamrebobdUcKa mMurgVilenARtg;cMNucmYyenAkgeRKOgbgMesInwgedrIev eday
EpkelIkTImYynfamBlbERmbRmYlrageFobenAkgeRKOgbgMtamm:Um:g;EdlmanGMeBIenARtg;cMNucenaH
nig kgTisrbs;mMurgVil.
edIm,ITTYl)anRTwsITIBIrrbs;kasIKIy:aNU eKRtUvBicarNaGgFatu rcnasm<nEdlmanragTUeTA
NamYyEdlrg n esrInkmaMg P1 / P2 ..., Pn . edaysarkmnxageRkAeFVIedaykmaMgTaMgenHesInwg
famBlbERmbRmYlragxagkgEdlrkSaTukenAkgGgFatu eyIgGacsresr
Ui = Ue

kmnxageRkACaGnuKmn_nbnkxageRkA U e = Pdx . dUcenH

U i = U e = f (P1 , P2 ,..., Pn )

\Lv RbsinebIkmaMg Pi mYynkmaMgxagelIekIneLIgedaybrimaNDIegr:g;Esl dPi kmnxagkgk

ekIneLIg ehIyfamBlbERmbRmYlrageFobfIkayCa
U i + dU i = U i +

U i
dPi
Pi

(9-24)

b:uEn tmenHminGaRsyeTAnwglMdab;nkarGnuvt n kmaMgeTAelIGgFatueT. ]TahrN_ RbsinebIeyIg

GnuvtCadMbUgnUv dPi eTAelIGgFatu bnab;mkvanwgeFVI[GgFatumanbMlas;TIedaybrimaNDIepr:g;Esl
d i eTAtamTisedArbs; dPi . tamsmIkar 9-3 U c = P / 2 ehIykMeNInrbs;famBlbERmbRmYl
rageFobKW 12 dPi d i . b:uEn brimaNenHCaDIepr:g;EsldWeRkTIBIr dUcenHeyIgGacecalva)an. kar
Gnuvtbnnbnk P1, P2 , ..., Pn EdleFVI[GgFatupas;TI 1, 2 , ..., n begIt)anCafamBl
bERmbRmYlrageFob.
U i + dU i = U i + dPi i

(9-25)

enATIenH EdldUcBIelIkmun U i CafamBlbERmbRmYlrageFobxagkgGgFatuEdlbgeLIgedaybnk

P1 , P2 , ..., Pn nig dU i = dPi i CafamBlbERmbRmYlrageFobbEnmEdlbgeday dPi smIkar 94/ U e = P' .
Casegb smIkar 9-24
CafamBlbERmbRmYlrageFobenAkgGgFatuEdlkMNt;CadMbUgedayGnuvt P1, P2 , ..., Pn bnab;mk
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ehIysmIkar 9-25 CafamBlbERmbRmYlrageFobEdlkMNt;CadMbUgeday Gnuvt dPi bnab;mk

P1 , P2 , ..., Pn . edaysarsmIkarTaMgBIrenHRtUvEtesIKa eyIgtRmUv[

dPi

i =

U i
Pi

(9-26)

bMlas;TI i eTAtamTIrbs; Pi esInwgedrIevedayEpkelIkTImYynfamBlbERmbRmYlrageFobtam Pi .

eKRtUvcMNaMfasmIkar 9-26 CaBMenalGMBIPaBRtUvKanrcnasm<n (structures compatibility).
ehIykareFVIedrIevxagelITamTar[BicarNaEtkarrkSakmaMg (conservative force) sRmab;karviPaK.
kmaMgTaMgenHeFVIkmnedayminGaRsyeTAnwgKng dUcenHvamin)aneFVI[)at;bg;famBleT. edaysar
eK[kmaMgmanGMeBIEtkglkxNeGLasiclIenEGr dUcenHRTwsIenHGnuvtcMeBaHEtsmarEdleFVIkar
kgtMbn;eGLasiclIenEGrb:ueNaH. vamindUcnwgviFIkmaMgnimitEdl)anerobrab;enAkgkfaxN elIkmun
EdlGacGnuvteTAelIkareFVIkarCalkNeGLasic nigmineGLasic (inelastic).
*

(>*> RTwsIbTrbs;kasIKIy:aNUsRmab; trusses (Castiglianos theorem for trusses)

famBlbERmbRmYlrageFobsRmab;Ggt;rbs; truss RtUv)an[edaysmIkar 9-9/
U i = N 2 L / 2 AE edayCMnYssmIkarenHeTAkgsmIkar 9-26 niglubecalsnsS i eyIg)an
N 2L

=
P 2 AE

CaTUeTA vamanlkNgayRsYlCagkgkareFVIDIepr:g;EslmunkareFVIplbUk. enAkgkrNITUeTA L / A

nig E CacMnYnefrsRmab;Ggt;Edl[ dUcenHeyIgGacsresr
N L
= N

P AE

Edl

(9-27)

bMlas;TIntMNrbs; truss.
P = kmaMgxageRkAEdlGnuvteTAelItMN truss tamTisedArbs; .
N = kmaMgxagkgrbs;Ggt;EdlbNalBIkmaMg P nigbnkenAelI truss.
L = RbEvgrbs;Ggt;.

RTwsITImYyrbs;kasIKIy:aNUmanlkNRsedogeTAnwgRTwsITIBIrrbs;Kat;Edr EtPab;TMnak;TMngrvagkmaMg P eTAnwgedrIev

edayEpknfamBlbERmbRmYlrageFobtambMlas;TIEdlRtUvKa eBalKW P = U / . karedaHRsaymanlkNRsedog
KaeTAnwgGVIEdl[kgkfaxN 9-7 nigdUceTAnwgviFIbMlas;TInimit. RTwsIkasIKIy:aNUGnuvt)ancMeBaHsmareGLasic nigmin
eGLasic. m:ageTot viFIenHbgajBItMrUvkarlMnwgsRmab;eRKOgbgM ehIyedaysarvamankRmitkgkareRbIR)as;kgkarviPaK
eRKOgbgM vaminRtUv)anelIkykmkniyayenAkgesovePAenHeT.
*

PaBdabedayeRbIviFIfamBl

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

RkLapmuxkat;rbs;Ggt;.
E = m:UDuleGLasicrbs;Ggt;.
smIkarenHRsedogeTAnwgsmIkarEdleRbIsRmab;viFIkmnnimit smIkar 9-15, 1 = nNL / AE
Edl n RtUv)anCMnYseday N / P . cMNaMfa edIm,IkMNt;edrIevedayEpk eKcaM)ac;RtUvcat;Tuk P dUcCa
Gefr ehIyelIsBIenH eKRtUvsresrkmaMgkgGgt; N nImYyCaGnuKmn_eTAnwgkmaMg P . CalTpl
karKNna N / P TamTarnUvkarKNnaeRcInCagkarKNnakmaMg n nImYyedaypal;. tYTaMgenHman
lkNdUcKa edaysar n b N / P CabERmbRmYlnkmaMgkgGgt;tambnk P bbERmbRmYlenAkg
kmaMgGgt;kgelIbnkkta.
A=

dMeNIrkarkgkarviPaK (Procedure for analysis)

eKGaceRbICMhanxageRkamedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TIrbs;tMN truss edayeRbIRTwsIkasIKIy:aNU.

kmaMgxageRkA P

dak;kmaMg P enAelI truss enARtg;tMNEdleKcg;kMNt;bMlas;TI. eKsnt;[kmaMgenHman

TMhMERbRbYl ehIymanTistamExSskmrbs;bMlas;TI.

kmaMgkg N

kMNt;kmaMg N enAkgGgt;nImYyEdlbNalBIbnkBit nigkmaMgERbRbYl P . snt;kmaMg

TajviCman nigkmaMgsgt;GviCman.
KNnaedrIevedayEpkn N / P sRmab;Ggt;nImYy.
eRkayeBlkMNt; N nig N / P rYcehIy dak;tm[kmaMg P CatmnkmaMgBit Rbsin
ebIvaCMnYskmaMgBitEdlmanGMeBIenAelI truss. ebImindUcenaHeT yk P esInwgsUn.

RTwsIkasIKIy:aNU

GnuvtRTwsIkasIKIy:aNUedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TI Edlcg;)an. eKcaM)ac;RtUvrkSasBaaBiCKNit

sRmab;tmRtUvKan N nig N / P enAeBlCMnYstYTaMgenHeTAkgsmIkar.
RbsinebI N (N / P )L / AE viCman manTisedAdUcnwg P . RbsinebIlTplmantm
GviCman manTispyeTAnwgkmaMg P .

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]TahrN_ 9-12 kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisQrrbs;tMN C rbs; truss EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-24a.

RkLapmuxkat;rbs;Ggt;nImYyKW A = 400mm2 nig E = 200GPa .

dMeNaHRsay

kmaMgxageRkA P eKdak;kmaMgbBar P eTAelI truss enARtg;tMN C edaysarvaCacMNucEdleyIgRtUv

karkMNt;bMlas;TIbBar rUbTI 9-24b.

kmaMgkg N kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm truss A nig B ehIylTplrbs;vaRtUv)anbgajenAkg

rUbTI 9-24b. eKGackMNt;kmaMg N edayeRbIviFItMN rUbTI 9-24c*. sRmab;PaBgayRsYl lTplTaMgenH CamYynwgedrIevedayEpkn N / P RtUv)anerobCataragdUcxageRkam

edaysareKminman P dUckmaMgBitenAelI truss eyIgyk P = 0 enAkgtaragxagelI.

RTwsIkasIKIy:aNU edayGnuvtsmIkar 9-27 eyIg)an
10.67 kN .m
N L
Cv = N
=

AE
P AE

vamanlkNgayRsYlCagkgkarviPaK truss EtCamYynwgkmaMg 4kN EdlmanGMeBIelIva bnab;mkviPaK truss CamYynwg

kmaMg P elIva. eKGacbUkbBallTplTaMgBIredIm,ITTYl)ankmaMg N.
*

PaBdabedayeRbIviFIfamBl

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

edayCMnYs A = 400mm2 = 400(106 )m2 / E = 200GPa = 200(109 )Pa nwgbMEbgxatrbs; N BI kN

eTA N enaHeyIg)an
10.67(109 )N .m
C =
= 0.000133m = 0.133mm
400(10 6 )m 2 (200(109 )N / m 2 )
dMeNaHRsayenHdUcKanwgdMeNaHRsayedayviFIkmnnimitn]TahrN_ 9-2.
v

]TahrN_ 9-13 kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisedkrbs;tMN D rbs; truss EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-25a.

yk E = 200GPa . RkLapmuxkat;rbs;Ggt;nImYyRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUb.

dMeNaHRsay

kmaMgxageRkA P edaysareKRtUvkarkMNt;bMlas;TItamTisedkrbs; D eKRtUvdak;kmaMgGefr P enA

Rtg;tMN D rUbTI 9-25b.
kmaMgkg N kMNt;kmaMg N enAkgGgt; edayeRbIviFItMN*. lTplRtUvbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-25b.
edayerobcMTinnyenAkgtarag eyIg)an

RTwsIkasIKIy:aNU edayGnuvtsmIkar 9-27 eyIg)an

dUcenAkg]TahrN_elIkmun eKGacGnuvtkarviPaK truss CamYynwgkmaMg 45kN nigkmaMg P dac;edayELkBIKa ehIyeFVIkar
bUklTplrbs;vabBalKa.

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N L
Cv = N

P AE

= 0+0+0+

468.75kN .m

( )m [200(10 )kN / m ]

385 10

202.5kN .m

( )m [200(10 )kN / m ]

577.5 10

= 0.00784m = 7.84mm

]TahrN_ 9-14 kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisQrrbs;tMN C rbs; truss EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-26a.

snt;fa A = 300mm2 / E = 200GPa .

dMeNaHRsay

kmaMgxageRkA P kmaMg 20kN enARtg;cMNuc C RtUv)anCMnYsedaykmaMgGefr P enARtg;tMN C

rUbTI 9-26b.
kmaMgkg N kMNt;kmaMg N enAkgGgt; edayeRbIviFItMN. lTplRtUv)ansegbenAkgrUbTI 9-26b.
TinnyEdlRtUvkarRtUv)anerobcMenAkgtarag eyIg)an

RTwsIkasIKIy:aNU edayCMnYsTinnyeTAkgsmIkar 9-27 eyIg)an

369.7 kN .m
N L
Cv = N
=

EA
P AE

PaBdabedayeRbIviFIfamBl

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

edaybMEbkxatrbs;RbEvgGgt;eTACamIlIEm:Rt nigedayCMnYstmCaelxsRmab; AE eyIg)an

Cv =

369.7 kN .m(1000mm / m)

[300(10 )m ][200(10 )kN / m ] = 6.16mm

6

eyIgKYrcMNaMfa lTplenHmanlkNRsedogKanwglTplenAkg]TahrN_ 9-1 EdleRbIviFIkmn

nimit.

(>(> RTwsIbTrbs;kasIKIy:aNUsRmab;Fwm nigeRKag

(Castiglianos theorem for beams and frames)

famBlbERmbRmYlrageFobsRmab;Fwm beRKagEdlekItBIm:Um:g;Bt;RtUv)an[edaysmIkar 911 U i = M 2 dx / 2 EI . edayCMnYssmIkarenHeTAkgsmIkar 9-26 i = U i / Pi nigeday

lubecalsnsS i eyIg)an
=

L M 2 dx
P 0 2 EI

kareFVIDIepr:g;EslmunkareFVIGaMgetRkalmanlkNgayRsYlCagkareFVIGaMgetRkaleTAelIkaern
m:Um:g;Bt; M rYceTIbeFVIedrIevedayEpktameRkay. kgkrNIEdl E nig i Catmefr eyIg)an
L
M dx
= M

0
P EI

Edl

(9-28)

bMlas;TIncMNucEdlbNaledaybnkBitEdlmanGMeBIelIFwm beRKag.
P = kmaMgxageRkAEdlGnuvteTAelIFwm beRKagtamTisedArbs; .
M = m:Um:g;Bt;enAkgFwm beRKag EdlRtUv)ansresrCaGnuKmn_eTAnwg x nigedaysarkmaMg P
nigkmaMgBitenAelIFwm.
E = mU:DuleGLasicrbs;Ggt;.
I = m:Um:g;niclPaBnRkLapmuxkat;EdlKNnaRtg;GkSNWt.
RbsinebIeKRtUvkarkMNt;mMurgVilenARtg;cMNucmYy eyIgRtUvrkedrIevedayEpknm:Um:g;Bt; M tam
m:Um:g;xageRkA M ' EdlmanGMeBIenARtg;cMNucenaH eBalKW
=

M dx

M ' EI

= M
0

Deflection Using Energy Method

(9-29)

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smIkarxagelImanlkNRsedogKanwgsmIkarEdleRbIsRmab;viFIkmnnimit smIkar 9-18 nig

9-19 elIkElgRtg;eKCMnYs m nig m eday M / P nig M / M ' erogKa. dUcenAkgkrNI truss,
CaTUeTAeKRtUvkarKNnaeRcInCagkareRbIviFIkmnbnicedaytRmUv[KNnaedrIevedayEpk ehIyGnuvt
RTwsIkasIKIy:aNU. ehIyeKKYrcgcaMfa RTwsIenHGnuvtEteTAelIsmarEdlmanlkNeGLasic lIenEGr. RbsinebIeKRtUvkarKitfamBlbERmbRmYlrageFobenAkgeRKOgbgMEdlekItkmaMgkgTaMgGs; eK
RtUvKitbBalfamBlbERmbRmYlrageFobEdlbNalBIkmaMgkat; kmaMgtamGkS nigkmaMgrmYl. kar
RsayrUbmnsRmab;kmaMgkat; nigkmaMgrmYlmanlkNRsedognwgkarRsayrUbmnnsmIkar 9-21 nig
9-22. famBlbERmbRmYlrageFob nigedrIevrbs;vaKW
Us = K

L V 2 dx

Ut =

LT

2 AG
2

dx
2 JG

L V V
U s
=

dx
0
P
AG P
L T T
U t
=

dx
0 JG P
P

b:uEn\TiBlenHminRtUv)aneKrab;bBaleTAkg karviPaKenAkgemeronenHeT edaysarPaBdab

rbs;Fwm nigeRKagekIteLIgCacMbgedaysarfamBlbERmbRmYlragedaym:Um:g;Bt;. eKeRcInEtviPaK
eRKagEdlmanElVgFM beRKagEdlmanragFrNImaRtminFmtaedayeRbIkMuBTrCaCMnYy Edl\TiBlTaMg
enH RtUv)anKitbBaleTAkgkarviPaKCaeRsc.

dMeNIrkarkgkarviPaK (Procedure for analysis)

eKGaceRbICMhanxageRkamedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TI nigbmMurgVilenARtg;cMNucmYyenAkgFwm b
eRKagedayeRbIRTwsIkasIKIy:aNU.

kmaMgxageRkA P bm:Um:g;xageRkA M

dak;kmaMg P enAelIFwm beRKagenARtg;cMNuc nigtamTisedAnbMlas;TIEdlcg;)an.

RbsinebIeKRtUvkarkMNt;mMurgVil eKRtUvdak;m:Um:g; M ' enARtg;cMNucenaH.
eKRtUvsnt;fa P nig M ' manTMhMERbRbYl.

m:Um:g;Bt; M

begItkUGredaen x smRsbmannyenAkgtMbn;nFwm beRKagEdlminmanPaBminCab;nkmaMg

bnkBRgay bm:Um:g;.
KNnam:Um:g;Bt; M CaGnuKmn_n P b M ' nigkUGredaen x nImYy. ehIy KNnaedrIeveday
Epkn M / P b M / M ' sRmab;kUGredaen x nImYy.

PaBdabedayeRbIviFIfamBl

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

eRkayeBlkMNt; M nig M / P b M / M ' rYcehIy dak;tm[kmaMg P bm:Um:g; M '

CatmnkmaMgBit RbsinebIvaCMnYskmaMg bm:Um:g;Bit. ebImindUcenaHeT yk P b M ' esInwg
sUn.

RTwsIkasIKIy:aNU

GnuvtsmIkar 9-28 b 9-29 edIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TI bmMurgVil Edlcg;)an. eKcaM)ac;RtUvrkSa

sBaaBiCKNitsRmab;tmRtUvKan M nig M / P b M / M ' .
RbsinebIplbUknGaMgetRkalkMNt;TaMgGs;mantmviCman enaH b manTisedAdUcnwg P
b M ' .

]TahrN_ 9-15 kMNt;bMlas;TIrbs;cMNuc B nFwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-27a. yk E =

/

( )

200GPa I = 500 106 mm 4

dMeNaHRsay

kmaMgxageRkA P dak;kmagM bBar P enAelIFwmRtg;cMNuc B dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-27b.

m:Um:g;Bt; M sRmab;karedaHRsay]TahrN_enH eKRtUvkarkUGredaenH x EtmYy edaysarminmanPaB
minCab;nbnkenAcenaH A nig B . edayeRbIviFImuxkat; rUbTI 9-27 eyIg)an
+M = 0

x
M (12 x ) Px = 0
2
M = 6 x 2 Px

edayyk P = 0 eyIg)an
M = 6x 2

Deflection Using Energy Method

M
= x
P
M
= x
P
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RTwsIkasIKIy:aNU edayGnuvtsmIkar 9-28 eyIg)an

L
10 ( 6 x 2 )( x )dx
M dx
B = M
=

P EI
15 103 kN .m 3
=
EI

B =

( )

EI

( )
200(10 )kN / m [500(10 )mm ](10
15 10 3 kN .m 3

12

m 4 / mm 4

= 0.150m = 150mm

eyIgKYrcMNaMfa lTplenHmanlkNRsedogKanwglTplenAkg]TahrN_ 9-4 EdleRbIviFIkmn

nimit.

]TahrN_ 9-16 kMNt;mMurgVilenARtg;cMNuc B nFwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-28a. yk E =

/

( )

200GPa I = 60 10 6 mm 4

dMeNaHRsay

m:Um:g;xageRkA M edaysareKRtUvkarkMNt;mMurgVilRtg;cMNuc B dUcenHeKRtUvdak;m:Um:g; M ' enAelIFwm

enARtg;cMNucenaH rUbTI 9-28b.
m:Um:g;Bt; M eKRtUveRbIkUGredaen x1 nig x2 edIm,IkMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enAkgFwmedaysarvamanPaBdab; M '
enARtg;cMNuc B . dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-28a/ x1 latsnwgBI A eTA B nig x2 latsnwgBI B eTA C .
edayeRbIviFImuxkat; rUbTI 9-28c eK)anm:Um:g;Bt; nigedrIevedayEpkrbs;vadUcxageRkam.
sRmab; x1
+M = 0

M 1 + 3 x1 = 0
M 1 = 3x1

PaBdabedayeRbIviFIfamBl

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
M 1
=0
M '

sRmab; x2

M 2 M '+3(5 + x2 ) = 0

+M = 0

M 2 = M '3(5 + x2 )
M 2
=1
M '

RTwsIkasIKIy:aNU eday[ M ' = 0 nigedayGnuvtsmIkar 9-29 eyIg)an

5 ( 3 x1 )(0 )dx1
5 3(5 + x2 )(1)dx2
M dx
=
+

0
0
EI
EI
M ' EI
112.5kN .m 2
=
EI
112.5kN .m 2
B =
200 10 6 kN / m 2 60 10 6 mm 4 10 12 m 4 / mm 4
L

B = M
0

( )

[ ( ) ](

= 0.00938rad

sBaadkbgajfa B manTisedApuyeTAnwgTisedArbs;m:Um:g; M ' . eyIgKYrcMNaMfa lTplenHman

lkNRsedogKanwglTplenAkg]TahrN_ 9-6 EdleRbIviFIkmnnimit.

]TahrN_ 9-17 kMNt;bMlas;TIbBarncMNuc C rbs;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-29a. yk E =

/

( ) .

200GPa I = 150 106 mm 4

dMeNaHRsay

kmaMgxageRkA P dak;kmagM bBar P enAelIFwmRtg;cMNuc C rUbTI 9-29b. eyIgnwg[kmaMg P

enHesInwgkmaMgxageRkA 20kN enAeBleRkay.
Deflection Using Energy Method

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m:Um:g;Bt; M enAkgkrNIenH eKRtUvkarkUGredaen x cMnYnBIrsRmab;kareFVIGaMgetRkal rUbTI 9-29b

edaysarbnkmanlkNminCab;enARtg;cMNuc C . edayeRbIviFImuxkat; rUbTI 9-29c eyIg)an
sRmab; x1
x
(24 + 0.5 P )x1 + 8 x1 1 + M 1 = 0
2

+M = 0

M 1 = (24 + 0.5P )x1 4 x12

sRmab; x2
M 2 + (8 + 0.5 P )x2 = 0

+M = 0

M 2 = (8 + 0.5 P )x2

M 1
= 0.5 x1
P

M 2
= 0.5 x2
P

RTwsIkasIKIy:aNU edayyk P = 20kN nigedayGnuvtsmIkar 9-28 eyIg)an

4 (34 x1 4 x12 )(0.5 x1 )dx1
L
4(18 x2 )(0.5 x2 )dx2
M dx
C = M
=
+

Cv

0
0
EI
P EI
234.7 kN .m 3 192kN .m 3 426.7 kN .m 3
=
+
=
EI
EI
EI
3
426.7 kN .m
=
6
2
200 10 kN / m 150 10 6 mm 4 10 12 m 4 / mm 4

( )

[ ( ) ](

EI

= 0.0142m = 14.2mm

]TahrN_ 9-18 kMNt;mMurgVilenARtg;cMNuc C rbs;eRKagEdlmanGgt;BIrEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9-

30a. TRm A CaTRmbgb;. yk E = 200GPa / I = 235(106 )mm4 .

PaBdabedayeRbIviFIfamBl

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNaHRsay

m:Um:g;xageRkA M eKdak;m:Um:g;Gefr M ' eTAelIeRKagenARtg;cMNuc C edaysarRtUvkarkMNt;mMurgVil

Rtg;cMNucenH rUbTI 9-30b. eyIgnwg[m:Um:g; M ' enHesIsUnenAeBleRkay.
m:Um:g;Bt; M edaysarPaBminCab;rbs;bnkxagkgenARtg;cMNuc B eKRtUveRbIkUGredaen x1 nig x2 dUc
bgajenAkgrUbTI 9-30b. edayeRbIviFImuxkat; rUbTI 9-30c eyIg)an
sRmab; x1
x
M 1 30 x1 1 M ' = 0
2

+M = 0

M 1 = 15 x12 + M '
M 1
= 1
M '

sRmab; x2

(
= 108(x

+M = 0

)
+ 1 .8 ) M '

M 2 108 x2 cos 60 o + 1.8 M ' = 0

M2
M 2
= 1
M '

2 cos 60

RTwsIkasIKIy:aNU eday[ M ' = 0 nigedayGnuvtsmIkar 9-29 eyIg)an

3.6 ( 15 x12 )( 1)dx1
3 108(x2 cos 60 o + 1.8)( 1)dx2
L
M dx
C = M
=
+

0
0
EI
M ' EI
233.28kN .m 2 826.2kN .m 2 1059.48kN .m 2
=
+
=
EI
EI
EI
2
1059.48kN .m
C =
=
6
2
200 10 kN / m 235 10 6 mm 4 10 12 m 4 / mm 4

( )

[ ( ) ](

EI

= 0.00225 rad

Deflection Using Energy Method

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NPIC

cMeNaT
(>!> eRbIviFIkmnnimitedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TIbBar
ntMN B rbs; truss. Ggt;EdknImYymanRkLapmuxkat; 300mm2 / E = 200GPa .

(>@> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>!> edayeRbIRTwsIkasIKI

y:aNU.
(>#> eRbIviFIkmnnimitedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TItamTis
edkrbs;tMN B n truss kgcMeNaT (>!>. Ggt;
EdknImYymanRkLapmuxkat; 300mm2 / E =
200GPa .
(>$> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>#> edayeRbIRTwsIkasI
KIy:aNU.
(>%> kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisedkrbs;tMN B n
truss. Ggt;nImYymanRkLapmuxkat;
400mm 2 / E = 200GPa . eRbIviFIkmnnimit.

cMeNaT

(>^> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>%> edayeRbIRTwsIkasI

KIy:aNU.
(>&> kMNt;bMlas;TIbBarrbs;tMN C n truss
kgcMeNaT (>%>. Ggt;nImYymanRkLapmux
kat; 400mm2 / E = 200GPa . eRbIviFIkmn
nimit.
(>*> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>&> edayeRbIRTwsIkasI
KIy:aNU.
(>(> kMNt;bMlas;TIbBarrbs; truss Rtg;tMN
F . snt;RKb;Ggt;TaMgGs;tPab;KaedaytMN
snak;. yk A = 300mm2 / E = 200GPa
sRmab;Ggt;nImYy. eRbIviFIkmn nimit.

(>!0> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>(> edayeRbIRTwsIkasI

KIy:aNU.
(>!!> kMNt;bMlas;TIbBarrbs; truss enAkg
cMeNaT (>!0> Rtg;tMN B . snt;RKb;Ggt;TaMg
Gs; tPab;KaedaytMNsnak;. yk
A = 300mm 2 / E = 200GPa sRmab;Ggt;
nImYy. eRbIviFIkmnnimit.

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

(>!@> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>!!> edayeRbIRTwsIka

sIKIy:aNU.
(>!#> kMNt;bMlas;TIbBarrbs;ntMN A . snt;
RKb;Ggt;TaMgGs;tPab;KaedaytMNsnak;. yk
A = 100mm 2 / E = 200GPa sRmab;Ggt;
nImYy. eRbIviFIkmnnimit.

(>!$> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>!#> edayeRbIRTwsIka

sIKIy:aNU.
(>!%> eRbIviFIkmnnimitedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TItam
Tisedkrbs;tMN C . Ggt;EdknImYyman
RkLapmuxkat; 400mm2 / E = 200GPa .

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

(>!^. Ggt;Edk A 36 nImYymanRkLap

muxkat; 400mm2 / E = 200GPa .
(>!*> kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisQrrbs;tMN B .
RkLapmuxkat;rbs;Ggt;nImYyRtUv)ankMNt;
enAkgrUb. snt;Ggt;nImYyRtUv)antPab;eday
tMNsnak;. yk E = 200GPa . eRbIviFIkmn
nimit.

(>!(> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>!*> edayeRbIRTwsIka

sIKIy:aNU.
(>@0> kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisQrrbs;tMN E .
Ggt;nImYymanRkLapmuxkat; 2700mm2 /
E = 200GPa . eRbIviFIkmnnimit.

(>@!> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>@0> edayeRbIRTwsIka

(>!^> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>!%> edayeRbIRTwsIka sIKIy:aNU.
sIKIy:aNU.
(>@@> eRbIviFIkmnnimitedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TItam
(>!&> eRbIviFIkmnnimitedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TItam TisQrrbs;tMN A . Ggt;EdknImYyman
TisQrrbs;tMN D n truss enAkgcMeNaT RkLapmuxkat; 1800mm2 / E = 200GPa .
Problems

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Department of Civil Engineering

(>@#> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>@@> edayeRbIRTwsIka

sIKIy:aNU.
(>@$> eRbIviFIkmnnimitedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TItam
TisQrrbs;tMN B n truss enAkgcMeNaT (>@@.
Ggt;EdknImYymanRkLapmuxkat; 1800mm2 /
E = 200GPa .
(>@%> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>@$> edayeRbIRTwsIka
sIKIy:aNU.
(>@^> kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisQrrbs;tMN A .
snt;faGgt;nImYyRtUv)antPab;Kaedaysnak;.
yk A = 1200mm2 nig E = 200GPa sRmab;
Ggt;nImYy. eRbIviFIkmnnimit.

NPIC

(>@(> dkbnkBI truss enAkgcMeNaT(>@^ ehIy

kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisQrrbs;tMN A RbsinebI
eKplitGgt; AE manRbEvgxICagGgt;edIm
12mm .
(>#0> eRbIviFIkmnnimitedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TItam
TisQrrbs;tMN C . yk E = 200GPa . Ggt;
EdknImYymanRkLapmuxkat; 1500mm2 .

(>#!> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>#0> edayeRbIRTwsIka

sIKIy:aNU.
(>#@> kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisQrrbs;tMN B .
sRmab;Ggt;nImYy A = 900mm2 / E =
200GPa . eRbIviFIkmnnimit.

(>@&> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>@^> edayeRbIRTwsIka

sIKIy:aNU.
(>@*> dkbnkBI truss enAkgcMeNaT (>@^
ehIykMNt;bMlas;TItamTisQrrbs;tMN A .
RbsinebIGgt; AB nig BC rgnUvkMeNIn (>##> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>#@> edayeRbIRTwsIka
sItuNPaB T = 110o C . yk A = 1200mm2 sIKIy:aNU.
nig E = 200GPa . ehIy = 12.0(106 )/ o C .
cMeNaT

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

(>#$> kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisQrrbs;tMN E n
truss enAkgcMeNaT (>#@. sRmab;Ggt;
nImYy A = 900mm2 / E = 200GPa . eRbIviFI
kmnnimit.
(>#%> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>#$> edayeRbIRTwsIka
sIKIy:aNU.
(>#^> kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisQrrbs;tMN D n
truss. Ggt;nImYymanmuxkat; A = 300mm 2 /
E = 200GPa . eRbIviFIkmnnimit.

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

(>#(> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>#*> edayeRbIRTwsIka

sIKIy:aNU.
(>$0> kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisedkrbs;tMN B n
truss kgcMeNaT (>#*. Ggt;nImYymanmuxkat; A = 1800mm2 / E = 200GPa . eRbIviFI
kmnnimit.
(>$!> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>$0> edayeRbIRTwsIka
sIKIy:aNU.
(>$@> kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisedkrbs;tMN C .
eRbIviFIkmnnimit snt;Ggt;TaMgGs;tPab;Ka
edaytMNsnak;. Ggt;nImYymanmuxkat; AE
mantmefr.

(>#&> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>#^> edayeRbIRTwsIka

sIKIy:aNU.
(>#*> kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisedkrbs;tMN C n
truss. Ggt;nImYymanmuxkat; A = 1800mm 2 /
E = 200GPa . eRbIviFIkmnnimit.
(>$#> dkbnkBI truss enAkgcMeNaT (>$@
ehIykMNt;bMlas;TItamTisedkrbs;cMNuc C
RbsinebIGgt; AB nig BC rgnUvkMeNIn
sItuNPaB T = 110o C . yk A = 1200mm2
nig E = 200GPa . ehIy = 1.80(106 )/ o C .
Problems

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

(>$$> dkbnkBI truss enAkgcMeNaT (>$@

(>%!> kMNt;bMlas;TIrbs;cMNuc C nFwmEdlman
ehIykMNt;bMlas;TItamTisedkrbs;cMNuc C
m:Um:g;niclPaB I = 20(106 )mm 4 yk E =
RbsinebIGgt; CD RtUv)aneKplitedayman
200GPa .
RbEvgxICag12mm .
(>$%>eRbIviFIkmnnimitedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TItam
TisQrrbs;tMN A . Ggt;nImYymanmuxkat;
A = 400mm 2 / E = 200GPa .
(>%@> kMNt;bMlas;TIrbs;cMNuc C nFwmenAkg
cMeNaT (>%! EdlFwmenHmanm:Um:g;niclPaB
I = 20(10 6 )mm 4 yk E = 200GPa .
(>%#>eRbIviFIkmnnimitedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TIrbs;cM
Nuc C nFwmEdleFVIBIEdk. E = 200GPa / I =
100(106 )mm 4 .
(>$^> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>$%> edayeRbIRTwsIka
sIKIy:aNU.
(>$&>eRbIviFIkmnnimitedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TIrbs;cM
Nuc C . EI Catmefr.
(>%$>eRbIviFIkmnnimitedIm,IkMNt;mMurgVilrbs;cM-

(>$*> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>$&> edayeRbIRTwsIka

sIKIy:aNU.
(>$(>eRbIviFIkmnnimitedIm,IkMNt;mMurgVilrbs;cM
Nuc C ncMeNaT (>$&. EI Catmefr.
(>%0>eRbIviFIkmnnimitedIm,IkMNt;mMurgVilrbs;cM
Nuc A ncMeNaT (>$&. EI Catmefr.

Nuc A nFwmEdleFVIBIEdkkgcMeNaT (>%#.

E = 200GPa / I = 100(10 6 )mm 4 .
(>%%> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>%$> edayeRbIRTwsIka
sIKIy:aNU.
(>%^> kMNt;mMurgVilenARtg;cMNuc A . EI man
tmrfr.

(>%&> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>%^> edayeRbIRTwsIka

sIKIy:aNU.
cMeNaT

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

(>%*> eRbIviFIkmnnimitedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TItam FwmenHmanmuxkat;ctuekaNEdlmanCMerA

Tisedkrbs;cMNuc A EdlbNalBIkmaMgcMNuc 350mm .
P . TRmRtg;cMNuc C CaTRmbgb;.
EI Catmefr. KitEt\TiBlnm:Um:g;Bt;b:ueNaH.
(>^#> EpkxagelIrbs;FwmrgnUvsItuNPaB Tt =
200 o C xNsItuNPaBnEpkxageRkamrbs;
FwmKW Tb = 30o C . RbsinebI = 12(106 )/ o C
cUrkMNt;bMlas;TItamTisQrrbs;cMNuc C Edl
bNalBIbERmbRmYlsItuNPaB. FwmenHman
muxkat;ctuekaNEdlmanCMerA 350mm .

(>%(>edaHRsaycMeNaT (>%*> edayeRbIRTwsIka

sIKIy:aNU.
(>^0> r)ar ABC manmuxkat;ctuekaN 300mm
100mm . EdkBr BD manGgt;pit 20mm .
kMNt;bMlas;TIrbs;cMNuc C EdlbNalBIbnk.
BicarNaEt\TiBlm:Um:g;Bt;enAkgr)ar ABC nig (>^$> kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisedkrbs;cMNuc C .
EI Catmefr. eKmanTRmbgb;enARtg;cMNuc A .
kmaMgtamGkSenAkg DB . E = 200GPa .
BicarNaEt\TiBlm:Um:g;Bt;.

(>^!> kMNt;mMurgVilncMNuc A ncMeNaT (>^0.

(>^@> )atrbs;FwmrgnUvsItuNPaB Tb = 120o C
xNsItuNPaBnEpkxagelIrbs;FwmKW Tt =
10o C . RbsinebI = 11.7(10 6 )/ o C cUr
kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisQrrbs;cMNuc B Edl
bNalBIbERmbRmYlsItuNPaB.
Problems

(>^%> eRbIviFIkmnnimitedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TItam
TisedkenARtg;cMNuc C . RkLapmuxkat;rbs;
Ggt; nImYyRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUb. snt;Ggt;
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NPIC

TaMgGs;RtUv)antPab;edaytMNsnak;. E =
200GPa .

(>^^> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>^%> edayeRbIRTwsIka

sIKIy:aNU.
(>^&> eRbIviFIkmnnimitedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TItam
TisQrenARtg;TRm D . EI mantmefr.

(>^*> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>^&> edayeRbIRTwsIka

sIKIy:aNU.
(>^(> eKmankgmYyenAelIprwg ehIykgenHrg
bnkbBar P . kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisQrenA
Rtg;cMNuc B . EI mantmefr.
cMeNaT

(>&0> Edkbt;man E = 200GPa / G = 75GPa

nigmankaM 30mm . eRbIviFIkmnnimitedIm,IkMNt;
bMlas;TItam TisQrenARtg;cMNuc C . Kit
bBal\TiBlfamBlbERmbRmYlrageFobEdle
kItBIm:Um:g;Bt; kmaMgkat; nigkmaMgrmYl.

(>&!> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>&0> edayeRbIRTwsIka

sIKIy:aNU.
(>&@> eRKagxageRkamrgnUvbnk 20kN . kMNt;
bMlas;TItamTisQrenARtg;cMNuc C . snt;va
Ggt;tPab;edaytMNsnak;enARtg;cMNuc A / C
nig E ehIytMN B nigtMN D CatMNbgb;. EI
mantmefr. eRbIviFIkmnnimit.

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

(>&#> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>&@> edayeRbIRTwsIka

sIKIy:aNU.
(>&$> eRbIviFIkmnnimitedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TItam
TisedkenARtg;TRm C . EI mantmefr.
eKman tMNsnak;enARtg;cMNuc A .
snt;cMNuc C Ca tMNkl; nig B CatMNbgb;.

(>&%> edaHRsaycMeNaT (>&$> edayeRbIRTwsIka

sIKIy:aNU.

Problems

T.Chhay

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

!0> viPaKeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTictamviFIkmaMg
Analysis of statically indeterminate structures by the force method

CMBUkenHENnaMBIviFIkmaMg bviFIPicsIubIlIFI (force or flexibility method) edIm,IviFI truss Fwm

nigeRKagminGackMNt;edaysaTic. enAcugbBab;nemeronmanbgajBIviFIsRmab;sg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;
Fwm beRKagminGackMNt;edaysaTic.

!0>!> rcnasm<nminkMNt;edaysaTic (Statically indeterminate structures)

rMlwkBIkfaxN 2.4 eRKOgbgMRKb;RbePTEdlRtUv)ancat;cMNat;fak;CaeRKOgbgMminkMNt;eday
saTicenAeBlEdlcMnYnGBaatEdlCakmaMgRbtikm bkmaMgkgelIsBIcMnYnsmIkarlMnwgEdlGacman
sRmab;karviPaKenaH. enAkgkfaxNenH eyIgnwgBiPakSaBIviFInkareRbIeRKOgbgMminkMNt; nigviFImUldan cMnYnBIrEdleKRtUvkarviPaK. eyIgRtUvdwgfaeRKOgbgMPaKeRcInEdlsikSaKNnasBVfCaeRKOgbgM
minkMNt;edaysaTic. cMnYnminkMNt;GacekIneLIgedaysarkarbEnmTRm bGgt; bedayTRmg;TUeTA
rbs;rcnasm<n. Ca]TahrN_ GKarebtugGarem:esIrEtTaMgGs;CaeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTic eday
sarssr nigFwmRtUv)ancak;CaGgt;Cab;Rtg;tMN nigRtg;TRm.
KuNsm,ti nigKuNvibti eTaHbICakarviPaKeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicmanlkNsKsajCagkar
viPaKeRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTickeday keKenAEteRCIserIsvasRmab;karsikSaKNnaEdr edaysarCaTU
eTAeKmanmUlehtuCaeRcIn. GVIEdlsMxan;CaeKKW sRmab;kardak;bnkdUcKakugRtaMgGtibrma nigPaBdab
sRmab;eRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicmantmtUcCagsRmab;eRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTic. Ca]TahrN_
eRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTic FwmTRmbgb; enAkgrUbTI 10-1a nwgrgnUvm:Um:g;Bt;Gtibrma M max =
PL / 8 b:uEnFwmTRmsamBa rUbTI 10-1b nwgrgnUvm:Um:g;Bt;eTVdgeBalKW M max = PL / 4 . CalTpl
FwmTRmbgb;manPaBdab;tUcCagbYndg nigmankugRtaMgBt;tUcCagBIrdgnFwmTRmsamBaenARtg;kNal
ElVg.
ehtupldsMxan;mYyeTotkgkareRCIserIseRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicKWedaysarvaGacEbg
Eckbnkrbs;vaeTATRmEdlmancMnYnelIs enAkgkrNIEdlmankarsikSaKNnamanlkNxusqg bk
kardak;bnkelIsGacekItman. enAkgkrNITaMgenH rcnasm<nrkSasirPaB nigkarBarkar)ak;rlM. va
manlkNsMxan;CaBiess enAeBlEdlbnkxag dUcCabnkxl; bbnkrBaydImanGMeBIelIeRKOgbgM.
edIm,IbgajBIlkNsMxan;enH cUrBicarNaFwmTRmbgb;enAkgrUbTI 10-1amgeTot. enAeBlkmaMg P
viPaKeRKOgbgMminGackMNt;edaysaTictamviFIkmaMg

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

ekIneLIg smarrbs;FwmenARtg;CBaaMg nigenARtg;kNalElVgcab;epImeFVIkardl;tMbl;yal (yield)

ehIybegIt)anCasnak;)asic EdleFVI[FwmdabdUckrNIFwmEdltPab;edaysnak;enARtg;cMNuc enaH.
eTaHbICaPaBdabmantmFMkeday EtCBaaMgnwgbegItkmaMgRbtikmtamTisedk nigm:Um:g;RbtikmEdl
nwgTb;FwmBIkar)ak;TaMgRsug. enAkgkrNIFwmTRmsamBa rUbTI 10-1b bnkelIs P nigeFVI
[snak;)asicekItmanEtenARtg;kNalElVgrbs;Fwm ehIyedaysarPaBdabmantmFM TRmnwgmin
begItkmaMgRbtikmtamTisedk nigm:Um:g;RbtikmEdlcaM)ac;sRmab;kar)ak;TaMgRsug.
eTaHbICaeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicGacRTbnkCamYynwgGgt;esIgCag nigmansirPaBCag
ebIeRbobeFobnwgrcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTickeday kmankrNIxHKuNsm,tiTaMgenHGacCMnYseday
KuNvibtivijEdr. eKRtUveRbobeFobtmsmarEdlsnSMCamYynwgtmbEnmEdlcaM)ac;edIm,Isagsg;
rcnasm<nenaH edaysareBlxHeKRtUvkarcMNayfvikarCaeRcInkgkarsagsg;TRm nigtMNrbs;eRKOg
bgM minkMNt;edaysaTicebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgrcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic. EtGVIEdlsMxan;CagenH
edaysareRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicmankmaMgRbtikmEdlCaGBaat enaHeKRtUvRbytkgkarkarBar
sRmut DIepr:g;Eslrbs;TRm BIeRBaH\TiBlenHnwgbegItkugRtaMgxagkgenAkgeRKOgbgM. Ca]TahrN_
Rbsin ebICBaaMgenAcugmagnFwmTRmbgb;enAkgrUbTI 10-1a Rsut ehIykugRtaMgnwgekItmanenAkg
FwmedaysarkmaMgEdlekItmanedaysarkMhUcRTg;RTayenH. m:agvijeTot RbsinebIRtUv)anRTeday
TRmsamBa bCarcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic rUbTI 10-1b enaHsRmutncugrbs;vanwgmineFVI[
FwmxUcRTg;RTay ehIyvanwgmineFVI[mankugRtaMgekItmanenAkgFwmeT. CaTUeTA RKb;kMhUcRTg;
RTayTaMgGs;dUcCa kMhUcRTg;RTayedaysarEdlbNalBIbMlas;TIrbs;TRm bbERmbRmYlrbs;RbEvg
rbs;Ggt;EdlbNalBI sItuNPaB bedaysarkMhugqgkgkarplit nwgbegItkugRtaMgbEnmenAkg
rcnasm<nEdleKcaM)ac;RtUv KitBicarNaenAeBlsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTic.

viFIviPaK enAeBlviPaKrcnasm<nminkMNt;edaysaTicTaMgGs; eKcaM)ac;RtUvbMeBjtRmUvkarlMnwg

(equilibrium) PaBRtUvKa (compatibility) nigTMnak;TMngkmaMg nigbMlas;TI (force-displacement)
sRmab;rcnasm<n. lkxNlMnwgRtUv)anbMeBjenAeBlEdlkmaMgRbtikmTb;rcnasm<nenAmYykEng
Analysis of statically indeterminate structures by the force method

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

ehIylkxNRtUvKaRtUv)anbMeBjenAeBlEdlkMNat;Ggt;CaeRcInrbs;rcnasm<neFVIkarCamYyKaeday
minmankardac;xagkg bKgBIelIKa. tRmUvkarTMnak;TMngkmaMg nigbMlas;TIGaRsynwgkareFVIkarrbs;
smar enAkgGtbTenHeyIgsnt;fasmareFVIkarCalkNeGLasiclIenEGr. CaTUeTA eKmanviFIBIr
epSgKaedIm,IbMeBjtRmUvkarTaMgenHenAeBlviPaKrcnasm<nminkMNt;edaysaTicKW viFIkmaMg bviFIPicsIubIlIFI (force or flexibility method) nigviFIbMlas;TI bviFIPaBrwgRkaj (displacement or stiffness
method).
viFIkmaMg viFIenHRtUv)anbegIteLIgCadMbUgedayecmkWkm:akesVl (James Clerk Maxwell) enAkgqaM
1864 nigeRkaymk viFIenHRtUv)anEksRmYl[manlkNlRbesIredayGUtUmr (Otto Mohr) nig
ehnrIcmuyeyeRbs (Heinrich Muller-Breslau). edaysarlkxNRtUvKabegIteKalkarN_sRmab;
viFIenH eBlxHeKGacehAvaCaviFIxMepFIbIlIFI (compatibility method) bviFIbMlas;TIzitezr (method
of consistent displacement). viFIenHRtUv)anbegIteLIgedaykarsresrsmIkarEdlbMeBjlkxN
RtUvKa nigtRmUvkarnTMnak;TMngkmaMg nigbMlas;TIsRmab;eRKOgbgMedIm,IkMNt;kmaMgEdlCaGBaat
elIs.
enAeBlEdleKkMNt;kmaMgTaMgenHrYcehIy eKGackMNt;kmaMgRbtikmEdlenAsl;edaybMeBjtRmUvkar
lkxNlMnwg. eKalkarN_mUldanEdlBak;BnnwgkarGnuvtviFIenHmanlkNgayRsYlyl; nigman
lkNgayRsYlbegIt ehIyvakRtUv)anelIkykmkBiPakSaenAkgCMBUkenHpgEdr.
viFIbMlas;TI viFIenHEpkelIkarsresrTMnak;TMngrvagkmaMg nigbMlas;TIsRmab;Ggt;CadMbUg bnab;mk
EpkelIkarsresrsmIkarlMnwgsRmab;eRKOgbgM. enAkgkrNIenH GBaatenAkgsmIkarKWbMlas;TI. enA
eBlEdleKTTYl)anbMlas;TI eKGackMNt;kmaMgBIlkxNRtUvKa nigsmIkarTMnak;TMngrvagbMlas;TI nig
kmaMg. eyIgnwgsikSabeckeTsxHEdleRbIedIm,IGnuvtviFIbMlas;TIenAkgCMBUk11 nigCMBUk12. rUbmn
ma:RTIsnviFIenHmanbgajenAkgCMBUk14/ 15 nig16.
viFInImYynviFITaMgBIrEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-2 manKuNsm,ti nigKuNvibtiGaRsyeTAnwg
ragFrNImaRtrbs;eRKOgbgM nigdWeRknPaBminkMNt;rbs;va.

viPaKeRKOgbgMminGackMNt;edaysaTictamviFIkmaMg

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

!0>@> dMeNIrkarTUeTAkgkarviPaKedayviFIkmaMg
(Force method of analysis: general procedure)

meFa)aydlbMputkgkarbgajeKalkarN_Edl
Bak;BnnwgviFIkmaMgKWBicarNaFwmEdlbgaj enAkgrUbTI
10-3a. RbsinebIeKKUrdaRkamGgesrIrbs;va enaHvanwg
mankmaMgRbtikmEdlCaGBaatcMnYnbYn ehIyedaysarEt
vaGacmansmIkarlMnwgcMnYnbIsRmab;karedaHRsay enaHFwm
enHCarcnasm<ndWeRkTImYy. dUcenH eKcaM)ac;RtUvkarsmIkar
bEnmcMnYnmYysRmab;edaHRsay. edIm,ITTYlsmIkarenH
eyIgnwgeRbIeKalkarN_tRmYtpl nigBicarNalkNRtUvKa
nbMlas;TIenARtg;TRmmag. eKGacviPaKFwmenHedayeRCIs
erIskmaMgRbtikmTRmmYyCaGBaatelIs ehIydkvaecjBI
FwmCabeNaHGasn enaHFwmenHnwgkayCaeRKOgbgMkMNt;
edaysaTic nigmansirPaB. FwmenHeK[eQaHfa eRKOgbgM
bzm (primary structure). enATIenH eyIgnwgykkmaMg
Rbtikmrbs;TRmkl;Rtg;cMNuc B ecj. CalTpl bnk P
nwgeFVI[cMNuc B pas;TIcuHeRkam edaybrimaN B dUc
bgajenAkgrUbTI 10-3b. b:uEn edayviFItRmYtpl kmaMg
RbtikmEdlCaGBaatenARtg;cMNuc B eBalKW B y eFVI[FwmenARtg;cMNuc B pas;TIeLIgelIeday
brimaN 'BB rUbTI 10-3c. enATIenHGkSr B dMbUgsMedAelIcMNuc B EdlRtUv karkMNt;PaBdab
ehIyGkSr B TIBIrsMedAelIcMNuc B EdlkmaMgRbtikmEdlCaGBaatmanGMeBI. eday bMlas;TIviCman
Edl)ansnt;manGMeBIeLIgelI enaHBIrUbTI 10-3a rhUtdl;rUbTI 10-3c eyIgGacsresrsmIkar
RtUvKaEdlcaM)ac;enARtg;TRmkl;Ca
(+ )

0 = B + ' BB

\LveyIgsMKal;bMlas;TIenARtg;cMNuc B EdlbNalBIbnkktaEdlmanGMeBItamTisrbs; B y eday

emKuNPicsIubIlIFIlIenEGr (linear flexibility coefficient) f BB rUbTI 10-3d. edaykareRbInimit
sBaakgTRmg;RsedogKa f BB CaPaBdabenARtg;cMNuc B EdlbNalBIbnkktaenARtg;cMNuc B .
edaysarsmarmanlkNeGLasiclIenEGr kmaMg B y EdlmanGMeBIIenARtg;cMNuc B CMnYs[
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bnkkta nwgeFVI[mankMeNInPaBdabsmamaRtnwg f BB . dUcenHeyIgGacsresr

' BB = B y f BB

BIkarsresrkgTRmg;EbbenH eyIgeXIjfaemKuN linear flexibility f BB manxatKitCaPaBdabkg

mYyktakmaMg eBalKW m / N b mm / N .l. dUcenHeKGacsresrsmIkarlkxNRtUvKaxagelI
edayeRbIGBaat B y Ca
0 = B + B y f BB

edayeRbIviFInCMBUk8 nig9 bedayeRbItaragPaBdabenAkgCMBUk9 eKGacTTYl)anTMnak;TMngrvag

bMlas;TI nigkmaMgsRmab;PaBdab B rUbTI 10-3b nig flexibility coefficient f BB rUbTI 103d ehIyeKGacedaHRsayrk By )an Edl B y = B / f BB . eRkayeBledaHRsayrkkmaMgRbtikm
EdlCaGBaatelIsrYcehIy eKGacedaHRsayrkkmaMgRbtikmbIeTotenARtg;CBaaMg A BIsmIkarlMnwg.
dUcGVIEdl)anerobrab;BIxagedIm eKeRCIserIs
GBaatelIsedayminRbkan;. ]TahrN_ eKGackMNt;
m:Um:g;enARtg;cMNuc A rUbTI 10-4a edaypal;eday
dklTPaBrbs;FwmedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g; Rtg; A ecj
eBalKWCMnYsTRmbgb;edayTRmsnak;. dUcbgajenA
kg rUbTI 10-4b mMurgVilenARtg;cMNuc A EdlbNalBI
bnk P KW A ehIymMurgVilenARtg; A EdlbNalBI
M A EdlCaGBaatelIenARtg; A KW ' AA rUbTI 104c. RbsinebIeyIgkMNt;nimitsBaarbs; angular
flexibility coefficient Ca AA EdlmannyfamMu
rgVilenARtg;cMNuc A EdlekItBIm:Um:g;mYyktaman
GMeBIenARtg;cMNuc A rUbTI 10-4d enaH
' AA = M A AA

dUcenH angular flexibility coefficient manxatKitCa

mMurgVilkgmYYyktam:Um:g; dUcenHvamanxat rad / N .m
b rad / kN .m .l. dUcenHsmIkarlkxNRtUvKasRmab;mMurgVilenARtg;cMNuc A tRmUv[
( +)

0 = A + M A AA

enAkgkrNIenH M A = A / AA mantmGviCman mannyfa M A manGMeBIpynwgm:Um:g;mYykta.

viPaKeRKOgbgMminGackMNt;edaysaTictamviFIkmaMg

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

]TahrN_TIbIEdlbgajBIkarGnuvtnviFIkmaMgRtUv
)an[enAkgrUbTI 10-5a. enATIenH FwmCarcnasm<n
minkMNt;edaysaTicdWeRkTIBIr dUcenHeKRtUvkarsmIkar
lkxNRtUvKacMnYnBIrsRmab;eFVIkar edaHRsay. eyIgnwg
eRCIserIskmaMgbBarenARtg;TRm B nig C Ca GBaat
elIs. eRkayeBldkGBaatelIsecj FwmkMNt;eday
saTicman PaBdabdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-5b. kmaMg
EdlCaGBaatelIs nImYyEdlRtUv)ansnt;[manGMeBIcuH
eRkameFVI[FwmmanPaBdabdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-5c
nig 10-5d erogKa. enATIenH eKkMNt; flexibility
coefficient * f BB nig f CB BIkmaMgktamanGMeBIenARtg;
cMNuc B rUbTI 10-5e ehIyeKkMNt; fCC nig f BC
BIkmaMgktamanGMeBIenARtg;cMNuc C rUbTI 10-5f.
edayviFItRmYtpl smIkarlkxNRtUvKasRmab;PaBdab
Rtg;cMNuc B nig C KW
(+ )

0 = B + B y f BB + C y f BC

(+ )

0 = C + B y f CB + C y f CC

(10-1)

eRkayeBlbegItTMnak;TMngbnk nigbMlas;TIedayeRbIviFI
enAkgCMBUk 8 nig9 eKGacedaHRsayRbBnsmIkarenHedIm,I
rk B y nig C y .
edaysarkarGnuvtviFIkmaMgRtUv)anbgajtamry]TahrN_ eyIgnwgBiPakSakarGnuvtrbs;va
kgnyTUeTA ehIybnab;mkeyIgnwgeRbIvaCamUldansRmab;edaHRsaycMeNaTEdlTak;Tgnwg truss, Fwm
nigeRKag. b:uEnsRmab;krNITaMgGs;enH eyIgRtUvdwgfa edaysarviFIenHGaRsynwgkartRmYtpln
bMlas;TI eKcaM)ac;RtUv[smarenAEteFVIkarkgEdneGLasiclIenEGrenAeBlEdlvargbnk. ehIy
eyIgkRtUvdwgEdrfa eKGackMNt;kmaMgRbtikm nigkmaMgkgTaMgGs;enARtg;cMNucmYyenAkgeRKOgbgM
edayyklTPaBRTRTg;bnkrbs;eRKOgbgMecj ehIybnab;mksresrsmIkarlkxNRtUvKaenARtg;
CaPaBdabenARtg;cMNuc B EdlbNalBIkmaMgktaenARtg;cMNuc B
kmaMgktaenARtg;cMNuc B .
*

f BB

Analysis of statically indeterminate structures by the force method

f CB

CaPaBdabenARtg;cMNuc C EdlbNalBI
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cMNucenaH emIl]TahrN_ 10-5.

dMeNIrkarkgkarviPaK (Procedure for analysis)

CMhanxageRkampl;nUvviFITUeTAsRmab;kMNt;kmaMgRbtikm bkmaMgkgrbs;rcnasm<nminkMNt;
edaysaTicedayeRbIviFIkmaMg bviFIPicsIubIlIFI.

eKalkarN_tRmYtpl
kMNt;cMnYndWeRkminkMNt; n rbs;rcnasm<n. bnab;mkkMNt;GBaatelIs n CakmaMg bCam:Um:g;EdlRtUv
dkecjCabeNaHGasnBIrcnasm<nedIm,IeFVI[vaeTACaeRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTic nigmansirPaB.
edayeRbIviFItRmYtpl KUreRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTic nigbgajfavaesIeTAnwgesrIneRKOgbgMkMNt;
edaysaTicEdlRtUvKa. rcnasm<ndMbUgCaeRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTicEdlRTbnkxageRkAdUceRKOgbgM
minkMNt;edaysaTic ehIyrcnasm<ndTepSgeTotCarcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTicbEnmeTAelIrcna
sm<ndMbUg ehIyfaRTbnk bm:Um:g;EdlCaGBaatelIsdac;edayELkBIKa. ehIyKUrExSekageGLasic
enAelIrcnasm<nnImYy nigbgajnimitsBaabMlas;TI bnimitsBaamMurgVilrbs;kmaMg bm:Um:g;EdlCa
GBaatelIs.

smIkarlkxNRtUvKa

sresrsmIkarlkxNRtUvKasRmab;bMlas;TI nigmMurgVilenARtg;cMNucnImYyEdlmankmaMg bm:Um:g;

EdlCaGBaatelIs. eKKYrsresrsmIkarTaMgenHedayeRbIGBaatelIs nig flexibility coefficient Edl
RtUvKarbs;vaEdl)anBIbnkkta bm:Um:g;ktaEdlRtUvKanwgkmaMg bm:Um:g;elIs.
kMNt;PaBdab nig flexibility coefficient TaMgGs;edayeRbItaragenAkgCMBUk9 beRbIviFIenAkg
CMBUk8 bCMBUk9 . CMnYsTMnak;TMngrvagbMlas;TI nigkmaMgeTAkgsmIkarlkxNRtUvKa ehIyedaHRsay
rkGBaatelIs. RbsinebItmCaelxrbs;GBaatelIsGviCman vabgajfaGBaatelIsmanGMeBIpyeTA
nwgkmaMgkta bm:Um:g;kta.
*

smIkarlMnwg
sg;daRkamGgesrIrbs;rcnasm<n. edaysareyIg)anKNnakmaMg nigbm:Um:g;EdlCaGBaatelIs
rYcehIy eyIgGackMNt;kmaMgRbtikmEdlCaGBaatEdlenAesssl;BIsmIkarlMnwg.
eKesIfa RbsinebIdaRkam M / EI sRmab;FwmmanlkNsamBa eKGaceRbIRTwsIRkLapm:Um:g; bviFIFwmnimit. eKGackMNt;
FwmEdlmandaRkam M / EI sKsajenARKb;cMNucenAelIrcnasm<nedayeRbIviFIEdl)anerobrab;sRmab;eRKOgbgMkMNt;eday
saTic.

viPaKeRKOgbgMminGackMNt;edaysaTictamviFIkmaMg

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

eyIgKYrdwgfa enAeBlEdleyIgTTYl)ankmaMgRbtikmTRmTaMgGs;rYcehIy eyIgGacsg;

daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g; ehIyeyIgGackMNt;PaBdabenARKb;cMNucTaMgGs;enAelIeRKOg
bgMedayeRbIviFIEdlmanerobrab;sRmab;rcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic.

!0>#> RTwsIbMlas;TIersIuRbUkrbs;m:akSEvl c,ab;ebFI

Maxwells theorem of reciprocal displacement; Bettis law

enAeBlEdlm:akSEvl)anbegItviFIkmaMg Kat;k)anpSBVpSayRTwsIEdlTak;TgeTAnwgeTAnwg
flexibility coefficient nBIrcMNucenAelIrcnasm<neGLasicEdlmandUcCa truss, Fwm beRKag. eK
GacehARTwsIenHfaRTwsIbMlas;TIersIuRbUk EdleBaldUcteTA bMlas;TIrbs;cMNuc B enAelIeRKOgbgM
EdlbNalBIbnkktaEdlmanGMeBIenARtg;cMNuc A esIeTAnwgbMlas;TIrbs;cMNuc A enAeBlEdl
bnkktamanGMeBIenARtg;cMNuc B eBalKW f BA = f AB .
eKbkRsayRTwsIenHedayRsYledayeRbIeKalkarN_kmnnimit. Ca]TahrN_ BicarNaFwmenA
kgrUbTI 10-6. enAeBlbnkktaBitmanGMeBIenARtg; A snt;fam:Um:g;Bt;enAkgFwmtameday m A .
edIm,IkMNt; flexibility coefficient enARtg; B eBalKW f BA eKRtUvdak;bnkktanimitenARtg;cMNuc B
rUbTI 10-7 ehIyeKkMNt;m:Um:t;Bt; mB . edayGnuvtsmIkar 9-18 eyIg)an
f BA =

mB m A
dx
EI

dUcKa RbsinebIeKkMNt; flexibility coefficient f AB enAeBlkmaMgktaBitmanGMeBIenARtg;

cMNuc B rUbTI10-7 enaH mB Cam:Um:gBt;enAkgFwmEdlbNalBIkmaMgktaBit. m:agvijeTot m A
Cam:Um:g;Bt;EdlbNalBIkmaMgktanimitenARtg;cMNuc A rUbTI 10-6. dUcenH
f AB =

m A mB
dx
EI

GaMgetRkalTaMgBIrpl;nUvlTpldUcKaEdlRtUvnwgBMenalrbs;RTwsI. RTwsIenHkGacGnuvt
sRmab;mMurgVilersIuRbUkEdr EdlRTwsIenHeBaldUcteTA mMurgVilenARtg;cMNuc B enAelIeRKOgbgMEdl
bNalBIm:Um:g;ktaEdlmanGMeBIenARtg;cMNuc A esInwgmMurgVIlenARtg;cMNuc A enAeBlm:Um;g;manGMeBI
enARtg;cMNuc B . elIsBIenH edayeRbIkmaMg nigm:Um:g;ktaEdlGnuvtenAelIrcnasm<nRtg;cMNucdac;
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edayELkBIKa eyIgkGaceBaldUcteTA mMurgVilKitCara:dg;enARtg;cMNuc B enAelIrcnasm<nEdl

bNalBIbnkktaEdlmanGMeBIenARtg;cMNuc A esInwgbMlas;TIenARtg;cMNuc A enAeBlm:Um:g;kta
manGMeBIenARtg;cMNuc B .
Cavi)aknRTwsIenH eKGacsnSMsMckargar)anxHenAeBlGnuvtviFIkmaMgedIm,IedaHRsaycMeNaT
Edlrcnasm<nCarcnasm<<nminkMNt;edaysaTicdWeRkTIBIr beRcInCagenH. ]TahrN_ eKRtUvkarkMNt;
flexibility coefficient EtmYyb:ueNaHkgcMeNam f BC nig f CB enAkgsmIkar 10-1 edaysar f BC
= f CB . elIsBIenH eKGaceRbIRTwsIbMlas;TIersIuRbUkenAkgkarkarviPaKrcnasm<n nigsRmab;sg;ExS
\TiBledayeRbIeKalkarN_muyeyeRbs emIlkfaxN 10.10.
enAeBleKeFIV[RTwsIbMlas;TIersIuRbUkmanTRmg;kan;EtTUeTA eK[eQaHvafac,ab;ebFI. c,ab;enH
eBaly:agsegbfa kmnnimit U AB eFVIedayRbBnkmaMg PB CamYynwgbMlas;TIEdlbNal BIRbBn
kmaMg PA esIeTAnwgkmnnimit U BA EdlbNalBIkmaMg PA enAeBlrcnasm<nxUcRTg;RTayeday
sarRbBnkmaMg PB . eKGacniyaym:ageTotfa U AB = U BA . karbkRsaynUvBMenalenHman
lkNdUcKanwgkarbkRsayRTwsIbMlas;TIersIuRbUkxagelI.

!0>$> karviPaKFwmtamviFIkmaMg (Force method of analysis: Beams)

viFIkmaMgEdlGnuvteTAelIFwmRtUv)anerobrab;enAkgkfaxN 10-2. edayGnuvttamkarerob
rab;BIdMeNIrkarviFIEdlmanEcgenAkgkfaxN 10-2 eyIgnwgbgajBI]TahrN_CaeRcInEdlENnaMBIkar
GnuvtbeckeTsenH.

]TahrN_ 10-1 kMNt;RbtikmTRmenARtg;TRmkl; B rbs;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-8a.

EI

Ca tmefr.

viPaKeRKOgbgMminGackMNt;edaysaTictamviFIkmaMg

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNaHRsay

eKalkarN_tRmYtpl tamkarGegt FwmCaeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicdWeRkTImYy. eKnwgyk By

CaGBaatelIs dUcenHeKGackMNt;kmaMgenHedaypal;. rUbTI 10-8b bgajBIkarGnuvtneKalkarN_
tRmYtpl. cMNaMfa karykGBaatelIsecjTamTar[ykTRmkl; bkarTb;rbs;FwmtamTis By ecj.
enATIenH eyIgsnt;fa By eFVIGMeBIeTAelIFwmedaymanTisedAeLIgelI.
smIkarlkxNRtUvKa edayykbMlas;TIviCmanmanTisedAeLIgelI rUbTI 10-8b eyIg)an
(+ )

0 = B + B y f BB

(1)

eKGacTTYl)antY B nig f BB edaygayedayeRbItaragenAkCMBUk9. cMNaMfa B = C + C (6m)

dUcenH
P(L / 2)3 P(L / 2)2 L
+

3EI
2 EI 2

B =
=

(50kN )(6m )3 + (50kN )(6m )2 (6m ) = 9000kN .m3

3EI

f BB =

3EI

576m
PL 1(12m )
=
=

3EI
3EI
EI
3

EI

edayCMnYslTplTaMgenHeTAkgsmIkar (1) eyIg)an

(+ )

0=

9000
576
+ By

EI
EI

B y = 15.6kN

RbsinebIeKdak;kmaMgRbtikmenHeTAelIdaRkamGgesrIrbs;Fwm eKGacTTYlkmaMgRbtikmenARtg; A
BIsmIkarlMnwgbI rUbTI 10-8c.
eRkayeBlkMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTaMgGs; eKGacsg;daRkamm:Um:g;dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 108d.

]TahrN_ 10-2 kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg;CBaaMgbgb;sRmab;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-9a. EI Ca

tmefr.

dMeNaHRsay

eKalkarN_tRmYtpl eyIgnwgyk M A CaGBaatelIs edaysareyIgGackMNt;m:Um:g;enHedaypal;.

rUbTI 10-8b bgajBIkarGnuvtneKalkarN_tRmYtpl. enATIenH eyIgdklTPaBrbs;FwmTb;Tl;nwg
m:Um:g;enARtg;TRm A . eyIgsnt;fa M A eFVIGMeBIRcasRTnicnaLika.
smIkarlkxNRtUvKa edayykmMurgVilviCmanvilRcasRTnicnaLika rUbTI 10-9b eyIg)an
( +)

0 = A + M A AA

Analysis of statically indeterminate structures by the force method

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eKGackMNt;tY A nig AA BItaragenAkgtaragkgCMBUk9. eyIg)an

A =

AA

ML 30kN .m(3m ) 15kN .m 2

=
=
EI
6 EI
6 EI
ML 1(3m ) 1m
=
=
=
3EI
3EI
EI

edayCMnYseTAkgsmIkar (1) eyIg)an

( +)

0=

15
1
+ M A
EI
EI

M A = -15kN.m

sBaaGviCmanbgajfa M A eFVIGMeBIpyeTAnwgGVIEdl)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-9b. enAeBleyIgdak;

kmaMgRbtikmenHeTAelIFwm eyIgGackMNt;kmaMgRbtikmdTeTotBIsmIkarlMnwg rUbTI 10-9c.
daRkamm:Um:g;RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-9d.

]TahrN_ 10-3 sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 1010a. TRm B mansRmut 40mm . yk E = 200GPa / I = 500(106 )mm 4 .

dMeNaHRsay

eKalkarN_tRmYtpl tamkarGegt FwmenHCaeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicdWeRkTImYy. eyIgeRCIs

erIsTRmkNal B CaGBaatelIs dUcenHeyIgRtUvdkTRmkl;enARtg; B ecj rUbTI 10-10b.
enATIenH eyIgsnt;fa By manTisedAcuHeRkam.
smIkarlkxNRtUvKa eyagtamcMNuc B enAkgrUbTI 10-10b nigedayeRbIxatEm:Rt eyIg)an
(+ )

0.04 = B + B y f BB

viPaKeRKOgbgMminGackMNt;edaysaTictamviFIkmaMg

(1)
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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

enATIenHeyIgnwgeRbIviFIFwmRtUvKaedIm,IKNna B nig f BB edaysardaRkamm:Um:g;pSMeLIgedaybnat;

Rtg;. sRmab; B epgpat;karKNnaEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-10c. cMNaMfa
+ M B' = 0

800
(2.667 ) 1000 (8) = 0
EI
EI
5866.67 5867
=
=
EI
EI

M B' +

M B'

epgpat;karKNnaenAkgrUbTI 10-10d sRmab;karKNna f BB . cMNaMfa

16
(2.667 ) 16 (8) = 0
EI
EI
85.33 85.33
mB ' =
=
EI
EI

mB ' +

+ M B' = 0

edayCMnYslTplTaMgenHeTAkgsmIkar (1) eyIg)an

0.04 =

5866.67
85.33
+ By

EI
EI

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edayCMnYs E nig I Caelx eyIg)an

(0.04m )([ 200)(106 )kN / m 2 ][500(106 )(10 12 )m 4 ] = 5866.67 + B y (85.33)
B y = 21.875kN

smIkarlMnwg sBaaGviCmanbgajfa By eFVIGMeBIelIFwmedaymanTisedAeLIgelI. BIdaRkamGgesrI

EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-10e eyIg)an
+MA = 0

100(4 ) + 21.875(8) + C y (16 ) = 0

C y = 14.06kN

+ Fy = 0

Ay 100 + 21.875 + 14.06 = 0

Ay = 64.06kN

edayeRbIlTplTaMgenH epgpat;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 1010f.

]TahrN_ 10-4 sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-

11a. EI mantmefr. ecal\TiBlrbs;kmaMgtamGkS.

viPaKeRKOgbgMminGackMNt;edaysaTictamviFIkmaMg

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNaHRsay

eKalkarN_tRmYtpl edaysareyIgecalbnktamGkS FwmCarcnasm<nminkMNt;edaysaTicdWeRkTI

mYy. eyIgKitm:Um:g;cugTaMgBIrenARtg;cMNuc A nig B CaGBaatelIs. eKRtUvdklTPaBrbs;FwmEdlTb;
Tl;nwgm:Um:g; edayCMnYsTRmsnak;enARtg;cMNuc A nigTRmkl;enARtg;cMNuc B . eKalkarN_tRmYtpl
EdlGnuvteTAelIFwmRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-11b.
smIkarlkxNRtUvKa eyagtamcMNuc A nigcMNuc B rUbTI 10-11b tRmUv[
( +)
( +)

0 = A + M A AA + M B AB
0 = B + M A BA + M B BB

(1)
(2)

eyIgGackMNt;mMurgVilEdlRtUvkar nig angular flexibility coefficient edayeRbItaragenAkgCMBUk 9.

eyIg)an
A =
B =

AA
BB
AB

3wL3 3(30 )(6 )3 151.9

=
=
128 EI
128 EI
EI

7 wL3 7(30 )(6 )3 118.1

=
=
384 EI
384 EI
EI
ML 1(6 ) 2
=
=
=
3EI 3EI EI
ML 1(6 )
2
=
=
=
3EI 3EI EI
1
ML 1(6 )
=
=
=
6 EI 6 EI EI

cMNaMfa AB = BA CalkNsMxan;rbs;RTwsIbMlas;TIersIuRbUkrbs;m:akSEvl.
edayCMnYsTinnyxagelIeTAkgsmIkar (1) nig (2) eyIg)an
151.9
2
1
+ M A + M B
EI
EI
EI
118.1
1
2
+ M A + M B
0=
EI
EI
EI
0=

edaysRmYl EI nigedayedaHRsayRbBnsmIkarTaMgenH eyIg)an

M A = 61.9kN .m

M B = 28.1kN .m

edayeRbIlTplTaMgenH eyIgGackMNt;kmaMgkat;xagcugFwm rUbTI 10-11c ehIyeyIgGacsg;

daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;.

]TahrN_ 10-5 kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRmsRmab;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-12a.

EI

tmefr.

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NPIC

dMeNaHRsay

eKalkarN_tRmYtpl edaykarGegt FwmenHCaeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicdWeRkTImYy. enATIenH

eyIgnwgeRCIserIsm:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;TRm B CaGBaatelIs. Cavi)ak eyIgnwgkat;FwmenHedaydac;ecjBIKa
ehIydak;TRmsnak; bTRmkl;enARtg;cMNuc B edIm,IdklTPaBrbs;FwmEdlTb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;enARtg;
cMNucenH rUbTI 10-12b. eK[m:Um:g;Bt;manGMeBIelIFwmenAkgrUbTI 10-12c.
smIkarlkxNRtUvKa BIrUbTI 10-12a eyIgtRmUv[
( +)

0 = B + M B BB

Edl
B = ' B + "B
BB = ' BB + "BB
nig
eKGackMNt;mMurgVil nig angular flexibility coefficient BItaragenAkgCMBUk 9 Edl
'B =

wL3
2(3.6 )3 3.888kN .m 2
=
=
EI
24 EI
24 EI

2.5(3)2 1.406kN .m 2
PL2
"B =
=
=
16 EI
16 EI
EI
ML 1(3.6 ) 1.2m
' BB =
=
=
EI
3EI
3EI
ML 1(3) 1m
=
=
"BB =
3EI 3EI EI

viPaKeRKOgbgMminGackMNt;edaysaTictamviFIkmaMg

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dUcenH

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

3.888kN .m 2 1.406kN .m 2
1.2m 1m
+
+ MB
+
=0
EI
EI
EI
EI
M B = 2.406kN .m

sBaadkbgajfa M B eFVIGMeBItamTisedApyeTAnwgkarbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-12c. edayeRbIlTpl

enH eyIgGackMNt;kmaMgRbtikmdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-12d. elIsBIenH daRkamkmaMgkat; nig
daRkamm:Um:g;Bt;RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-12e.

!0>%> karviPaKeRKagtamviFIkmaMg (Force method of analysis: Frames)

viFIkmaMgmanPaBgayRsYlkgkaredaHRsayeRKagminkMNt;edaysaTicmYyCan; nigmanrag
FrNImaRtminFmtadUcCa gabled frames. sRmab;edaHRsayeRKagminkMNt;eRcInCan; beRKOgbgMEdl
mandWeRkminkMNt;x<s; eKeRbIviFIsbDIPicsin slope-deflection) bviFIEbgEckm:Um:g; (momentdistribution) bviFIsIveNs (stiffness method) Edlnwgerobrab;enAkgemeronxagmux.
]TahrN_xageRkambgajBIkarGnuvtnviFIkmaMgedayeRbIdMeNIrviFIdUcerobrab;enAkgkfaxN
10-2.

]TahrN_ 10-6 kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRmrbs;eRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-13a.

EI

tmefr.

dMeNaHRsay
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NPIC

eKalkarN_tRmYtpl edaykarGegt eRKagCarcnasm<nminkMNt;dWeRkTImYy. eyIgnwgeRCIserIskmaMg

RbtikmtamTisedkenARtg; B CaGBaatelIs. dUcenH eyIgCMnYssnak;enARtg; B edayTRmkl; eday
sarTRmkl;minTb;cMNuc B tamTisedk.
dUcenHeKalkarN_tRmYtplEdlGnuvteTAelIeRKagRtUv)anbgajenA kgrUbTI 10-13b.
smIkarlkxNRtUvKa eyagtamcMNuc B enAkgrUbTI 10-13b tRmUv[
+

()

0 = B + Bx f BB

(1)

eKGackMNt;tY B nig f BB edayeRbIviFIkmnnimit. kUGredaen x rbs;eRKag nigm:Um:g;Bt;RtUv)anbgaj

enAkgrUbTI10-13c nig10-13d. eKcaM)ac;RtUveCIserIskUGredaen x1 nig x2 dUcKasRmab;krNI
nImYy TaMgsRmab;bnkBit nigsRmab;bnknimit. ehIyTisedAviCmasRmab; M nig m kRtUvEtdUc
Ka.
sRmab; B eyIgtRmUv[bnkBit rUbTI 10-13cmanGMeBIenAelIeRKag nigbnkktanimit
manGMeBIenARtg;cMNuc B rUbTI 10-13d. dUcenH
L Mm
5 (20 x1 4 x12 )(0.8 x1 )dx1
4 0(1x2 )dx2
B =
+
dx =
0

0
EI
166.7
166.7
=
+0=
EI
EI

EI

EI

sRmab; f BB eyIgtRmUv[bnkktaBit nigbnkktanimitmanGeBIenARtg;cMNuc B rUbTI 1013d. dUcenH

f BB =

2
2
5 (0.8 x1 ) dx1
4 (1x2 ) dx2
mm
dx =
+
0
0
EI
EI
EI
26.7 21.3 48.0
=
+
=
EI
EI
EI

edayCMnYsTinnyxagelIeTAkgsmIkar (1) nigedayedaHRsay eyIgTTYl)an

0=

166.7
48.0
+ Bx

EI
EI

Bx = 3.47kN

smIkarlMnwg edaybgaj Bx enAelIdaRkamGgesrIrbs;eRKagedayeRbITisedARtwmRtUv rUbTI 1013e nigedayGnuvtsmIkarlMnwg eyIgTTYl)an

+

Fx = 0
+MA = 0
+ Fy = 0

Ax 3.47 = 0

Ax = 3.47kN

40(2.5) + B y (5) 3.47(4 ) = 0

B y = 22.8kN

Ay 40 + 22.8 = 0

Ay = 17.2kN

viPaKeRKOgbgMminGackMNt;edaysaTictamviFIkmaMg

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

]TahrN_ 10-7 kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg;TRmbgb; A rbs;eRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-14a. EI

mantmefr.

dMeNaHRsay

eKalkarN_tRmYtpl eRKagenHCaeRKOgbgMminkMNt;dWeRkTImYy. eKGacTTYldMeNaHRsaysRmab;

M A edaypal;edayeRCIserIsvaCaGBaatelIs. dUcenHeyIgGacdklTPaBrbs;eRKagTb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;
Rtg; A dUcenHeyIgGaceRbITRmsnak;enARtg;cMNuc A . eKalkarN_tRmYtplEdlGnuvteTAelIeRKag
RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-14b.
smIkarlkxNRtUvKa eyagtamcMNuc B enAkgrUbTI 10-14b tRmUv[
( +)

0 = A + M A AA

(1)

dUc]TahrN_mun eKGacKNna A nig AA edayeRbIviFIkmnnimit. kUGredaen x rbs;eRKag

nigm:Um:g;Bt;RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-14c nig10-14d.
sRmab; A eyIgTamTarnUvkarGnuvtrbs;bnkBit rUbTI 10-14c nigm:Um:g;ktanimitenARtg;cMNuc
A rUbTI 10-14d. dUcenH
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NPIC

Mm
dx
EI
2.4 (0.13 x1 )(1 0.278 x1 )dx1
1.5 1.34 x2 0.75 x22 (0.222 x2 )dx2
=
+
0
0
EI
EI
0.209 0.124 0.333
=
+
=
EI
EI
EI

A =

sRmab; AA eyIgTamTarnUvkarGnuvtrbs;m:Um:g;ktaBit nigm:Um:g;ktanimitEdlmanGMeBIenARtg;

cMNuc A rUbTI 10-14d. dUcenH
AA =

2.4

m m
dx
EI

(1 0.278 x2 )2 dx1 +

EI
1.155 0.555 1.21
=
+
=
EI
EI
EI

1.5

(0.222 x2 )2 dx2
EI

edayCMnYslTplTaMgenHeTAkgsmIkar (1) nigedayedaHRsayeyIgTTYl)an

0=

0.333
1.21
+ M A

EI
EI

M A = 0.275kN .m

sBaadkbgajfa M A manGMeBItamTisedApyeTAnwgGVIEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI10-14b.

!0>^> karviPaK truss tamviFIkmaMg (Force method of analysis: Trusses)

CaTUeTA eKGackMNt;dWeRkminkMNt;rbs; truss edaykarGegt b:uEnRbsinebIeKmankarlM)ak
kgkareFVIEbbenH eKGaceRbIsmIkar 3-1 (b + r > 2 j ) . enATIenH GBaatRtUv)ansMEdgedaycMnYnkmaMg
r)ar (b) bUknwgkmaMgRbtikmTRm (r ) ehIycMnYnsmIkarlMnwgEdlGacmanKW (2 j ) edaysareKGac
sresrsmIkarBIrsRmab;tMN ( j ) nImYy.
viFIkmaMgCaviFImYyEdlmanlkNsmRsbkgkarviPaK truss minkMNt;edaysaTicdWeRkTImYy
bTIBIr. ]TahrN_xageRkambgajBIkarGnuvtrbs;viFIenHedayeRbIdMeNIrkarviPaKEdlerobrab;enAkg
kfaxN 10-2.

]TahrN_ 10-8 kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; AC rbs; truss EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-15a. EI

mantmefrsRmab;RKb;Ggt;TaMgGs;.

dMeNaHRsay

eKalkarN_tRmYtpl tamkarGegt truss enHCaeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicdWeRkTImYy . eday

*

edayGnuvtsmIkar (3-1) b + r > 2 j b 6 + 3 > 2(4) / 9 > 8 / 9 8 = 1

viPaKeRKOgbgMminGackMNt;edaysaTictamviFIkmaMg

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

sareKkMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; AC edayeRCIserIsvaCaGBaatelIs. eKRtUvkat;Ggt;enHedIm,IkMu[va

mankmaMg ehtudUcenHehIy truss enHkayCarcnasm<nkMNt;edaysaTic nigmansirPaB. eKalkarN_
tRmYtEdlGnuvteTAelI truss RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-15b.

smIkarlkxNRtUvKa edayeyageTAtamGgt; AC enAkgrUbTI 10-15b eyIgtRmUv[bMlas;TI AC

EdlekIteLIgenAxagcugGgt;Edlkat; AC EdlbNalBIbnk 2kN bUknwgbMlas;TI FAC f ACAC
EdlbNalBIkmaMgEdlCaGBaatelIsEdlmanGMeBIEtgesIsUn enaH
0 = AC + FAC f ACAC

(1)

enATIenH flexibility coefficient f ACAC CabMlas;TIenARtg;cMNuccugkMNt;Ggt;Edlkat;rbs; AC Edl

bNalBIbnkktaBitEdlmanGMeBIenARtg;cugEdlrgkarkat;nGgt; AC . tY f ACAC nig AC RtUv
)ankMNt;edayeRbIviFIkmnnimit. karviPaKkmaMgedayeRbIviFItMNRtUv)ansegbenAkgrUbTI 10-15c
nig 10-15d.
sRmab; AC eyIgtRmUv[mankarGnuvtnkmaMgBit 2kN rUbTI 10-15c nigkmaMgkta
nimitmanGMeBIenARtg;cugrgkarkat;nGgt; AC rUbTI 10-15d. dUcenH
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NPIC

nNL
AE
( 0.8)(2)(2.4) ( 0.6)(0)(1.8) ( 0.6 )(1.5)(1.8)
= 2

+
+
AE
AE
AE

(1)( 2.5)(3) (1)(0 )(3)

+
+ AE
AE

16.8
=
AE

AC =

sRmab; f ACAC eyIgtRmUv[mankarGnuvtkmaMgktaBit nigkmaMgktanimitenARtg;cugkMNt;Edl

rgkarkat;nGgt; AC rUbTI 10-15d. dUcenH
n2 L
AE
( 0.8)2 (2.4)
( 0.6)2 (1.8) (1)2 (3)
= 2
+ 2
+

AE
AE

AE
10.37
=
AE

f ACAC =

edayCMnYsTinnyTaMgenHeTAkgsmIkar (1) nigedayedaHRsay eyIg)an

0=

16.8 10.37
+
FAC
AE
AE

FAC = 1.62kN (T )

edaysarlTplCaelxmantmviCman enaH AC rgkmaMgTajdUckarsnt; rUbTI 10-15b. eday

eRbIlTplenH eyIgGackkMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;dTedayeRbIviFItMN nigsmIkarlMnwg.

]TahrN_ 10-9 kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyn truss EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-16a Rbsin

ebIeKeRbIekALak;enAelIGgt; AC edIm,IeFVI[Ggt;enHxICagGgt;
nImYymanmuxkat; 125mm2 nig E = 200GPa .

BD

RbEvg

12.5mm

. Ggt;

dMeNaHRsay

eKalkarN_tRmYtpl Truss enHmanragFrNImaRtdUcnwg truss enAkg]TahrN_ 10-8. edaysareK

eFVI[Ggt; AC rYjxI eyIgnwgeRCIserIsvaCaGBaatelIs rUbTI 10-16b.
smIkarlkxNRtUvKa edaysarminmanbnkxageRkAmanGMeBIelIeRKOgbgM (truss) edIm dUcenHvamin
manbMlas;TIenAcenaHcugkMNat;rgkarkat;rbs;Ggt;edaysarbnkeT eBalKW AC = 0 . Flexibility
coefficient f ACAC RtUv)ankMNt;rUcehIyenAkg]TahrN_ 10-8 dUcenH
f ACAC =

10.37
AE

viPaKeRKOgbgMminGackMNt;edaysaTictamviFIkmaMg

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

edaysnt;brimaNrYjxIrbs;Ggt;mantmviCman dUcenHsmIkarlkxNRtUvKasRmab;Ggt;KW
0.0125m = 0 +

edaydwgfa

f ACAC

10.37
FAC
AE

CabMlas;TIkgmYyktakmaMg eyIg)an

0.0125m = 0 +

10.37m

(125mm )(200kN / mm ) F
2

AC

dUcenH
FAC = 30.14kN = 30.1kN (T )
edaysarminmankmaMgxageRkAmanGMeBIelI truss kmaMgRbtikmTRmesIsUn. dUcenH edayeRbI FAC
nigedayviPaK truss edayviFItMN eyIgTTYl)anlTpldUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-16c.

!0>&> eRKOgbgMkMub:UsIut (Composite structures)

eRKOgbgMkMub:UsIutpSMeLIgedayGgt;xHEdlrgEtnwgkmaMgtamGkS xNGgt;dTeTotrgkar
Bt;. RbsinebIvaCarcnasm<nminkMNt;edaysaTic viFIkmaMgmanlkNgayRsYlkgkareRbIsRmab;
viPaKva. ]TahrN_xageRkambgajBIdMeNIrkarviPaKeRKOgbgMEbbenH.

]TahrN_ 10-10 FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-17a RtUv)anRTedayTRmsnak;enARtg;cMNuc A

nigPab;eTAnwgr)arBIrEdlmanTRmsnak;enARtg;cMNuc B . kMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt; BD . yk
E = 200GPa / I = 300(106 )mm 4 sRmab;Fwm nig A = 1800mm 2 sRmab;r)ardTeTot .
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NPIC

dMeNaHRsay

eKalkarN_tRmYtpl tamkarGegt FwmCaeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTicdWeRkTImYy. sRmab;karedaH

Rsay eKeRCIserIskmaMgenAkgGgt; BD CaGBaatelIs. dUcenH eKRtUvkat;Ggt;enHedIm,IlubbM)at;
lTPaBTb;Tl;kmaMgrbs;va. eKalkarN_tRmYtplEdlGnuvteTAelIeRKOgbgMRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI
rUbTI 10-17b.
smIkarlkxNRtUvKa edayeyagtambMlas;TInGgt; BD Edlrgkarkat; rUbTI 10-17b eyIg
tRmUv[
0 = BD + FBD f BDBD

eyIgGaceRbIviFIkmnnimitedIm,IKNna BD nig
kgrUbTI 10-17c nig10-17d.

viPaKeRKOgbgMminGackMNt;edaysaTictamviFIkmaMg

(1)
f BDBD

. karviPaKkmaMgEdlcaM)ac;RtUv)anbgajenA

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

sRmab; BD eyIgtRmUv[mankarGnuvtkmaMgBit rUbTI 10-17c nigkmaMgnimitkta

GnuvtenARtg;cugrgkarkat;rbs;Ggt; BD rUbTI 10-17d. enATIenH eyIgnwgBicarNaEtfamBlbMEr
bMrYlrageFobEdlbNalBIkarBt; nigbNalBIkmaMgtamGkSenAkgFwmEtb:ueNaH. dUcenH
Mm
nNL
dx +
EI
AE
3
3 30 x 3.33 x (0 )dx ( 69.3)( 0.816 ) 1.8 / cos 30 o
(0)(1) 1.8 / cos 45o
=
+
+
0
EI
AE
AE
117.5
= 0+
+ 0 = 0.0003264m = 0.326mm
1800(20 )

BD =

sRmab; f BDBD eyIgtRmUv[mankarGnuvtrbs;bnkBitkta nigbnkktanimitenARtg;cug

kMNat;Ggt;rgkarkat;rbs;Ggt; BD rUbTI 10-17d. dUcenH
f BDBD =

m 2 dx
n2 L
+
EI
AE

(0)2 dx + ( 0.816)2 (1.8 / cos 30o ) + (1)2 (1.8 / cos 45o )

EI
AE
3.93
5
=
= 1.092 10 m / kN
1800(200 )

( )
edayCMnYsTinnyEdl)anrkBIxagelIeTAkgsmIkar (1) eyIg)an
0 = BD + FBD f BDBD

AE

( )

0 = 0.0003264 + FBD (1.092 ) 10 5

FBD = 29.9kN = 29.9kN (C )

edayeRbIlTplTaMgenH KUrdaRkamGgesrIsRmab;Fwm ehIybgaj

Ax = 1.31kN nig Ay = 30.0kN .

FBC = 44.9kN (C )

!0>*> kMNt;sMKal;bEnmelIkarviPaKtamviFIkmaMg
(Additional remarks on the force method of analysis)

enAeBlenHedaysareKalKMnitnviFIkmaMgRtUv)anGPivD eyIgnwgbneFVI[karGnuvtrbs;va
manlkNTUeTA ehIyeyIgnwgBiPakSaBIplRbeyaCn_rbs;va.
enAeBlKNna flexibility coefficient fij b ij sRmab;rcnasm<n eKRtUvcMNaMfavaGaRsy
Et nwglkNsmar niglkNFrNImaRtrbs;Ggt; nigminGaRsynwgkardak;bnkelIeRKOgbgMdMbUg
(primary structure) eT. dUcenH enAeBlEdltmTaMgenHRtUv)anKNna eKGaceRbIvaedIm,IKNna
kmaMgsRmab;RKb;kardak;bnkTaMgGs;.
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NPIC

sRmab;rcnasm<nEdlmanGBaat Rn elIscMnYn n eyIgGacsresrsmIkarlkxNRtUvKacMnYn

n

Edl

1 + f11R1 + f12 R2 + L + f1n Rn = 0

2 + f 21R1 + f 22 R2 + L + f 2n Rn = 0
M
n + f n1R1 + f n 2 R2 + L + f nn Rn = 0

enATIenH bMlas;TI 1 / >>>/ n bNalmkBIbnkBitEdlmanGMeBIenAelI primary structure nigbNalBI

sRmutrbs;TRm bbNalBIbERmbRmYlsItuNPaB bkMhusqgkgkarplitGgt;. edIm,IsRmYldl;kar
KNnarcnasm<nEdlmandWeRkminkMNt;x<s; eKGacsresrsmIkarxagelICaragm:aRTIsdUcxageRkam
f11 f12
f
21 f 22

f1n f 2n

L f1n R1
1

L f 2n R2
2
=

M
M
M

n
L f nn Rn

(10-2)

f R =

CaBiess eKRtUvcMNaMfa fij = f ji ( f12 = f 21, etc.) tamRTwsIm:akSEvlnbMlas;TIrIsIuRbUk

bc,ab;ebFI. dUcenH flexibility matrix Cam:aRTIssIuemRTI ehIyTRmg;enHmanRbeyaCn_enAeBledaH
RsaysMnMusmIkarlIenEGrFM dUcenAkgkrNIrcnasm<nEdlmandWeRkminkMNt;x<s;.
enAkgCMBUkenH eyIg)ankMNt; flexibility coefficient edayeRbIviFIkmnnimit edaysarvaGnuvt
eTAelIeRKOgbgMTaMgmUl. b:uEn eKGacTTYlemKuNsRmab;Ggt;nImYysRmab;eRKOgbgMTaMgmUleday
eRbIsmIkarbMElg (transformation equation) edIm,ITTYltmTaMgenH sRmab;eRKOgbgMTaMgmUl. viFIenH
RtUv)anerobrab;enAkgesovePAEdlniyayGMBIkarviPaKeRKOgbgMedaym:aRTIs nigminRtUv)anerobrab;enA
kgesovePAenHeT*.
eTaHbIkarlMGitsRmab;karGnuvtviFIkmaMgedayeRbIviFIkMuBTrkminRtUv)anelIkykmkniyayenA
kgesovePAenHkeday keyIgGaceFIVkarGegtTUeTA nigeFVImUlvicarenAeBleRbIviFIenHedIm,IedaHRsaycMeNaTEdlmandWeRkminkMNt;x<s;. Tak;TgnwgbBaaenH edIm,ITTYl)andMeNaHRsaykan;EtsuRkiteKRtUv
[ flexibility coefficient EdlenAEk,rGgt;RTUgrbs;m:aRTIs f FMCag flexibility coefficient EdlenA
qay. edIm,ITTYl)anEbbenH eKRtUvBicarNakgkareRCIserIs primary structure. edIm,IsRmYlkgkar
KNna fij eKENnaM[eRCIserIs primary structure y:agNa[vaCaeRKOgbgMsIuemRTI. kareFVIEbbenH
nwg[eyIgTTYl)an flexibility coefficient xHdUcKa bkGacesIsUn. cugeRkay rUbragxUcRTg;RTay
*

emIl H.C. Martin, Introduction to Matrix Methods of Structural Analysis, McGraw-Hill, New York Ca]TahrN_.

viPaKeRKOgbgMminGackMNt;edaysaTictamviFIkmaMg

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

rbs; primary structure nwgRsedognwgrUbragxUcRTg;RTayrbs;rcnasm<nCak;Esg. RbsinebIeKGac

eFVIEbbenH)anEmn enaHeKRtUvkarEksRmYlGBaatEtbnicbncb:ueNaHeTAelI primary structure EdleFVI
[eKTTYl)anlTplEdl)anBIsmIkar 10-2 kan;EtsuRkit.

!0>(> eRKOgbgMsIuemRTI (Symmetric structures)

karviPaKeRKOgbgMminkMNt;lMdab;x<s;kdUckarviPaKeRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTic GksikSaKNna
RtUvdwgfaeRKOgbgMenaHCaeRKOgbgMEdlmanTRm bbnksIuemRTI bminsIuemRTI. kgnyTUeTA eKGaccat;
cMNat;eRKOgbgMCaeRKOgbgMsIuemRTIRbsinebIkmaMgkg nigPaBdabrbs;vamanlkNqHKaeFobnwgGkS
kNalrbs;va. CaTUeTA PaBsIuemRTITamTar[smar ragFrNImaRt TRm nigbnkRtUvEtdUcKaenAsg
xageRKOgbgM. b:uEn vaminEmnTal;EtdUecaHTaMgGs;eT. cMNaMfa sRmab;sirPaBtamTisedk eKRtUvkar
TRm snak;edIm,IRTFwm nig truss rUbTI 10-18a nig 10-18b. enATIenH kmaMgRbtikmtamTisedk
enA Rtg;snak;esIsUn dUcenHrcnasm<nenHnwgmankmaMgkg nigPaBdabqHKa. CalTpl eKGaccat;
cMNat;fak;vaCarcnasm<nsIuemRTI. eKRtUvdwgfavaminEmnCakrNIsRmab;eRKageT rUbTI 1018c
RbsinebIeKCMnYsTRmbgb;enARtg;cMNuc A edayTRmsnak; enaHrUbragdab nigkmaMgkgenAxagsaM nig
xageqVgnwgmindUcKaeT.

enAeBlxH eRKOgbgMsIuemRTIRTbnkminsIuemRTI dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-19. kgkrNIrcna

sm<nmanlkNsIuemRTI nigbnkrbs;vamanlkNsIuemRTI bminsIuemRTI enaHeKnwgeFVIkarviPaKeRKOg
bgMEtmYykMNat;b:ueNaH edaysarlTpldUcKa bpyKanwgekItmanEtenAelIrcnasm<nmYykMNat;.
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RbsinebIrcnasm<nsIuemRTIrgbnkminsIuemRTI
enaHeKRtUvbMElgva[eTACabgMbnksIuemRTI
nigbgMbnkminsIuemRTI. edIm,IeFVIEbbenH dMbUg
eKRtUvEckbnknwgBIr bnab;mkeTot eKdak;
[vamanlkNsIuemRTI nigminsIuemRTI. Ca
]TahrN_ eKRtUvEckbnkenAelIFwmkgrUbTI
10-20a nwgBIr rYcdak;[vaqHKaeFobnwg
GkSsIuemRTI. bnab;mkeKTTYl)anbgMbnk
sIuemRTI nigminsIuemRTI dUcbgajenAkg rUbTI
10-20b. enAeBlEdleKbUkbgMbnkTaMg
BIrenHbBalKa eKnwgTTYl)anbnkedIm. eK
GaceFVIkarviPaKrcnasm<ndac;edayELkeTA
elIbgMbnksIuemRTI nigbgMbnkminsIuemRTI
ehIyeKRtUveFVIplbUknlTpl TaMgenHedIm,ITTYl)anlkNeFVIkaredImrbs;rcnasm<n.

!0>!0> ExS\TiBlsRmab;FwmminkMNt;edaysaTic
(Influence lines for statically indeterminate beams)

enAkgkfaxN 6-3 eyIg)ansikSarYcmkehIyBIkareRbIeKalkarN_muyey:eRbsedIm,IKUrExS

\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgRbtikm kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMNucmYyenAelIFwmkMNt;edaysaTic. enA
kgkfaxNenH eyIgnwgBnatviFIenH nigeRbIvasRmab;FwmminkMNt;edaysaTic.
rMlwkfa sRmab;Fwm eKalkarN_muyey:eRbseBalfaExS\TiBlsRmab;GnuKmn_ kmaMgRbtikm
kmaMgkat; bm:Um:g;Bt; manrUbragdabrbs;FwmmanlkNdUcKaenAeBlFwmrgGMeBIedayGnuKmn_RtUvKa.
edIm,IKUrrUbragdab[)anRtwmRtUv eKRtUvdklTPaBTb;Tl;nwgkarGnuvtrbs;GnuKmn_ enaHFwmGacdab
enAeBlGnuKmn_manGMeBIelIFwm. sRmab;FwmkMNt;edaysaTic rUbragdab bExS\TiBl CaesrInkM-

viPaKeRKOgbgMminGackMNt;edaysaTictamviFIkmaMg

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

Nat;bnat;Rtg;. sRmab;FwmminkMNt;edaysaTic ExS\TiBlnwgmanlkNCaExSekag. eyIgnwgsikSa

BI sMNg;nRbePT nImYyrbs;ExS\TiBlTaMgbiI kmaMgRbtikm kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt; sRmab;rcna
sm<nminkMNt;edaysaTic. enAkgkrNInImYy eyIgnwgbgajBIPaBeRbIkar)anneKalkarN_
muyey:eRbs edayeRbIRTwsIbMlas;TIersIuRbUkrbs;m:akSEvl.
RbtikmenARtg;cMNucA edIm,IkMNt;ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;cMNuc A enAkgrUbTI 1021a eKdak;bnkktaenAelIFwmRtg;cMNucbnbnab; ehIyenARtg;cMNucnImYyeKRtUvkMNt;kmaMg
RbtikmenARtg;cMNuc A . daRkamnlTplTaMgenHCaExS\TBl. Ca]TahrN_ enAeBlbnkenARtg;
cMNuc D rUbTI 10-21a eKGackMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;cMNuc A EdlCaGredaenrbs;ExS\TiBl
enARtg; D edayeRbIviFIkmaMg. edIm,IeFIVy:agenH eKRtUvGnuvteKalkarN_tRmYtpldUcbgajenAkgrUbTI
10-21a rhUtdl;rUbTI 10-21c. dUcenH smIkarlkxNRtUvKasRmab;cMNuc A KW 0 = f AD + Ay f AA
b Ay = f AD / f AA b:uEntamRTwsIbMlas;TIersIiuRbUkrbs;m:akSEvl f AD = f DA rUbTI 10-21d
dUcenHeyIgkGackMNt; Ay bGredaenrbs;ExS\TiBlenARtg;cMNuc D edayeRbIsmIkar
1
f DA
Ay =
f AA

edayeFVIkareRbobeFob eKalkarN_muyey:eRbstRmUv[ykTRmenARtg; A ecj ehIyGnuvt

bnkktabBarenARtg;cMNucenaH. ExSekagPaBdabEdlTTYl)an rUbTI 10-21d manTRmg;dUcKa
nwgrUbragrbs;ExS\TiBlsRmab; Ay . b:uEn BIsmIkarxagelIeyIgeXIjfaemKuN maRtdan (scale
factor) KW 1 / f AA .

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kmaMgkat;enARtg; E RbsinebIeKRtUvkarkMNt;
ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc E rbs;
FwmenA kgrUbTI 10-22a tameKalkarN_
muyey:eRbs eKRtUvkat;FwmRtg;cMNucenaH ehIy
sk sliding device enARtg;cMNucenaH rUbTI
10-22b. ]bkrN_enHnwgbBanm:Um:g;Bt; nig
kmaMgEkg b:uEnminbBankmaMgkat;eT. enAeBl
Fwm dabedaysarkmaMgkat;ktaviCmanEdlman
GMeBIenARtg;cMNuc E mMurgVilenAsgxag]bkrN_
mantmdUcKa
ehIyExSekagPaBdabCaExS
\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc E rUbTI
10-22c. edayGnuvtviFIeKalsRmab;sg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc E enaHeKcaM)ac;
GnuvtkmaMgktaenARtg;cMNucnImYy dUcCacMNuc D ehIykMNt;kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc E rUbTI
10-22a. tm VE CaGredaenrbs;ExS\TiBlenARtg;cMNuc D . edayeRbIviFIkmaMg nigRTwsIbMlas;TI
ersIuRbUkrbs;m:akSEvl dUckrNIelIkmun eyIgTTYl)an
1
VE =
f EE

f DE

kmaMgkat;ktaviCmanEdlGnuvteTAelIFwmenARtg;cMNuc E rUbTI 10-22c nwgeFVI[Fwmdabkg

TRmg;CaExS\TiBl sRmab;kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc E . enATIenHemKuNmaRtdanKW (1 / f EE ) .
m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg; E eKGackMNt;ExS\TiBlsRmab;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMNuc E enAkgrUbTI 10-23a
edayCMnYssnak;enARtg;cMNucenaH edaysartMNEbbenHbBankmaMgEkg nigkmaMgkat; b:uEnminGacTb;
Tl; nwgm:Um:g;)an rUbTI 10-23b. edayGnuvtm:Um:g;ktaviCman enaHFwmnwgdabdUcTItaMgbnat;dac;
rUb TI 10-23c Edlpl;nUvExS\TiBl. edayeRbIviFIkmaMg nigRTwsIersIuRbUkrbs;m:akSEvl eyIgGac
bgajfa
1
f DE
M E =
AA

emKuNmaRtdanenATIenHKW (1/ EE ) .

viPaKeRKOgbgMminGackMNt;edaysaTictamviFIkmaMg

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNIrkarkgkarviPaK (Procedure for analysis)

CMhanxageRkampl;nUvviFIsRmab;sg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgRbtikm kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;enA
Rtg;cMNucmYyenAelIFwmedayeRbIbeckeTsmuyey:eRbs.

ragExSekag\TiBl
RbsinebIeKcg;kMNt;ExS\TiBlrbs;cMNucmYyenAelIFwm eKRtUvdklTPaBTb;Tl;rbs;FwmeTAnwgGnuKmn_
rbs;ExS\TiBl edayCMnYsmkvijnUvtMN. RbsinebI GnuKmn_CakmaMgRbtikmbBar eRbI vertical roller
guide, RbsinebIGnuKmn_CakmaMgkat; eRbI sliding device, RbsinebIGnuKmn_Cam:Um:g;Bt; eRbIsnak;. dak;
bnkktaenARtg;tMNeday[vamanGMeBIelIFwmkgTisedAviCman. sg;ExSekagPaBdabrbs;Fwm. ExS
ekagenHCarUbragrbs;ExS\TiBlsRmab;Fwm.

tmExSekag\TiBl

RbsinebIeKRtUvkarkMNt;tmCaelxrbs;ExS\TiBl eKRtUvKNnabMlas;TIncMNucbnbnab;tambeNay
Fwm enAeBlEdlFwmrgbnkktaEdlmanGMeBIenARtg;tMNEdl)aneBalBIxagelI. EcktmnbMlas;
TInImYyedaybMlas;TIEdl)ankMNt;enARtg;cMNucEdlbnkktamanGMeBI. edayGnuvtemKuNmaRtdan eKnwgTTYl)antmEdlCaGredaenrbs;ExS\TiBl.

!0>!!> eKalkarN_muyeyeRbssRmab;eRKag (Qualitative influence line for frames)

eKalkarN_muyey:eRbsCaviFIy:agelOnkgkarsg;ragTUeTArbs;ExS\TiBlsRmab;eRKagsMNg;
. enAeBlEdleKsal;ragExS\TiBl eKGackMNt;TItaMgrbs;bnkGefrEdleFVI[man\TiBlnGnuKmn_
kmaMgRbtikm kmaMgkat; bm:Um:g;Bt; FMCageKenAelIeRKagPam. Ca]TahrN_ rUbragrbs;ExS\TiBl
sRmab;m:Um:g;viCmanenARtg;cMNuckNal I rbs;rt FG rbs;eRKagenAkgrUbTI 10-24a Edlbgaj
edaybnat;dac;. dUcenH eKGacdak;bnkrayesIEtenAelIrt AB / CD nig FG edIm,IeFVI[m:Um:g;viCman
enARtg;cMNuc I FMCageK. CamYynwgeRKagrgbnkEbbenH rUbTI 10-24b eKGacviPaKeRKagedIm,I
KNnam:Um:g;eRKaHfak;enARtg;cMNuc I .
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]TahrN_ 10-11 sg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgRbtikmbBarenARtg;cMNuc A sRmab;FwmenAkgrUbTI

10-25a. EI Catmefr. sg;tmCaelxral; 2m .

dMeNaHRsay

yklTPaBrbs;FwmTb;Tl;nwgkmaMgRbtikm Ay . eKGaceFVIvaeTA)anedayeRbI vertical roller device

EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-25b. edayGnuvtbnkktabBarenARtg;cMNuc A eKTTYl)anrUbragExS
\TiBldUceXIjenAkgrUbTI 10-25c.
edIm,IkMNt;Gredaenrbs;ExS\TiBl eyIgnwgeRbIviFIFwmnimit (conjugate beam method).
kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;cMNuc A nigcMNuc B enAelIFwmBit enAeBlrgbnkktaenARtg;cMNuc A RtUv)an
viPaKeRKOgbgMminGackMNt;edaysaTictamviFIkmaMg

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

bgajenAkgrUbTI 10-25b. FwmnimitEdlRtUvKaRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-25d. cMNaMfaTRmenA

Rtg; A' enAEtrkSadUcTRmenARtg; A enAkgrUbTI 10-25b BIeRBaH vertical roller device enAelIFwm
nimitTb;Tl;m:Um:g; b:uEnminTb;Tl;kmaMgkat; EdlRtUvKaeTAnwgbMlas;TI b:uEnminEmnmMurgVilenARtg;TRm A
nFwmBit rUbTI 10-25c. kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRmrbs;FwmnimitRtUv)anKNna nigRtUv)anbgaj
enAkgrUbTI 10-25d. bMlas;TIncMNucenAelIFwmBit rUbTI 10-25b kRtUv)anKNna.
sRmab; B' edaysarminmanm:Um:g;Bt;enAelIFwmnimitRtg;cMNuc B' rUbTI 10-25d enaH
B = M B' = 0

sRmab; D' / rUbTI 10-25e

M D' = 0

D = M D' =

18
(2) 1 2 (2) 2 = 34.67
EI
EI
2 EI 3

sRmab; C ' / rUbTI 10-25f

M C' = 0

C = M C' =

18
(4) 1 4 (4) 4 = 61.33
EI
EI
2 EI 3

sRmab; A' / rUbTI 10-25d

A = M A' =

72
EI

edaysarkmaMgbBar 1kN manGMeBIenARtg;cMNuc A enAelIFwmenAkgrUbTI 10-25a eFVI[mankmaMg

Rbtikm 1kN enARtg;cMNuc A . bMlas;TIenARtg;cMNuc A A = 72 / EI KYrRtUvnwgtm 1 sRmab;
GredaenExS\TiBlenARtg;cMNuc A . dUcenH edayEckbMlas;TIEdl)anKNnaedayemKuNenH eyIg
TTYl)an
x

Ay

0.852

0.481

daRkamntmTaMgenHCaExS\TiBlEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-25g.

]TahrN_ 10-12 sg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc D sRmab;FwmenAkgrUbTI 10-

26a. EI Catmefr. sg;tmCaelxral; 3m .

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dMeNaHRsay

yklTPaBrbs;FwmTb;Tl;nwgkmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc D . eKGaceFVIvaeTA)anedayeRbI roller device

EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-26b. edayGnuvtbnkkmaMgkat;ktaenARtg;cMNuc D eKTTYl)anrUbrag
ExS\TiBldUceXIjenAkgrUbTI 10-26c.
kmaMgRbtikmenARtg; A / B nig C enAelIFwmBit enAeBlrgkmaMgkat;ktaenARtg;cMNuc D
RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-26b. FwmnimitEdlRtUvKaRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-26d. enATIenH
viPaKeRKOgbgMminGackMNt;edaysaTictamviFIkmaMg

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

eKRtUvGnuvtm:Um:g; M D' enARtg;cMNuc D' edIm,IeFVI[m:Um:g;Bt;epSgKaenAxageqVg nigxagsaMcMNuc D' .

m:Um:g;Bt;TaMgenHRtUvKanwgbMlas;TIxageqVg nigxagsaMncMNuc D enAelIFwmBit rUbTI 10-26c.
kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm A' / B' / C ' nigm:Um:g; M D' enAelIFwmnimitRtUv)anKNna nigRtUv)anbgaj
enAkgrUbTI 10-26e. cUrepgpat;karKNnaeLIgvij.
edaysarPaBdac;nm:Um:g;enARtg;cMNuc D' eKRtUvKNnam:Um:g;Bt;EdlenAxagsaM nigxageqVg
cMNuc D' bnic. sRmab;enAxageqVgcMNuc D' rUbTI 10-26f eyIg)an
M D' L = 0

DL = M D' L =

4.5
(1) 30 (3) = 85.5
EI
EI
EI

enAxagsaMgcMNuc D' rUbTI 10-26g eyIgman

M D' R = 0

DR = M D' R =

4.5
(1) 30 (3) + 144 = 58.5
EI
EI
EI
EI

A = M A' = 0

B = M B' = 0

BIrUbTI 10-26e

C = M C' = 0

sRmab;cMNuc E rUbTI10-26b edayeRbIviFImuxkat;enARtg;cMNuc E' EdlRtUvKaenAelIFwmnimit rUbTI

10-26h eyIgman
M E' = 0

E = M E' =

4.5
(1) 6 (3) = 13.5
EI
EI
EI

eKTTYl)anGredaenrbs;ExS\TiBledayEcktmxagelInwgemKuNmaRtdan
man
x

VD

A
DL
DR
B
E
C

0
0.594
0.406
0
0.0938
0

M D ' = 144 / EI

. eyIg

daRkamntmTaMgenHCaExS\TiBlEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-26i.

]TahrN_ 10-13 sg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMNuc D sRmab;FwmenAkgrUbTI 10-

27a. EI Catmefr. sg;tmCaelxral; 3m .

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dMeNaHRsay

eKdak;snak;enARtg;cMNuc D edIm,IdklTPaBrbs;FwmEdlTb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;enARtg;cMNucenH rUbTI 1027b. edaydak;m:Um:g;ktaviCmanenARtg; D eyIgTTYl)anExS\TiBldUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 1027c.

kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;cMNuc A / B nig C enAelIFwmBit enAeBlrgm:Um:g;enARtg;cMNuc D RtUv
)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-27b. FwmnimitRtUvKa nigkmaMgRbtikmrbs;vaRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 1027d. eKesI[epgpat;kmaMgRbtikmenAkgkrNITaMgBIr. BIrUbTI 10-27d cMNaMfa
A = M A' = 0

B = M B' = 0

C = M C' = 0

sRmab;cMNuc D' / rUbTI 10-27e

M D' = 0

D = M D' =

sRmab;cMNuc E' / rUbTI 10-27f

M E' = 0

E = M E' =

viPaKeRKOgbgMminGackMNt;edaysaTictamviFIkmaMg

1.5
(1) + 6 (3) = 19.5
EI
EI
EI
1.5
(1) 2 (3) = 4.5
EI
EI
EI

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

bMlas;TImMu (angular displacement) DD enARtg; D nFwmBitenAkgrUbTI 10-27c RtUv)ankMNt;

edaykmaMgRbtikmenARtg; D' enAelIFwmnimit. edIm,ITTYl)anGredaenrbs;ExS\TiBl eKEcktm
Edl)anKNnaxagelICamYynwgemKuN D' y = 16 / EI Edl
x

MD

A
D
B
E
C

0
1.219
0
0.281
0

daRkamntmTaMgenHCaExS\TiBlEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 10-27g.

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cMeNaT
!0>!> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm nigbnab; !0>%> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm A nig B .
mk sg;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Fwm. snt;faTRm EI Catmefr.
enA A CaTRmbgb; nigTRm B CaTRmkl;. EI Ca
tmefr.

!0>@> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm. snt;fa

TRmenA A CaTRmbgb; nigTRm B CaTRmkl;.
yk E = 200GPa . m:Um:g;niclPaBsRmab;
kMNat;Ggt; nImYyRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUb.

!0>^> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm bnab;mk

sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um;g;Bt;.
EI Catmefr.

!0>&> FwmRtUv)anRTedayTRmsnak;enARtg;cMNuc
!0>#> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm A / B nig A RTedayrWusrEdlmankMraj (stiffness) k enA
Rtg; B nigRTedayTRmkl;enARtg;cMNu C .
C bnab;mksg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;
kMNt; kmaMgrWusrGnuvteTAelIFwm. EI Catm
sRmab;Fwm. EI Catmefr.
efr.

!0>$> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm A nig !0>*> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRm. snt; B Ca

TRm B . snt;TRmenARtg;cMNuc A Gnuvtm:Um:g; TRmsnak; ehIy A nig C CaTRmkl;. EI Ca
Bt;eTAelIFwm. EI Catmefr.
tmefr.

cMeNaT

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

!0>(> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm bnab;mk !0>!#> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRm bnab;mksg;

sg;daRkamm:Um;g;Bt;. snt; A CaTRmsnak;ehIy daRkamm:Um:g;. m:Um:g;niclPaBsRmab;kMNat;
Ggt;nImYyRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUb. snt;fa A
B nig C CaTRmkl;. EI Catmefr.
nig C CaTRmkl; nig B CaTRmsnak;. yk E =
200GPa .
!0>!0> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRm. snt;TRm A
CaTRmsnak; ehIy B nig C CaTRmkl;. EI Ca
tmefr.
!0>!$> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRmenAelIFwm.
CBaaMgenARtg;cMNuc A clteLIgelI 30mm .
snt;fa A CaTRmsnak; ehIyTRm B nig C Ca
!0>!!> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRm. snt;TRm A TRmkl; . yk E = 200GPa nig
CaTRmsnak; ehIy B nig C CaTRmkl;. EI Ca I = 90(106 )mm4 .
tmefr.

!0>!@> kMNt;PaBdabenARtg;cug B rbs;r)ar

Edk. rWusrmankMraj k = 2 N / mm . r)arEdk !0>!%> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRm bnab;sg;da
manTTwg 5mm nigkm<s; 10mm . ehIy cUrsg; Rkamm:Um:g;. snt;faTRm A CaTRmsnak; ehIy
daRkamkmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;sRmab;r)arEdk B nig C CaTRm. EI mantmefr.
enH. yk E = 200GPa .

Problems

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!0>!^> sg;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Fwm. EI man

tmefr. snt;faTRm A CaTRmbgb; ehIy B
nig C Ca TRm.

!0>!&> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRmbgb;
nig B . EI mantmefr.

!0>@!> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRm bnab;mksg;

daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Ggt;nImYy. snt; A nig
B CaTRmsnak; ehIytMNenARtg;cMNuc C Ca
tMNbgb;. EI mantmefr.

!0>!*> sg;daRkamm:Um:g;Bt;sRmab;FwmTRm
bgb;. EI mantmefr.

!0>!(> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRm.
efr.

!0>@0> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRm.
efr.
cMeNaT

EI

EI

!0>@@> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRm bnab;mksg;

daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Ggt;nImYy. EI man
mantm tmefr.

mantm !0>@#> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRm bnab;mksg;

daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Ggt;nImYy. EI man
tmefr.
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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

enAkgrUb. snt;Ggt;RtUv)antPab;edaysnak;.
yk E = 200GPa .

!0>@$> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRm RbsinebITRm

Rtg; C RtUv)anrujeLIgelI 4mm . yk !0>@&> kMNt;kmaMgkgGgt;nImYyrbs; truss .
RkLapmuxkat;rbs;Ggt;nImYyRtUv)anbgaj
E = 200GPa / I = 250(106 )mm 4 .
enAkgrUb. yk E = 200GPa . snt;Ggt;
RtUv)antPab;edaysnak;.

!0>@%> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRm A nig D . m:Um:g;

niclPaBrbs;kMNat;Ggt;RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUb
. yk E = 200GPa .
!0>@*> kMNt;kmaMgkgGgt;nImYyrbs; truss
EdltPab;edaytMNsnak;. EA mantmefr.

!0>@^> kMNt;kmaMgkgGgt;nImYyrbs; truss .

RkLapmuxkat;rbs;Ggt;nImYyRtUv)anbgaj !0>@(> kMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;
truss . EA mantmefr.
Problems

HG

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

!0>#0> kMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt; HB rbs; truss

ncMeNaT !0>@(. EA mantmefr.
!0>#!> kMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt; HG . EA man
tmefr.

!0>#@> kMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;
mantmefr.

BE

!0>##> kMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt; DF n
. EA mantmefr.

EA

!0>#$> eKBrcugFwmkugsuledayEdkr)ar AC
EdlmanGgt;pit 25mm . ehIyFwmenHmanTRm
bgb;enARtg;cMNuc B . kMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Edk
r)arEdlbNalBIbnkrayesI 60kN / m . E =
200GPa sRmab;Fwm nigEdkr)ar.

!0>#%> eRKOgbgMRTbnkdUcbgajenAkgrUb.
cUrsg;daRkamm:Um:g;Bt;sRmab;FwmnImYy. yk
I = 100(10 6 )mm 4 sRmab;Fwm nig A = 200mm 2
nsRmab;Edkr)ar. Ggt;TaMgGs;eFVIGMBIEdkEdl
man E = 200GPa .

truss

!0>#^> eKeRbI queen-post trussed beam edIm,I

RTbnkrayesI 60kN / m . kMNt;kmaMgEdlekIt
cMeNaT

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

mankgr)arEdkTaMgR)aM. eKminKitkMras;rbs;Fwm
nigsnt;faGgt; truss RtUv)antPab;eTAnwgFwm
edaytMNsnak;. ehIyminKit\TiBlkmaMgsgt;
tamGkS nigkmaMgkat;enAkgFwm. RkLapmux
kat;rbs;Edkr)arnImYyKW 1800mm 2 ehIy !0>$0> eKRTFwmkugsul AB CamYynwgEdkr)ar
bEnmcMnYnBIr.
kMNt;kmaMgenAkgEdkr)ar
sRmab;Fwm I = 235(106 )mm 4 . yk E =
nImYy. eKminKitkmaMgsgt;tamGkS nigkmaMg
200GPa .
kat;enAkgFwm. Fwm I b = 200(106 )mm4 ehIy
sRmab;Edkr)arnImYy A = 100mm 2 . yk
E = 200GPa .
!0>#&> eKeRbI king-post trussed beam edIm,I
RTbnkcMNuc 200kN EdlmanGMeBIenAkNal
ElVg. kMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;r)arEdkTaMgbI. Edk
r)arnImYymanRkLapmuxkat;1250mm 2 .
snt;faBYkvaRtUv)antPab;edaytMNsnak;. eK
minKitkMras;rbs;Fwm nig\TiBlkmaMgsgt; tam
GkSenAkgFwmeT. yk E = 200GPa sRmab;
Fwm nigEdkr)ar. ehIy I AB = 150(106 )mm 4 .

!0>#*> kMNt;m:Um:g;GtibrmaenAkgFwmn cMeNaT

!0>#&.
!0>#(> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRm C . EI
mantmefrsRmab;FwmTaMgBIr.
Problems

!0>$!> sg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkat;enARtg;
cMNuc C . bgajCatmelxral; 5m . snt;
TRm B CaTRmkl;. EI mantmefr.

!0>$@> sg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgRbtikmenA
Rtg;cMNuc C . bgajCatmelxral; 5m .
EI man tmefr.

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!0>$#> sg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkat;enARtg;
cMNuc B . bgajCatmelxral; 5m . snt;
TRmenARtg; A CaTRmkl; nig C CaTRmbgb;.
EI man tmefr.

!0>$$> sg;ExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgRbtikmenA
Rtg;cMNuc A ncMeNaT !0>$#.
!0>$%> KUrRBagnUvExS\TiBlsRmab;m:Um:g;Bt;enA
Rtg;cMNuc D edayeRbIeKalkarN_muyey:eRb
s. kMNt;m:Um:g;viCmanGtibrmaenARtg;cMNuc D
Edl bNalBIbnkGefrrayesI 5kN / m . EI
mantmefr. snt; A CaTRmsnak; ehIy B
nig C CaTRmkl;.

!0>$^> KUrRBagnUvExS\TiBlsRmab;kmaMgkat;enA
Rtg;cMNuc B . RbsinebIFwmenHrgbnkGefrray
esI 6kN / m cUrkMNt;kmaMgkat;viCmanGtibrma
enARtg;cMNuc B . snt; A CaTRmsnak;. EI
mantmefr.

cMeNaT

NPIC

!0>$&> KUrRBagnUvExS\TiBlsRmab;m:Um:g;Bt;enA
Rtg;cMNuc B ncMeNaT !0>$^. RbsinebIFwmenH
rgbnkGefrray esI 6kN / m cUrkMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;
viCmanGtibrma enARtg;cMNuc B . snt; A Ca
TRmsnak;. EI man tmefr.
!0>$*> KUrRBagnUvExS\TiBlsRmab; (a) kmaMg
RbtikmbBarenARtg;cMNuc C (b) m:Um:g;Bt;enA
Rtg;cMNuc B nig (c) kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc E .
enAkgkrNInImYy cUrbgajTItaMgEdlRtUvdak;
bnkGefrrayesIEdleFVI[ekItmanGnuKmn_
viCmanGtibrma. snt;faFwmmanTRmbgb;enA
Rtg;cMNuc F .

!0>$(> eRbIeKalkarN_muyey:eRbsedIm,Isg;rag
TUeTAnExS\TiBlsRmab; (a) m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;
cMNuc A nig (b) kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc B .

!0>%0> eRbIeKalkarN_muyey:eRbsedIm,Isg;rag
TUeTAnExS\TiBlsRmab; (a) m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;
cMNuc A nig (b) kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc B .

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

!0>%!> eRbIeKalkarN_muyey:eRbsedIm,Isg;rag
TUeTAnExS\TiBlsRmab; (a) m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;
cMNuc A nig (b) kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc B .
!0>%$> eRbIeKalkarN_muyey:eRbsedIm,Isg;rag
TUeTAnExS\TiBlsRmab; (a) m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;
cMNuc A nig (b) kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc B .
!0>%@> eRbIeKalkarN_muyey:eRbsedIm,Isg;rag
TUeTAnExS\TiBlsRmab; (a) m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;
cMNuc A nig (b) kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc B .

!0>%#> eRbIeKalkarN_muyey:eRbsedIm,Isg;rag
TUeTAnExS\TiBlsRmab; (a) m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;
cMNuc A nig (b) kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc B .

Problems

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NPIC

!!> karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI smIkar slope-deflection

Displacement method of analysis: Slope-deflection equations

emeronenHnwgerobrab;y:agsegbnUveKalKMnitsRmab;viPaKeRKOgbgMedayeRbIviFIbMlas;TI.
eRkayeBlbgajBIeKalKMnit eyIgnwgbegItsmIkarTUeTAn slop deflection ehIybnab;mkeyIg
nigeRbIvaedIm,IviPaKFwm nigeRKagminkMNt;edaysaTic.

!!>!> viFIsaRsTUeTAkgkarviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI
(Displacement method of analysis: General procedures)

rcnasm<nTaMgGs;RtUvEtbMeBjtRmUvkarsmIkarlMnwg TMnak;TMngrvagbnk nigbMlas;TI nigRtUv

bMeBjtRmUvkarlkxNRtUvKanbMlas;TIedIm,IFananUvsuvtiPaBrbs;va. enAkgkfaxN 10.1 )anerob
rab;fa eKmanviFIBIrepSgKaedIm,IbMeBjtRmUvkarTaMgenHenAeBlviPaKeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysaTic. viFI
kmaMg emeronTI !0 EpkelIkarkMNt;kmaMgEdlCaGBaatelIs bnab;mkbMeBjtRmUvkarlkxNRtUv
Karbs;rcnasm<n. eKeFVIrebobenHedaysresrsmIkarbMlas;TI[Tak;TgnwgkmaMgedayeRbITMnak;TMng
rvagkmaMg nigbMlas;TI. dMeNaHRsaynsmIkarersultg;CakmaMgRbtikmEdlCaGBaatelIs bnab;
mkeKeRbIsmIkarlMnwgedIm,IkMNt;kmaMgRbtikmEdlenAsl;EdlmanGMeBIelIeRKOgbgM.
viFIbMlas;TICaviFIEdlmanlkNpyeTAnwgviFIkmaMg. dMbUgvaRtUvbMeBjtRmUvkarsmIkarlMnwg
sRmab;rcnasm<n. edIm,IeFVIEbbenH eKRtUvsresrbMlas;TIEdlCaGBaat[Tak;TgnwgbnkedayeRbI
TMnak;TMngrvagkmaMg nigbMlas;TI. eRkayeBlTTYl)anbMlas;TIrYcehIy eKGackMNt;kmaMgEdlCa
GBaatBIsmIkarlkxNRtUvKaedayeRbITMnak;TMngrvagkmaMg nigbMlas;TI. RKb;viFIbMlas;TITaMgGs;
GnuvttamviFIsaRsTUeTAenH.
Degrees of freedom enAeBleRKOgbgMrgkmaMgcMNucCak;lak;enAelIeRKOgbgMEdleK[ eQaHfa
node nwgrgbMlas;TI. bMlas;TITaMgenHRtUv)aneKKitCa degrees of freedom sRmab;eRKOgbgM
ehIyenAkgviFIbMlas;TIeKcaM)ac;RtUvkMNt; degrees of freedom TaMgenH edaysarvanwgkayCaGBaat
enAeBleKGnuvtviFIbMlas;TI. cMnYnnGBaatTaMgenHCadWeRknPaBminkMNt;edaysarsIueNm:aTicrbs;
eRKOgbgM.
edIm,IkMNt;PaBminkMNt;edaysIueNma:Tic eKGacKitvaeRKOgbgMpMedayesrInGgt;EdltPab;
Kaedaysar node EdlCaTUeTAvasitenARtg;tMN TRm enAxagcugrbs;Ggt; benARtg;kEngbMlas;br
muxkat;Pamrbs;Ggt;. enAkglMhr (three dimensions), node nImYyGacmanbMlas;TIlIenEGr
karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI smIkar slope-deflection

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

cMnYnBIr nigbMlas;TImMucMnYnmYYy. elIsBIenH eKGacTb;bMlas;TIrbs; node edayTRm bedaykarsnt;

EdlEpkelIkareFVIkarrbs;eRKOgbgM. Ca]TahrN_ RbsinebIeRKOgbgMCaFwm ehIyeKBicarNaEtkMhUc
RTg;RTayEdlbNalBIm:Um:g;Bt; enaHvaminmanbMlas;TIlIenEGrtambeNayGkSrbs;FwmeT edaysar
bMlas;TIenHbNalBIkMhUcRTg;RTayedaysarkmaMgtamGkS. edIm,IbBaak;BIeKalKMnitenH eyIgnwg
BicarNa]TahrN_xH edaycab;epImCamYynwgFwmenAkgrUbTI 11-1a. enATIenH RKb;bnk P Edl
GnuvteTAelI FwmnwgeFVI[ node A vilEtb:ueNaH edayecalkMhUcRTg;RTaytamGkS cMENk node
B RtUv)an Tb;min[cltEtmg. dUcenH FwmmanEt degree of freedom EtmYyKW A ehIy vaCa
eRKOgbgMmin kMNt;edaysIueNm:aTicdWeRkTImYy. FwmenAkgrUbTI 11-1b man node enARtg; A / B
nig C dUcenHva man degree of freedom cMnYnbYn EdlkMNt;edaymMurgVil A / B / C nigbMlas;
TItamTisQr C . vaCaeRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysIueNma:TicdWeRkTIbYn. \LvBicarNaeRKagenAkgrUbTI
11-1c. mgeTot RbsinebIeyIgecalkMhUcRTg;RTaytamGkSrbs;Ggt; bnk P EdlGnuvteTAelI
eRKagGaceFVI[ node B nig C vil ehIy node TaMgenHGacpas;TItamTisedkedaybrimaNesIKa.
dUcenH eRKagman degree of freedom cMnYnbIKW B / C nig B ehIyvaCaeRKOgbgMminkMNt;eday
sIueNm:aTicdWeRkTIbI.
Cakarsegb karkMNt;PaBminkMNt;edaysIueNma:Tic bcMnYnrbs; degree of freedom sRmab;
eRKOgbgMCaCMhancaM)ac;bMputEdleKRtUveFVImuneK enAeBlGnuvtviFIbMlas;TI. vakMNt;nUvcMnYnGBaat
EdlQrelIkarsnt;EdlKitcMeBaHkMhUcRTg;RTayrbs;eRKOgbgM. elIsBIenH enAeBlEdleKsal;
bMlas;TIrbs; node enaHeKnwgGackMNt;bMlas;TIrbs;eRKOgbgM ehIyeKGacTTYl)ankmaMgkgrbs;
Ggt;.

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!!>@> smIkar slope-deflection (Slope-Deflection equation)

viFIkmaMgenAkgemeronTI!0 RtUvkarsresrsmIkarEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkmaMg bm:Um:g;EdlCa
GBaat. EteKminGaceRbIvasRmab;eRKOgbgMminkMNt;EdlmandWeRkx<s;)aneT edaysareKRtUvkarbegIt
smIkarlkxNRtUvKaeRcIn ehIyelIsBIenH smIkarnImYyTak;TgnwgGBaatTaMgGs;EdleFVI[eKBi)ak
edaHRsayRbBnsmIkar elIkElgEteKeRbIkMuBTr. edaykareRbobeFob viFI slope-deflection minsK
sajdUcviFIkmaMgeT. dUcEdleyIg)aneXIj vaTamTarkargarticCag TaMgkarsresrsmIkar nigkar
edaHRsaysmIkaredIm,IrkbMlas;TI nigkmaMgkg. ehIyelIsBIenH eKGacsresrkmviFIkMuBTrCamYy
nwgviFIenHy:aggayRsYl ehIyeKGaceRbIvaedIm,IviPaKeRKOgbgMminkMNt;eRcInEbb.
viFI slope-deflection RtUv)anbegIteLIgdMbUgeday ehnrIc Em:ndWLa (Heinrich Manderla)
nig GUfU m: (Otto Morh) edIm,IsikSakugRtaMgbnab;bnSM (secondary stresses) enAkg trusses. eRkay
mk enAqaM1915 CI eG EmnI (G.A. Maney) )aneFVI[beckeTsenHkan;EtRbesIeLIg ehIyeRbIva
kgkarviPaKFwm nigeRKagminkMNt;.
General Case eK[eQaHviFIenHfa viFI slope-deflection edaysarGBaatrbs;vaCamMurgVil nig
PaBdabEdlekIteLIgedaysarGMeBIrbs;bnkmkelIrcnasm<n. edIm,IbegItTRmg;TUeTAnsmIkar
slope-deflection eyIgnwgBicarNaElVgKMrU AB nFwmCab;dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-2 EdlElVgenH
rgGMeBIn bnkNamYy ehIyvaman EI efr. eyIg
cg;eFVI[m:Um:g;Bt;rbs;Fwm M AB nig M BA man
TMnak;TMngnwg degree of freedom rbs;vaTaMgbI
eBalKW A / B nig EdlGaceFVI[mansRmut
enAcenaHTRm. enA kgkarbegItrUbmn eyIg
Kitfam:Um:g; nigmMurgVilviCmanenAeBlvaeFVIGMeBIeTA
elIFwmtamTisRTnicnaLikavil rUbTI 11-2.
elIsBIenH bMlas;TIlIenEGr mantmviCmandUcbgajenAkgrUb edaysarbMlas;TIeFVI[mMu rbs;
ElVgvilRsbTisRTnicnaLikavil.
eKGacTTYlsmIkar slope-deflection edayeRbIeKalkarN_tRmYtpledayBicarNaBicarNa
dac;edayELkBIKarvagm:Um:g;EdlekItmanenARtg;TRmEdlbNalBIbMlas;TInImYy A / B nig
nigbnk.

karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI smIkar slope-deflection

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

bMlas;TICamMuenARtg;cMNuc A/ eKman node A nGgt;EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-3a manmMu

A

rgVil A cMENk node B RtUv)anbgb;. edIm,IkMNt;m:Um:g; M AB EdlcaM)ac;edIm,IeFIV[manbMlas;TI

enH eyIgnwgeRbIviFIFwmnimit. sRmab;krNIenH FwmnimitRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-3b. cMNaMfa
kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc A' eFVIGMeBIeTAelIFwmedaymanTisedAcuHeRkam edaysar A RsbRTnic
naLika. PaBdabrbs;FwmBitenAkgrUbTI 11-3a RtUvesIsUnenARtg; A nig B dUcenHplbUkm:Um:g;
enARtg; A' nig B' rbs;FwmnimitkRtUvEtesIsUnEdr dUcenHeK)an
+ M A' = 0

+ M B' = 0

1 M AB L 1 M BA 2 L
2 EI L 3 2 EI L 3 = 0




1 M BA L 1 M AB 2 L
2 EI L 3 2 EI L 3 + A L = 0

BIsmIkarTaMgBIxagelI eyIgTTYl)anTMnak;TMngbnk nigbMlas;TIdUcxageRkam

4 EI
A
L
2 EI
=
A
L

M AB =

(11-1)

M BA

(11-2)

bMlas;TICamMuenARtg;cMNuc B/

tam

rebobdUcKa RbsinebIcug B rbs;FwmvileTArk

TItaMgcug eRkay)an B cMENkcug A RtUv)an
bgb;Cab; rUbTI 11-4 eyIgGacsresr
TMnak;TMngrvagm:Um:g; M BA eTAnwgmMu rgVil B
nigrvagm:Um:g;Rbtikm M AB enARtg;CBaaMg. lTplKW
4 EI
B
L
2 EI
=
B
L

M BA =

(11-3)

M AB

(11-4)

Displacement method of analysis: Slope-deflection equations

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

bMlas;TIeFob/ RbsinebI node B rbs;Ggt;pas;TIeFobeTAnwgcMNuc A dUcenHGgt;vilRsbTis

RTnicnaLika bMlas;TIviCman ehIycugTaMgBIGt;vli nigmanm:Um:g; nigkmaMgkat;EdlmanTMhMdUcKaEt
TisedApyKaekItmanenAkgGgt; rUbTI 11-5a. dUcelIkmun eKGacPab;TMnak;TMngrvagm:Um:g; M eTA
nwgbMlas;TI edayeRbIviFIFwmnimit. enAkgkrNIenH Fwmnimit rUbTI 11-5b mancugTaMgBIresrI
edaysarFwm Ggt; BitmanTRmbgb;. b:uEn edaysarbMlas;TIrbs;FwmBitenARtg;cMNuc B m:Um:g;enA
Rtg;cMNuc B' nFwmnimitRtUvEtman dUcbgaj . edayeFVIplbUkm:Um:g;Rtg;cMNuc B' eyIg)an
*

+ M B' = 0

1 M 2L 1 M L
2 EI L 3 2 EI L 3 = 0


6 EI
M AB = M BA = M = 2
L

(11-5)

tamkarkMNt;sBaa m:Um:g;enHGviCmanedaysarvaeFVIGMeBIRcasRTnicnaLikaedIm,I[Ggt;manlMnwg.

m:Um:g;bgb;cug (Fixed-End Moment) enAkgkrNIelIkmun eyIg)anKitBITMnak;TMngrvagbMlas;

TInigm:Um:g;caM)ac; M AB nig M BA EdleFVIGMeBIenARtg; node A nig B erogKa. b:uEn CaTUeTAbMlas;TI
lIenEGr nigbMlas;TImMun node ekItBIbnkEdlmanGMeBIenAelIElVgrbs;Ggt; minEmnekItBIm:Um:g;Edl
manGMeBIenARtg; node eT. edIm,IbegItsmIkar slope-deflection, eyIgRtUvbMElgbnkEdlmanGMeBIenA
elIElVg[eTACam:Um:g;smmUlEdlmanGMeBIenARtg; node ehIybnab;mkeRbITMnak;TMngrvagbnk nig
bMlas;TIedIm,IedaHRsay. eKGaceFVIvaeTA)anedayrkm:Um:g;RbtikmTb;Tl;nwgbnkEdlekItmanenARtg;
node. Ca]TahrN_ eKmanGgt;TRmbgb;dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-6a EdlvargbnkcMcMNuc P
enARtg; kNalElVg. FwmnimitsRmab;krNIenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-6b. edaysareyIgRtUv
kar[mMurgVilenARtg;cugnImYyesIsUn
+ Fy = 0

1 PL 1 M
2 4 EI L 2 2 EI L = 0

daRkamm:Um:g;EdlbgajenAlFwmnimitRtUv)ankMNt;edayviFItMrYtplsRmab;FwmTImrsamBa dUckarBnl;enAkgkfaxN45.
*

karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI smIkar slope-deflection

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
M =

PL
8

m:Um:g;enHRtUv)aneKehAfam:Um:g;bgb;cug (FEM). cMNaMfa GaRsynwgkarkMNt;sBaa vamantmGviCmanenARtg; node A RcasRTnicnaLika ehIyvamantmviCmanenARtg; node B RsbRTnic
naLika. edIm,IgayRsYlkgkaredaHRsaycMeNaT eKRtUvKNnam:Um:g;bgb;cugsRmab;kardak;bnkdT
eTot ehIyvaRtUv)anerobcMCatarag. edayeFVIplbUk FEM Edl)anKNnasRmab;cMeNaTCak;lak;
rUb TI 11-7 eyIg)an
M AB = (FEM ) AB

M BA = (FEM )BA

(11-6)

smIkar Slope-Deflection RbsinebIeKbUkm:Um:g;cugEdlbNalBIbMlas;TInImYy smIkar 11-1

rhUtdl; 11-5 CamYynwgm:Um:g;cugEdlbNalBIbnk smIkar 11-6 enaHeyIgGacsresrm:Um:g;ersultg;enAxagcugdUcxageRkam

I
M AB = 2 E 2 A + B 3 + (FEM ) AB
L
L
M BA

I
= 2 E 2 B + A 3 + (FEM )BA
L
L

(11-7)

edaysarsmIkarTaMgBIrenHRsedogKa eKGacsresrsmIkareTalEdlGacbgajsmIkarTaMgBIr
enH)an. edayykcugmagrbs;ElVgCacugCit (near edd N) ehIycugmageTotCacugqay (far end F)
ehIyedayykkRmajrbs;Ggt;Ca k = I / L ehIymMurbs;Ggt;Ca = / L eyIgGacsresr
M N = 2 EK (2 N + F 3 ) + (FEM )N

sRmab;ElVgxagkg bElVgxagEdlmancugqayCacugbgb;
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karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI smIkar slope-deflection

NPIC

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Edl

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

m:Um:g;Bt;enAkgcugCitrbs;ElVg m:Um:g;enHviCman RsbTisRTnicnaLika enAeBlEdl

vamanGMeBIelIElVg.
E / K = m:UDuleGLasicrbs;smar nigkRmajrbs;ElVg k = I / L .
N / F = mMurgVil bbMlas;TImMurbs;cugCit nigcugqayrbs;ElVgenARtg;TRm mMuenHmanxat
ra:dg; ehIyviCmanenAeBlvavilRsbTisRTnicnaLika.
= mMurgVilrbs;Ggt;bNalBIbMlas;TIlIenEGr Edl = / L mMuenHmanxatra:dg; ehIy
viCmanenAeBlvavilRsbTisRTnicnaLika.
(FEM )N = m:Um:g;bgb;cugenARtg;TRmncugCit m:Um:g;enHviCman RsbTisRTnicnaLika enA
eBlvamanGMeBIelIElVg. m:Um:g;bgb;cugsRmab;lkxNbnkepSgRtUv)anerobcMenA
kgtaragxagelI.
BIkarbkRsay smIkar11-8RtUv)ankMNt;edaysmIkarlkxNRtUvKa nigTMnak;TMngrvagbnk nig
bMlas;TIEdlBicarNaEteTAelI\TiBlm:Um:g;Bt; edaymin)anKitBIkMhUcRTg;RTayedaysarkmaMgkat;
nigkMhUcRTg;RTayedaysarkmaMgtamGkS dUcenHeKKitvaCasmIkar slope-deflection TUeTA. enAeBl
eRbIvasRmab;edaHRsaycMeNaT eKRtUvGnuvtsmIkarenHBIrdgsRmab;ElVgGgt; AB nImYy eBal
KWGnuvt BI A eTA B nigBI B eTA A sRmab;ElVg AB enAkgrUbTI 11-2.
cugElVgRTedayTRmsnak; eBlxH cugElVgrbs;Fwm beRKagRtUv)anRTedayTRmsnak; bTRmkl;
enAcugqay rUbTI 11-8a. enAeBlekItmankrNIEbbenH m:Um:g;enARtg;TRmkl; bTRmsnak;RtUvEt
esIsUn enaHeKmincaM)ac;kMNt;bMlas;TImMu B enARtg;TRmenaHeT eKGacEkERbsmIkar slopedeflection TUeTA dUcenHeKRtUvGnuvtvaEtmgKt;eTAelIElVg minEmnBIrdg. edIm,IeFVIEbbenH eyIgnwg
GnuvtsmIkar 11-8 bsmIkar 11-7 eTAelIcugnImYyrbs;FwmenAkgrUbTI 11-8. CalTpl eKTTYl
)ansmIkarBIrdUcxag eRkam
MN =

M N = 2 Ek (2 N + F 3 ) + (FEM )N

0 = 2 Ek (2 F + N 3 ) + 0

(11-9)

enATIenH (FEM )F esIsUnedaysarcugqayCaTRmsnak; rUbTI 11-8b. elIsBIenH eKGacTTYl

)an (FEM )N Ca]TahrN_ edayeRbItaragmU:m:g;bgb;cugxagelI. edayKuNsmIkarTImYyxag
elInwgBIr ehIydkvaCamYynwgsmIkarTIBIr edIm,IsRmYl F enaHeyIg)an
M N = 3Ek ( N ) + (FEM )N

sRmab;Etcugqayrbs;ElVgRtUv)anRTedayTRmsnak; bTRmkl;

Displacement method of analysis: Slope-deflection equations

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edaysarm:Um:g;enAcugqayesIsUn eKGnuvtsmIkarenHEtmgb:ueNaHsRmab;cugElVg. vasRmYlkarviPaK

edaysarsmIkarTUeTA smIkar 11-8 TamTarkarGnuvtBIrdgsRmab;ElVgenH edaysarvaBak;Bnnwg
bMlas;TImMu B b F enAcugTRm.

edIm,IsegbkarGnuvtsmIkar slope-deflection, cUrBicarNaFwmCab;EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 119 Edlman degree of freedom cMnYnbYn. enATIenH eKGacGnuvtsmIkar 11-8 cMnYnBIrdgeTAelIElVg
nImYy eBalKWBI A eTA B / BI B eTA A / BI B eTA C / BI C eTA B / BI C eTA D / nigBI D eTA C . smIkarTaMg
enHnwgBak;BnnwgmMurgVil A / B / C nig D EdlCaGBaat. b:uEn edaysarm:Um:g;cugenARtg; A nig D
sUn enaHeKmincaM)ac;kMNt; A nig D eT. eKnwgTTYl)ankaredaHRsayxICagRbsinebIeKGnuvt
smIkar 11-10 BI B eTA A nigBI C eTA D ehIybnab;mkGnuvtsmIkar 11-8 BI B eTA C nig BI C eTA
B . smIkarTaMgbYnenHnwgBak;BnEtnwgmMurgVil B nig C EdlCaGBaatEtb:ueNaH.

!!>#> viPaKFwm (Analysis of beams)

dMeNIrkarkgkarviPaK (Procedure for analysis)
Degree of Freedom

bg;elx bGkSrRKb;TRm nigtMN (node) edIm,IkMNt;GtsBaaNnElVgrbs;Fwm beRKagEdlenAcenaH

node. edayKUrrUbragdabrbs;rcnasm<n eKmanlTPaBkMNt;cMnYn degree of freedom. enATIenH
node nImYyGacmanbMlas;TImMu nigbMlas;TIlIenEGr. eKRtUvrkrkSaPaBRtUvKaenARtg; node edIm,IeFVI
karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI smIkar slope-deflection

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

[Ggt;EdltPab;edaytMNbgb;enARtg; node rgbMlas;TIdUcKa. RbsinebIbMlas;TITaMgenaHCa GBaat

eKKYrsnt;[vaeFVIGMeBItamTisviCman edayeFVI[Ggt; btMNvilRsbTisRTnicnaLika rUbTI 11-2.

smIkar Slope-Deflection
smIkar slope-deflection Pab;TMnak;TMngrvagm:Um:g;EdlCaGBaatEdlGnuvtenARtg; node CamYynwg
bMlas;TIrbs; nodes sRmab;ElVgTaMgGs;rbs;eRKOgbgM. RbsinebIeKmanbnkenAelIElVg eKRtUv
KNna FEM edayeRbItaragm:Um:g;cugEdl[enAkgkfaxN 11.2. ehIyRbsinebI node manbMlas;TI
lIenEGr eKRtUvKNna = / L sRmab;ElVgEk,r. GnuvtsmIkar 11-8 eTAelIcugrbs;ElVgnImYy
edayeRbIsmIkar slope-deflection BIrdgsRmab;ElVgnImYy. b:uEn RbsinebIcugElVgnFwm beRKag
Cab; CaTRmsnak; GnuvtsmIkar 11-10 EteTAelIcugEdlTb; ehIyeRbIsmIkar slope-deflection
Etmg b:ueNaHsRmab;ElVg.

smIkarlMnwg
sresrsmIkarlMnwgsRmab; degree of freedom EdlCaGBaatnImYy. eKRtUvsresrsmIkarTaMgenH
edayeRbIm:Um:g;Bt;EdlCaGBaatdUcEdlkMNt;enAkgsmIkar slope-deflection. sRmab;Fwm nigeRKag
sresrsmIkarlMnwgnm:Um:g;enARtg;TRmnImYy nigsRmab;eRKagsresrsmIkarlMnwgnm:Um:g;Bt;Rtg;
tMN. RbsinebIeRKageyal bmanPaBdabtamTisedk eKRtUvPab;TMnak;TMngrvagkmaMgkat;enAkgssr
eTAnwgm:Um:g;enAxagcugrbs;ssr nwgmanerobrab;enAkgkfaxN 11-5.
CMnYssmIkar slope-deflection eTAkgsmIkarlMnwg ehIyedaHRsayrkbMlas;TIrbs;tMNEdl
CaGBaat. bnab;mkeKRtUvCMnYslTplTaMgenHeTAkgsmIkar slope-deflection edIm,IkMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;
enAxagcugrbs;Ggt;nImYy. RbsinebIlTplmantmGviCman mannyfavavilRcasRTnicnaLika
cMENkm:Um:g; nigbMlas;TIviCmanvilRsbRTnicnaLika.

]TarhN_ 11-1 sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-

10a. EI Camantmefr.

dMeNaHRsay

smIkar slope-deflection
enAkg]TahrN_enHeKRtUvBicarNaElVgBIr. edaysarKanElVgNamYymanTRmsnak; bTRmkl; dUcenH
eKRtUvGnuvtsmIkar 11-8. edayeRbIrUbmnsRmab; FEM EdlerobcMenAkgtaragsRmab;bnk RtIekaN

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(FEM )BC = wL

30
2

(FEM )CB = wL

20

6(6 )2
= 7.2kN .m
30

6(6 )2
= 10.8kN .m
20

cMNaMfa (FEM )BC GviCman edaysarvaeFVIGMeBIRcasRTnicnaLikaenARtg;cMNuc B . ehIy (FEM )AB

= (FEM )BA = 0 edaysarminmanbnkenAelIElVg AB .
edIm,Isal;GBaat ExSekageGLasicsRmab;FwmRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-10b. dUckar
bgaj eKmanm:Um:g;Bt;EdlCaGBaatcMnYnbYn. manEtmMurgVil B enARtg;cMNuc B b:ueNaHEdlCaGBaat.
edaysar A nig C CaTRmbgb; enaH A = C = 0 . ehIy edaysarTRmminRsut vamin
manbMlas;TIeLIgelI bcuHeRkam AB = BC = 0 . sRmab;ElVg AB edayKitfa A CacugCit nig B
Cacugqay eyIg)an
I
M N = 2 E (2 N + F 3 ) + (FEM )N
L
EI
I
B
M AB = 2 E [2(0 ) + B 3(0 )] + 0 =
4
8

(1)

\LvKitfa B CacugCit nig A Cacugqay eyIg)an

EI
I
B
M BA = 2 E [2 B + 0 3(0 )] + 0 =
2
8

(2)

tamrebobdUcKa sRmab;ElVg BC eyIg)an

karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI smIkar slope-deflection

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

2 EI
I
B 7.2
M BC = 2 E [2 B + 0 3(0 )] 7.2 =
3
6
EI
I
B + 10.8
M CB = 2 E [2(0) + B 3(0 )] + 10.8 =
3
6

(3)
(4)

smIkarlMnwg
smIkarTaMgbYnxagelImanGBaatcMnYnR)aM. smIkarEdlcaM)ac;TIR)aM)anBIlkxNlMnwgrbs;m:Um:g;enARtg;
TRm B . daRkamGgesrIrbs;kMNat;Ggt;enARtg;cMNuc B RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-10c. enATI
enH M BA nig M BC RtUv)ansnt;[eFVIGMeBIkgTisedAviCmanedIm,I[RsbeTAnwgsmIkar slopedeflection . dUcenH
*

+ MB = 0

M BA + M BC = 0

(5)

edIm,IedaHRsay CMnYssmIkar (2) nig (3) eTAkgsmIkar (5) enaHeyIg)an

B =

6.17
EI

edayCMnYstmenHeTAkgsmIkar (1) dl;smIkar (4) eyIg)an

M AB = 1.54kN .m
M BA = 3.09kN .m

M BC = 3.09kN .m
M CB = 12.86kN .m

tmGviCmansRmab; M BC bgajfam:Um:g;enHeFVIGMeBIRcasRTnicnaLikaenAelIFwm minEmnRsbRTnicnaLikadUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-10b.

edayeRbIlTplenH eKkMNt;kmaMgkat;enARtg;cugElVgBIsmIkarlMnwg rUbTI 11-10d.
daRkamGgesrInFwmTaMgmUl nigdaRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 1110e.

]TarhN_ 11-2 sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-

11a. EI Camantmefr.

dMeNaHRsay

smIkar slope-deflection
enAkg]TahrN_enHeKRtUvBicarNaElVgBIr. eKGnuvtsmIkar 11-8 eTAelIElVg AB . eyIgGaceRbI
*

RsbRTnicnaLikaenAelIFwm b:uEnRcasRTnicnaLikaenAelITMr.

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smIkar 11-10 sRmab;ElVg BC edaysar C CaTRmkl;. edayeRbIrUbmnsRmab;

enAkgtarag eyIg)an
2

(FEM ) AB = wL

FEM

EdlerobcM

1
(40)(6)2 = 120kN .m
12

12
2
(FEM )BA = wL = 1 (40)(6)2 = 120kN .m
12 12
(FEM )BC = 3PL = 3(60)(2) = 22.5kN .m
16
16

cMNaMfa (FEM )AB nig (FEM )BC GviCman edaysarvaeFVIGMeBIRcasRTnicnaLikaenARtg;cMNuc A nig

B erogKa. ehIyedaysarTRmKansRmut AB = BC = 0 . edayGnuvtsmIkar 11-8 sRmab;ElVg
AB nigedaydwgfa A = 0 eyIg)an
I
M N = 2 E (2 N + F 3 ) + (FEM )N
L
I
M AB = 2 E [2(0) + B 3(0)] 120
L
M AB = 0.333EI B 120
I
M BA = 2 E [2 B + 0 3(0)] + 120
L
M BA = 0.667 EI B + 120

karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI smIkar slope-deflection

(1)

(2)
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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

edayGnuvtsmIkar 11-12 CamYynwg B CacugCit nig C Cacugqay eyIg)an

I
M N = 3E ( N ) + (FEM )N
L
I
M BC = 3E ( B 0) 22.5
2
M BC = 1.5EI B 22.5

(3)

cgcaMfa eKminGnuvtsmIkar 11-10 BI B cugCit eTA B cugqay eT.

smIkarlMnwg
smIkarTaMgbIxagelImanGBaatcMnYnbYn. smIkarEdlcaM)ac;TIR)aM)anBIlkxNlMnwgrbs;m:Um:g;enARtg;
TRm B . daRkamGgesrIRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-11b. eyIg)an
+ MB = 0

M BA + M BC = 0

(4)

edIm,IedaHRsay CMnYssmIkar (2) nig (3) eTAkgsmIkar (4) enaHeyIg)an

B =

45
EI

edaysar B GviCman RcasRTnicnaLika ExSekageGLasicsRmab;FwmRtUv)ansg;y:agRtwmRtUvenA

kgrUbTI 11-11a. edayCMnYs B eTAkgsmIkar (1) (3) eyIg)an
M AB = 135kN .m
M BA = 90kN .m

M BC = 90kN .m

edayeRbIlTplnm:Um:g;TaMgenH eyIgGackMNt;kmaMgkat;enARtg;cugrbs;ElVgFwmenAkgrUbTI 1111c. daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-11d.

]TarhN_ 11-3 kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg;cMNuc A nig B sRmab;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-12a.

TRmenARtg; A mansRmut 80mm . yk E = 200GPa nig I = 5(106 )mm4 .

dMeNaHRsay

smIkar slope-deflection
enAkgcMeNaTenH eyIgBicarNaEtElVg AB mYyb:ueNaH edaysarm:Um:g; M AB EdlbNalBIFwmly
EdlGacKNnaBIsaTic. edaysarminmanbnkenAelIElVg AB enaH FEM esIsUn. dUcbgajenAkg
rUbTI 11-12b bMlas;TIcuHeRkamrbs;cMNuc B eFVI[ElVg AB vilRsbRTnicnaLika. dUcenH

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AB = BA =

NPIC

0.08m
= 0.02rad
4

kRmajrbs; AB KW
I 5(10 6 )mm 4 (10 12 )m 4 / mm 4
= 1.25(10 6 )m 3
k= =
4m

edayGnuvtsmIkar slope-deflection smIkar 11-8 eTAelIElVg AB CamYynwg A = 0 eyIg)an

I
M N = 2 E (2 N + F 3 ) + (FEM )N
L

( ( ) )[ ( ) ]
= 2(200(10 )N / m )[1.25(10 )m ][2

M AB = 2 200 10 9 N / m 2 1.25 10 6 m 3 [2(0 ) + B 3(0.02 )] + 0

M BA

+ 0 3(0.02 )] + 0

(1)
(2)

smIkarlMnwg
daRkamGgesrIrbs;FwmenARtg;TRm B RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-12c. eyIg)an
+ MB = 0

M BA 8000 N (3m ) = 0

edIm,IedaHRsay CMnYssmIkar (2) eTAkgsmIkarenH eyIg)an

1(10 6 ) B 30(103 ) = 24(10 3 )
B = 0.054rad ]
dUcenHBIsmIkar (1) nig (2)
M AB = 3.00kN .m
M BA = 24.0kN .m

]TarhN_ 11-4 kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg;TRmrbs;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-13a. TRmenARtg; A

mansRmut 30mm . yk E = 200GPa nig I = 600(106 )mm 4 .

karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI smIkar slope-deflection

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNaHRsay

smIkar slope-deflection
enAkgcMeNaTenH eKmanElVgcMnYnbIEdlRtUvBicarNa. eKeRbIsmIkar 11-8 edaysarTRm A nig D
CaTRm bgb;. ehIymanEtElVg AB b:ueNaHEdlman FEM .
2

(FEM ) AB = wL
(FEM )BA

1
(20)(7.2)2 = 86.4kN .m
12 12
wL2 1
=
= (20)(7.2)2 = 86.4kN .m
12 12
=

dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-13b, sRmut bMlas;TI rbs;TRm C eFVI[ BC viCman edaysarGgt; BC

vilRsbRTnicnaLika ehIy CD GviCman edaysarGgt; CD vilRcasRTnicnaLika. dUcenH
BC =

0.03m
= 0.005rad
6m

CD =

edaybgajxatrbs;kRmajCaEm:Rt eyIg)an
600(10 6 )(10 12 )
= 83.33(10 6 )m3
k AB =
7.2
600(10 6 )(10 12 )
= 100(10 6 )m 3
k BC =
6

( )(

0.03m
= 0.00667rad
4m

( )
cMNaMfa = = 0 edaysar A nig D CaTRmbgb; ehIyedayGnuvtsmIkar slope-deflection
smIkar 11-8 BIrdgenAelIElVgnImYy eyIg)an
sRmab;ElVg AB
M = 2[200(10 )[83.33(10 )]2(0 ) + 3(0 )] 86.4
k CD =
A

600 10 10 12
= 133.33 10 6 m 3
4.5
6

AB

M AB = 33333.3 B 86.4

[ ( )[

( )]

M BA = 2 200 10 6 83.33 10 6 2 B + 0 3(0 ) + 86.4

M BA = 66666.7 B + 86.4
Displacement method of analysis: Slope-deflection equations

(1)

(2)

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sRmab;ElVg BC

NPIC

[ ( )[ ( )]

M BC = 2 200 10 6 100 10 6 2 B + C 3(0.005) + 0

M BC = 80000 B + 40000 C 600

[ ( )[ ( )]

(3)

M CB = 2 200 10 6 100 10 6 2 C + B 3(0.005) + 0

M CB = 80000 C + 40000 B 600

sRmab;ElVg CD

[ ( )[ ( )]

(4)

M CD = 2 200 10 6 133 10 6 2 C + 0 3( 0.00667 ) + 0

M CD = 106666.7 C + 0 + 1066.7

(5)

M DC = 2 200 10 6 133.33 10 6 2(0 ) + C 3( 0.00667 ) + 0

M DC = 53333.3 C + 1066.7

(6)

[ ( )[

( )]

smIkarlMnwg
smIkarTaMgR)aMmYymanGBaatR)aMbI. edaysresrsmIkarlMnwgrbs;m:Um:g;sRmab;TRmenARtg;cMNuc B
nig cMNuc C rUbTI 11-13c eyIg)an
+ MB = 0

+ MC = 0

M BA + M BC = 0
M CB + M CD = 0

(7)
(8)

edIm,IedaHRsay CMnYssmIkar (2) nig (3) eTAkgsmIkar (7) ehIyCMnYssmIkar (4) nig (5) eTAkg
smIkar (8) enaHeyIg)an
C + 3.667 B = 0.01284
C 0.214 B = 0.00250

B = 0.00444rad
C = 0.00345rad
dUcenH
tmviCmansRmab; C bgajkarvilRcasRTnicnaLikarbs;bnat;b:HenARtg;cMNuc C rUbTI 1113a. edayCMnYstmTaMgenHeTAkgsmIkar (1)-(6) eyIg)an
M AB = 61.6kN .m
M BA = 383kN .m

M BC = 383kN .m
M CB = 698kN .m
M CD = 698kN .m
M DC = 883kN .m

karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI smIkar slope-deflection

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

!!>$> viPaKeRKagEdlmineyal (Analysis of Frame: No sidesway)

eRKagnwgmineyal bpas;TIeTAeqVg beTAsaM RbsinebIeKTb;va)anl. ]TahrN_RtUv)anbgaj
enAkgrUbTI 11-14. ehIyeRKagEdlminmankarTb;)anlnwgmineyaleT RbsinragFrNImaRt nigkar
rgbnkrbs;vamanlkNsIuemRTI dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-15. sRmab;krNITaMgBIr tY enAkg
smIkar slope-deflection esIsUn edaysarm:Um:g;Bt;min)aneFVI[tMNmanbMlas;TIlIenEGr.
]TahrN_xageRkambgajBIkarGnuvtnsmIkar slope-deflection edayeRbIdMeNIrkarkgkar
viPaKEdlmanerobrab;enAkgkfaxN !!># sRmab;eRKagRbePTenH.

]TarhN_ 11-5 kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg;tMNnImYyrbs;eRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-16a. EI

mantmefr.

dMeNaHRsay

smIkar slope-deflection
enAkgcMeNaTenH eKmanGgt;cMnYnbIEdlRtUvBicarNaKW AB / BC nig CD . edayeRKagenHmanTRm
bgb; enARtg;cMNuc A nig D eyIgnwgGnuvtsmIkar 11-8 sRmab;karedaHRsayenH.
Displacement method of analysis: Slope-deflection equations

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NPIC

BItaragm:Um:g;bgb;cug/ FEM sRmab; BC KW

(FEM )BC

5wL2
5(24 )(8)2
=
= 80kN .m
96
96
2

(FEM )CB = 5wL

96

5(24 )(8)2
= 80kN .m
96

cMNaMfa A = D = 0 ehIy AB = BC = CD = 0 edaysareRKagenHnwgmineyal.

edayGnuvtsmIkar 11-8 eyIg)an
M N = 2 Ek (2 N + F 3 ) + (FEM )N
I
M AB = 2 E [2(0) + B 3(0 )] + 0
12
M AB = 0.1667 EI B
I
M BA = 2 E [2 B + 0 3(0 )] + 0
12
M BA = 0.333EI B
I
M BC = 2 E [2 B + C 3(0)] 80
8
M BC = 0.5EI B + 0.25 EI C 80
I
M CB = 2 E [2 C + B 3(0 )] + 80
8
M CB = 0.8EI C + 0.25 EI B + 80

(1)

(3)

(3)

(4)

I
M CD = 2 E [2 C + 0 3(0 )] + 0
12

karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI smIkar slope-deflection

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

M CD = 0.333EI C

(5)

I
M DC = 2 E [2(0 ) + C 3(0 )] + 0
12
M DC = 0.1667 EI C

(6)

smIkarlMnwg
smIkarTaMgR)aMmYymanGBaatR)aMbI. smIkarlMnwgBIreTot)anBIsmIkarlMnwgrbs;m:Um:g;sRmab;TRmenA
Rtg;cMNuc B nig cMNuc C rUbTI 11-16c. eyIg)an
M BA + M BC = 0
M CB + M CD = 0

(7)
(8)

edIm,IedaHRsaysmIkarTaMgR)aMbIenH CMnYssmIkar (2) nig (3) eTAkgsmIkar (7) nigCMnYssmIkar (4)

nig (5) eTAkgsmIkar (8). eyIg)an
0.833EI B + 0.25 EI C = 80
0.833EI C + 0.25 EI B = 80

edayedaHRsayRbBnsmIkarenHeyIg)an
B = C =

137.1
EI

EdleqIytbeTAnwgrebobEdleRKagdabdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-16a. edayCMnYsvaeTAkgsmIkar

(1)-(6) eyIg)an
M AB = 22.9kN .m
M BA = 45.7kN .m

M BC = 45.7kN .m
M BC = 45.7 kN .m
M CD = 45.7 kN .m
M DC = 22.9kN .m

edayeRbIlTplTaMgenH eyIgGackMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;cugrbs;Ggt;nImYyBIsmIkarlMnwg ehIy

eyIgGacsg;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;eRKagdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-16c.

]TarhN_ 11-6 kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg;tMNnImYyrbs;eRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-17a.

m:Um:g;niclPaBsRmab;Ggt;nImYyRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUb. yk E = 200GPa .

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NPIC

dMeNaHRsay

smIkar slope-deflection
enAkgcMeNaTenH eKmanGgt;cMnYnbYnEdlRtUvBicarNa. eyIgnwgGnuvtsmIkar 11-8 cMeBaHGgt; AB
nig BC ehIyGnuvtsmIkar 11-10 cMeBaHGgt; CD nig CE BIeRBaH D nig E CaTRmsnak;.
edaykMNt;kRmajrbs;Ggt; eyIg)an
160(10 6 )(10 12 )
80(10 6 )(10 12 )
k AB =
= 35.56(10 6 )m 3
kCD =
= 17.78(10 6 )m 3
4.8
4.5
320(10 6 )(10 12 )
260(10 6 )(10 12 )
k BC =
= 66.67(10 6 )m 3
kCE =
= 72.23(10 6 )m 3
4.8

FEM

3.6

EdlbNalBIbnkKW
(FEM )BC
(FEM )CB
(FEM )CE

PL
30(4.8)
=
= 18kN .m
8
8
PL 30(4.8)
=
=
= 18kN .m
8
8
=

wL2
50(3.6 )2
=
= 81kN .m
8
8

edayGnuvtsmIkar 11-8 nigsmIkar 11-10 eTAelIeRKag nigcMNaMfa A = 0 / AB = BC = CD =

CE = 0 edaysarminmankareyal dUcenHeyIg)an
M N = 2 Ek (2 N + F 3 ) + (FEM )N

[ ( )]

( )

M AB = 2 200 10 6 (35.56 ) 10 6 [2(0 ) + B 3(0 )] + 0

M AB = 14222.2 B

[ ( )]

(1)

( )

M BA = 2 200 10 6 (35.56 ) 10 6 [2 B + 0 3(0 )] + 0

M BA = 28444.4 B

[ ( )]

(2)

( )

M BC = 2 200 10 6 (66.67 ) 10 6 [2 B + C 3(0 )] 18

karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI smIkar slope-deflection

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

M BC = 53333.3 B + 26666.7 C 18

[ ( )]

(3)

( )

M CB = 2 200 10 6 (66.67 ) 10 6 [2 C + B 3(0 )] + 18

M BC = 26666.7 B + 53333.3 C + 18

(4)

M N = 3Ek ( N ) + (FEM )N

[ ( )]

( )

M CD = 3 200 10 6 (17.78) 10 6 [ C 0] + 0
M CD = 10666.7 C

[ ( )]

(5)

( )

M CE = 3 200 10 6 (72.22 ) 10 6 [ C 0] + 81
M CE = 43333.3 C 81

(6)

smIkarlMnwg
smIkarTaMgR)aMmYymanGBaatR)aMbI. eKGacsresrsmIkarlMnwgrbs;m:Um:g;cMnYnBIrsRmab;TRmenARtg;
cMNuc B nigcMNuc C rUbTI 11-17c. eyIg)an
M BA + M BC = 0
M CB + M CD + M CE = 0

(7)
(8)

edIm,IedaHRsay CMnYssmIkar (2) nig(3) eTAkgsmIkar (7) ehIyCMnYssmIkar (4)-(6) eTAkgsmIkar

(8) enaHeyIg)an
81777.7 + 26666.7 C = 18
26666.7 B + 107333.3 C = 63

edaHRsayRbBnsmIkarenHeyIg)an
B = 3.124(10 5 )rad
C = 5.792(10 4 )rad
edaysartmTaMgenHviCman dUcenHvaeFVI[eRKagxUcRTg;RTaydUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-17a. eday
CMnYstmTaMgenHeTAkgsmIkar (1)-(6) nigedaHRsay eyIg)an
M AB = 0.444kN .m
M BA = 0.888kN .m

M BC = 0.888kN .m
M CB = 49.7 kN .m
M CD = 6.48kN .m
M CE = 55.9kN .m

Displacement method of analysis: Slope-deflection equations

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NPIC

!!>%> viPaKeRKagEdleyal (Analysis of frames: Sidesway)

eRKagnwgeyal bclteTAxagenAeBlEdlva bbnkEdlmanGMeBIelIvamanlkNminsIuemRTI.
edIm,IbgajBI\TiBlenH BicarNaeRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-18. enATIenH bnk P eFVI[man
m:Um:g; M BC nig M CB enARtg;cMNuc B nig C erogKa ehIym:Um:g;TaMgBIrenHminesIKaeT. m:Um:g; M BC eFVI
[cMNuc B clteTAsaM m:Um:g; M CB eFVI[cMNuc C clteTAeqVg. edaysar M BC FMCag M CB
enaHlTplnbMlas;TIsrub rbs;tMN B nig C KWeTAsaM dUcbgajenAkgrUb . enAeBlGnuvtsmIkar
slope-deflection eTAelIssrnImYyrbs;eRKag eyIgRtUvBicarNamMurgVilrbs;ssr edaysar
= / L CaGBaatenAkgsmIkar. CalTpl eKRtUvkar
bBalsmIkarlMnwgbEnmsRmab;karedaHRsay. enAkgkfaxNelIkmun eyIgeXIjfabMlas;TImMu EdlCaGBaatmanTMnak;
TMngenAkgsmIkar lMnwgnm:Um:g;. tamrebobdUcKa enAeBl
ekItmanbMlas;TIlIenEGr bmMurgVilrbs;ElVg eyIgRtUv
sresrsmIkarlMnwgnkmaMgedIm,ITTYl)andMeNaHRsayeBj
elj. b:uEn GBaatenAkgsmIkarTaMgenHRtUvEtBak;Bnnwg
m:Um:g;Bt;Edlman GMeBIenARtg;cugssr edaysarsmIkar slopedeflection Bak;BneTAnwgm:Um:g;TaMgenH. beckeTssRmab;edaH
RsaycMeNaTneRKagEdleyalRtUv)anbgajenAkg]TahrN_.
*

]TarhN_ 11-7 kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg;tMNnImYyrbs;eRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-19a. EI

mantmefr.

dMeNaHRsay

smIkar slope-deflection
edaysarTRm A nig D CaTRmbgb; eKGacGnuvtsmIkar 11-8 sRmab;Ggt;TaMgbIrbs;eRKag. enATI
enH eRKagmanPaBeyal edaysarkardak;bnk nigragFrNImaRtrbs;eRKagmanlkNminsIuemRTI.
enATIenH eKdak;bnkedaypal;eTAelItMN B dUcenHminman FEM eFVIGMeBIeTAelItMNeT. dUcbgajenA
kgrUb TI 11-19a eKsnt;[tMN B nigtMN C pas;TIedaybrimaN esIKa. Cavi)ak AB = / 4
ehIy DC = / 6 . tYTaMgBIrenHviCman edaysarGgt; AB nig CD vilRsbTisRTnicnaLika.
*

rMlwkfa kMhUcRTg;RTayrbs;Ggt;TaMgbIKWbNalBIm:Um:g;Bt; edayecalkmaMgkat;nigkmaMgtamGkS.

karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI smIkar slope-deflection

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

edayPab; TMnak;TMng AB eTAnwg DC eyIg)an AB = (6 / 4) DC . edayGnuvtsmIkar 11-8

eTAelIeRKag eyIg)an
I
6

M AB = 2 E 2(0 ) + B 3 DC + 0 = EI (0.5 B 2.25 DC )

4
4

I
6

M BA = 2 E 2 B + 0 3 DC + 0 = EI (1.0 C 2.25 DC )
4
4

I
M BC = 2 E [2 B + C 3(0 )] + 0 = EI (0.8 B + 0.4 C )
5
I
M CB = 2 E [2 C + B 3(0 )] + 0 = EI (0.8 B + 0.4 C )
5
I
M CD = 2 E [2 C + 0 3 DC ] + 0 = EI (0.667 C 1.0 DC )
6
I
M DC = 2 E [2(0 ) + C 3 DC ] + 0 = EI (0.333 C 1.0 DC )
6

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

smIkarlMnwg
smIkarTaMgR)aMmYymanGBaatR)aMbYn. eKGacsresrsmIkarlMnwgrbs;m:Um:g;cMnYnBIrsRmab;TRmenARtg;
cMNuc B nigcMNuc C rUbTI 11-17c. eyIg)an
M BA + M BC = 0
M CB + M CD = 0

(7)
(8)

edaysarvaekItmanbMlas;TItamTisedk / eyIgnwgBicarNarplbUkkmaMgenAelIeRKagTaMgmUltam
Tis x dUcenHeyIgTTYl)an
Displacement method of analysis: Slope-deflection equations

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NPIC

Fx = 0

200 V A VD = 0

eKGacPab;TMnak;TMngkmaMgRbtikmtamTisedk bkmaMgkat;enAkgssr VA nig VD eTAnwgm:Um:g;Bt;

edayBicarNadaRkamGgesrInssrdac;edayELkBIKa rUbTI 11-19c. eyIgman
MB = 0

MC = 0

M AB + M BA
4
M DC + M CD
VD =
6
M AB + M BA M DC + M CD
200 +
+
=0
4
6

VA =

dUcenH
(9)
edIm,IedaHRsay CMnYssmIkar (2) nig(3) eTAkgsmIkar (7) ehIyCMnYssmIkar (4) nig(5) eTAkg
smIkar (8) ehIyCMnYssmIkar (1), (2), (5) nig (6) eTAkgsmIkar (9) enaHeyIgTTYl)an
1.8 + 0.4 C 2.25 DC = 0
0.4 B + 1.467 C DC = 0
1.5 B + 0.667 C 5.833 DC =

800
EI

edaHRsayRbBnsmIkarxagelI eyIgTTYl)an
EI B = 243.78

EI C = 75.66

EI DC = 208.48

cugeRkay edayeRbIlTplTaMgenH nigedaHRsaysmIkar (1)-(6) eyIg)an

M AB = 347 kN .m
M BA = 225kN .m

M BC = 225kN .m
M CB = 158kN .m
M CD = 158kN .m
M DC = 183kN .m

]TarhN_ 11-8 kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg;tMNnImYyrbs;eRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-20a. TRm

enARtg; A nig D CaTRmbgb; ehIytMN C RtUv)ansnt;faCatMNsnak;. EI mantmefrsRmab;RKb;

Ggt;TaMgGs;.

karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI smIkar slope-deflection

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNaHRsay

smIkar slope-deflection
eKGacGnuvtsmIkar 11-8 eTAelIGgt; AB edaysarvaRtUv)antPab;edaytMNbgb;enAcugTaMgsgag.
eKGacGnuvtsmIkar11-10 BI B eTA C nigBI D eTA C edaysarsnak;enARtg;cMNuc C RTm:Um:g;sUn. dUc
bgajedaydaRkamPaBdab rUbTI 11-20b eKmanbM;las;TIlIenEGr nigbMlas;TImMu B enARtg;
cMNuc B EdlCaGBaat*. edaysar Ggt; AB nig CD vilRsbRTnicnaLika = AB = DC =
/ 4 . edaydwgfa A = D = 0 nigvaminman FEM sRmab;Ggt; enaHeyIg)an
I
M N = 2 E (2 N + F 3 ) + (FEM )N
L
*

bMlas;TImMu nig enARtg;tMN C snak; minRtUv)anrab;bBalenAkgkarviPaKeT edaysareKeRbIsmIkar 11-10.

CB

CD

Displacement method of analysis: Slope-deflection equations

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

I
M AB = 2 E [2(0 ) + B 3 ] + 0
4
I
M BA = 2 E (2 B + 0 3 ) + 0
4
I
M N = 3E ( N ) + (FEM )N
L
I
M BC = 3E ( B 0 ) + 0
3
I
M DC = 3E (0 ) + 0
4

(1)
(2)

(3)
(4)

smIkarlMnwg
smIkarlMnwgrbs;m:Um:g;enARtg;tMN B rUbTI 11-20c. eyIg)an
M BA + M BC = 0

(5)

RbsinebIeKbUkkmaMgsRmab;eRKagTaMgmUltamTisedAedk eyIg)an
+

Fx = 0

10 V A VD = 0

(6)

dUcbgajenAkgdaRkamGgesrIrbs;ssrnImYy rUbTI 11-20d eyIg)an

MB = 0

MC = 0

dUcenHBIsmIkar (6)

M AB + M BA
4
M DC
VD =
4

VA =

10 +

M AB + M BA M DC
+
=0
4
4

(7)

edayCMnYssmIkar slope-deflection eTAkgsmIkar (5) nig (7) ehIyedaysRmYlvaeyIgTTYl)an

3
4
15
EI 3
10 +
B = 0
4 2
4
240
320
B =
=
21EI
21EI

B =

dUcenH
edayCMnYstmTaMgenHeTAkgsmIkar (1)-(4) eyIg)an
M AB = 17.1kN .m

M BA = 11.4kN .m

M BC = 11.4kN .m

M DC = 11.4kN .m

edayeRbIlTplTaMgenH eKGackmaMgRbtikmcugrbs;Ggt;nImYyBIsmIkarlMnwg rUbTI 11-20e.

daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;eRKagRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-20f.
karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI smIkar slope-deflection

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

]TarhN_ 11-9 cUrBnl;BIrebobkMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg;tMNnImYyneRKagBIrCan;EdlbgajenAkg

rUbTI 11-21a. EI mantmefr.

dMeNaHRsay

smIkar slope-deflection
edaysarTRmenARtg; A nig F CaTRmbgb; eKGacGnuvtsmIkar 11-8 sRmab;Ggt;TaMgR)aMmYyrbs;
eRKag. eKminKNna FEM eT edaysarbnkTaMgGs;manGMeBIenARtg;tMN. enATIenH bnkeFVI[tMN B
nig tMN E pas;TIedaybrimaN 1 ehIyeFVI[tMN C nigtMN D pas;TIedaybrimaN 1 + 2 . Ca
lTpl Ggt; AB nigGgt; FE rgkarviledaybrimaN 1 = 1 / 5 ehIy BC nig DE rgkarvileday
brimaN 2 = 2 / 5 .
edayGnuvtsmikar 11-8 eTAelIeRKageyIg)an
I
M AB = 2 E [2(0 ) + B 3 1 ] + 0
5
I
M BA = 2 E [2 B + 0 3 1 ] + 0
5
I
M BC = 2 E [2 B + C 3 2 ] + 0
5
I
M CB = 2 E [2 C + B 3 2 ] + 0
5
Displacement method of analysis: Slope-deflection equations

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
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NPIC

I
M CD = 2 E [2 C + D 3(0 )] + 0
7
I
M DC = 2 E [2 D + C 3(0 )] + 0
7
I
M BE = 2 E [2 B + E 3(0 )] + 0
7
I
M EB = 2 E [2 E + B 3(0 )] + 0
7
I
M ED = 2 E [2 E + D 3 2 ] + 0
5
I
M DE = 2 E [2 D + E 3 2 ] + 0
5
I
M FE = 2 E [2(0 ) + E 3 1 ] + 0
5
I
M EF = 2 E [2 E + 0 3 1 ] + 0
5

(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)

smIkarTaMg 12enHmanGBaat 18.

smIkarlMnwg
smIkarlMnwgrbs;m:Um:g;enARtg;tMN B / C / D nig E rUbTI 11-21c. eyIg)an
M BA + M BE + M BC = 0
M CB + M CD = 0
M DC + M DE = 0
M EF + M EB + M ED = 0

(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)

dUcenAkg]TahrN_elIkmun kmaMgkat;enARtg;Kl;rbs;ssrsRmab;RKb;Can;RtUvEteFVI[bnktamTis
edkmantulPaB rUbTI 11-21c. eyIg)an
+

Fx = 0

Fx = 0

40 VBC VED = 0
M + M CB M ED + M DE
40 + BC
+
=0
5
5
40 + 80 V AB VFE = 0
M + M BA M EF + M FE
120 + AB
+
=0
5
5

(17)

(18)

dMeNaHRsayTamTarnUvkarCMnYssmIkr (1) - (12) eTAkgsmIkar (13) - (18) EdlTTYl)anR)aMmYy

smIkarEdlmanR)aMmYyGBaatKW 1 / 2 / B / C / D nig E . eKGacedaHRsayRbBnsmIkarenH.
eKRtUvCMnYslTplEdlTTYl)aneTAkgsmIkar (1) (12) EdleFVI[eyIgTTYl)anm:Um:g;enARtg;tMN.
]TarhN_ 11-10 kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg;tMNnImYyneRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-22a. EI
mantmefrsRmab;Ggt;nImYy.
karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI smIkar slope-deflection

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNaHRsay

smIkar slope-deflection
eKGacGnuvtsmIkar 11-8 eTAelIGgt;TaMgbI. FEM KW
2

(FEM )BC = wL

12
2

(FEM )CB = wL

12

30(3.6 )2
= 32.4kN .m
12

30(3.6 )2
= 32.4kN .m
12

Ggt;eRTt AB eFVI[eRKageTreTAsaMdUcbgajkgrUbTI 11-22a. CalTpl tMN B nig C rgnUv

bMlas;TImMu nigbMlas;TIlIenEGr. bMlas;TIlIenEGrRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-22b Edl B clteTA
B' )anTMhM 1 ehIy C clteTA C ' )an 3 . bMlas;TITaMgenHeFVI[Ggt;vilRsbRTnicnaLika 1 / 3
niigRcasRTnicnaLika 2 dUcbgaj . dUcenH
*

1 =

1
3

2 =

1
3.6

3 =

3
6

rlWkfa kMhUcRTg;RTayEdlbNalBIkmaMgtamGkSRtUv)anecal ehIybMlas;TI BB' nig CC ' RtUv)anKitCaragbnat; eday

sarCak;Esg 1 nig 3 mantmtUc.

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NPIC

dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 11-22c bMlas;TITaMgbImanTMnak;TMngKa. ]TahrN_ 2 = 0.51 ehIy 3 =

0.8661 . dUcenH BIsmIkarxagelI eyIg)an
2 = 0.417 1

3 = 0.433 1

edaseRbIlTplTaMgenH smIkar slope-deflection sRmab;eRKagKW

I
M AB = 2 E [2(0 ) + B 3 1 ] + 0
3
I
M BA = 2 E [2 B + 0 3 1 ] + 0
3
I
M BC = 2 E
[2 B + C 3( 0.417 1 )] 32.4
3.6
I
M CB = 2 E
[2 C + B 3( 0.417 1 )] + 32.4
3.6
I
M CD = 2 E [2 C + 0 3(0.433 1 )] + 0
6
I
M DC = 2 E [2(0 ) + C 3(0.433 1 )] + 0
6

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

smIkarTaMgR)aMmYymanGBaatR)aMbYn.
smIkarlMnwg
smIkarlMnwgrbs;m:Um:g;enARtg;tMN B nig C . eyIg)an
M BA + M BC = 0

(7)
(8)

M CD + M CB = 0

eKGacTTYl)ansmIkarcaM)ac;TIbIedayeFVIplbUkm:Um:g;enARtg;cMNuc O rUbTI 11-22d. smIkarenH

lubbM)at;kmaMgEkg N A nig N D dUcenH
+ MO = 0
+ M CD
M
M + M BA
M AB + M DC AB
(12.24) 108(1.8) = 0
(10.2 ) DC
3
6

2.4 M AB 3.4 M BA 2.04 M CD 1.04M CD 194.4 = 0

(9)

edayCMnYssmIkar (2) nig (3) eTAkgsmIkar (7) smIkar (4) nigsmIkar (5) eTAkgsmIkar (8) nig
smIkar (1), (2), (5) nig (6) eTAkgsmIkar (9) eyIg)an
9.72
EI
9.72
0.167 B + 0.533 C + 0.0784 1 =
EI
58.32
1.840 B 0.512 C + 3.880 1 =
EI

0.733 B + 0.167 C 0.392 1 =

edaHRsayRbBnsmIkarTaMgenH eyIg)an
EI B = 35.51

EI C = 33.33

karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI smIkar slope-deflection

EI 1 = 27.47
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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

edayCMnYstmTaMgenHeTAkgsmIkar (1) (6), eyIg)an

M AB = 31.3kN .m

M BC = 7.60kN .m

M CD = 34.2kN .m

M BA = 7.60kN .m

M CB = 34.2kN .m

M DC = 23.0kN .m

Displacement method of analysis: Slope-deflection equations

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NPIC

cMeNaT
!!>!> kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg;TRm A nig C bnab;mk
sg;daRkamm:Um:g;. snt;fatMN B CatMNkl;.
EI mantmefr.

!!>%> kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg;TRm B bnab;mksg;

daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Fwm. snt;TRmenARtg; A
nig C CaTRmbgb;. EI mantm efr.

!!>@> kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg;TRm A nig B bnab;mk

sg;daRkamm:Um:g;. EI mantmefr.

!!>^> kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;TRm A / B nig C

bnab;mksg;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Fwm. snt;
TRmenARtg; A CaTRmsnak; ehIy B nig C Ca
TRmkl;. EI mantmefr.

!!>#> kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg;TRm A nig B bnab;mk

sg;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Fwm. EI mantmefr.
!!>&> kMNt;RbtikmTRmenARtg; A / B nig C
bnab;mksg;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Fwm. snt;
TRmenARtg; A CaTRmsnak;.
!!>$> kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg;TRm B nig C bnab;mk
sg;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Fwm. snt; A / B nig
C CaTRmkl; ehIy D CaTRmsnak;. EI man
tmefr.

cMeNaT

!!>*> kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg; B / C nig D bnab; mk

sg;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab; ABDE . snt; A Ca
TRmsnak; nig D CaTRmkl; ehIy C CaTRmbgb;.
EI mantmefr.
T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

nig C CaTRmbgb; ehIy B CatMNbgb;. EI

mantmefr.
A

!!>(> kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg; B bnab;mksg;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Ggt;nImYyrbs;eRKag. snt;

A nig C CaTRmsnak; ehIy B CatMNbgb;.
EI mantmefr.

!!>!@> kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg; B nig C . snt; B nig

C CaTRmkl; ehIy A nig D CatMNsnak;. EI
mantmefr.
!!>!0> kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg; B nig D bnab;mksg;
daRkamm:Um:g;. snt; A nig C CaTRmsnak;
ehIy B nig D CatMN nigTRmbgb;.
EI mantmefr.

!!>!#> kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmtamTisedk nigtam

TisQrenARtg; A nig C . snt; A nig C CaTRm
snak; ehIy B CatMNbgb;. yk E = 200GPa .

!!>!!> kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg; B bnab;mksg;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Ggt;nImYyrbs;eRKag. snt;

Problems

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

!!>!$> kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg; A nig B bnab;mk

sg;daRkamm:Um:g;. snt; B nig C CaTRmkl;.
EI mantmefr.

!!>!&> FwmCab;RTbnkcMcMNucbI. kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;

GtibrmaenAkgFwm nigbnab;mksg;daRkam
m:Um:g;. EI mantmefr.

!!>!%> kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg; A / B nig C bnab;

mksg;daRkamm:Um:g;. snt; A CaTRmbgb;.
EI mantmefr.

!!>!*> kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg;tMNnImYy nigTRm

rbs;eRKag. tMN nigTRmCatMN nigTRmbgb;.
EI man tmefr.

!!>!^> kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cugnGgt;rbs;
eRKag. TRmenARtg; A nig C TRmbgb; ehIy B
CatMNbgb;. EI mantmefr.

cMeNaT

!!>!(> eRKagenHeFVIBIbMBg;TIbEdlmantMNbgb;.
RbsinebIvaRTbnkdUcbgaj cUrkMNt;m:Um:g;Edl
ekItmanenARtg;tMN nigTRmnImYy. EI man
tmefr.

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

!!>@0> kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;tMNnImYy nigenA

Rtg;TRmbgb; bnab;mksg;daRkamGgesrI.
EI mantmefr.

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

!!>@#> pxagrbs;eRKagrgbnkGIuRdUsaTicdUc
bgaj. kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;tMN nigTRm
nImYy. EI mantmefr.

!!>@!> kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;tMN nigTRmnImYy.

eKmantMNbgb;enARtg; B nig C ehIyeKman
TRmbgb;enARtg; A nig D . EI mantmefr.
!!>@$> kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;tMNnImYyrbs;
eRKag. bnkelIdMbUlRtUv)anepreTAdrENg
EdlmanTRmsamBa. snt;TRmRtg; A nig E Ca
TRmsnak; ehIytMNTaMgGs;CatMNbgb;. EI
man tmefr.
!!>@@> kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg; A / B / C nig D
bnab;mksg;daRkamm:Um:g;. Ggt;nImYyRtUv
)antPab;edaytMNbgb; nigmanTRmbgb;. EI
mantmefr.

Problems

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Department of Civil Engineering

!!>@%> edaHRsaycMeNaT !!>@$ edaysnt;fa

TRm A nig E CaTRmbgb;.
!!>@^> kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;tMNnImYyrbs;
eRKag. TRm A nig D CaTRmsnak;. EI
mantm efr.

NPIC

sg;daRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;
sRmab;rt. snt;fassrmanlkNrwg.

!!>@&> kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;tMNnImYyrbs;
eRKag nigenARtg;TRm A nig D EdlCaTRmbgb;.
EI mantmefr.

KMerag !!>!> dMbUlRtUv)anRTedayrnUtEdlQr

elIrtBIr. eKKitfarnUtnImYyRtUv)anRTeday
TRmsamBa ehIyeKKitfartxagmuxRtUv)anRT
edayssrEdlCaTRmsnak;enARtg; A nigCa
TRmkl;enA Rtg; B nig C . snt;fadMbUlRtUv
)anplitBIebtug EdlmankRmas; 75mm ehIy
rnUtnImYyman Tmn; 2.5kN . eyagtamkUd
dMbUlenHrgnUvbnk RBilEdlmanTmn;
1.2kN / m 2 . rnUtmanRbEvg 8m .
cMeNaT

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

!@> karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI karEbgEckm:Um:g;

Displacement method of analysis: Moment distribution

viFIEbgEckm:Um:g;CakarviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TIEdlgayRsYlkgkarGnuvtenAeBlEdleKkMNt;
efreGLasic (elastic constant). CMBUkenHnwgbgajCadMbUgnUvniymny nigeKalKMnitsMxan; sRmab;
viFIEbgEckm:Um:g; ehIybnab;mkGnuvtviFIenHedIm,IedaHRsaycMeNaTEdlBak;BnnwgFwm nig eRKagmin
kMNt;edaysaTic. karGnuvtcMeBaHeRKageRcInCab;RtUv)anbgajenAkgCMBUkcugeRkay.

!@>!> eKalkarN_TUeTA nigniymny (General principles and definitions)

karsikSaviPaKeRKOgFwm nigeRKagEdleRbIviFIEbgEckm:Um:g;EdlbegIteLIgedayhaDIRkUs
(Hardy Cross) enAkgqaM1930. enAeBlenaH viFIenHTTYlkarcab;GarmN_PamenAeBlEdleKpSBV
pSayvaCaelIkdMbUg ehIyeKTTYlsal;favaCaviFIEdlmankareCOnelOneTAmuxKYr[kt;sMKal;kgkar
viPaKeRKOgbgMenAkgstvtSTI20.
viFIEbgEckm:Um:g;CaviFIRbhak;RbEhlEdleKGacTTYl)ankRmitsuRkiteTAtamtRmUvkarEdleK
cg;)an. viFIenHcab;epImedaysnt;tMNnImYyrbs;eRKagCatMNbgb;. bnab;mkedaykarRsay nig
karTb;tMNnImYybnbnab;Ka enaHm:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;tMNRtUv)anEbgEck nigRtUv)aneFIV[mantmesIKa
rhUtdl;tMNenaHvildl; besIrdl;TItaMgcugeRkay. eyIgnwgeXIjfaviFIenHmanlkNsarcuHsareLIg
niggayRsYlkgkarGnuvt. b:uEn munnwgBnl;BIbeckeTsnviFIEbkEckm:Um:g; eyIgRtUvdwgBIniymny
nigeKalKMnitxH.
karkMNt;sBaa eyIgnwgbegItkarkMNt;sBaadUcKanwgkarkMNt;sBaasRmab;smIkar slope-deflection Edlm:Um:g;viCmanCam:Um:g;EdleFVVI[Ggt;vilRsbRTnicnaLika ehIym:Um:g;GviCmanCam:Um:g;EdleFVI
[Ggt;vilRcasRTnicnaLika rUbTI 12-1.

m:Um:g;bgb;cug (FEMs) m:Um:g;enARtg;CBaaMg benARtg;tMNbgb;nGgt;rgbnkRtUv)aneKehAfam:Um:g;

bgb;cug (fixed-end moment). eKGackMNt;m:Um:g;TaMgenHBItaragenAkgemeronTI11 m:Um:g;bgb;cug
Displacement method of analysis: Moment distribution

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NPIC

GaRsyeTAnwgRbePTnkardak;bnk. Ca]TahrN_ FwmEdlrgbnkdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-2 man

m:Um:g;bgb;cug FEM = PL / 8 = 800(10) / 8 = 1000 N .m . eKRtUvcMNaMGMBIGMeBIrbs;m:Um:g;TaMgenHmkelI
Fwm nigkarkMNt;sBaarbs;eyIg dUcenHeyIgeXIjfa M AB = 1000N .m ehIy M BA = +1000 N .

emKuNkRmajsRmab;Ggt; (member stiffness factor) eKmanFwmdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-3

Edl cugmagRtUv)anRTedayTRmsnak; nigmageTotRTedayTRmbgb;. GMeBIrbs;m:Um:g; M eFVI[cug A
vil)anmMurgVil A . enAkgemeronTI11 eyIg)anPab;TMnak;TMngrvag M nig A edayeRbIviFIFwmnimit Edl
M = (4 EI / L ) A enAkgsmIkar 11-1. tYenAkgrg;Rkck
K=

4 EI
L

(12-1)

cugbgb;qay
RtUv)aneK[eQaHfaemKuNkRmajenARtg; A . emKuNkRmajCabrimaNnm:Um:g; M EdlcaM)ac;edIm,I
eFVI[cug A rbs;Fwmvil)an A = 1rad .

emKuNkRmajsRmab;tMN (joint stiffness factor) RbsinebIGgt;CaeRcInRtUv)antPab;edaytMN

bgb; ehIycugqayrbs;vaCaTRmbgn; enaHedayeKalkarN_tRmYtpl emKuNkRmalsrubenARtg;tMN
CaplbUkn emKuNkRmajsRmab;Ggt;enARtg;tMN eBalKW KT = K . Ca]TahrN_ cUrBicarNatMN
rbs;eRKagRtg; A enAkgrUbTI 12-4a. eKkMNt;tmCaelxrbs;emKuNkRmajsRmab;Ggt;nImYyBI
smIkar 12-1 ehIybgajvaenAelIrUb. edayeRbItmTaMgenH emKuNkRmajsrubntMN A KW
K T = K = 4000 + 5000 + 1000 = 10000 .
TMhMenHCabrimaNnm:Um:g;EdlRtUvkaredIm,IbgViltMNeday)anmMu1rad .
karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI karEbgEckm:Um:g;

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

emKuNEbgEck (Distribution factor DF) RbsinebIeKGnuvtm:Um:g; M eTAelItMNbgb; enaHGgt;

EdltPab;eTAnwgtMNenaHnwgpl;nUvcMENknm:Um:g;Tb;caM)ac;edIm,IbMeBjlMnwgrbs;m:Um:g;enARtg;tMN.
cMENknm:Um:g;Tb;srubEdlpl;[edayGgt;RtUv)aneK[eQaHfaemKuNEbgEck. edIm,ITTYl)an
tmTaMgenH BinitemIltMNEdlPab;eday n Ggt;. RbsinebIm:Um:g; M eFVI[tMNvil)an enaH Ggt;
i nImYynwgviledaybrimaNdUcKaenH. RbsinebIemKuNkRmajrbs;Ggt;TI i Ca K i enaHm:Um:g;Edl
cUlrYmedayGgt;enaHKW M i = K i . edaysarsmIkarlMnwgRtUvkar M = M1 + M n = K1 + K n =
K i enaHemKuNEbgEcksRmab;Ggt;TI i KW
DFi =

Mi
K i
=
M Ki

edaysRmYltY eyIgeXIjfaemKuNEbgEcksRmab;Ggt;esInwgplEcknemKuNkRmajrbs;Ggt;elI
emKuNkRmajsrubsRmab;tMN EdlCaTUeTAeKsresr
DF =

K
K

(12-2)

Ca]TahrN_ emKuNEbgEcksRmab;Ggt; AB / AC nig AD enARtg;tMN A enAkgrUbTI 12-4a KW

DFAB = 4000 / 10000 = 0.4

DFAC = 5000 / 10000 = 0.5

DFAD = 1000 / 10000 = 0.1

CalTpl RbsinebI M = 2000 N .m eFVIGMeBIenARtg;cMNuc A rUbTI 12-4b m:Um:g;lMnwgEdlGnuvt

edayGgt;mkelItMN enAkgrUbTI 12-4c KW
M AB = 0.4(2000 ) = 800 N .m

M AC = 0.5(2000 ) = 1000 N .m
M AD = 0.1(2000 ) = 200 N .m

emKuNkRmajeFobrbs;Ggt; (member relative-stiffness factor) eBlxH Fwm beRKagCab;RtUv

)aneFVIBIsmarEtmYy dUcenHGgt;rbs;vaTaMgGs;RtUvEtmanm:UDuleGLasic E dUcKa. kgkrNIEbbenH
Displacement method of analysis: Moment distribution

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NPIC

eKGacminKitemKuN 4E EdlmanenAkgsmIkar 12-1 BIPaKyknsmIkar 12-2 enAeBlkMNt;emKuN

EbgEcksRmab;tMN. dUcenH eKmanlkNgayRsYledayRKan;EtkMNt;emKuNkRmajeFobrbs;Ggt;
KR =

I
L

(12-3)

cugbgb;qay
ehIyeRbIvasRmab;KNnaemKuNEbgEck.
emKuNdMENl (carry-over factor) BicarNaFwmenAkgrUbTI 12-3 mgeTot. enAkgemeronTI 11
eyIgeXIjfa M AB = (4EI / L) A smIkar 11-1 ehIy M BA = (2EI / L ) A smIkar 11-2.
edayedaHRsayrk A ehIydak;[smIkarTaMgenHesIKaeyIg)an M BA = M AB / 2 . eyIgGac niyay
fam:Um:g; M enARtg;TRmsnak;eFVI[manm:Um:g; M ' = M / 2 enARtg;CBaaMg. emKuNdMENlCacMENkn
M EdlRtUv)aneprBIsnak;eTACBaaMg. dUcenH enAkgkrNIrbs;FwmEdlmancugqayCaTRmbgb;
emKuNdMENlKW + 1 / 2 . sBaabUkmannyfam:Um:g;TaMgBIreFVIkarkgTisedAdUcKa.

!@>@> karEbgEckm:Um:g;sRmab;Fwm (Moment distribution for beams)

karEbkEckm:Um:g;KWQrelIeKalkarN_Rsay nigTb;tMNrbs;rcnasm<nbnbnab;KaedIm,IGnuBaat
[mankarEbgEckm:Um:g; nigeFVI[m:Um:g;mantulPaBenARtg;tMN. meFa)aydlkgkarBnl;viFI KWkar
Bnl;edayeRbI]TahrN_.
eKmanFwmmYyEdlmanm:UDuleGLasic E efr nigmanTMhM nigbnkdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 126a. munnwgeyIgcab;epIm dMbUgeyIgRtUvKNnaemKuNEbgEckenARtg;cugTaMgBIrrbs;ElVgnImYy. eday
eRbIsmIkar 12-1 K = 4EI / L emKuNkRmajenAEpksgxagrbs; B KW
4 E (120)(10 6 )
K BA =
= 4 E (40)(106 )mm 4 / m
3
4 E (240 )(10 6 )
K BC =
= 4 E (60 )(10 6 )mm 4 / m
4

dUcenH edayeRbIsmIkar 12-2 DF = K / K sRmab;cugEdltPab;eTAniwgtMN B eyIg)an

4 E (40)
= 0.4
4 E (40) + 4 E (60)
4 E (60)
=
= 0.6
4 E (40) + 4 E (60)

DFBA =
DFBC

enARtg;CBaaMg tMN A nigtMN C emKuNEbgEckGaRsynwgemKuNkRmajrbs;Ggt; nigemKuN

kRmajrbs;CBaaMg. edaysarenAkgRTwsI eKRtUvkarm:Um:g;EdlmanTMhMGnnedIm,IbgVilCBaaMg[)an
karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI karEbgEckm:Um:g;

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

mYyra:dg; emKuNkRmajCBaaMgKWGnn. dUcenHsRmab;tMN A nig C eyIgman

4 E (40 )
=0
+ 4 E (40 )
4 E(60 )
=
=0
+ 4 E (60)

DFAB =
DFCB

cMNaMfa eKGacTTYl)anlTplxagelIRbsinebIeKeRbIemKuNkRmajeFob K R = I / L smIkar 12-3

sRmab;karKNna. elIsBIenH plbUknemKuNEbgEckRtg;tMNEtgEtesInwgmYy elIkElgEtRtg;TRm
bgb;.

eRkayeBlKNnaemKuNEbgEck eyIgnwgkMNt;m:Um:g;bgb;cug. manEtElVg BC b:ueNaHEdlrg

bnk ehIyedayeRbItaragenAkgemeronTI 11 eyIg)an
(FEM )BC

wL2
6000(4 )2
=
=
= 8000 N .m
12
12
2

(FEM )CB = wL

12

6000(4 )2
= 8000 N .m
12

eyIgcab;epImedaysnt;fatMN B RtUv)anTb; bbgb;. m:Um:g;bgb;cugenARtg;cMNuc B RTElVg BC kgTI

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NPIC

taMgbgb; bTItaMgTb;dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-5b. CakarBit enHvaminEmnCasanPaBlMnwgCak;EsgenA

Rtg;tMN B edaysarm:Um:g;enAelIEpknImYyrbs;tMNenHRtUvEtesIKa nigmanTisedApyKa. edIm,IEk
sRmYlva eyIgRtUvGnuvtm:Um:g; 8000 N.m EdlmanTisedApyKaeTAelItMN nigGnuBaat[tMNvileday
esrI rUbTI 12-5c. CalTpl Epknm:Um:g;enHRtUv)anEbgEckeTAElVg BC nig BA edayeKarBtam
emKuNEbgEck bemKuNkRmaj rbs;ElVgenARtg;tMN. m:Um:g;enAkg BA KW 0.4(8000) = 3200 N.m
ehIym:Um:g;enAkg BC KW 0.6(8000) = 4800 N.m . cugeRkay edaysarkarvilEdlekItmanenARtg; B
m:Um:g;enHRtUv)anepr edaysarm:Um:g;EdlekItmanenARtg;cugqayrbs;ElVg. edayeRbIemKuNdMENl
+ 1 / 2 enaHlTplRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-5d.
]TahrN_enHbgajfaCMhandMbUgEdlcaM)ac;enAeBlEbgEckm:Um:g;enARtg;tMNKW kMNt;m:Um:g;
GtulPaBEdlmanGMeBIenARtg;tMNEdlbgb;dMbUg/ RsayPaBbgb;rbs;tMNenaH/ rYcGnuvtm:Um:g;
GtulPaBEdlmanTMhMesIKa EtTisedApyKaedIm,IEktRmUvlMnwg/ EbgEckm:Um:g;kgcMeNamElVgEdlt
Pab;/ ehIyeprm:Um:g;kgElVgrbs;vaeTAcugmageTot. CaTUeTA CMhanTaMgenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgtarag
rUbTI 12-5e. enATIenH Dist, CO bgajfam:Um:g;RtUv)anEbgEck nigepr. enAkgkrNIBiessenH eK
RtUvkareFVIkarEbgEckm:Um:g;EtmYyCMub:ueNaH edaysarCBaaMgenARtg; A nig C RsUbykm:Um:g; ehIymin
mantMNqayNaeTotEdleKRtUveFVI[mantulPaB bRsaykarTb;edIm,IbMeBjlkxNlMnwgrbs;tMN
eT. eRkayeBlEbgEcktamrebobenH eKeFVIplbUkm:Um:g;Rtg;tMNnImYyEdleFVI[eKTTYl)anlTpl
cugeRkayEdlbgajenAkgbnat;xageRkamrbs;taragnrUbTI 12-5e. cMNaMfa \LvtMN B sitkg
sanPaBlMnwg. edaysar M BC GviCman enaHm:Um:g;enHmanGMeBIelIElVg BC RcasRTnicnaLikadUcbgaj
enAelIdaRkamGgesrIrbs;ElVgFwmenAkgrUbTI 12-5f. edaysareyIgsal;m:Um:g;cug eyIgGacKNna
kmaMgkat;enAxagcugrbs;Ggt;BIsmIkarlMnwgedayGnuvteTAelIElVgnImYy.
\LvBicarNaFwmdUcKa EtTRm C CaTRmkl; rUbTI 12-6a. enAkgkrNIenHmanEtGgt;mYy
enARtg;tMN C dUcenHemKuNEbgEcksRmab;Ggt; CB enARtg;tMN C KW
DFCB =

4 E (60)
=1
4 E (60)

emKuNEbgEckepSgeTot nigm:Um:g;bgb;cugdUcKanwgkarKNnaelIkmun. BYkvaRtUv)anbgajenAkgCYr

edkTI1 nigTI2ntaragenAkgrUbTI 12-6b. CadMbUg eyIgnwg]bmafatMN B nigtMN C RtUv)anTb;.
eyIgcab;epImedayRsaytMN C nigedaydak;m:Um:g; 8000 N.m enARtg;tMNenaH. m:Um:g;TaMgmUlRtUv)an
EbgEckeTAkgGgt; CB edaysar (1)( 8000)N .m = 8000 N .m . sBaaRBYjenARtg;CYredkTI3bgaj
fa ( 8000)N .m / 2 = 4000 N .m RtUv)anepreTAtMN B edaysareKGnuBaat[tMN C viledayesrI.
karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI karEbgEckm:Um:g;

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

\LvtMN C RtUv)anTb;eLIgvij. edaysareKRtUveFVI[m:Um:g;srubenARtg; C mantulPaB eKdak;bnat;

enABIeRkamm:Um:g; 8000 N.m . \LveyIgnwgBicarNam:Um:g;GtulPaB 12000 N.m enARtg; tMN B .
enATIenH edIm,I[manlMnwg eyIgRtUvGnuvtm:Um:g; + 12000 N.m eTAelI B ehIytMNenHRtUv)anTb;y:ag
NaedIm,I[cMENknm:Um:g;RtUv)anEbgEckeTA BA nig BC eBalKW (0.4)(12000) = 4800 N.m nig
(0.6)(12000) = 7200 N.m dUcbgajenAkgCYredkTI4. ehIyeKRtUvcgcaMfa + 1 / 2 nm:Um:g;enHRtUv)an
epreTACBaaMg A nigTRmkl; C edaysartMN B vil. \LveKRtUvTb;tMN B eLIgvij. eyIgRtUvRsay
tMN C mgeTot ehIym:Um:g;GtulPaBenARtg;TRmkl;RtUv)anEbgEckdUckareFVIelIkmun. lTplRtUv
)anbgajenAkgCYredkTI5. eyIgRtUvTb; nigRsaytMN B nig C edIm,Ikat;bnyTMhMm:Um:g;EdlRtUveFVI[
mantulPaBrhUtdl;eKGacecalva)anebIeFobnwgm:Um:g;edIm. eKRtUvyl;BIdMeNIrkarnCMhannImYy
BICYredkTI3 rhUtdl;CYredkTI14. edayeFVIplbUkm:Um:g; lTplcugeRkayRtUv)anbgajenAkgCYredk
TI15 EdleyIgeXIjfam:Um:g;cugeRkaybMeBjlkxNlMnwgrbs;tMN.

RbesIrCagkarGnuvtdMeNIrkarEbgEckm:Um:g;bnbnab;KaeTAelItMNnImYy dUcbgajxagelI
eKkmanlTPaBkgkarGnuvteTAelItMNTaMgGs;kgeBldMNalKapgEdr. karGnuvtenHRtUv)anbgaj
enAkgtaragnrUbTI 12-6c. enAkgkrNIenH eyIgcab;epImedayTb;tMNTaMgGs; ehIybnab;mkEbg
Eckm:Um:g;bgb;cugTaMgenARtg;tMN B nigtMN C nigeFVI[m:Um:g;enAtMNmantulPaB CYredkTI3.
Displacement method of analysis: Moment distribution

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NPIC

edayRsaytMN B nigtMN C kgeBldMNalKa tMN A RtUv)anbgb;rhUt bnab;mkm:Um:g;RtUv)anepr

eTAcugnElVgnImYy CYredkTI4. tMNRtUv)anTb;mgeTot ehIym:Um:g;RtUv)anEbgEck nigeFVI[man
lMnwg CYredkTI 5. karRsaytMNenHmgeTotGnuBaat[mankareprm:Um:g; dUcbgajenAkgCYr edkTI
6. edaykarKNnaCabnbnab; eyIgTTYl)anlTplcugeRkay dUckarKNnaelIkmun Edlbgaj
enAkgCYredkTI 24. edayeFVIkareRbobeFob viFIenHpl;nUvcemIyrYmtUcyWtCagviFIelIkmun b:uEnenAkg
krNICaeRcInviFIenHmanRbsiTPaBkgkarGnuvtCag ehIysRmab;ehtuplEbbenHeyIgnwgeRbIvaenAkg
]TahrN_bnbnab;. cugeRkayedayeRbIlTplenAkgrUbTI 12-6b b 12-6c, daRkamGgesrIrbs;
ElVgFwmnImYyRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-6d.
eTaHbICa viFIenHBak;BnnwgCMhanCaeRcInedIm,ITTYl)anlTplcugeRkay. viFIenHkTamTarnUvviFI
saRsEdr edaysarvaRtUvkarkarGnuvtnUvesrInCMhanEdlmanlkNnBVnCaCagkaredaHRsaysMnMun
smIkardUcenAkgviFI slope-deflection. b:uEn eKRtUvcMNaMfa dMeNIrkarCamUldannkarEbgEckm:Um:g;
GnuvtdUcnwgdMeNIrkarnviFIbMlas;TIdTeTotEdr. dMeNIrkarKwkarbegItTMnak;TMngrvagbnk nigbMlas;TI
edaykMNt;nUvbMlas;TImMudRtwmRtUvsRmab;tMN lkxNRtUvKa. b:uEn enATIenH lkxNlMnwg niglkxNRtUvKarbs;mMurgVilenARtg;tMNRtUv)anbMeBjedaypal;edayeRbIdMeNIrkarEdleFVI[m:Um:g;mantulPaBEdlcUlrYmCamYynwgTMnak;TMngrvagbnk nigPaBdab emKuNkRmaj. eKmanlTPaBkgkar
sRmYlbneTotkgkareRbIR)as;karEbgEckm:Um:g;EdleyIgnwgelIkylmkerobrab;enAkgkfaxNxag
mux.

dMeNIrkarkgkarviPaK (Procedure for analysis)

xageRkamCaCMhanEdlpl;nUvviFITUeTAsRmab;kMNt;m:Um:g;cugenAelIElVgFwmEdleRbIkarEbgEck
m:Um:g;.

emKuNEbgEck nigm:Um:g;bgb;cug eKRtUvkMNt;emKuNkRmajsRmab;ElVgnImYyenARtg;tMN.

edayeRbItmTaMgenH eyIgGacKNnaemKuNEbgEckBI DF = K / K . cMNaMfa DF = 0 sRmab;cug
bgb; ehIy DF = 1 sRmab;TRmsnak; bTRmkl;.
eyIgkMNt;mU:m:g;bgb;cugsRmab;ElVgEdlrgbnknImYyedayeRbItaragEdl[enAkgemeron
TI11. m:Um:g;bgb;cugviCmaneFVIGMeBIRsbTisRTnicnaLikavil ehIy FEM GviCmaneFVIGMeBIRcasRTnic
naLika. edIm,IPaBgayRsYl eKGacerobcMtmTaMgenHenAkgtaragEdlmanlkNdUctaragEdl
bgajenAkgrUbTI 12-6c.
karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI karEbgEckm:Um:g;

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNIrkarEbgEckm:Um:g; snt;fatMNTaMgGs;EdleyIgRtUvkarkMNt;m:Um:g;enAkgElVgEdltPab;RtUv
)anTb;. bnab;mk
!> kMNt;m:Um:g;EdleFVI[tMNnImYymanlMnwg.
@> RsaytMN ehIyEbgEckm:Um:g;GtulPaBeTA[ElVgEdltPab;nwgtMNnImYy.
#> eprm:Um:g;enAkgElVgnImYyeTAkan;cugnImYyrbs;vaedayKuNm:Um:g;TaMgenaHedayemKuN
dMENl (carry-over moment) + 1/ 2 .
edaykarTb; nigkarRsaytMNsarcuHsareLIg eyIgeXIjfakarEktRmUvm:Um:g;RtUv)ankat;bny
edaysarFwmGacQaneTArkrUbragdabcugeRkay. enAeBlEdleyIgTTYl)antmsRmab;karEktRmUv
tUclm eKRtUvbBab;dMeNIrkarsarcuHsareLIgRtg;kareprm:Um:g;cugeRkayeK. eKRtUvbUkbBalKanUvtm
FEM / m:Um:g;Edl)anBIkarEbgEck nigm:Um:g;Edl)anBIkareprtamCYrQrnImYy. RbsinebIeyIgeFVIEbb
enH)anRtwmRtUv eyIgnwgTTYl)ansanPaBlMnwgnm:Um:g;Rtg;tMNnImYy.

]TahrN_ 12-1 kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;tMNnImYyrbs;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-7a. EI Ca

cMnYnefr.

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NPIC

dMeNaHRsay dMbUg eKRtUvkMNt;emKuNEbgEckenARtg;tMNnImYy. emKuNkRmajsRmab;Ggt;KW

K AB =

dUcenH

4 EI
12

DFAB = DFDC = 0
DFCB =

m:Um:g;bgb;cugKW

K BC =

4 EI / 12
= 0.5
4 EI / 12 + 4 EI / 8
4 EI / 8
=
= 0.6
4 EI / 12 + 4 EI / 8

DFCD

20(12 )2
= 240kN .m
12
12
PL
250(8)
=
=
= 250kN .m
8
8
PL 250(8)
=
=
= 250kN .m
8
8
2

(FEM )DC

4 EI
8

20(12 )2
wL2
=
= 240kN .m
12
12

(FEM )CB = wL
(FEM )CD

K CD =

DFBA = DFBC =

4 EI / 12
= 0.4
4 EI / 12 + 4 EI / 8

(FEM )BC

4 EI
12

edaycab;epImCamYynwg FEM CYredkTI4 rUbTI 12-7b m:Um:g;enARtg;tMN B nig C RtUv)anEbgEck

kgeBlEtmYy CYredkTI5. bnab;mk m:Um:g;TaMgenHRtUv)anepreTAcugnElVgerogxn CYredkTI6.
m:Um:g;EdlTTYl)anRtUv)anEbgEck nigeprkgeBlEtmYymgeTot CYredkTI 7 nigTI8. dMeNIrkarRtUv
)anbnrhUtdl;m:Um:g;RtUv)ankat;bnyrhUtdl;TMhMmYysmrm CYredkTI 13. m:Um:g;EdlCalTpl
RtUv)ankMNt;edayeFVIplbUk CYredkTI14.
edaydak;m:Um:g;enAelIFwmnImYy nigedayGnuvtsmIkarlMnwgeyIgTTYl)ankmaMgkat;enAxagcug
ElVgdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-7c ehIydaRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;FwmTaMgmUlRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI
12-7d.

]TahrN_ 12-2 kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;TRmnImYyrbs;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-8a. m:Um:g;

niclPaBnElVgnImYyRtUv)an.
dMeNaHRsay enAkgcMeNaTenH m:Um:g;minRtUv)anEbgEckenAkgElVgly AB eT dUcenHemKuNEbg
Eck (DF )BA = 0 . kRmajrbs;ElVg BC KWEpkelI 4EI / L edaysarTRmsnak;minEmnsitenAcugqay
rbs;Fwm. emKuNkRmaj emKuNEbgEck nigm:Um:g;bgb;cugRtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam
4 E (300 )(10 6 )
4 E (240 )(10 6 )
K BC =
= 300(10 6 )E
K CD =
= 320(10 6 )E
4
3
*

enATIenH eyIgeRbIemKuNkRmah 4EI / L b:uEneyIgkGaceRbIemKuNkRmajeFob I / L pgEdr.

karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI karEbgEckm:Um:g;

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

DFBC = 1 (DF )BA = 1 0 = 1

300 E
DFCB =
= 0.484
300 E + 320 E
320 E
DFCD =
= 0.516
300 E + 320 E
320 E
DFDC =
=0
+ 320 E

edaysarFwmenHCaFwmly

(FEM )BA = 2000 N (2m) = 4000 N .m

2
2
(FEM ) = wL = 1500(4) = 2000 N .m
BC

12
2

(FEM )CB = wL

12

12

1500(4 )2
= 2000 N .m
12

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NPIC

tmTaMgenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgCYredkTI4rbs;taragkgrUbTI 12-8b. ElVgEdllyeFVI[ekItman

m:Um:g;Bt; 4000 N.m enAxageqVg B . edIm,IeFVI[tMN B mantulPaB eKRtUvmanm:Um:g;Bt; 4000 N.m
manGMeBIenAxagsaM B . dUcbgajenAkgCYredkTI 5 eKRtUvbEnm 2000 N .m eTAelI BC edIm,IbMeBj
lkxN. dMeNIrkarnkarEbgEck nigkareprm:Um:g;RtUv)anbntamrebobFmtadUcbgaj.
edaysareKsal;m:Um:g;Bt; eKGacsg;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;FwmdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-8c.

!@>#> karEktRmUvemKuNkRmaj (Stiffness-factor modification)

enAkg]TarhrN_nkarEbgEckm:Um:g;elIkmun eyIg)anBicarNaElVgnFwmnImYymanTRmbgb;
tMNRtUv)anTb; enAxagcugqayrbs;vaenAeBl
EbgEck nigeprm:Um:g;. sRmab;ehtuplenH eyIg
)anKNnaemKuNkRmaj emKuNEbgEck nigem
KuNdMENledayQrenAelIkrNIdUcbgajenAkg
rUbTI 12-9. Cak;Esg enATIenHemKuNkRmajKW
K = 4 EI / L smIkar 12-1 ehIyemKuNdMENlKW + 1 / 2 .
enAkgkrNIxH eKmanlTPaBEkERbemKuNkRmajrbs;ElVgFwmBiess ehtudUcenHeKGac
sRmYldl;dMeNIrkarEbgEckm:Um:g;. eyIgnwgBicarNakrNIbIEdlekIteLIgjwkjab;enAkgkarGnuvt.

Ggt;EdlmanTRmsnak;enAcugqay
FwmminkMNt;xHmanElVgxageRkAeKbMputRTedayTRmsnak;dUcenA kgkrNIntMN B enAkgrUbTI 1210a. enATIenH m:Um:g; M bgVilcug A )an . edIm,IkMNt; eKRtUv kMNt;kmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc A' n
Fwmnimit rUbTI 12-10b. eyIgman
+ M B' = 0

1M 2
V A ' ( L ) L L = 0
2 EI 3
ML
V A' = =
3EI
3EI
M =

b
dUcenH emKuNkRmajsRmab;FwmenHKW
K=

3EI
L

(12-4)

cugqayCaTRmsnak; bTRmkl;
karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI karEbgEckm:Um:g;

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

ehIy eKRtUvcgcaMfaemKuNdMENlKWsUn edaysarsnak;enARtg; A' minTb;Tl;m:Um:g;eT. tamkar

eRbobeFob RbsinebIcugqayCaTRmbgb;eKRtUvEktRmUvemKuNkRmaj K = 4EI / L eday 3 / 4 edIm,I
[eTACakrNIEdlmancugqayRTedayTRmsnak;. RbsinebIeKKitkarEktRmUvenH dMeNIrkarnkar
EbgEckm:Um:g;RtUv)ansRmYledaysareKminRtUvkarTb; nigRsayvaCabnbnab;enAeBlEbgEckm:Um:g;eT.
ehIyedaysarEtcugElVgRtUv)anRTedayTRmsnak; eKkMNt;m:Um:g;bgb;cugsRmab;ElVgedayeRbItm
enAkgCYrQrxagsaMntaragenAkgemeronTI11. ]TahrN_ 12-4 bgajBIrebobGnuvtkarsRmYl
enH.
FwmsIuemRTIrgbnksIuemRTI RbsinebIFwmmanragsIuemRTI ehIyrgbnksIuemRTI daRkamm:Um:g;Bt;
sRmab;FwmknwgmanlkNsIuemRTIEdr. CalTpl eKGaceFVIkarEktRmUvemKuNkRmajsRmab;ElVg
kNal dUcenHeKRtUvkarEbgEckm:Um:g;enAkgFwmtamrytMNEdlsitenAelIFwmEtBak;kNal. edIm,I
EktRmUvemKuNkRmaj[)anRtwmRtUv eyIgnwgBicarNaFwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-11a. edaysar
PaBsIuemRTI m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg; B nig C RtUvEtesIKa. edaysnt;tmenHesInwg M FwmnimitsRmab;ElVg
BC RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-11b. dUcenH mMurgVil enARtg;cugnImYyKW
+ M C' = 0

M L
V B ' ( L ) + L = 0
EI 2
ML
VB ' = =
2 EI
2 EI
M =

b
dUcenH emKuNkRmajsRmab;ElVgkNalKW
K=

2 EI
L

(12-5)

FwmsIuemRTI nigrgbnksIuemRTI
dUcenH
eKGacEbgEckm:Um:g;sRmab;EtBak;kNalFwmRbsinebIeKKNnaemKuNkRmajsRmab;ElVgkNal
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NPIC

edayeRbIsmIkar 12-5. tamkareRbobeFob emKuNkRmajkNalElVgesInwgBak;kNalnemKuN

kRmajEdleRbI K = 4EI / L .

FwmsIuemRTIrgbnkGsIuemRTI RbsinebIFwmmanragsIuemRTIrgbnkGsIuemRTI eKnwgTTYl)andaRkam

GsIuemRTI. dUcenAkgkrNIelIkmun eyIgGacEktRmUvemKuNkRmajrbs;ElVgkNal dUcenHeyIgnwgKit

FwmEtBak;kNalsRmab;karviPaKedaykarEbgEckm:Um:g;. BicarNaFwmenAkgrUbTI 12-12a. Fwm
nimitsRmab;ElVgkNal BC rbs;vaRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-12b. edaysarbnkGsIuemRTI
m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg; B nig C RtUvEtesIKaEtmanTispyKa. snt;fa tmenHesInwg M enaHmMurgVilenARtg;
cugnImYyKW
+ M C' = 0

1 M L 5L 1 M L L
= 0
2 EI 2 6 2 EI 2 6
ML
VB ' = =
6 EI
6 EI
M =

L
VB ' (L ) +

b
dUcenH emKuNkRmajsRmab;ElVgkNalesInwg
K=

6 EI
L

(12-6)

FwmsIuemRTI nigrgbnkGsIuemRTI
dUcenH enAeBleKKNnaemKuNkRmajsRmab;ElVgkNaledayeRbIsmIkar 12-6 eKRtUvkarEbgEck
m:Um:g;enAkgEtBak;kNalFwmb:ueNaH. tamkareRbobeFob emKuNkRmajkNalElVgesInwgemKuN
kRmajEdleRbI K = 4EI / L mYydgknH.

karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI karEbgEckm:Um:g;

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

]TahrN_ 12-3 kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;TRmsRmab;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-13a.

EI

CacMnYn efr.

dMeNaHRsay tamkarGegt Fwm nigbnkmanlkNsIuemRTI. dUcenH eyIgnwgGnuvt K = 2EI / L

edIm,IKNnaemKuNkRmajrbs;ElVgkNal BC ehIyeyIgnwgviPaKEtkMNat;Bak;kNalxageqVgrbs;
FwmEtb:ueNaH. eKGackat;bnykarviPaK[kat;EtxIEfmeTotedayeRbI K = 3EI / L sRmab;karKNna
emKuNkRmajsRmab;kMNat;Ggt; AB edaysarcugqay A CaTRmsnak;. elIsBIenH eKGacrMlgkar
EbgEckm:Um:g;enARtg;cMNuc A edayeRbIm:Um:g;bgb;cugsRmab;bnkragRtIekaNmanGMeBIelIElVgEdlman
TRmmagCaTRmsnak; nigTRmmageTotCaTMgbgb;. dUcenH
3EI
K AB =
edayeRbIsmIkar 12-4
3
2EI
K BC =
edayeRbIsmIkar 12-5
4
3EI / 3
=1
3EI / 3
3EI / 3
= 0.667
DFBA =
3EI / 3 + 2 EI / 4
2 EI / 4
DFBC =
= 0.333
3EI / 3 + 2 EI / 4

DFAB =

(FEM )BA = wL

15

=
2

(FEM )BC = wL

12

100(3)2
= 60kN .m
15

Displacement method of analysis: Moment distribution

100(4)2
= 133.3kN .m
12
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NPIC

TIinnyTaMgenHRtUv)anerobcMenAkgtaragenrUbTI 12-13b. karKNnaemKuNkRmajdUcbgajxagelI

BitCakat;bnykarviPaKy:ageRcIn edaysarmanEttMN B EtmYybueNaHEdleKRtUvkareFVI[man lMnwg
ehIyeKminRtUvkareprm:Um:g;eTAtMN A nigtMN C eT. eyIgeXIjfatMN C rgm:Um:g; 108.9kN .m dUc
tMN B Edr.

]TahrN_ 12-4 kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;TRmsRmab;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-14a. m:Um:g;

niclPaBrbs;ElVgTaMgBIrRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUb.

dMeNaHRsay edaysarFwmRtUv)anRTedayTRmkl;enAcugqay C kRmajrbs;ElVg BC RtUv)anKNna

edayQrelI K = 3EI / L . eyIg)an

dUcenH

( )
( )

4 EI 4 E (120) 10 6
=
= 160 10 6 E
3
L
3EI 3E (240) 106
=
= 180 106 E
K BC =
4
L
160 E
DFAB =
=0
+ 160 E
K AB =

karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI karEbgEckm:Um:g;

( )
( )

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
160 E
= 0.4706
160 E + 180 E
180 E
=
= 0.5294
160 E + 180 E
180 E
=
=1
180 E

DFBA =
DFBC
DFCB

eKGacsRmYlviFIEbgEckm:Um:g;sRmab;cMeNaTenHedayRtUvdwgfaeKGaceRbIm:Um:g;bgb;cugeTalsRmab;
ElVg BC . edayeRbICYrxagsaMntaragnemeronTI11 sRmab;ElVgEdlrgbnkrayesImanTRmmagCa
TRmbgb; nigmageTotCaTRmsnak; enaHeyIg)an
(FEM )BC

6000(4 )2
wL2
=
= 12000 N .m
8
8

TinnyTaMgGs;RtUv)anbBaleTAkgtaragenAkgrUbTI 12-14b ehIykarEbgEckm:Um:g;RtUv)an

Gnuvt. edayeRbobeFobCamYynwgrUbTI 12-6b viFIenHBitCasRmYldl;karEbgEcky:agxaMg.
edayeRbIlTplEdlTTYl)an kmaMgkat;xagcugrbs;Fwm nigdaRkamm:Um:g;RtUv)anbgajenAkg
rUbTI 12-14c.

!@>$> karEbgEckm:Um:g;sRmab;eRKagmineyal
(Moment distribution for frames: No sidesway)

karGnuvtnviFIEbgEckm:Um:g;sRmab;eRKagEdlmineyalmanlkNdUcnwgdMeNIrkarsRmab;
viPaKFwm. edIm,Ikat;bnykasnkMhusqg eKENnaM[eFVIkarviPaKedayeRbItaragdUcenAkg]TahrN_
elIkmun. ehIyeKGackat;bnykarEbgEckm:Um:g; RbsinebIeKEktRmUvemKuNkRmajdUcbgajenAkg
kfaxNmun.

]TahrN_ 12-5 kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;tMNneRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-15a. eKmanTRm

snak;enARtg; E nig D nigmanTRmbgb;enARtg; A . EI CacMnYnefr.

dMeNaHRsay tamkarGegt snak;enARtg; E nigkarBareRKagkMu[eyal. eKGacKNnaemKuN
kRmajrbs; CD nig CE edayeRbI K = 3EI / L edaysarcugqayCaTRmsnak;. ehIy bnk 60kN min
)abbegItm:Um:g;bgb;cugeT edaysarvaGnuvtenARtg;cMN B . dUcenH
K AB =

4EI
5

K BC =

4EI
6

K CD =

3EI
5

K CE =

3EI
4

DFAB = 0

DFBA =

4 EI / 5
= 0.545
4 EI / 5 + 4 EI / 6

Displacement method of analysis: Moment distribution

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

DFBC = 1 0.545 = 0.455

4 EI / L
= 0.330
DFCB =
4 EI / 6 + 3EI / 5 + 3EI / 4
3EI / 5
DFCD =
= 0.298
4 EI / 6 + 3EI / 5 + 3EI / 4
DFCE = 1 0.33 0.298 = 0.372
DFDC = 1

DFEC = 1
2

(FEM )BC = wL

12
2

(FEM )CB = wL

12

45(6 )2
= 135kN .m
12

45(6)2
= 135kN .m
12

TinnyRtUv)anbgajenAkgtaragnrUbTI 12-15b. enATIenH karEbgEckm:Um:g;RtUv)aneFVIbnbnab;Et

eTAelItMN B nig C . m:Um:g;cugeRkayRtUv)anbgajenAkgCYredkcugeRkayeK.
edayeRbITinnyTaMgenH eyIgGacsg;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;eRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 1215c.

!@>%> karEbgEckm:Um:g;sRmab;eRKagEdleyal
(Moment distribution for frames: Sidesway)

BIkaxN 11-5 eyIgeXIjehIyfaeRKagEdlmanlkNminsIuemRTI beRKagEdlrgbnkminsIuemRTInwgeyal. ]TahrN_nkrNIEbbenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-16a. enATIenH bnkGnuvtn_

karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI karEbgEckm:Um:g;

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

nwgbegItm:Um:g;enARtg; B nig C minesIKa dUcenHeRKagnwgmankMhUcRTg;RTay eTAsaM. edIm,IkMNt;

kMhUcRTg;RTayenH nigm:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;tMNedayeRbIkarEbgEckm:Um:g; eyIgnwgeRbIeKalkarN_tRmYt
pl. enAkgrUbTI 12-16b dMbUgeKKitfaeRKagRtUv)anTb;min[eyaledayGnuvttMNTRmnimitenA
Rtg; C . eKGnuvtkarEbgEckm:Um:g; ehIybnab;mkeKKNnakmaMgTb; R edaysmIkarsaTic. kmaMg
Tb;EdlmanTMhMesIKa EtTisedApyKaRtUv)anGnuvteTAelIeRKag rUbTI 12-16c ehIym:Um:g;enAkg
eRKagRtUv)anKNna. viFImYysRmab;edaHRsayCMhancugeRkayenHTamTarnUvkarsnt;CadMbUgnUvtmCa
elxsRmab;m:Um:g;Bt;mYy M 'BA . edayeRbIkarEbgEckm:Um:g; nigsmIkarsaTic eyIgGackMNt;kMhUc
RTg;RTay ' nigkmaMgxageRkA R EdlRtUvnwgtmsnt; M 'BA . edaysarvaCakMhUcRTg;RTayeGLasiclIenEGr enaHkmaMg R' begItm:Um:g;enAkgeRKagEdlsmamaRteTAnwgm:Um:g;EdlbegIt[man R . Ca
]TahrN_ RbsinebIeKsal; M 'BA nig R' enaHm:Um:g;enARtg; B EdlbegIteday R Ca M BA = M 'BA
(R / R') . karbEnmm:Um:g;Rtg;tMNsRmab;krNITaMgBIr rUbTI12-16b nig c nwgeFVI[eKTTYl)an
m:Um:g;Cak;EsgenAkgeRKag rUbTI 12-16a. karGnuvtnbeckeTsenHRtUv)anbgajenAkg]TahrN_ 12-6 dl; 12-8.
P

eRKageRcInCan; CaerOy rcnasm<nEdlmaneRcInCan;nwgmanbMlas;TIkraCeRcIn Cavi)akkarEbg

Eckm:Um:g;edayeRbIbeckeTsxagelInwgTamTarnUvkarKNnaeRcIn. ]TahrN_ BicarNaeRKagBIrCan;Edl
bgajenAkgrUbTI 12-17a. rcnasm<nenHGacmanbMlas;TIkraCBIr edaysarcmayeyal 1
rbs;Can;TImYykraCBIbMlas;TI 2 rbs;Can;TIBIr.
CaGkusl bMlas;TITaMgenHminRtUv)andwgenAdMNak;kaldMbUg dUcenHkarviPaKRtUveFVIeLIgeday
QrelIeKalkarN_tRmYtplEdlmanlkNdUcKanwgkarENnaMxagelI. enAkgkrNIenH eKRtUvGnuvt
kmaMgTb;BIrKW R1 nig R2 rUbTI 12-17b ehIym:Um:g;bgb;cugRtUv)anKNna nigEbgEck. edayeRbI
Displacement method of analysis: Moment distribution

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

smIkarlMnwg eKGackMNt;tmCaelxrbs; R1 nig R2 . bnab;mk eKRtUvRsaykarTb;enARtg;kRmal

nCan;TImYy ehIykRmalenaHRtUv)andak;[manbMlas;TI ' . bMlas;TIenHeFVI[manm:Um:g;bgb;cugenA
kgeRKagEdleKGackMNt;Catmelx. edayEbgEckm:Um:g;enH nigedayeRbIsmIkarlMnwg eKGackMNt;
tmCaelxn R'1 nig R'2 . tamrebobdUcKa kRmalnCan;TIBIrRtUv)an[manbMlas;TI ' ' rUbTI 1217d. edaysnt;tmCaelxsRmab;m:Um:g;bgb;cug karEbgEckm:Um:g; nigsmIkarlMnwgnwgpl;nUvtm
R"1 nig R"2 . edaysarCMhancugeRkayTaMgBIr rUbTI 12-17c nig d GaRsynwgtmsnt;n
m:Um:g;bgb;cug eKRtUvGnuvtemKuNEktRmUv (correction factor) C ' nig C" eTAelIm:Um:g;EdlEbgEck.
eyagtamkmaMgTb;enAkgrUbTI 12-17c nig 12-17d eyIgRtUvkarGnuvtkmaMg R1 nig R2 Edlman
TMhMesIKaEtTisedApyKaeTAelIeRKag Edl
R2 = C ' R'2 +C" R"2
R1 = +C ' R'1 C" R"1

dMeNaHRsaynRbBnsmIkarenH[nUvtmn C ' nig C" . bnab;mkeKRtUvKuNemKuNTaMgenHCamYy

nwgm:Um:g;Bt;Rtg;tMNEdlkMNt;BIkarEbgEckm:Um:g;enAkgrUbTI 12-17c nig 12-17d. bnab;mkeK
kMNt;m:Um:g;ersIusg;edayeFVIplbUkm:Um:g;EktRmUvCamYynwgm:Um:g;EdlTTYl)anenAkgrUbTI 12-17b.
eKGacviPaKeRKagRbePTepSgeTotEdlmanbMlas;TIkraCedayeRbIdMeNIkardUcKa b:uEneKRtUv
dwgfaviFIxagelIEdlmanerobrab;RtUvkarkarKNnay:ageRcIn. EteTaHCay:agNakeday eK)anbegIt
beckeTsxHedIm,Ikat;bnykarKNna CakarRbesIreKKYredaHRsaycMeNaTRbePTenHedayeRbIkMuBTr CaTUeTAedayeRbIkarviPaKedaym:aRTIs. beckeTssRmab;karviPaKEbbenHRtUv)anbgajenAkg
emeronTI 16.

]TahrN_ 12-6 kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;tMNneRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-18a. EI CacMnYn

efr.

dMeNaHRsay dMbUgeyIgKitfaeRKagRtUv)anTb;min[eyaldUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-18b. eyIgman

karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI karEbgEckm:Um:g;

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil
(FEM )BC

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
=

16(4)2 (1)

= 10.24kN .m

(5)2
2
(FEM )CB = 16(1) 2(4) = 2.56kN .m
(5)

emKuNkRmajrbs;ElVgnImYyRtUv)anKNnaedayQrelI 4EI / L bedayeRbIemKuNkRmajeFob

I / L . emKuNEbgEck nigkarEbgEckm:Um:g;RtUv)anbgajenAkgtaragenrUbTI 12-18d. edayeRbI
lTplTaMgenH eKGnuvtsmIkarlMnwgeTAelIdaRkamGgesrInssredIm,IkMNt; Ax nig Dx rUbTI 1218e. BIdaRkamGgesrIrbs;eRKagTaMgmUl minRtUv)anbgaj kmaMgTb; R enAkgrUbTI 12-18
manTMhM
Fx = 0

R = 1.73kN 0.81kN = 0.92kN

eKRtUvGnuvtkmaMgEdlmanTMhMesIKa EtTisedApyKanwg R = 0.92kN eTAelIeRKagRtg;tMN C ehIy

KNnam:Um:g;Bt; rUbTI 12-18c. edIm,IedaHRsaycMeNaTEdlKNnam:Um:g;TaMgenH eyIgnwgsnt;
kmaMg R' GnuvtenARtg; C EdleFVI[eRKagmanbMlas;TI ' dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-18f. enATIenH
tMNenARtg; B nig C RtUv)anTb;CabeNaHGasnBIkarvil ehIyCalTplm:Um:g;bgb;cugenARtg;cugrbs;
ssrRtUv)anKNnaBIrUbmnsRmab;bMlas;TIEdlmankgemeronTI 10 Edl
M =

6 EI

L2

edaysar TaMg B nig C pas;TI)an ' dUcKa ehIy AB nig DC man E / I nig L dUcKa m:Um:g;bgb;cugenA
kg AB ehIymanm:Um:g;bgb;cugdUcKaenAkg DC . dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-18f eyIgnwgsnt;m:Um:g;
bgb;cugNamYyesInwg
(FEM ) AB = (FEM )BA = (FEM )CD = (FEM )DC = 100kN .m

eKcaM)ac;eRbIsBaaGviCman edaysarm:Um:g;RtUveFVIGMeBIRcasRTnicnaLikaeTAelIssr edayeFIV[ssr

manbMlas;TI ' eTAsaM. \LveKGackMNt;tm R' EdlrYmCamYynwgm:Um:g; 100kN .m . karEbgEcg
m:Um:g;rbs;m:Um:g;bgb;cugRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-18g. BIsmIkarlMnwg eKGacKNnakmaMg
RbtikmtamTisedkenARtg; A nig D rUbTI 12-18h. dUcenH sRmab;;eRKagTaMgmUl eyIgtRmUv[
Fx = 0

R' = 28 + 28 = 56.0kN

dUcenH R'= 56.0kN begItm:Um:g;EdlmanenAkgtaragnrUbTI 12-18g. eKGackMNt;m:Um:g;EdlbegIt

eLIgeday R = 0.92kN smamaRt. dUcenH m:Um:g;ersultg;enAkgeRKag rUbTI 12-18a esInwgpl
bUknm:Um:g;Edl)anKNnasRmab;eRKagenAkgrUbTI 12-18b CamYynwgbrimaNsmamaRtnm:Um:g;
sRmab;eRKagenAkgrUbTI 12-18c. eyIgman
Displacement method of analysis: Moment distribution

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NPIC

0.92
( 80) = 1.57kN .m
56.0
0.92
( 60) = 4.79kN .m
M BA = 5.78 +
56.0
0.92
(60) = 4.79kN .m
M BC = 5.78 +
56.0
0.92
(60) = 3.71kN .m
M CB = 2.72 +
56.0
0.92
( 60) = 3.71kN .m
M CD = 2.72 +
56.0
0.92
( 80) = 2.63kN .m
M DC = 1.32 +
56.0

M AB = 2.88 +

]TahrN_ 12-7 kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;tMNnImYyrbs;eRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-19a.

m:Um:g;niclPaBnGgt;nImYyRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUb.

karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI karEbgEckm:Um:g;

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNaHRsay dMbUgeRKagRtUv)anTb;min[eyaldUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-19b. m:Um:g;niclPaB

RtUv)anKNnaenARtg;tMNdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-19d. enATIenH eKKNnaemKuNkRmajrbs; CD

edayeRbI 3EI / L edaysarvamanTRmsnak;enARtg; D . karKNnakmaMgRbtikmtamTisedkenARtg; A
nig D RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-19e. dUcenH sRmab;eRKagTaMgmUl
Fx = 0

R = 5.784 2 = 3.78kN

eKGnuvtkmaMgEdlmanTispyKaeTAelIeRKagdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-19c. dUcenAkg]TahrN_

elIkmun eyIgnwgBicarNakmaMg R' EdlmanGMeBIdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-19f. CalTpl tMN B nig
C pas;TI)an ' dUcKa. eyIgKNnam:Um:g;bgb;cugsRmab; BA BI
6
(FEM ) = (FEM ) = 6 EI = 6 E (1000)(10 )'
AB

BA

L2

(5)2

b:uEn BItaragenAkgemeronTI11 sRmab; CD eyIgman

6
(FEM ) = 3EI = 3E (1250)(10 )'
CD

L2

Displacement method of analysis: Moment distribution

(5)2

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

edaysnt;fam:Um:g;bgb;cugsRmab; AB KW 100kN.m dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-19f enaHeKkMNt;m:Um:g;

bgb;cugenARtg; C EdleFVI[manbMlas;TI ' dUcKa edaykareRbobeFob eBalKW
(FEM )CD (7.5)2
(
100 )(5)2
' =
=
6 E (1000)(10 6 )
3E (1250)(10 6 )

(FEM )CD = 27.78kN .m

karEbgEckm:Um:g;sRmab;m:Um:g;bgb;cugTaMgenHRtUv)anbgajkgtaragnrUbTI 12-19g. karKNna

kmaMgRbtikmenARtg; A nig D RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-19h. dUcenH sRmab;eRKagTaMgmUl
Fx = 0

R ' = 21.98 + 3.11 = 25.1kN

dUcenH m:Um:g;ersultg;enAkgeRKagKW
3.78
M AB = 9.58 +
( 69.91) = 0.948kN .m
25.1
3.78
M BA = 19.34 +
( 40.01) = 13.3kN .m
25.1
3.78
M BC = 19.34 +
(40.01) = 13.3kN .m
25.1
3.78
M CB = 15.00 +
(23.31) = 18.5kN .m
25.1
3.78
M CD = 15.00 +
( 23.31) = 18.5kN .m
25.1

]TahrN_ 12-8 kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;tMNnImYyrbs;eRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-20a.

CacMnYnefr.
dMeNaHRsay dMbUg kareyalRtUv)ankarBaredaykmaMgTb; R rUbTI 12-20b. m:Um:g;bgb;cug
sRmab;Ggt; BC KW
EI

(FEM )BC = 16(5) = 10kN .m

8

(FEM )CB = 16(5) = 10kN .m

8

edaysarGgt; AB nig DC manTRmsnak; emKuNkRmajRtUv)anKNnaedayeRbI 3EI / L . karEbg

Eckm:Um:g;RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-20d.
edaylTplTaMgenH eKkMNt;kmaMgRbtikmtamTisedkenARtg; A nig D edayeRbIsmIkar
lMnwgnGgt;nImYy rUbTI 12-20e. edayeFVIplbUkm:Um:g;Rtg;cMNuc B nig C enAelIeCIgnImYy
eyIg)an
+ MB = 0

5.97 + Ax (4 ) 8(3) = 0

Ax = 7.49kN

+ MC = 0

5.97 D x (4 ) + 8(3) = 0

D x = 7.49kN

karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI karEbgEckm:Um:g;

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dUcenH sRmab;eRKagTaMgmUl
Fx = 0

R = 7.49 7.49 + 40 = 40kN

\LveyIgGnuvtkmaMgpynwg R eTAelIeRKagdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 12-20c. edIm,IKNnam:Um:g;

Bt;EdlbegIteLIgeday R CadMbUgeyIgRtUvBicarNakmaMg R EdlmanGMeBIdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 1220f. enATIenHbnat;dac;minEmnCarUbragxUcRTg;RTayrbs;Ggt;eRKageT vaRtUv)ansg;Cabnat;Rtg;
EdlbnayeTATItaMgcugeRkayrbs; B' nig C ' rbs;tMN B nig C erogKa. edaysarPaBsIuemRTIrbs;
eRKag bMlas;TI BB' = CC ' = ' . elIsBIenH bMlas;TITaMgenHeFVI[ BC vil. cmaytamTisQr rvag B'
Displacement method of analysis: Moment distribution

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

nig C ' KW1.2' dUcbgajenAelIdaRkambMlas;TI rUbTI 12-20g. edaysartMNcugrbs; Ggt;nImYy

rgbMlas;TIEdleFVI[Ggt;vil m:Um:g;bgb;cugRtUvekItmanenAkgGgt;. eKman (FEM ) = (FEM ) =
3EI' / (5) / (FEM )BC = (FEM )CB = 6 EI (1.2') / (5)2 .
cMNaMfa sRmab; BA nig CD m:Um:g;mantmGviCman edaysarkarvilRsbTisRTnicnaLikarbs;
Ggt;eFVI[m:Um:g;bgb;cugvilRcasRTnicnaLika.
RbsinebI eyIgsnt;tmrbs; (FEM )BA = (FEM )CD = 100kN.m ehIydak;[esI ' enAkg
rUbmnxagelIeyIgnwgTTYl)an (FEM )BC = (FEM )CB = 240kN.m . eKdak;m:Um:g;TaMgenH[manGMeBI
elIeRKag nigeFVIkarEbgEckva rUbTI 12-20h. edayeRbIlTplTaMgenH smIkarlMnwgRtUv)anbgaj
enAkgrUbTI 12-20i. sRmab;eCIgnImYy eyIgman
BA

CD

+ MB = 0

A' x (4) + 58.72(3) + 146.80 = 0

A' x = 80.74kN

+ MC = 0

D' x (4) + 58.72(3) + 146.80 = 0

D' x = 80.74kN

dUcenH sRmab;eRKagTaMgmUl
Fx = 0

R ' = 80.74 + 80.74 = 161.48kN

dUcenH m:Um:g;ersultg;enAkgeRKagKW
40
M BA = 5.97 +
( 146.80) = 30.4kN .m
161.48
40
M BC = 5.97 +
(146.80) = 30.4kN .m
161.48
40
M CB = 5.97 +
(146.80) = 42.3kN .m
161.48
40
M CD = 5.97 +
( 146.80) = 42.3kN .m
161.48

karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI karEbgEckm:Um:g;

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

cMeNaT
!@>! kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg; A / B nig C bnab;mk
sg;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Fwm. m:Um:g;niclPaB
rbs;Ggt;nImYyRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUb. snt;
faTRmRtg; B CaTRmkl; ehIyenARtg; A
nig C CaTRm bgb;. E = 200GPa .

!@>@ kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg; A / B nig C bnab;mk

sg;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Fwm. snt; faTRm A
nig C CaTRmbgb;. EI CacMnYnefr.

!@># kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enAkgFwmRtg; B bnab;mk

sg;daRkamm:Um:g;. snt; faTRm C CaTRm
snak;. kMNat;Ggt; AB manm:Um:g;niclPaB
I AB = 0.75I BC . EI CacMnYnefr.

!@>$ kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg; A / B nig C bnab;mk

sg;daRkamm:Um:g;. snt;
Problems

faTRmRtg; B CaTRmkl; ehIyenARtg; A nig C

CaTRmbgb;. EI CacMnYnefr.

!@>% kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg; A / B nig C bnab;mk

sg;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Fwm. snt; faTRmRtg;
A nig C CaTRmbgb; ehIyenARtg; B CaTRm
kl;. EI CacMnYnefr.

!@>^ kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg; A / B nig C bnab;mk

sg;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Fwm. snt; faTRmRtg;
A nig C CaTRmkl; ehIyenARtg; B CaTRm
snak;. bnkBRgaysitenAelIkRmalEdlTRm
samBaEdlbBanbnkeTAFwmkRmal. EI Ca
cMnYnefr.

!@>& kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enAkgFwmRtg; B bnab;mk

sg;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Fwm. snt; faTRm A Ca
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Department of Civil Engineering

TRmsnak; ehIyTRm B CaTRmkl; nigTRm C

CaTRmbgb;. EI CacMnYnefr.

NPIC

!@>!! kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg; B bnab;mksg;

daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Ggt;nImYyrbs;eRKag.
snt; faTRm A CaTRmsnak; ehIyTRm C Ca
TRmbgb;. EI CacMnYnefr.

!@>* kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enAkgFwmRtg; A nig B

bnab;mksg;daRkamm:Um:g;. snt; faTRm A Ca
TRmbgb; ehIyTRm B CaTRmkl; nigTRm C
CaTRmsnak;.

!@>( r)arRtUv)antPab;edaytMNsnak;Edl
bgajedaycMNuc. RbsinebIeKecalkmaMgEkg
enAkgr)ar cUrkMNt;kmaMgRbtikmtamTisQrenA
Rtg;snak;nImYy. EI CacMnYnefr.

!@>!@ kMNt;m:Um:g;EdlmanGMeBIenARtg;cugrbs;
Ggt;nImYy bnab;mksg;daRkamm:Um:g;. snt;
faTRm A nig D CaTRmsnak; ehIyTRm B Ca
tMNbgb; nigTRm C CaTRmbgb;.
E = 200GPa / I ABC = 280(10 6 )mm 4
ehIy I BD = 440(106 )mm 4 .

!@>!0 kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enAkgFwmRtg;TRm bnab;

mksg;daRkamm:Um:g;. snt;fa A nig D Ca
TRmbgb;. EI CacMnYnefr.
!@>!# kMNt;m:Um:g;EdlmanGMeBIenARtg;tMN
nImYy. snt; A / D nig E CaTRmsnak; ehIy
B nig C CatMNbgb;. m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;Ggt;
nImYyRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUb. E = 200GPa .
karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI karEbgEckm:Um:g;

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

!@>!$ kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg; A / C nig D bnab;

mksg;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Ggt;nImYyrbs;
eRKag. TRm A nigtMN C nig D CatMNbgb;.
EI CacMnYnefr.

!@>!% kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg; B bnab;mksg;

daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Ggt;nImYyrbs;eRKag.
TRm A CaTRmsnak;. EI CacMnYn efr.

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

!@>!& kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;EdlmanGMeBIenARtg;cug
rbs;Ggt;nImYy. snt;faTRmenARtg; A
nig D CaTRmbgb;. m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;Ggt;
nImYyRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUb.
EI = 200GPa .

!@>!* kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg; B nig C bnab;mksg;

daRkamm:Um:g;. snt; A nig D CaTRmsnak;
ehIy B nig C CatMNbgb;. EI CacMnYnefr.

!@>!^ kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;EdlmanGMeBIenARtg;cug
rbs;Ggt;nImYyrbs;eRKag. EI CacMnYnefr.
Problems

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!@>!( kMNt;m:Um:g;EdlmanGMeBIenARtg;cugrbs;
Ggt;nImYy. snt;tMNCatMNbgb; ehIy A
nig D CaTRmbgb;. EI CacMnYnefr.

NPIC

!@>@! kMNt;bgMkmaMgRbtikmtamTisedk nig

tamTisQrenARtg;TRmsnak; A nig D . EI
CacMnYnefr.

!@>@0 kMNt;m:Um:g;EdlmanGMeBIenARtg;TRmbgb;
A nig D rbs;eRKag. EI CacMnYnefr.

karviPaKtamviFIbMlas;TI karEbgEckm:Um:g;

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

!#> Fwm nigeRKagEdlmanGgt;Edlmanmuxkat;ERbRbYl

Beams and frames having nonprismatic members

enAkgemeronenH eyIgnwgGnuvtviFI slop-deflection nigviFIEbgEckm:Um:g;edIm,IviPaKFwm nig

eRKagEdlpSMedayGgt;Edlmanmuxkat;ERbRbYl. dMbUg eyIgnwgerobrab;BIrebobedIm,ITTYl)anemKuN
dMENlemKuNkRmaj nigm:Um:g;bgb;cugedayeRbIbeckeTsCaelxTUeTAEdlEpkelIviFIFwmnimit. kar
viPaKEdlerobrab;enAkgemeronenHTak;TgnwgkareRbIR)as;taragtmEdlpSBVpSayenAkgRBwtibRt
beckeTs. cugeRkay eyIgnwgerobrab;BIviFIviPaKrcnasm<nminkMNt;edaysaTicedayeRbIviFI slopedeflection nigviFIEbgEckm:Um:g;.

!#>!> PaBdabrbs;Ggt;Edlmanmuxkat;ERbRbYl (Deflection of nonprismatic members)

CaerOy edIm,IsnSMsMcsmar rtEdl
eKeRbIsRmab;s<an nigGaKarEdlmanElVgEvg
RtUv)an eKDIsajCaGgt;Edlmanmuxkat;ERb
RbYl eBalKWvamanm:Um:g;niclPaBERbRbYl.
TRmg;TUeTArbs;rcnasm<nEdlGgt;manmuxkat;
ERbRbYlman haunch EdlGacCa stepped,
tapered b)a:ra:bUl rUbTI 13-1. eyIgGac
eRbIeKalkarN_kmnnimit bRTwsIkasIKIy:aNUEdl)anerobrab;enAkgemeronTI9 edIm,IKNnaPaBdab
rbs;va. smIkarenaHKW
l Mm
=
dx
b = 0l MP EIm dx
0 EI
sRmab;Ggt;Edlmanmuxkat;ERbRbYl kareFVIGaMgetRkalTamTar[sresr I CaGnuKmn_eTAnwgRbEvg
kUGredaen x . dUcenH ragFrNImaRt nigkardak;bnkrbs;Ggt;TamTarnUvkareFVIGaMgetRkalEdlminGac
Gnuvt)ansRmab;TRmg;biTCit. enAkgkrNIenH eKcaM)ac;RtUveRbIc,ab;sIumsan; (Simpsons rule) Edl
eRbIbeckeTsCaelxedIm,I edaHRsayGaMgetRkalenH. eKkGaceRbIbeckeTsFrNImaRtdUcCaRTwsIbT
RkLapm:Um:g; bviFIFwmnimitedIm,IKNnaPaBdabRbhak;RbEhlrbs;Ggt;Edlmanmuxkat;ERbRbYl.
]TahrN_xageRkaybgajBIrebobeRbIviFIFwmnimit.

Problems

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NPIC

]TahrN_ 13-1 eRbIviFIFwmnimitedIm,IkMNt;PaBdab;Rbhak;RbEhlRtg;cug A rbs;Fwm tapered

EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 13-2a. snt;faFwmmankRmas; 250mm nig E = 28GPa .

dMeNaHRsay eKkat;FwmenHCakMNat;EdlmanRbEvg 500mm ehIyeyIgnwgbg;elx[kMNat;enH

dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 13-2a. daRkamm:Um:g;RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 13-2b. edayeRbI I =

bh 3 / 12 eKKNnam:Um:g;niclPaBral;cenaH 500mm ehIybgajvaenAkgrUbTI 13-2c. BITinnyenH
daRkam M / EI RtUv)ankMNt; nigbgajenAelIFwmnimitenAkgrUbTI 13-2d. eyIgRtUvkarkMNt; A
= M A' . edIm,IKNnava eKsnt; edayRbhak;RbEhl bnkRtUv)anpSMedayRkLapRtIekaNcMnYnR)aM
BIrEdlbgajedayExSdac;. edIm,IsRmYldl;karKNna eyIgeXIjfaeKmanRtIekaNbIKU EdlKUnImYy
man)atbBarrYm ehIykm<s;edkmanRbEvg 500mm esIKa. TItaMgTIRbCMuTmn;rbs;KUTaMgenH nigrbs;RtIekaNEdlenAxagsaMeKbMputRtUv)anbgajedaycMNucexA. dUcenH
3

1 157.3(10 3 )
(1)(0.5) + 1 182.0(10 )(1)(1)
A = M A' =
M A' = 0
2

( )(1)(1.5) + 1 153.6(10 )(0.5)(1.833)

1 171.9 10 3
+
E
2
329.6 10 3
=
E

( )

edayCMnYs E = 28(106 )kN / m 2 eyIgman

A = 11.77(10 3 )m = 11.77 mm

cMeNaT

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

!#>@> lkNnkardak;bnkrbs;Ggt;Edlmanmuxkat;ERbRbYledayeRbIviFIFwmnimit
(Loading properties of nonprismatic members using the conjugate-beam method)

karviPaKFwmnimitCaviFItmCaelxEdlGaceRbIedIm,IKNnam:Um:g;bgb;cug nigemKuNkRmaj nig

emKuNdMENlsRmab;Ggt;Edlmanm:Um:g;niclPaBERbRbYl. eTaHbICaeKRtUvkarkargareRcInkeday k
karbgajviFIenATIenHGac[eyIgyl;BIrebobedIm,ITTYl)antmCaelxsRmab;lkNbnknGgt;Edl
minmanbgajenAkgRBwtibRtbeckeTs.
]TahrN_CaelxcMnYnBIrRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IbgajviFIenH. eyIgnwgrMlwkBIniymnydUcxageRkam
m:Um:g;bgb;cug (Fixed-end moment FEM) m:Um:g;Rbtikmcugrbs;FwmEdlRtUv)ansnt;faman
TRmbgb; rUbTI 13-3a.
emKuNkRmaj (Stiffness factor K) m:Um:g;EdleKRtUvGnuvtenARtg;cugFwmedIm,I[vavil)an
= 1rad . enATIenH eKGnuvtm:Um:g;enARtg;TRmsnak;rbs;Fwm cMENkcugmageTotRtUv)ansnt;faCa
TRmbgb; rUbTI 13-3b .
*

emKuNdMENl (Carry-over factor COF) CacMENk (C) rbs;m:Um:g;EdlRtUv)aneprBIcugTRm

snak;rbs;FwmeTACBaaMg rUbTI 13-3c.
eKGacRtYtBinitkarKNnasRmab;emKuNkRmaj nigemdMENledaykt;sMKal;nUvTMnak;TMng
rvagva. cMeBaHbBaaenH eKmanFwmenAkgrUbTI 13-4 Edlrgbnk nigPaBdabdUcbgaj. karGnuvt
RTwsIersIuRbUkm:akSEvlebFITamTarnUvkmnEdleFVIedaybnkenAkgrUbTI 13-4a EdleFVIGMeBItamPaB
*

mMu = 1rad (57.3o ) minRtUv)ansg;[RtUvtammaRtdanrbs;FwmeT.

Problems

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NPIC

dabenAkgrUbTI 13-4b esInwgkmnnbnkenAkgrUbTI 13-4b EdleFVIGMeBItambMlas;TIenAkgrUbTI

13-4a eBalKW
U AB = U BA
K A (0 ) + C AB K A (1) = C BA K B (1) + K B (0 )
C AB K A = C BA K B
b
(13-1)
dUcenH enAeBlKNnaehIy emKuNkRmaj nigemKuNdMENlRtUvEtbMeBjsmIkar 13-1.

]TahrN_ 13-2 kMNt;m:Um:g;bgb;cugsRmab;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 13-5a. muxkat;manTTwg

efr. E Catmefr.
dMeNaHRsay edaysarTRmFwmBitenARtg; A nig B CaTRmbgb; enaHFwmnimitRtUvTMenrenARtg;cug A' nig
B ' rbs;va. daRkamm:Um:g;RtUv)anbgajedayEpk edayeRbIviFItRmYtplEdlerobrab;enAkgkfaxN 4-5.
EpkEdlbgajenAxagsaMenAkgrUbTI13-5b rhUtdl;rUbTI 13-5d bgajBIdaRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;FwmTRm
samBaEdlrgbnkcMcMNuc 9kN nigm:Um:g;cug M A nig M B . sRmab;ElVg AC / I AC = (0.3)(0.6)3 /12
= 5.4(10 3 )m 4 ehIysRmab;ElVg CB / I CB = (0.3)(0.3)3 / 12 = 0.675(10 3 )m 4 . edayeRbItmTaMg
enH daRkam bnk M / EI enAelIFwmnimitRtUv)anbgajenAxageqVgenAkgrUbTI 13-5b rhUtdl;
13-5d. kmaMgersultg;EdlbgeLIgedaybnkBRgayRtUv)anKNna
ehIykRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUb. edaysarmMurgVil nigPaBdabenARtg;cug A b B rbs;FwmBitesIsUn
eyIgTamTar[
300mm

+ Fy = 0

cMeNaT

1687.5 4500 187.5M A 125M A 166.67 M A 187.5M B

+

E
E
E
E
E
E
1000M B 166.67 M B

=0
E
E
6187.5 479.17 M A 1354.17 M B = 0
(1)
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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil
+ M A' = 0

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
1687.5
(1.8) + 4500 (3) 187.5M A (0.9) 125M A (1.35) 166.67 M A (3)
E
E
E
E
E
187.5M B
1000M B
166.67 M B
(1.8)
(3.15)
(3.3) = 0

E
E
E
(2)
16537.5 + 837.5M A + 4037.5M B = 0

edayedaHRsaysmIkar (1) nig(2) eyIg)an

M A = (FEM ) AB = 3.25kN .m
M B = (FEM )BA = 3.42kN .m

Problems

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NPIC

]TahrN_ 13-3 kMNt;emKuNkRmaj nigemKuNdMENlsRmab;cug A nFwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI

13-6a. muxkat;manTTwg 300mm efr. yk E = 69GPa .

dMeNaHRsay eKkMNt;emKuNkRmajedaydak;snak; TRmkl; enARtg;cug A rbs;Fwm nigkMNt;

m:Um:g; M A EdlcaM)ac;edIm,IeFVI[Fwmvil)an A = 1rad rUbTI 13-6b. C AB n M A EdlcaM)ac;

sRmab;Tb;Fwm[manlMnwgRtg; B CaemKuNdMENlBI A eTA B .
FwmnimitsRmab;FwmenAkgrUbTI 13-6b RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 13-6c. eKykTinnyenA
elIdaRkamBIrUbTI 13-5c nig 13-5d edaysarvargbnkdUcKa. edaysareKRtUvkarmMurgVil
A = 1rad kmaMgRbtikmenARtg; A' KW V A' = 1 dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 13-6c. dUcenH
+ Fy = 0

MA
M
M
C M
C M
+ 125 A + 166.67 A 187.5 AB A 100 AB A
E
E
E
E
E
C AB M A
166.67
=0
E
M
C M
(1)
1 + 479.17 A 1354.17 AB A = 0
E
E
1 + 187.5

edaysarPaBdabenARtg; A RtUvEtesIsUn eyIgTamTar[

+ M A' = 0

MA
(0.9) 125 M A (1.35) 166.67 M A (3) + 187.5 C AB M A (1.8)
E
E
E
E
C M
C M
+ 1000 AB A (3.15) + 166.67 AB A (3.3) = 0
E
E

187.5

edayTaj M A / E Cakta nigedaHRsayrkemKuNdMENl C AB eyIg)an

cMeNaT

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil
837.5 + 4037.5C AB = 0

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
C AB = 0.207

edayCMnYseTAkgsmIkar (1) nigCMnYs E = 69(106 )kN / m 2 eyIgTTYl)an

M A = K A = 348(10 3 )kN .m

]TahrN_ 13-4 kMNt;emKuNkRmaj nigemKuNdMENlsRmab;cug A nFwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI

13-7a. muxkat;manTTwg 1m efr. yk E CacMnYnefr.

dMeNaHRsay

FwmRtUv)ankat;CakMNat;EdlmanRbEvg 2m . kMNat;Ggt;RtUv)anbg;elxdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 137a. daRkamm:Um:g;RtUv)ansg;CaEpkedaysar M A nig C AB M A ehIytmrbs; M A nig C AB M A

RtUv)anKNna rUbTI 13-7b. m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;FwmRtUv)anKNnaBI bh3 /12 ehIytmrbs;vaRtUv
)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 13-7c. edayeRbItmTaMgenH Fwmnimit nigbnk (M / EI ) RtUv)anbgajenAkg
rUbTI 13-7d. karKNnaemKuNkRmaj nigemKuNdMENlTamTarnUvkareFVIplbUkkmaMgtamTisQr
nigm:Um:g;Rtg;cMNuc A' . edIm,ICakarsRmYl bnkBRgayRtUvbMEbkCaRtIekaNdUcbgajedaybnat;dac;
eRTt.
BIrUbenH eKRtUvcMNaMfaKURtIekaNman)attamTisQrrYm ehIykm<s;tamTisedk 2m . TIRbCMuTmn;nKU
RtIekaNenHRtUv)anbgajedaycMNucexAenAkgrUb. karKNnaRkLap kmaMg nigm:Um:g;RtUverobcMenA
kgtaragnrUbTI 13-7e. edayeRbIlTplTaMgenH nigedayGnuvtsmIkarlMnwgeTAelIFwmnimit eyIg
)an
Problems

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NPIC

MA
C M
48.42 AB A = 0
E
E

M
C M
383.20 A 398.56 AB A = 0
E
E

1 + 84.94

+ Fy = 0
+ M A' = 0

edayedaHRsaysmIkarTaMgenH eyIg)an
C AB = 0.961

KA = M A =

E
38.39

!#>#> lkNnbnkrbs;Ggt;Edlmanmuxkat;ERbRbYlEdlmanpSayenAkgRBwtibRtbeckeTs
(Loading properties of nonprismatic members Available from publications)

dUckarbgajenAkgkfamun eKRtUvkarkargarCaeRcInEdlBak;BnnwgkarkMNt;m:Um:g;bgb;cug em
KuNkRmaj nigemKuNdMENlsRmab;Ggt;Edlmanmuxkat;ERbRbYl. CalTpl eK)anbegItRkaPic nig
taragedIm,IkMNt;TinnyTaMgenHsRmab;rUbragrYmEdleRbIenAkgkarsikSaKNnarcnasm<n. Handbook
of Frame Constant RtUv)anpSBVpSayedaysmaKmn_sIum:gt_BrELn. taragxH EdlRtUv)anykecj
BIkare)aHBum<enH RtUv)anbgajenAkgtarag 13-1 nig 13-2. TRmg;ntaragEdlsKsajRtUv)an[
enAkg PCA handbook CamYynwgedrIevnrUbmnEdleRbI.
xageRkamenHCaniymnyrbs;nimitsBaamYycMnYn
a A , a B = pleFobnRbEvgrbs; haunch enAcug A nig B elIRbEvgrbs;ElVg.
b = pleFobcmayBIbnkcMcMNuceTAcug A elIRbEvgElVg.
C AB , C BA = emKuNdMENlrbs;Ggt; AB enAcug A nig B erogKa.
h A , hB = km<s;rbs;Ggt;enAcug A nig B erogKa.
hC = km<s;rbs;Ggt;enARtg;muxkat;Gb,brma.
I C = m:Um:g;niclPaBnmuxkat;Rtg;km<s;Gb,brma.
k AB , k BA = m:Um:g;bgb;cugenARtg;cug A nig B erogKa EdlkMNt;enAkgtaragsRmab;bnkcM
cMNuc P bbnkBRgayesI P .
rA , rB = pleFobsRmab;muxkat;ctuekaN Edl rA = (h A hC ) / hC / rB = (hB hC ) / hC .
dUckarbgajxagelI eKkMNt;m:Um:g;bgb;cug nigemKuNdMENlBItarag. eKGackMNt;emKuNkRmajdac;
xatedayeRbIemKuNkRmajEdlmanenAkgtarag nigGackMNt;)anBI
KA =

k AB EI C
L

KB =

k BA EI C
L

(13-2)

karGnuvtnkareRbIR)as;taragnwgmanbgajenAkg]TahrN_ 13-5.
cMeNaT

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

Problems

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

T.Chhay

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Department of Civil Engineering

cMeNaT

NPIC

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

!#>$> karEbgEckm:Um:g;sRmab;eRKOgbgMEdlmanGgt;Edlmanmuxkat;ERbRbYl
(Moment distribution for structures having nonprismatic members)

eRkayeBlKNnam:Um:g;bgb;cug emKuNkRmaj nigemKuNdMENlsRmab;Ggt;Edlmanmuxkat;

ERbRbYlrbs;rcnasm<nrYcehIy eKRtUvGnuvtviFIEbgEckm:Um:g;dUcdMeNIrkarviPaKEdl)anerobrab;enAkg
emeron 12. cMeBaHbBaaenH eKRtUvcgcaMfaeKGackat;bnydMeNIkarrbs;viFIEbgEckm:Um:g; RbsinebIem
KuNkRmajrbs;Ggt;RtUv)anEktRmUvsRmab;lkxNcugGgt;manTRmsnak; ehIyrcnasm<nsIuemRTI b
GsIuemRTI. dUcKa eKkGaceFVIkarEktRmUvsRmab;Ggt;Edlmanmuxkat;ERbRbYl.
FwmEdlmanTRmsnak;enAcugqay BicarNaFwmenAkgrUbTI 13-8a EdlmanTRmsnak;enAxagcug
qay B . emKuNkRmajdac;xag K ' A Cam:Um:g;EdlGnuvtenARtg; A EdleFVI[FwmmanmMurgVil A enARtg;
A . eKGackMNt;vadUcteTA. dMbUg eKRtUvsnt;fa B RtUv)anbgb;CabeNaHGasn ehIyeKRtUvGnuvt
m:Um:g; K A enARtg; A rUbTI 13-8b. m:Um:g;EdlekItmanenARtg; B KW C AB K A Edl C AB CaemKuN
dMENlBI A eTA B . bnab;mk edaysar B minRtUv)anbgb; karGnuvtm:Um:g;EdlmanTisedApy C AB K A
rUbTI 13-8c nwgeFVI[ekItmanm:Um:g; C BAC AB K A enARtg;cug A . edayeRbIviFItRmYtpl lTpln
karGnuvtm:Um:g;TaMgBIreFIV[FwmrgbnkdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 13-8a. dUcenH eKGaceXIjfaemKuN
kRmajdac;xatrbs;FwmKW
K ' A = K A (1 C AB C BA )

(13-3)

enATIenH K A CaemKuNkRmajdac;xatrbs;Fwm edaysnt;favaRtUv)anbgb;enARtg; B cugqay.

]TahrN_ enAkgkrNIrbs;FwmEdlmanmuxkat;ERbRbYl K A = 4EI / L ehIy C AB = C BA = 1/ 2 .
edayCMnYseTAkgsmIkar 13-3 eyIgTTYl)an K ' A = 3EI / L dUcsmIkar 12-4.

FwmsIuemRTIrgbnksIuemRTI enATIenH eyIgRtUvkMNt;m:Um:g; K ' EdlcaM)ac;edIm,IeFVI[cug A manmMurgVil

A

rUbTI 13-9a. enAkgkrNIenH dMbUgeyIgsnt;facug B RtUv)anTb; ehIyGnuvtm:Um:g;

K A enARtg; A rUbTI 13-9b. bnab;mk eyIgGnuvtm:Um:g;GviCman C BA K B enARtg;cug A dUc

B = 1rad

Problems

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

bgajenAkgrUbTI 13-9c. kareFVItRmYtplnkarGnuvtnm:Um:g;Rtg; A TaMgBIreFVI[eyIgTTYl)an

lTplnrUbTI 13-9a. eyIgtRmUv[
K ' A = K A C BA K B

edayeRbIsmIkar 13-1 C BA K B = C AB K A eyIgkGacsresr

K ' A = K A (1 C AB )

(13-4)

enAkgkrNInFwmEdlmanmuxkat;efr K A = 4EI / L ehIy C AB = 1/ 2 dUcenH K ' A = 2EI / L EdldUc

KanwgsmIkar 12-5.

FwmsIuemRTIrgbnkGsIuemRTI enAkgkrNIFwmsIuemRTIEdlrgbnkGsIuemRTI eyIgRtUvkMNt; K ' Edl

A

eFVI[ekItmanmMurgVilesIKaenARtg;cugFwm rUbTI 13-10a. edIm,IeFVIEbbenH dMbUgeyIgRtUvTb;cug B

ehIyGnuvtm:Um:g; K A enARtg; A rUbTI 13-10b. dUcKa karGnuvtn K B enARtg;cug B cMENkcug A
RtUv)anTb;dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 13-10c. kareFVItRmYtplnkrNITaMgBIr eKTTYl)anlTplenAkgrUb
TI 13-10a. dUcenH
K ' A = K A + C BA K B

b edayeRbIsmIkar 13-1 C BA K B = C AB K A eyIg)an

K ' A = K A (1 + C AB )

(13-5)

edayCMnYsTinnysRmab;Ggt;Edlmanmuxkat;efr K A = 4EI / L nig C AB = 1/ 2 eyIgTTYl)an K ' A

= 6 EI / L EdldUcKanwgsmIkar 12-6.

cMeNaT

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

karrMkileFobntMNrbs;Fwm m:Um:g;bgb;cugRtUv)anbegItenAkgGgt;Edlmanmuxkat;ERbRbYl Rbsin

ebIvamankarrMkileFobntMN rvagcug A nig B rUbTI 13-11a. edIm,IkMNt;m:Um:g;TaMgenH eyIg
GnuvtdUcteTA. dMbUg BicarNacug A nig B CatMNsnak; ehIyGnuBaat[cug B rbs;Fwmpas;TI)an
dUcenHmMurgVilenAcugFwmKW A = B = / L rUbTI 13-11b. bnab;mk snt;fa B RtUv)anTb; ehIy
Gnuvtm:Um:g; M ' A = K A ( / L) enARtg;cug A dUcenHvaeFVI[cugrbs;FwmmanmMurgVil A = / L rUb TI
13-11c. bnab;mkeTot snt;fa A RtUv)anTb; ehIyGnuvtm:Um:g; M 'B = K B ( / L )enAxagcug B
dUcenHvaeFVI[cugFwmmanmMurgVil B = / L rUbTI 13-11d. edaysarplbUksrubndMeNIrkarTaMg
bIenH eFVI[lkxNdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 13-11a eyIgmanenARtg; A
(FEM ) AB = K A C BA K B
L

edayGnuvtsmIkar 13-1 C BA K B = C AB K A eyIg)an

(FEM ) AB = K A (1 + C AB )
L

(13-6)

eKGacsresrsmIkardUcKasRmab;cug B . rMlwkfasRmab;Ggt;Edlmanmuxkat;efr K A = 4EI / L nig

C AB = 1 / 2 . dUcenH (FEM ) AB = 6 EI / L2 EdldUcKanwgsmIkar 11-5.
RbsinebIcug B RTedayTRmsnak; rUbTI 13-12 eKGackMNt;m:Um:g;bgb;cugenARtg; A tam
rebobRsedogKaEdl)anerobrab;xagelI. lTplKW
(FEM )' AB = K A (1 C AB C BA )
L

(13-7)

enATIenH eyIgeXIjfasRmab;Ggt;Edlmanmuxkat;ERbRbYl smIkarenH[ (FEM )' AB = 3EI / L2

EdlRsedogKanwgGIVEdlmanenAkgtaragenAkgemeronTI11.
]TahrN_xageRkambgajBIkarGnuvtviFIEbgEckm:Um:g;eTAelIrcnasm<nEdlmanGgt;Edlman
muxkat;ERbRbYl. eRkayeBlkMNt;m:Um:g;bgb;cug emKuNkRmaj nigemKuNdMENl eKEktRmUvemKuN
kRmajedayeRbIsmIkarEdl[xagelI ehIyeRbIdMeNIrkarviPaKdUcKanwgkarerobrab;enAkgemeron 12.

Problems

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

]TahrN_ 13-5 kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;TRmrbs;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 13-13a. Fwmman

kRmas; 0.3m ehIy E CacMnYnefr.

dMeNaHRsay edaysar haunch manrag)a:ra:bUl eyIgnwgeRbItarag 13-2 edIm,ITTYllkNEbgEck

m:Um:g;nFwm.
ElVg AB

a A = aB =

1.5
= 0.2
7.5

rA = rB =

edaybBaltmxagelIeTAkgtarag 13-2 eyIg)an

1.2 0.6
= 1.0
0.6

C AB = C BA = 0.619
k AB = k BA = 6.41

edayeRbIsmIkar 13-2

kEI C 6.41E (0.3)(0.6 )3

=
= 4.615 10 3 E
L
12(7.5)

( )
edaysarcugqayrbs;ElVg BA CaTRmsnak; eyIgnwgEktRmUvemKuNkRmajrbs; BA edayeRbIsmIkar
13-3. eyIg)an
K ' = K (1 C C ) = 4.615(10 )E [1 0.619(0.619 )] = 2.847(10 )E
bnkrayesI tarag 13-2
K AB = K BA =

BA

BA

AB

BA

(FEM ) AB = (0.0956)(30)(7.5)2 = 161.33kN .m

cMeNaT

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

(FEM )BA = 161.33kN .m

ElVg BC
a B = aC =

1.5
= 0.5
3

BItarag 13-2 eyIg)an

rB =

1.2 0.6
= 1.0
0.6

C BC = 0.781

CCB = 0.664

k BC = 13.12

K CB = 15.47

rC =

1.5 0.6
0.6

dUcenH BItarag 13-2

K BC =

kEI C 13.12 E (0.3)(0.6 )3

=
= 23.616 10 3 E
12(3)
L

K CB =

kEI C 15.47 E (0.3)(0.6 )3

=
= 27.846 10 3 E
12(3)
L

( )

( )

bnkcMcMNuc
b=

0.9
= 0.3
3

(FEM )BC = 0.189(135)(3) = 76.59kN .m

(FEM )CB = 0.0759(135)(3) = 30.74kN .m

edayeRbItmxagelIsRmab;emKuNkRmaj eK)anKNnaemKuNEbgEck ehIybBalkgtarag rUbTI

13-13b. karEbgEckm:Um:g;GnuvttamdMeNIrkardUcerobrab;enAkgemeron12. lTplRtUv)anbgaj
enAkgCYredkxageRkameKbMputrbs;tarag.

!#>%> smIkar slope-deflection sRmab;Ggt;Edlmanmuxkat;ERbRbYl

(Slope-deflection equation for nonprismatic members)

smIkar slope-deflection sRmab;Ggt;Edlmanmuxkat;efrRtUv)anbegItenAkgemeron 11. enA

kgkfaxNenH eyIgnwgbegItTRmg;TUeTAnsmIkarTaMgenH dUcenHeKkGaceRbIBYkvaCamYynwgGgt;Edl
manmuxkat;ERbRbYl. edIm,IeFVIEbbenH eyIgnwgeRbIlTplnkfaxNBImun ehIybegItedaysresr
smIkartamrebobEdl)anerobrab;enAkgemeron 11 EdlBicarNa\TiBlEdlbgeLIgedaybnk
bMlas;TIeFobrbs;tMN nigmMurgVilrbs;tMNnImYydac;edayELkBIKa ehIycugeRkaypSMbBalKaedIm,I
TTYl)anlTpl.
bnk bnkRtUv)ankMNt;edaym:Um:g;bgb;cug (FEM )AB nig (FEM )BA EdlmanGMeBIenAcug A nig B
rbs;ElVg. m:Um:g;viCmaneFVIGMeBIRsbRTnicnaLika.
Problems

T.Chhay

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

karrMkileFobrbs;tMN enAeBlekItmanbMlas;TIeFob rvagtMN eKKNnam:Um:g;EdlekItmanBI

smIkar 13-6. enAcug A m:Um:g;KW [K A / L](1 + C AB ) ehIyenAcug B m:Um:g;KW [K B / L](1 + C BA ) .
mMurgVilRtg; A RbsinebIcug A vil)an A m:Um:g;tRmUvkarenAkgElVgenARtg; A KW K A A . ehIy va
begItm:Um:g; C AB K A A = C BA K B A enARtg;cug B .
mMurgVilRtg; B RbsinebIcug B vil)an B m:Um:g; K B B RtUveFVIGMeBIenAcug B ehIym:Um:g;EdlekItman
enAcug A KW C AB K B B = C BA K A B .
m:Um:g;bgb;cugsrubEdlbgeday\TiBlTaMgenHbegIt)anCasmIkar slop-deflection TUeTA dUc
enHeKGacsresrsmIkar

(1 + C AB )R + (FEM ) AB
L

= K B B B + C BA A (1 + C BA )R + (FEM )BA
L

M AB = K A B A + C AB B
M BA

edaysmIkarTaMgBIrenHRsedogKa eyIgGacsresrvaCasmIkareTal. edayKitfacugmagrbs;ElVgCa

cugCit (N ) nigcugmageTotCacugqay (F ) ehIymMuvilrbs;Ggt;Ca = / L eyIg)an
M N = K N ( N + C N F (1 + C N )) + (FEM )N

Edl

(13-8)

m:Um:g;enARtg;cugCitrbs;ElVg. m:Um:g;viCmanvilRsbRTnicnaLikenAeBlvaeFVIGMeBIelI
ElVg.
K N = kRmajdac;xatrbs;cugCitEdlkMNt;)anBItarag bedaykarKNna.
N , = mMurgVilenARtg;cugCit nigcugqayrbs;ElVgenARtg;TRm. xatrbs;vaCara:dg; ehIy
vamantmviCmanenAeBlvavilRsbRTnicnaLika.
= mMurbs;ElVgEdlbNalBIbMlas;TIlIenEGr = / L . xatrbs;vaCara:dg; ehIyvaman
tmviCmanenAeBlvavilRsbRTnicnaLika.
(FEM )N = m:Um:g;bgb;cugenARtg;cugTRmCit. m:Um:g;viCmaneFVIGMeBIRsbRTnicnaLikaelIElVg
ehIyeKTTYlva)anBItarag bedaykarKNna.
eKGnuvtsmIkardUckarGnuvtdMeNIrkarviPaKEdlerobrab;enAkgemeronTI 11 dUcenHeyIgnwgmin
erobrab;enATIenHeT. CaBiess eKRtUvcMNaMfa smIkar 13-8 kat;bnymkRtwmsmIkar 11-8 enAeBl
GnuvteTAelIGgt;Edlmanmuxkat;efr.
MN =

cMeNaT

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

cMeNaT
!#>! kMNt;m:Um:g;bgb;cugenARtg; A nig C sRmab;
Fwmsmas. E = 200GPa .

BRgwgCaEpkedayEdk 25mm 250mm BIelI

sabenAxagcug. yk E = 200GPa .

!#>@ kMNt;emKuNkRmaj K A nigemKuNdMENl

C AB sRmab;FwmncMeNaT !#>!. snt; A nig C
CaTRmbgb;.
!#># kMNt;mMurgVilenARtg;cug A nFwmkugsul.
muxkat;manragctuekaN ehIymanTTwg 0.4m
efr. sRmab;karKNnakMNat;Ggt;FwmmanRbEvg
2m . yk E = 200GPa .

!#>& kMNt;edayRbhak;RbEhlnUvemKuN
kRmaj nigemKuNdMENlsRmab;FwmEdkEdl
manm:Um:g;niclPaB 94.9(106 )mm 4 nigkm<s;
222 mm . FwmRtUv)an BRgwgCaEpkedayEdk
15mm 200mm BIelIsabenAkNalElVg.
yk E = 200GPa .

!#>$ kMNt;edayRbhak;RbEhlnUvemKuN
kRmaj nigemKuNdMENlsRmab;cug B rbs;Fwm
ncMeNaT !#>#. sRmab;karKNnakMNat;Ggt;
FwmmanRbEvg 2m .
!#>% kMNt;emKuNkRmaj nigemKuNdMENlenA
Rtg;cug A nigcug B rbs;Fwmsmas. E =
200GPa .

!#>^ kMNt;emKuNkRmaj nigemKuNdMENl

sRmab; FwmEdkEdlmanm:Um:g;niclPaB
235(10 6 )mm 4 nigkm<s; 250 mm . FwmRtUv)an
Problems

!#>* rtRtUv)aneFVIBIEdkEdlmanRTnug 12.5mm

pSarPab;eTAnwgbnHEdksab 200mm 25mm .
kMNt;edayRbhak;RbEhlnUvemKuNkRmaj nig
emKuNdMENlsRmab;FwmenAxagcug A nigcug
B . sRmab;karKNnakMNat;Ggt;FwmmanRbEvg
1m . yk E = 200GPa .

!#>( eKeRbIssr AB edIm,IRTFwm C sRmab;GaKar

sSahkmFn;Rsal. kMNt;emKuNkRmaj nig
emKuNdMENlenAcug A nig B . yk E =
200GPa .

T.Chhay

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Department of Civil Engineering

!#>!0 sg;daRkamm:Um:g;sRmab;Fwm straighthaunch TRmbgb;. yk E = 200GPa .

!#>!! kMNt;edayRbhak;RbEhlnUvemKuN
kRmaj nigemKuNdMENlsRmab;FwmeQI. yk
E = 11GPa . FwmmankRmas; 300mm . sRmab;
karKNnakMNat;Ggt;FwmmanRbEvg1m .

NPIC

!#>!# kMNt;m:Um:g;enARtg; A / B nig C edayviFI

EbgEckm:Um:g;. snt;TRm A nig C CaTRmbgb;
ehIyTRmkl;EdlsitenARtg; B KWsitenAelI)at
rwg. eRbItarag 13-1 edIm,I kMNt;lkNcaM)ac;.
E CacMnYnefr. Haunch Cabnat;Rtg;.

!#>!$ edaHRsaycMeNaTI !#>!# edayeRbIsmIkar

slope-deflection.
!#>!% GnuvtviFIEbgEckm:Um;g;edIm,IkMNt;m:Um:g;enA
Rtg;tMNnImYyrbs;eRKagEdlman haunch
)a:ra:bUlsIuemRTI. TRm A nig D CaTRmbgb;.
eRbItarag 13-2. Ggt;nImYymankRmas;
0.2m . E CacMnYnefr.

!#>!@ kMNt;m:Um:g;bgb;cugenARtg; A / B nig C

edayviFIEbgEckm:Um:g;. eRbItarag 13-1 edIm,I
kMNt;lkNcaM)ac;. E CacMnYnefr. snt;TRm
A nig C CaTRmbgb; ehIyTRmkl;EdlsitenA
Rtg; B KWsitenAelI)atrwg. rtmankRmas;
0.25m .
cMeNaT

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

!#>!^ edaHRsaycMeNaTI !#>!% edayeRbIsmIkar

slope-deflection.
!#>!& eRbIviFIEbgEckm:Um;g;edIm,IkMNt;m:Um:g;enA
Rtg;tMNnImYyrbs;eRKag. TRm A nig C CaTRm
snak; ehIytMN B nig D CatMNbgb;. eRbI
tarag 13-1. snt;fa E CacMnYnefr Ggt;nImYy
mankRmas; 0.25m . Haunch Cabnat;Rtg;.

!#>!* edaHRsaycMeNaTI !#>!& edayeRbIsmIkar

slope-deflection.

Problems

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

!#>!( eRbIviFIEbgEckm:Um;g;edIm,IkMNt;m:Um:g;enA
Rtg;tMNnImYyrbs;eRKags<ansIuemRTI. TRm F
nig E CaTRmbgb; ehIy B nig C CatMNbgb;.
eRbI tarag 13-2. snt;fa E CacMnYnefr
Ggt;nImYy mankRmas; 0.25m . Haunch
Cabnat;Rtg;.

!#>@0 edaHRsaycMeNaTI !#>!( edayeRbIsmIkar

slope-deflection.

T.Chhay

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

!$> karviPaK truss edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

Truss analysis using the stiffness method

enAkgemeronenH eyIgnwgBnl;BIeKalkarN_mUldannkareRbIR)as;viFIPaBrwgRkajsRmab;viPaKeRKOg
bgM. viFIenHmanPaBsKsajsRmab;karedaHRsayedayd EtvasaksmsRmab;eRbICamYynwgkMuBTr.
enAkgemeronenHmanbgajBI]TahrN_Gnuvtn_eTAelI truss kgbg;. bnab;mk eyIgnwgeRbIviFIenH
sRmab; truss kglMh. eyIgnwgerobrab;BIkarGnuvtviFIenHsRmab;Fwm nigeRKagenAemeroneRkay.

!$>!> eKalkarN_mUldannviFIPaBrwgRkaj (Fundamentals of the stiffness method)

eKmanmeFa)ayBIrsRmab;viPaKrcnasm<nedayeRbIviFIm:aRTIs. viFIPaBrwgRkajEdlRtUveRbI
enAkgemeronenH nigemeroneRkayCakarviPaKedayeRbIviFIbMlas;TI. viFIkmaMg EdleKehAfaviFI
flexibility Edlerobrab;enAkgkfaxN 10-1 kGaceRbIedIm,IviPaKrcnasm<n b:uEnviFIenHminRtUv)an
bgajenAkgesovePAenHeT. mUlehtucm,gKW eKGaceRbIviFIPaBrwgRkajsRmab;viPaKrcnasm<nkMNt;
edaysaTic nigrcnasm<nminkMNt;edaysaTic cMENkviFI flexibility RtUvkardMeNIrkarepSgsRmab;
krNInImYynkrNITaMgBIr. ehIyviFIPaBrwgRkajpl;[bMlas;TI nigkmaMgedaypal; cMENk viFI
flexibility minpl;[bMlas;TIedaypal;eT. elIsBIenH eKmanPaBgayRsYlsresrrUbmnm:aRTIs
EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;RbtibtikarkMuBTredayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj ehIyenAeBleKeFVIvarYc eKGacviPaK
eRKOgbgMedaykMuBTry:agmanRbsiTPaB.
karGnuvtviFIPaBrwgRkajTamTarnUvkarbMEbkeRKOgbgMCaesrIn finite elements ehIyeKRtUv
kMNt;GtsBaaN[cMNuccugrbs;Ggt;Ca node. sRmab;karviPaK truss, finite element CaGgt;
nImYyEdlpSMCa truss ehIy node CatMN. eKRtUvkMNt;lkNkmaMg nigbMlas;TIrbs;Ggt;nImYy
ehIyeKRtUveFVITMnak;TMngrvagkmaMg nigbMlas;TIedayeRbIsmIkarlMnwgkmaMgEdlsresrenARtg; node.
bnab;mk eKerobcMTMnak;TMngTaMgenH sRmab;rcnasm<nTaMgmUl CaRkumbBalKa EdleK[eQaHfa
structure stiffness matrix K. enAeBlEdleKbegItm:aRTIsrYcehIy eKGackMNt;bMlas;TIrbs; node
sRmab;bnkenAelIrcnasm<n. enAeBlEdleKsal;bMlas;TIrYcehIy eKGackMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;eRKOg
bgMedayeRbITMnak;TMngrvagkmagM nigbMlas;TIsRmab;Ggt;.
munnwgbegItdMeNIrkarsRmab;GnuvtviFIPaBrwgRkaj CaCMhandMbUgeyIgcaM)ac;yl;dwgBIniymny
nigeKalKMnitmYycMnYn
karviPaK truss edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

karkMNt;GtsBaaNrbs;Ggt; nig

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

CMhanmYynCMhandMbUgkgkarGnuvtviFIPaBrwgRkaj
KWkMNt;GtsBaaNGgt;rbs;rcnasm<n nig node rbs;va. eyIgnwgkMNt;Ggt;edaybg;elxEdlBT
CMuvijedaykaer ehIyelxEdlBTCMuvijedayrgVg;kMNt;[ node. ehIyeKkRtUvkMNt;cugCit nig
cugqayrbs;Ggt;edayeRbIk,alRBYjEdlvacgleTAcugqay. ]TahrN_nkarkMNt;Ggt; node nig
TisedAsRmab; truss RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 14-1a.
node

kUGredaenskl nigkUGredaenGgt; edaysarbnk nigbMlas;TICaTMhMviucTr enaHeKcaM)ac;RtUvbegIt

RbBnkUGredaenedIm,IkMNt;TisedArbs;va[)anRtwmRtUv. enATIenH eyIgnwgeRbIRbBnkUGredaenBIr
RbePTepSgKa. RbBnkUGredaenskl bRbBnkUGredaenrcnasm<n x, y RtUveRbIedIm,IkMNt;Tis
edAnbnkxageRkA nigTisedAnbgM;bMlas;TIenARtg; node rUbTI 14-1a. RbBnkUGredaentMbn; b
RbBnkUGredaenGgt;RtUv)aneRbIsRmab;Ggt;nImYyedIm,IkMNt;TisedAnbMlas;TIrbs;va nigkmaMgkg
rbs;va. RbBnenHRtUv)ankMNt;edayeRbIGkS x' , y' CamYynwgKl;enARtg; node Cit ehIyGkS x' lat
snwgeq<aHeTArk node qay. ]TahrN_sRmab;Ggt; truss elx $ RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 14-1b.
PaBminkMNt;sIueNm:aTic dUckarerobrab;enAkgkfaxN 11-1, degree of freedom Edlminman
karTb;sRmab; truss CaGBaatdMbUgnviFIbMlas;TI dUcenHeKRtUvEtkMNt;va. tamc,ab;TUeTA eKman
degree of freedom bbMlas;TIEdlGacekItmancMnYnBIr sRmab;tMN (node). sRmab;karGnuvt
degree of freedom nImYyRtUv)ankMNt;enAelI truss edayeRbIelxkUd EdlbgajenARtg;tMN b
node ehIyeKeRbIk,alRBYjedaysMGageTAelIkUGredaensklviCman. ]TahrN_ truss enAkgrUbTI
14-1a man degree of freedom cMnYn8 EdlRtUv)ankMNt;;edayelxkUdBIelx 1 dl; elx 8
dUcbgaj. Truss enHminkMNt;edaysIueNm:aTicdWeRkTI5 edaysarbMlas;TIEdlGacekItmanTaMg 8enH
elx1 dl;elx5 CaGBaat b degree of freedom EdlminmankarTb; ehIyelx 6 dl;elx8Ca
Truss analysis using the stiffness method

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

EdlmankarTb;. edaysarmankarTb; bMlas;TIenATIenHRtUvesIsUn. sRmab;kar

Gnuvtbnbnab; eyIgeRbIelxkUdtUcsRmab;sMKal;bMlas;TIEdleyIgminsal; degree of freedom
EdlminTb; ehIyelxkUcFMsRmab;sMKal;bMlas;TIEdlsal; degree of freedom EdlTb;. mUl
ehtukgkareFVIEbbenH edIm,IgayRsYlerobcM structure stiffness matrix dUcenHeyIgnwgGackMNt;
bMlas;TIEdlCaGBaatedaypal;.
eRkayeBleyIgbg;elx[ truss ehIykMNt;elxkUd eyIgGacKNna structure stiffness
matrix K. edIm,IeFVIEbbenH dMbUgeyIgRtUvbegIt member stiffness matrix k sRmab;Ggt;nImYy
rbs; truss. eKeRbIm:aRTIsenHedIm,IbgajTMnak;TMngrvagbnk nigbMlas;TIrbs;Ggt;edayeRbIkUGredaen
tMbn;. edaysarGgt;TaMgGs;rbs; truss minmanTisdUcKa eyIgRtUvbMElgTMhMTaMgenHBIkUGredaentMbn;
x' , y ' eTACakUGredaenskl x, y edayeRbIm:aRTIsbMElgkmaMg nig bMlas;TI (force and displacement transformation matrices). eRkaybegItrYcehIy eyIgGacbMElgm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajrbs;Ggt;
BIkUGredaentMbn;eTACakUGredaenskl ehIybnab;mkpMvaedIm,IbegItCam:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajrcnasm<n.
edayeRbI K dUckarbgajxagelI dMbUgeyIgGackMNt;bMlas;TIrbs; node bnab; mkeyIgGackMNt;
kmaMgRbtikmTRm nigcugeRkayKWkmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;. eyIgnwgbegItviFIenH.
degree of freedom

!$>@> m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajrbs;Ggt; (Member stiffness matrix)

enAkgkfaxNenH eyIgnwgbegItm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;eTalrbs; truss edayeRbI
kUGredaentMbn; x' , y' dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 14-2. tYenAkgm:aRTIsenHCaTMnak;TMngrvagbnk nig
bMlas;TIsRmab;Ggt;.
Ggt;rbs; truss Gacpas;TI)anEttamGkS x' rbs;vab:ueNaH edaysarbnkGnuvttamTisenH.
dUcenH eKGacmanbMlas;TIkraCBIr. enAeBleK[cugCitrbs;Ggt;manbMlas;TIviCman d N ehIy
cMENkcugqayRtUv)anTb;edaysnak; rUbTI 14-2a enaHkmaMgEdlekItmanenARtg; cugrbs;Ggt;KW
q' N =

AE
dN
L

q' F =

AE
dN
L

cMNaMfa q' F GviCmanedaysarsanPaBlMnwg vaRtUveFVIGMeBItamTisedAGviCman x' . dUcKa bMlas;TI

viCman d F enARtg;cugqayedaycugCitenAEtTb;edaysnak; rUbTI 14-2b pl;nUvkmaMgkgGgt;
q' ' N =

AE
dF
L

q' ' F =

AE
dF
L

edaykareFIVtRmYtpl rUbTI 14-2c kmaMgersultg;EdlbgedaybMlas;TITaMgBI

karviPaK truss edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

AE
AE
dN
dF
L
L
AE
AE
qF =
dF
dN
L
L
qN =

(14-1)
(14-2)

eKGacsresrsmIkarTMnak;TMngrvagbnk nigkmaMgkgTRmg;m:aRTIs*Ca
q N AE 1 1 d N
q = L 1 1 d

F
F

b q = k ' d
(14-3)
Edl k ' = AEL 11 11
(14-4)

m:aRTIs k ' RtUv)aneK[eQaHfam:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt; ehIyvamanTRmg;dUcKasRmab;Ggt;

nImYyrbs; truss. tYTaMgbYnEdlbegItCam:aRTIsenHRtUv)aneK[eQaHfaemKuN\TiBlkRmajsRmab;
Ggt; (member stiffness influence coefficient) k'ij . k'ij CakmaMgenARtg;tMN i enAeBltMN j
ekItmanbMlas;TImYykta. ]TahrN_ RbsinebI i = j = 1 enaH k '11 CakmaMgenARtg;cugCitenAeBlcug
qayRtUv)anTb;edaybgb; ehIycugCitrgbMlas;TI d N = 1 eBalKW
q N = k '11 =

AE
L

dUcKa eKkMNt;kmaMgenAcugqayBI i = 2 /
q F = k ' 21 =

j =1

dUcenH

AE
L

tYTaMgBIrenHCaCYrQrTImYyrbs;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajGgt;. tamrebobdUcKa CYrQrTIBIrrbs;m:aRTIsenH

CakmaMgenAkgGgt;enAeBlcugqayrbs;Ggt;rgbMlas;TIkta.

]bsm<n A pl;[nUvkarrMlwkBIm:aRTIs.

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NPIC

!$>#> m:aRTIsbMElgnbMlas;TI nigkmaMg

(Displacement and force transformation matrices)

edaysar truss pSMeLIgedayGgt;eRcIn eyIgnwg

begItviFIsRmab;bMElgkmaMgkgGgt; q nig bMlas;TI d
EdlkMNt;enAkgkUGredaentMbn;[eTACakUGredaen
skl. edIm,IPaBgayRsYl eyIgnwgBicarNakUGredaen
sklviCman x manTisedAeTAsaM ehIy y manTisedA
eLIgelI. mMurvagGkSskl x, y nigGkStMbn; x' , y' RtUv
)ankMNt;eday x ehIy y dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 143. eyIgnwgeRbI kUsIunUsnmMuTaMgenHenAkgkarviPaK
m:aRTIsdUcteTA. eyIgtag x = cos x ehIy y = cos y . eKGackMNt;tmCaelxsRmab; x
nig y y:aggayedayeRbIkMuBTr enAeBleKkMNt; kUGredaen x, y ncugCit N nigcugqay F rbs;
Ggt;rYcehIy. ]TahrN_ eKmanGgt; NF dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 14-4. enATIenH kUGredaenrbs; N
nig F KW (x N , y N ) nig (x F , y F ) erogKa . dUcenH
*

x = cos x =

xF xN
=
L

y = cos y =

yF yN
=
L

xF xN

(x F

x N )2 + ( y F y N )2
yF yN

(x F

xN ) + (yF y N )
2

(14-5)

(14-6)

sBaanBVnenAkgsmIkarTUeTATaMgenHnwgKitedaysVyRbvtisRmab;Ggt;EdlsitenAkgkaRdg;NamYy
rbs;bg; xy .

Kl;rbs;kUGredaenGacsitenATINak)an [EtmanlkNgayRsYl. b:uEn CaTUeTA vaeRcInsitenARtg;TItaMgNaEdl

kUGredaenrbs; node TaMgGs;viCman dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 14-4.

karviPaK truss edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

m:aRTIsbMElgbMlas;TI enAkgkUGredaenskl cugnImYyrbs;Ggt;Gacman degree of freedom b

bMlas;TIkraCBIr eBalKWtMN N man DN nig DN rUbTI 14-5a nig 14-5b ehIytMN N man
D F nig DF rUbTI 14-5c nig14-5d. eyIgnwgBicarNabMlas;TITaMgenHdac;edayELkBIKaedIm,I
kMNt;bgMbMlas;TIrbs;vatambeNayGgt;. enAeBlcugqayRtUv)anTb;edaysnak; ehIycugCitmanbM
las;TItamkUGredaenskl DN rUbTI 14-5a bMlas;TI kMhUcRTg;RTay EdlRtUvKatambeNay
Ggt;KW DN cos x * . dUcKa bMlas;TI DN nwgeFVI[Ggt;pas;TI DN cos y tambeNayGkS x'
rUbTI 14-5b. \TiBlnbMlas;TIsklTaMgeFVI[Ggt;pas;TI.
y

d N = D N x cos x + D N y cos y

tamrebobdUcKa bMlas;TIviCman DF nig DF erogKa EdlGnuvtenARtg;cugqay F cMENkcugCit

RtUv)anTb;edaysnak; rUbTI 14-5c nig 14-5d nwgeFVI[Ggt;pas;TI
x

d F = DFx cos x + D Fy cos y

eday[ x = cos x nig y = cos y CakUsIunUsR)ab;Tis (direction cosine) sRmab;Ggt; eyIg)an

d N = DN x x + DN y y
d F = DFx x + D Fy y

EdleKGacsresrvaCaTRmg;m:aRTIs

b
Edl

DN x

d N x y 0 0 D N y
d = 0 0 D
F
x
y
F
x
D
Fy

(14-7)

d = TD

(14-8)

x y 0 0
T =

0 0 x y

(14-9)

BIkarbMEbkxagelI T bMElgBIbMlas;TI D kgkUGredaenskl x, y TaMgbYn[eTACabMlas;TI d kg

kUGredaentMbn; x' cMnYnBIr. dUcenH T Cam:aRTIsbMElgbMlas;TI.

eKminKitBIbMEbMrYl x b y edaysarvamantmtUceBk.

Truss analysis using the stiffness method

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

m:aRTIsbMElgkmaMg BicarNakarGnuvtkmaMg q eTAelIcugCitrbs;Ggt; cMENkcugqayRtUv)anTb;

N

edaysnak; rUbTI 14-6a. enATIenH bgMkmaMgsklrbs; q N enARtg; N KW

Q N y = q N cos y

Q N x = q N cos x

dUcKa RbsinebI q F RtUv)anGnuvteTAelIr)ar rUbTI 14-6b bgMkmaMgsklenARtg; F KW

Q Fx = q F cos x

QFy = q F cos y

edayeRbIkUsIunUsR)ab;Tis x = cos x / y = cos y smIkarTaMgenHkayCa

QN x = q N x

QN y = q N y

Q Fx = q F x

QFy = q F y

EdleKGacsresrvaCaTRmg;m:aRTIsdUcxageRkam
Q N x x
Q
N y = y
Q Fx 0

QFy 0

q N
x q F

y
0
0

karviPaK truss edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

(14-10)

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

b
Edl

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

Q =TTq

TT

y
=
0

(14-11)
0
0
x

(14-12)

enAkgkrNIenH T T bMElgBIkmaMg q EdlmanGMeBIenARtg;cugrbs;Ggt;kgkUGredaentMbn; x' [eTA

CakmaMg Q EdlmanbgMbYnkgkUGredaenskl x, y . tamkareRbobeFob m:aRTIsbMElgkmaMgCa
m:aRTIs transpose nm:aRTIsbMElgbMlas;TI smIkar 14-9.

!$>$> m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajrbs;Ggt;kgkUGredaenskl
(Member global stiffness matrix)

eyIgnwgpMlTplenAkgkfaxNxagelI ehIykMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;EdlTak;
TgnwgbgMkmaMgskl Q nigbMlas;TIskl D rbs;Ggt;. RbsinebIeyIgCMnYssmIkar 14-8 d = TD
eTAkgsmIkar 14-3 q = k ' d eyIgGackMNt;kmaMg q rbs;Ggt;CaGnuKmn_nbMlas;TIskl D enA
Rtg;cMNuccugrbs;va eBalKW
q = k ' TD

(14-13)

edayCMnYssmIkarenHeTAkgsmIkar 14-11 Q = T T q enaHeyIgnwgTTYl)anlTplcugeRkay

Q = T T k ' TD

b
Edk

Q = KD

(14-14)

k = T T k 'T

(14-15)

Truss analysis using the stiffness method

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

m:aRTIs k Cam:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;enAkgkUGredaenskl. edaysareKsal; T T / T nig k '

enaHeyIg)an
x

y
k=
0

0
0 AE 1 1 x y 0 0
x L 1 1 0 0 x y

edayKNnaedaHRsaym:aRTIsxagelI eyIg)an
Nx

AE
k=
x y
L
2
x
x y

2x

Ny

Fx

x y

2x

2y

x y

x y

2x

2y

x y

Fy
x y N x

2y N y
x y Fx
2y F y

(14-16)

TItaMgrbs;tYnImYyenAkgm:aRTIssIuemRTITMhM 4 4 tMNag[ degree of freedom sklnImYyEdlpSM

CamYynwgcugCit N nigCamYynwgcugqay F . vaRtUv)anbgajedaynimitsBanelxkUdEdlenAtamCYr
edk nigCYrQr eBalKW N x , N y , Fx , Fy . enATIenH k CaTMnak;TMngrvagkmaMg nigbMlas;TIsRmab;
Ggt;enAeBlEdlbgMnkmaMg nigbMlas;TIenAcugrbs;Ggt;sitenAkgkUGredaenskl bGkS x, y . dUc
enHtYnImYyenAkgm:aRTIsCaemKuN\TiBlPaBrwgRkaj (stiffness influence coefficient) K ij Edl
bgajbgMkmaMg x b y enARtg; i EdlcaM)ac;edIm,IeFVI[manbgMbMlas;TIkta x b y enARtg; j . CalTpl CYrQrnImYyrbs;m:aRTIstMNag[bgMkmaMgbYnEdlekItmanenARtg;cugrbs;Ggt;enAeBlcugGgt;
rgbMlas;TIktaEdlTak;TgnwgCYrQrebs;m:aRTIsenaH. ]TahrN_ bMlas;TIkta DN = 1 nwgbegIt
bgMkmaMgbYnenAelIGgt;EdlbgajenAkgCYrQrTImYyrbs;m:aRTIs.
x

!$>%> ma:RTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab; truss (Truss stiffness matrix)

eRkayeBlbegItm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;enAkgkUGredaensklrYcehIy eKcaM)ac;pMBUk
vabBalKatamlMdab;dRtwmRtUv dUcenHeKnwgTTYl)anm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkaj K sRmab; truss TaMgmUl. dMeNIrkarnkarpMm:aRTIsGgt;TaMgenHGaRsynwgkarkMNt;GtsBaaNrbs;Ggt;enAkgm:aRTIsGgt;nImYy
. dUckarerobrab;enAkgkfaxNmun eKRtUvtMerobCYredk nigCYrQrrbs;m:aRTIsedayelxkUdbYn N x ,
N y , Fx , F y EdleRbIedIm,IkMNt;GtsBaaN degree of freedom sklBIrEdlGacekItmanenARtg;
cugnImYyrbs;Ggt; emIlsmIkar 14-16. m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;eRKOgbgMnwgmanlMdab;esInwg
elxkUdx<s;bMputEdl)ankMNt;eTAelI truss edaysartMNag[cMnYn degree of freedom srub sRmab;
karviPaK truss edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

eRKOgbgM. enAeBleKpMm:aRTIs k eKRtUvCMnYstYnImYyenAkg k eTAkgCYredk nigCYrQrRtUvKa rbs;

m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<n K . enAeBlGgt;BIr bGgt;eRcIntPab;KaenARtg;tMNEtmYy eK
RtUvdak;tYnm:aRTIsrbs;Ggt; k xHeTAkgTItaMgdEdlrbs;m:aRTIs K . eKRtUvbUkbBalKatamlkN
nBVnnUvtYEdlsitenAkgTItaMgdUcKa. eyIgnwgyl;BImUlehtuenH)anc,as; RbsinebIeyIgdwgfatYnImYy
rbs;m:aRTIs k CaersIusg;rbs;Ggt;Tb;Tl;nwgkmaMgxageRkAEdlGnuvtenARtg;cugrbs;va. tamviFIEbb
enH karbUkbBalKanUversIusg;tamTis x nigTis y enAeBlbegItm:aRTIs K kMNt;nUversIusg;srubrbs;
tMNnImYyEdlTb;Tl;nwgbMlas;TIktatamTis x btamTis y .
]TahrN_CaelxcMnYnBIrnwgbgajBIviFInkarpmM :aRTIssRmab;Ggt;edIm,IbegItCam:aRTIsPaBrwg
RkajsRmab;eRKOgbgM. eTaHbIvadMeNIrkarmanlkNsKsajsRmab;karKNnaedaydbnic Etvaman
lkNgayRsYlCagsRmab;karbegItkmviFIenAelIkMuBTr.

]TahrN_ 14-1 kMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab; truss EdlmanGgt;BIrdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI

14-7a. AE mantmefr.

dMeNaHRsay tamkarGegt manbgMbMlas;TIEdlCaGBaatcMnYnBIr cMENk nigRtUv)anTb;

min[manbMlas;TI. Cavi)ak eKRtUvkMNt;elxkUd[bgMbMlas;TIenARtg;tMN dMbUgeK ehIybneday

tMN nig rUbTI14-7b. eKalrbs;RbBnkUGredaensklGacsitenAcMNucNak)an. edIm,I
PaBgayRsYl eyIgnwgeRCIserIstMN dUcbgaj. eyIgGackMNt;elxerog[Ggt;tamrebobNa
k)an ehIyeKRtUvKUssBaaRBYjtambeNayGgt;TaMgBIredIm,I[dwgcugCit nigcugqayrbs;Ggt;
nImYy. eKGacKNnakUsIunUsR)ab;Tis nigm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;nImYy.
Ggt;elx1 edaysar CacugCit ehIy Cacugqay enaHtamsmIkar14-5 nig14-6 eyIg)an
Truss analysis using the stiffness method

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Department of Civil Engineering

x =

30
=1
3

NPIC

y =

00
=0
3

edayeRbIsmIkar 14-16 nigedayEcktYnImYyCamYynwg L = 3m eyIg)an

1
0.333
0

2
3
4
0 0.333 0 1

0
0
0 2
k1 = AE
0.333 0 0.333 0 3

0
0
0 4
0

eyIgGacRtYtBinitkarKNnaedaycMNaMfa k1 Cam:aRTIssIuemRTI. cMNaMfa CYredk nigCYrQrenAkg

m:aRTIs k1 RtUv)ankMNt;eday degree of freedom x, y enAcugCit Edlbnedaycugqay eBalKW 1,
2, 3 nig 4 erogKa sRmab;Ggt;elx1 rUbTI 14-7b. eKeFVIEbbenHedIm,IkMNt;tYsRmab;karpMenAkg
m:aRTIs K .
Ggt;elx 2 edaysar CacugCit ehIy Cacugqay enaHeyIg)an
x =

30
= 0.6
5

y =

40
= 0.8
3

dUcenHsmIkar 14-16 CamYynwg L = 5m kayCa

1
2
5
6
0.096 0.072 0.096 1
0.072

0.128 0.096 0.128 2

k 2 = AE 0.096
0.072 0.096 0.072
0.096 5

0.128 6
0.096 0.128 0.096

enATIenH eKkMNt;CYredk nigCYrQrCa1, 2, 5 nig 6 edaysarelxTaMgenHtMNag[ degree of

freedom tamTis x nig y enARtg;cugCit nigcugqayrbs;Ggt;elx 2 .
m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<n vaCam:aRTIsTMhM 6 6 edaysarvaman degree of freedom
sRmab; truss cMnYn 6 rUbTI 14-7b. eKRtUvbUktYEdlRtUvKanm:aRTIsTaMgBIrxagelIedIm,IbegItCa
m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;eRKOgbgM. eKRbEhlCaRsYlemIlCagRbsinebIeKBnatm:aRTIs k1 nig k 2
[eTACam:aRTIs 6 6 . enaHeK)an
K = k1 + k 2

karviPaK truss edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil
1
0.333
0

K = AE 0.333

0
0

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
1
2
2
3
4 5 6
0.096
0 0.333 0 0 0 1
0.072
0.096
0.128
0
0
0 0 0 2

0
0 0.333 0 0 0 3 + AE 0

0
0
0
0 0 0 4
0
0.072 0.096
0
0
0 0 0 5

0
0
0 0 0 6
0.096 0.128

0.096 0.333
0.405
0.096
0.128
0

0
0.333
K = AE 0.333

0
0
0
0.072 0.096
0

0
0.096 0.128

3 4
5
6
0 0 0.072 0.096 1
0 0 0.096 0.128 2
0 0
0
0 3

0 0
0
0 4
0 0 0.072
0.096 5

0 0 0.096
0.128 6

0 0.072 0.096
0 0.096 0.128
0
0
0

0
0
0
0 0.072
0.096

0 0.096
0.128

RbsinebIeKeFVIdMeNIrkarenHCamYynwgkMuBTr CaTUeTAeKcab;epImCamYynwgm:aRTIs K EdlmanFatuTaMg

Gs;esIsUn bnab;mkFatunm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsklsRmab;Ggt;Edl)anKNnarYcehIyRtUv)anCMnYs
edaypal;eTAkgTItaMgFatuEdlRtUvKanm:aRTIs K . kareFVIEbbenHvaRbesIrCagkarbegItm:aRTIsPaBrwg
RkajsRmab;Ggt; rUcehIyrkSavaTuk bnab;mkeTIbpMva.

]TahrN_ 14-2 kMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab; truss EdlmanGgt;BIrdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI

14-8a. AE mantmefr.

Truss analysis using the stiffness method

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

dMeNaHRsay eTaHbICa truss Carcnasm<nminkMNt;edaysaTicdWeRkTImYykeday Etvanwgminbgaj

BIPaBlM)akkgkarTTYl)anm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<neT. eKkMNt;elxerog[tMN nig

Ggt;nImYy ehIyeKbgajcugCit nigcugqayedayRBYjtambeNayGgt;. dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 148b dMbUgeKkMNt;elxerogkUd[bMlas;TIEdlminRtUv)anTb;. eKman degree of freedom cMnUn 8 dUc
enH K RtUvCam:aRTIsTMhM 8 8 . edIm,IrkSa[kUGredaenrbs;tMNTaMgGs;viCman eKRtUveRCIserIseKal
rbs;kUGredaensklenARtg; . eyIgnwgGnuvtsmIkar 14-5, 14-6 nig 14-16 eTAelIGgt; nImYy.
Ggt;elx 1 enATIenH L = 10m eyIg)an
10 0
=1
10
1
0.1

k1 = AE 0
0.1

x =

y =
2
6
5
0 0.1 0 1
0
0
0 2
0
1
0 6

0
0
0 5

Ggt;elx 2 enATIenH L = 10
x =

10 0
10 2

00
=0
10

2m

dUcenH

= 0.707

y =

10 0
10 2

= 0.707

1
2
7
8
0.035 0.035 0.035 1
0.035

0.035 0.035 0.035 2

k 2 = AE 0.035
0.035 0.035 0.035
0.035 7

0.035 8
0.035 0.035 0.035

Ggt;elx 3 enATIenH L = 10m dUcenH

00
=0
10
1
2
0
0
0 0.1
k 3 = AE
0
0

0 0.1

x =

y =

10 0
=1
10

y =

00
=0
10

3
4
0
0 1
0 0.1 2
0
0 3

0 0.1 4

Ggt;elx 4 enATIenH L = 10m eyIg)an

x =

10 0
=1
10

karviPaK truss edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

3
0.1

k 4 = AE 0
0.1

4
7
8
0 0.1 0 3
0
0
0 4
0
1
0 7

0
0
0 8

Ggt;elx 5 enATIenH L = 10
x =

10 0
10 2

2m

dUcenH

= 0.707

y =

0 10
10 2

= 0.707

3
4
6
5
0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 3

0.035 0.035 4
k 5 = AE 0.035 0.035
0.035 0.035
0.035 0.035 6

0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 5

Ggt;elx ^ enATIenH L = 10m dUcenH

00
=0
10
6
5
0
0

k 6 = AE 0 0.1
0
0

0 0.1

x =

y =

10 0
=1
10

7
8
0
0 6
0 0.1 5
0
0 7

0 0.1 8

m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<n eKGacpMm:aRTIsTaMg 6 edIm,IbegItm:aRTIsTMhM 8 8 edaykarbUk

bBalFatuEdlRtUvKa. ]TahrN_ edaysar (k11 )1 = AE(0.1) / (k11 )2 = AE (0.035) / (k11 )3 =
(k11 )4 = (k11 )5 = (k11 )6 = 0 enaH K11 = AE (0.1 + 0.035) = AE (0.135) . dUcenHlTplcugeRkayKW
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.035
0
0
0
0.1 0.035 0.035 1
0.135
0.035
0.135
0
0
0
0.1
0.035 0.035 2

0
0
0.135 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.1
0 3

0.1 0.035 0.135 0.035 0.035

0
0 4
K = AE 0
0
0.1 5
0
0.035 0.035 0.135 0.035
0

0.035 0.035 0.035 0.135

0
0
0 6
0.1
0.035 0.035 0.1
0
0
0
0.135
0.035 7

0.1
0
0
0
0.135
0.135 8
0.035 0.035

!$>^> karGnuvtnviFIPaBrwgRkajsRmab;karviPaK truss

(Application of the stiffness method for truss analysis)

eRkayeBlbegItm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;eRKOgbgMrYcehIy eKGaceFVI[bgMkmaMgskl Q

Truss analysis using the stiffness method

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

EdlmanGMeBIenAelI truss manTMnak;TMngeTAnwgbMlas;TIskl D rbs;vaedayeRbI

Q = KD

(14-17)

eKGacsMKal;smIkarenHCasmIkarPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<n (structure stiffness equation).

edaysareyIgEtgEtkMNt;elxkUdtUcbMputedIm,Ismal; degree of freedom EdlminRtUv)anTb; dUcenH
vaGnuBaat[eyIgGacbMEbksmIkarenHkgTRmg;dUcxageRkam
*

Qk K11 K12 Du
Q = K

u 21 K 22 Dk

(14-18)

bnkxageRkA nigbMlas;TIEdleKsal;. enATIenH bnkmanGMeBIenAelI truss CaEpk

mYyncMeNaT ehIyCaTUeTAbMlas;TIesIsUnedaysarTRmRtUv)anTb; dUcCaTRm
snak; bTRmkl;.
Qu , Du = bnk nigbMlas;TIEdlCaGBaat. enATIenH bnkCakmaMgRbtikmTRmEdleKmin
sal; ehIybMlas;TIKWsitenARtg;tMNEdlminRtUv)anTb;tamTisNamYyeT.
K = m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<n EdlRtUv)anbMEbkedIm,I[cuHsRmugCamYynwg
karbMEbkrbs; Q nig D .
edayBnatsmIkar 14-18 eyIg)an

Edl

Qk , D k =

Qk = K11 Du + K12 Dk
Qu = K 21 Du + K 22 Dk

(14-19)
(14-20)

CaTUeTA Dk = 0 edaysarTRmminmanbMlas;TI. RbsinebIvaEbbenHEmn enaHsmIkar 14-19 kayCa

Qk = K11 Du

edaysarFatuenAkgm:aRTIs K11 CaersIusg;srubenARtg;tMN truss edIm,ITb;Tl;bMlas;TIktatamTI x

b y enaHsmIkarxagelICakarRbmUlpMnUvsmIkarlMnwgkmaMgEdlGnuvteTAelItMNEdlbnkxageRkA
esIsUn bmantmEdlsal; (Qk ) . edayedaHRsayrk Du eyIg)an
Du = [K11 ]1 Qk

(14-21)

BIsmIkarenH eyIgGacTTYl)andMeNaHRsayedaypal;sRmab;bMlas;TIEdlCaGBaatTaMgGs; bnab;mk

edayeRbIsmIkar 14-20 CamYynwg Dk = 0 eyIg)an
Qu = K 21 Du

(14-22)

BIsmIkarxagelI eyIgGackMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRm. eKGackMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;edayeRbIsmIkar

14-13 eBalKW
q = k ' TD
*

eyIgnwg)aneXIjBIviFIbMEbkenHenAkg]TahrN_xageRkam.

karviPaK truss edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

T.Chhay

-478

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

edayBnatsmIkarenH eyIg)an
q N AE 1 1 x y 0
q = L 1 1 0 0
x

DN x

0 D Ny
y DFx

D Fy

edaysar q N = q F edIm,IsanPaBlMnwg dUcenHeKRtUvkarkMNt;EtkmaMgmYyb:ueNaHkgcMeNamkmaMg

TaMgBIr. enATIenH eyIgnwgkMNt; q F kmaMgEdlGnuvtkmaMgTajeTAelIGgt; rUbTI 14-6b.
qF =

AE
x y x
L

DN x
D
N
y y
D Fx

D
Fy

(14-23)

RbsinebIlTplEdl)anBIkarKNnamantmGviCman enaHGgt;rgkarsgt;.

dMeNIrkarkgkarviPaK (Procedure for analysis)

xageRkamCaCMhanEdlpl;nUvmeFa)aysRmab;kMNt;bMlas;TI nigkmaMgRbtikmTRmEdlCa
GBaatsRmab; truss edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj.

kareFVIkMNt;sMKal;

begItRbBnkUGredaenskl x, y . CaTUeTAeKalrbs;vasitenARtg;tMNNaEdleFVI[kUGr
edaensRmab;tMNdTeTotviCman.
kMNt;elxerog[tMN nigGgt;nImYy ehIykMNt;cugCit nigcugqayrbs;Ggt;nImYy eday
eRbITisedArbs;sBaaRBYj Edlk,alRBYjeq<aHeTArkcugqay.
kMNt;elxkUdBIrenARtg;tMNnImYy edayeRbIelxtUcbMputsRmab;sMKal; degree of freedom
EdlminmanrgkarTb; cMENkelxFMbMputsRmab;sMKal; degree of freedom EdlmankarTb;.
begIt Dk nig Qk .

m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;eRKOgbgM

sRmab;Ggt;nImYy kMNt; x nig y ehIykMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;edayeRbI

smIkar 14-16.
pMm:aRTIsTaMgenHedIm,IbegtI m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab; truss TaMgmUl dUckarBnl;enAkg
kfaxN 14-5. edaykarRtYtBinitkarKNnaedayEpk m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt; nig
m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<nRtUvEtCam:aRTIssIuemRTI.

Truss analysis using the stiffness method

T.Chhay

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

bMlas;TI nigbnk

bMEbkm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<n dUcbgajenAkgsmIkar 14-18.

kMNt;bMlas;TIrbs;tMNEdlCaGBaat Du edayeRbIsmIkar 14-21 kmaMgRbtikmTRm Qu eday
eRbIsmIkar 14-22 ehIykmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;nImYy q F edayeRbIsmIkar 14-23.

]TahrN_ 14-3 kMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;n truss EdlmanGgt;BIrdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 14-9a.

AE

mantmefr.

dMeNaHRsay

kareFVIkMNt;smal; eKal x, y nigkarkMNt;elxerogrbs;tMN nigGgt;RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI

14-9b. dUcKa cugCit nigcugqayRtUv)anbgajkMNt;edaysBaaRBYj ehIyeKeRbIelxkUdenARtg;tMN
nImYy. tamkarGegteyIgeXIjfabMlas;TI D3 = D4 = D5 = D6 = 0 . ehIybnkxageRkAEdl
eyIgsal;KW Q1 = 0, Q2 = 2kN . dUcenH
0 3
0 4
Dk =
0 5

0 6

0 1
Qk =
2 2

m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<n edayeRbIkareFVIkMNt;smal;dUcKa eyIgGacbegItm:aRTIsPaBrwg

RkajsRmab;rcnasm<ndUcbgajenAkg]TahrN_ 14-1.
bMlas;TI nigbnk edaysresrsmIkar 14-17 Q = KD sRmab; truss eyIg)an
karviPaK truss edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

T.Chhay

-480

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

0.096 0.333
0
0.405
2
0.096
0.128
0

Q3
0.333
0
0.333
= AE
0
0
Q4
0
Q5
0.072 0.096
0

0
0.096 0.128
Q6

0 0.072 0.096 D1
0 0.096 0.128 D2
0
0
0 0

0
0
0 0
0 0.072
0.096 0

0 0.096
0.128 0

(1)

BIsmIkarenH eyIgGackMNt; K11 dUcenHeyIgGackMNt; Du . eyIgeXIjfaplKuNm:aRTIs dUc

smIkar 14-19 eyIg)an
0.405 0.096 D1 0
0
2 = AE 0.096 0.128 D + 0
2

enATIenH eyIgGacedaHRsayy:agRsYledayBnatedaypal;
0 = AE (0.405 D1 + 0.096 D2 )

2 = AE (0.096 D1 + 0.128D2 )

tamrUbviTa smIkarTaMgenHtMNag[ Fx = 0 nig Fy = 0 EdlGnuvtenARtg;tMN . eday

edaHRsay eyIg)an
D1 =

4.505
AE

D2 =

19.003
AE

tamkarGegtrUbTI 14-9b eKrMBwgfatMN nwgpas;TIeTAsaM nigcuHeRkamdUcbgajedaysBaabUk nig

sBaadkncemIyenH.
edayeRbIlTplTaMgenH eKGacTTYl)ankmaMgRbtikmTRmBIsmIkar (1) EdlRtUv)ansresrkgTRmg;
nsmIkar 14-20 bsmIkar 14-22 Ca
0
Q3
0.333
0
Q
0

0 1 4.505 0
4 = AE
+
Q5
0.072 0.096 AE 19.003 0

0.096 0.128
0
Q6

edayBnat nigedaHRsaykmaMgRbtikm
Q3 = 0.333(4.505) = 1.5kN
Q4 = 0

Q5 = 0.072(4.505) 0.096( 19.003) = 1.5kN

Q6 = 0.096(4.505) 0.128( 19.003) = 2.0kN

eKGacKNnakmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyBIsmIkar 14-23. edayeRbITinnysRmab; x nig y enAkg

smIkar 14-1 eyIg)an
Truss analysis using the stiffness method

T.Chhay

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Department of Civil Engineering

Ggt;elx ! x = 1,

NPIC

y = 0, L = 3m

4.505 1

AE 1 2 3 4 1 19.003 2
q1 =
3 [ 1 0 1 0] AE 0 3

0 4
1
= [ 4.505] = 1.5kN
3

Ggt;elx @ x = 0.6,

y = 0.8, L = 5m

4.505 1
2
5
6 1 19.003 2
AE 1
q2 =
5 [ 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.8] AE 0 5

0 6
1
= [ 0.6(4.505) 0.8( 19.003)] = 2.5kN
5

Cak;EsgeKGacepgpat;cemIyTaMgenHedaysmIkarlMnwgEdlGnuvtenARtg;tMN .

]TahrN_ 14-4 kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRm nigkmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;elx@ n truss dUcbgajenAkgrUb

TI 14-10a. AE mantmefr.

dMeNaHRsay

kareFVIkMNt;smal;tMN nigGgt;RtUv)ankMNt;elxerog ehIyeKalrbs;GkS x, y RtUv)anbegItenA

Rtg;tMN rUbTI 14-10b. ehIysBaaRBYjRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IbgajcugCit nigcugqayrbs;Ggt;
nImYy. edayeRbIelxkUd EdlelxtUcbMputtMNag[ degree of freedom EdlmanrgkarTb; rUbTI
14-16b eyIg)an
karviPaK truss edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

T.Chhay

-482

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil
0 6
Dk = 0 7
0 8

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
0 1
0 2

Qk = 2 3

4 4
0 5

m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<n m:aRTIsenHRtUv)ankMNt;enAkg]TahrN_ 14-2 edayeRbIkar

eFVIkMNt;smal;dUcKanwgkarbgajenAkg]TahrN_ 14-10b.
bMlas;TI nigbnk sRmab;cMeNaTenH Q = KD KW
0.035
0
0
0
0.1 0.035 0.035 D1
0
0.135
0
0.035
0.135
0
0
0
0.1
0.035 0.035 D2

2
0
0
0.135 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.1
0 D3

0
0 D4
0.1 0.035 0.135 0.035 0.035
4 = AE 0
(1)
0
0
0
0.035 0.035 0.135 0.035
0
0.1 D5

0
0
0 0
0.035 0.035 0.035 0.135
Q6
0.1
Q
0.035 0.035 0.1
0
0
0
0.135
0.035 0
7

0.1
0
0
0
0.035
0.135 0
0.035 0.035
Q8

edayeFVIplKuNdUckarsresrsmIkar 14-18 edIm,IedaHRsaybMlas;TI eyIg)an

0
0
0 D1 0
0.135 0.035
0
0.035 0.135
0
0.1
0
0 D2 0

2 = AE 0
0
0.135 0.035 0.035 D3 + 0

0.1 0.035 0.135 0.035 D4 0
0
4
0
0
0
0.035 0.035 0.135 D5 0

edayBnat nigedayedaHRsaysmIkarsRmab;bMlas;TI eyIg)an

D1
17.94
D
69.20
2

1
D3 =
2.06
AE

D4
87.14
D5
22.06

edaybegItsmIkar 14-20 BIsmIkar (1) EdleRbIlTplEdl)anKNna eyIg)an

0
0.035 0.035 0.035
Q6
0.1
Q = AE 0.035 0.035 0.1
0
0
7

Q8
0.035 0.035
0.1
0
0

17.94
69.20 0

1
2.06 + 0
AE

87
.
14
0

22.06

edayBnat nigKNnakmaMgRbtikmTRm eyIg)an

Truss analysis using the stiffness method

T.Chhay

-483

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

Q6 = 4.0kN
Q7 = 2.0kN
Q8 = 4.0kN

sBaadksRmab; Q6 bgajfakmaMgRbtikmrbs;TRmkl;eFVIGMeBIkgTis x GviCman. eKGackMNt;kmaMg

enAkgGgt;elx@ BIsmIkar 14-23 EdlBIsmIkar 14-2 x = 0.707, y = 0.707, L = 10 2m
dUcenH
17.94

AE
1 69.20
[ 0.707 0.707 0.707 0.707]
q2 =
AE 0
10 2

0
= 2.56kN

]TahrN_ 14-5 kMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;elx@ nrcnasm<ndUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 14-11a. Rb

sinebIenARtg;tMN mansRmut 25mm . yk AE = 8(103 )kN .

dMeNaHRsay

kareFVIkMNt;smal;edIm,IPaBgayRsYl eKRtUvbegIteKalrbs;kUGredaensklenARtg;tMN dUc

bgajenAkgrUbTI 14-11b ehIytamFmta eKeRbIelxkUdtUcCageKedIm,ItMNag[ degree of
freedom EdlminmankarTb;. dUcenH

karviPaK truss edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

T.Chhay

-484

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

0 3
0.025 4

0 5
Dk =

0 6
0 7

0 8

0 1
Qk =
0 2

m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<n edayeRbIsmIkar 14-16 eyIg)an

Ggt;elx ! x = 0 / y = 1 / L = 3m dUcenH
3
4
0
0

k1 = AE 0 0.333
0
0

0 0.333

Ggt;elx @ x = 0.8,

1
2
0
0 3
0 0.333 4
0
0 1

0 0.333 2

y = 0.6, L = 5m

1
0.128
0.096

dUcenH

5
6
0
.
128
0
.
096 1

0.096 0.072 2
k 2 = AE
0.128 0.096 0.128
0.096 5

0.072 6
0.096 0.072 0.096

Ggt;elx # x = 1,

2
0.096
0.072

y = 0, L = 4m

dUcenH

7
0.25
0

8
1
2
0 0.25 0 7

0
0
0 8
k 3 = AE
0.25 0 0.25 0 1

0
0
0 2
0

edaypMm:aRTIsTaMgenH m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<nkayCa
1
2
0.096
0.378
0.096
0.405

0
0

0.333
K= 0
0.128 0.096

0.096 0.072
0.25
0

0
0

3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

4
0

5
6
7
8
0.128 0.096 0.25 0 1
0.333 0.096 0.072
0
0 2
0
0
0
0
0 3

0.333
0
0
0
0 4
0
0.128
0.096
0
0 5

0
0.096
0.072
0
0 6
0
0
0
0.25 0 7

0
0
0
0
0 8

bMlas;TI nigbnk enATIenH Q = KD eyIg)an

Truss analysis using the stiffness method

T.Chhay

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Department of Civil Engineering

0.096
0
0.378
0
0.096
0.405

Q3
0
0

0.333
Q4 = AE 0
Q5
0.128 0.096

Q6
0.096 0.072
Q
0.25
0
7

0
0
Q8

NPIC

0.128 0.096 0.25

0
0
0 0.333 0.096 0.072
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0.333
0
0
0
0
0
0.128
0.096
0
0
0
0.096
0.072
0
0
0
0
0
0.25
0
0
0
0
0

0 D1
0 D2
0 0

0 0.025
0 0

0 0
0 0

0 0

edayedaHRsaysRmab;bMlas;TI smIkar 14-19 eyIg)an

0
0.025

0
0.128 0.096 0.25 0 0
0
0.378 0.096 D1
0

0 = AE 0.096 0.405 D + AE 0 0.333 0.096 0.072

0
0 0

EdleyIgTTYl)an
0 = AE [(0.378 D1 + 0.096 D2 ) + 0]
0 = AE [(0.096 D1 + 0.405 D2 ) + 0.00833]

edayedaHRsayRbBnsmIkarenH eyIg)an
D1 = 0.00556m
D2 = 0.021875m

eTaHbICaeKminRtUvkarKNnakmaMgRbtikmTRmkeday EtRbsinebIcaM)ac;eKRtUvKNnavaBIkarBnatEdl
kMNt;edaysmIkar 14-20. edayeRbIsmIkar 14-23 edIm,IkMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;elx @ eyIg)an
Ggt;elx @ x = 0.8, y = 0.6, L = 5m, AE = 8(103 )kN dUcenH
0.00556
0.02187
8 10

[0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6]

q2 =

0
5

3
8 10
(0.00444 0.0131) = 13.9kN
=
5

( )
3

( )

edayeRbIdMeNIrkarKNnadUcKa bgajfakmaMgenAkgGgt;elx ! KW q1 = 8.34kN ehIykmaMgenAkg

Ggt;elx # KW q3 = 11.1kN . lTplRtUv)anbgajenAkgdaRkamGgesrIrbs;tMN rUbTI 1411c EdleKGacepgpat;edaysmIkarlMnwg.
karviPaK truss edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

T.Chhay

-486

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

!$>&> kUGredaenrbs; node (Nodal coordinates)

enAeBlTRmkl;rbs; truss sitenAelIbg;eRTt ehIyeKGackMNt;PaBdabsUnenARtg;TRm
edayeRbIRbBnkUGredaenskltamTisedk nigtamTisQrEtmYy. ]TahrN_ eKman truss enAkgrUbTI
14-12a. eKRtUvkMNt;lkxNnbMlas;TIsUnenARtg;tMN tambeNayGkS y' ' ehIyedaysar
TRmkl;Gacpas;TItambeNayGkS x' ' dUcenH node enHRtUvmanbgMbMlas;TItamGkSkUGredaen x,
y . sRmab;mUlehtuenH eyIgminGacrYmbBallkxNbMlas;TIsUnenARtg; node enH enAeBlsresr
smIkarPaBrwgRkajsklsRmab; truss edayeRbIGkS x, y edaymineFVI[mankarEktRmUvdMeNIrkar
viPaKm:aRTIs.

edIm,IedaHRsaycMeNaTenH eyIgGacbBalvaeTAkgkarviPaKkMuBTredayRsYl eyIgnwgeRbIsMnMu

kUGredaenrbs; node x' ' , y' ' enARtg;TRmeRTt. eKRtUveFVI[GkSTaMgenHmanTItaMgy:agNaedIm,I[
kmaMgRbtikmTRm nigbMlas;TIrbs;TRmpas;TItambeNayGkSkUGredaennImYy rUbTI 14-12a.
edIm,IKNnasmIkarPaBrwgRkajsklsRmab; truss enaHeKcaM)ac;begItm:aRTIsbMElgkmaMg nigma:RTIs
bMElgbMlas;TIsRmab;Ggt;EdltPab;eTAnwgTRmenaH dUcenHeKGaceFVIplbUklTplTaMgenHenAkg
RbBnkUGredaenskl x, y dUcKa. edIm,IbgajBIrebobnkarGnuvt eyIgRtUvBicarNaGgt; truss
Truss analysis using the stiffness method

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

elx! enAkgrUbTI 14-12b EdlmanRbBnkUGredaenskl x, y enARtg;cugCit N ehIyRbBnkUGr

edaenrbs; node x' ' , y' ' enARtg;cugqay F . enAeBlbMlas;TI D ekIteLIg dUcenHBYkvamanbgMtam
beNayGkSnImYydUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 14-12c enaHbMlas;TItamTis x tambeNaycugGgt;
nImYykayCa
d N = D N x cos x + D N y cos y
d F = DFx '' cos x '' + DFy '' cos y ''

eKGacsresrsmIkarTaMgenHenAkgTRmg;m:aRTIs
d N x y 0
d = 0 0
x ''
F

DN x

0 DN y
y '' DFx ''

D Fy ''

dUcKa kmaMg q enARtg;cugCit nigcugqayrbs;Ggt; rUbTI 14-12d manbgM Q tambeNayGkSskl

Q N x = q N cos x

Q N y = q N cos y

QFx '' = q F cos x ''

QFy '' = q F cos y ''

EdleKGacsresrCa
Q N x x 0
Q

N y = y 0 q N
Q Fx '' 0 x '' q F

Q Fy '' 0 y ''

eKeRbIm:aRTIsbMElgbMlas;TI nigm:aRTIskmaMgenAkgsmIkarxagelIedIm,IbegItm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkaj
sRmab;Ggt;enAkgsanPaBenH. edayGnuvtsmIkar 14-15 eyIg)an
k = T T k 'T
x 0

0 AE 1 1 x y 0
0
y

k=

0 x '' L 1 1 0 0 x '' y ''

0 y ''

edayKNnam:aRTIsxagelI eyIgTTYl)an
2x
x y x x '' x y ''

y x '' y y ''
2y
AE x y
k=
L x x '' y x ''
2x ''
x '' y ''

x y '' y y '' x '' y ''

2y ''

karviPaK truss edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

(14-24)

T.Chhay

-488

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

bnab;mkeKGaceRbIm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;nImYyEdlRtUvtPab;eTAnwgTRmkl;EdleRTt
ehIydMeNIrkarpMm:aRTIsedIm,IbegItm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajrcnasm<nGnuvttamdMeNIrkarbTdan. ]TahrN_xageRkambgajBIkarGnuvtrbs;va.

]TahrN_ 14-6 kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRmsRmab; truss dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 14-13a.

dMeNaHRsay

kareFVIkMNt;smal;edaysarTRmkl;enARtg; sitenAelIbg;eRTt eyIgRtUveRbIkUGredaenrbs; node

enARtg; node enH. eKRtUvkMNt;elxerog[tMN nigGgt; ehIybegItkUGredaen x, y enARtg; node
rUbTI 14-13b. cMNaMfa elxkUd # nig$ sitenAtambeNayGkS x' ' , y' ' edIm,IeRbIlkxNEdl
D4 = 0 .
m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt; eKRtUvbegItm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;elx ! nigelx @ eday
eRbIsmIkar 14-24 edaysarGgt;TaMgenHmanelxkUdtamTisnGkSskl nigGkSrbs;kUd. eKRtUv
kMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;elx # tamrebobFmta.

Truss analysis using the stiffness method

T.Chhay

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

Ggt;elx ! rUbTI 14-13c/ x = 1,

5
0.25

0
k1 = AE
0.17675

0.17675

y = 0, x '' = 0.707, y '' = 0.707

6
3
4
0 0.17675 0.17675 5
0
0
0 6
0.125 3
0
0.125

0 0.125
0.125 4

Ggt;elx @ rUbTI 14-13d/ x = 0,

y = 1, x '' = 0.707, y '' = 0.707

1
2
3
4
0
0
0
0
1
0 0.333 0.2357 0.2357
k 2 = AE
2
0 0.2357 0.1667
0.1667 3

0.1667 4
0 0.2357 0.1667

Ggt;elx # x = 0.8,

y = 0.6

1
2
3
4
0.096 0.128 0.096 5
0.128
0.096
0.072 0.0.96 0.072 6
k 3 = AE
0.128 0.096 0.128
0.096 1

0.072 2
0.096 0.072 0.0.96

m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<n pMm:aRTIsTaMgenHedIm,IkMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcna
sm<n eyIg)an
0.128 0.096 D1
0.096
0
0
30
0.128
0
0.096
0.4053 0.2357 0.2357 0.096 0.072 D2

0
0
0.2357 0.2917
0.0417 0.17675
0 D3
= AE

0.2357
0.417
0.2917
0.17375
0 0
Q4
0
Q5
0.128 0.096 0.17675 0.17675
0.378
0.096 0

0
0
0.096
0.072 0
0.096 0.072
Q6

edayeFVIplKuNm:aRTIsnm:aRTIsEpkxagelI enaHeyIgGackMNt;bMlas;TI D EdlCaGBaatBIkaredaH

RsayRbBnsmIkar eBalKW
352.5
AE
157.5
D2 =
AE
127.3
D3 =
AE

D1 =

eKGacTTYl)ankmaMgRbtikm Q BIplKuNm:aRTIsnm:aRTIsxageRkamenAkgsmIkar (1). edayeRbI

bMlas;TIEdl)anKNna eyIg)an
karviPaK truss edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

T.Chhay

-490

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

Q4 = 0(352.5) 0.2357( 157.5) + 0.0417( 127.3)

= 31.8kN

Q5 = 0.128(352.5) 0.096( 157.5) 0.17675( 127.3)

= 7.5kN

Q6 = 0.096(352.5) 0.072( 157.5) + 0( 127.3)

= 22.5kN

!$>*> Trusses EdlmanbMErbMrYlsItuNaPaB nigkMhusnplitkm

(Truss having thermal changes and fabrication errors)

RbsinebIGgt;xHrbs; truss rgnUvkarlUt brYjEdlbNalBIbMErbMrYlsItuNPaB bkMhusn

plitkm enaHeKcaM)ac;RtUveRbIviFItRmYtpledIm,ITTYl)andMeNaHRsay. vaRtUvkarbICMhan. dMbUg eK
caM)ac;RtUvKNnakmaMgbgb;cugEdlkarBarkarcltrbs; node EdlbNalBIsItuNPaB bkMhusn
plitkm. CMhanTIBIrKWeKRtUvdak;kmaMgEdlesIKa b:uEnmanTispyKaenAelI truss Rtg; node ehIyeK
RtUvKNnabMlas;TIrbs; node edayeRbIkarviPaKm:aRTIs. cugeRkay eKkMNt;kmaMgCak;EsgenAkg
Ggt; nigkmaMgRbtikmenAelI truss edaykareFVItRmYtplnlTplTaMgBIrenH. Cak;Esg eKRtUvkar
dMeNIrkarenH RbsinebI truss Carcnasm<nminkMNt;edaysaTic. RbsinebI truss Carcnasm<nkMNt;
edaysaTic eKGackMNt;bMlas;TIenARtg; node edayviFIenH b:uEnbMErbMrYlsItuNPaB nigkMhusn
plitkmnwgminman\TiBleTAelIkmaMgRbtikm nigkmaMgkgrbs;Ggt; edaysareKGacEktRmUvbERm
bRmYlRbEvgrbs;Ggt; truss edayesrI.
\TiBlkMedA RbsinebIGgt; truss manRbEvg
L rgkMeNInsItuNPaB T RbEvgrbs;Ggt;
nwgmankMhUcRTg;RTay L = TL Edl Ca
emKuNrIkedaysarkMedA. kmaMgsgt; qo Edl
GnuvteTAelIGgt;nwgeFVI[RbEvgrbs;Ggt;rYj
)anRbEvg L' = qo L / AE . RbsinebIeyIg
dak;[bMlas;TITaMgBIresIKa enaH qo =
AET . kmaMgenHnwgTb;Ggt;dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 14-14 dUcenHeyIg)an
(q N )0 = AET

(q F )0 = AET
Truss analysis using the stiffness method

T.Chhay

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

eKRtUvdwgfa RbsinekItmankarfykMedA enaH T kayCaGviCman ehIykmaMgTaMgenHnwgbRBaasTisedA

edIm,IeFVI[Ggt;sitenAkgsanPaBlMnwg.
eyIgGacbMElgkmaMgTaMgBIrenHeTAkgkUGredaenskledayeRbIsmIkar 14-10 EdleFVI[
(

QN x
Q
Ny
QF
x
Q Fy

)0

x
x 0

0
1
0 = y
y
AE
T
AE
T

1
0 x
x

0

0 y
y
0

( )
( )

( )

(14-25)

kMhusqgkgplitkm RbsinebIeKeFVI[Ggt;EvgCaRbEvgedImedayTMhM L muxeBlPab;vaeTAnwg truss

enaHkmaMg qo EdlcaM)ac;edIm,IrkSaGgt;RtwmRbEvgDIsaj L KW qo = AEL / L dUcenHsRmab;Ggt;enA
kgrUbTI 14-14 eyIg)an
AEL
L
AEL
=
L

(q N )0 =
(q F )0

RbsinebIGgt;enHxICagRbEvgedIm enaH L kayCaGviCman ehIykmaMgTaMgenHnwgbRBaas.

enAkgkUGredaenskl kmaMgTaMgenHKW
(

QN x
Q
Ny
QF
x

Q
F

)0

0 = AEL y

L x
0

( )
( )

( )

(14-26)

karviPaKm:aRTIs enAkgkrNITUeTA CamYy truss rgkmaMgGnuvt bERmbRmYlsItuNPaB nigkMhusn

plitkm TMnak;TMngrvagkmaMgkg nigbMlas;TIsRmab; truss enaHvakayCa
Q = KD + Q0

(14-27)

enATIenH Q0 Cam:aRTIsCYrQrsRmab; truss TaMgmUlrbs;kmaMgbgb;cugEdlbNalBIbERmbRmYl

sItuNPaB nigkMhusnplitkmrbs;Ggt;EdlkMNt;enAkgsmIkar 14-25 nig 14-26. eyIgGacEbg
EcksmIkarenHenAkgTRmg;dUcxageRkam
Qk K11 K12 Du (Qk )0

Q = K
+
u 21 K 22 Dk (Qu )0

edayedaHRsaym:aRTIsenAGgxagsaM eyIgTTYl)an
Qk = K11 Du + K 21 Dk + (Qk )0

Qu = K 21 Du + K 22 Dk + (Qu )0

karviPaK truss edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

(14-28)
(14-29)

T.Chhay

-492

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

eyagtamdMeNIrkartRmYtplEdlerobrab;xagelI eyIgGackMNt;bMlas;TI Du BIsmIkarTImYyedaydk

K12 Dk nig (Qk )0 BIGgTaMgBIr bnab;mkeyIgedaHRsay Du . eyIgTTYl)an
1
(Qk K12 Dk (Qk )0 )
Du = K11

eRkayeBleyIgTTYl)anbMlas;TIrbs; node enaHeyIgGackMNt;kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;edayviFItRmYtpl

eBalKW
q = k ' TD + q 0

RbsinebIeyIgBnatsmIkarenHedIm,IkMNt;kmaMgenAcugqayrbs;Ggt; eyIgTTYl)an
qF =

AE
x y x
L

DN x
D
N
y y (q F )0
DFx

D Fy

(14-30)

lTplenHRsedogKaeTAnwgsmIkar 14-23 EtvaxusKaRtg;enATIenHvamanplbUkntY (q F )0 EdlCa

kmaMgbgb;cugrbs;Ggt;EdlbNalBIbERmbRmYlsItuNPaB nig / bkMhusnplitkmdUckMNt;dUcxag
elI. eKRtUvdwgfa RbsinebIlTplEdlTTYl)anBIsmIkarenHmantmGviCman enaHGgt;nwgrgkmaMg
sgt;.
]TahrN_TaMgBIrxageRkam nwgbgajBIkarGnuvtndMeNIrkarrbs;viFIenH.

]TahrN_ 14-7 kMNt;kmaMgkgGgt;elx ! nig

elx @ rbs; truss EdlmanTRmsnak;dUcbgajenA

kgrUbTI 14-15 RbsinebIeKeFVI[Ggt;elx @
xICagmun 0.01 munnwgpMvaeTAkg truss. yk AE =
8(10 3 )kN .

dMeNaHRsay

edaysarGgt;manRbEvgxI enaH L = 0.01m

dUcenHGnuvtsmIkar 14-26 eTAelIGgt;elx @ CamYy nwg x = 0.8,
(Q1 )0
0.0016 1
0.8
(Q )

0.6
2 0 = AE ( 0.01)
= AE 0.0012 2
(Q5 )0
0.0016 5
0.8
5

0.0012 6
0.6
(Q6 )0

Truss analysis using the stiffness method

y = 0.6

eyIg)an

T.Chhay

-493

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

eK)anbegItm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<nenAkg]TahrN_ 14-4. edayGnuvtsmIkar 14-27

eyIg)an
0.128 0.096 0.25
0
0
0.378 0.096 0
0
0.096 0.405 0 0.333 0.096 0.072
0

Q3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0.333 0 0.333
Q4 = AE 0
Q5
0.128 0.096 0
0
0.128 0.096
0

0
0.096 0.072
0
Q6
0.096 0.072 0
Q
0.25
0
0
0
0
0
0.25
7

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q8

0 D1
0.0016

0.0012
0 D2

0 0
0

0 0
0

+ AE
0.0016
0 0

0 0
0.0012

0 0
0

0 0
0

edayEbgEckm:aRTIsenHdUcbgaj nigedayedaHRsayplKuNm:aRTIsedIm,ITTYl)ansmIkarsRmab;
bMlas;TI eyIgTTYl)an
0
0

0
0.128 0.096 0.25 0 0
0.0016
0
0.378 0.096 D1
0
+ AE

0 = AE 0.096 0.405 D + AE 0 0.333 0.096 0.072

0
0 0
0.0012

0

0

Edl[
0 = AE [0.378 D1 + 0.096 D2 ] + AE [0] + AE [0.0016]
0 = AE [0.096 D1 + 0.405 D2 ] + AE [0] + AE [0.0012]

edaHRsayRbBnsmIkar eyIgTTYl)an
D1 = 0.003704 m
D2 = 0.002084 m

eTaHbICaminRtUvkar eKGackMNt;kmaMgRbtikm Q BIkarBnatsmIkar (1) EdlGnuvttamKMrUnsmIkar

14-29.
edIm,IkMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;elx ! nigelx @ eyIgRtUvGnuvtsmIkar 14-30 EdlenAkgkrNI
enH eyIg)an
Ggt;elx ! x = 0, y = 1, L = 3m, AE = 8(103 )kN dUcenH
0

0
8 10
+ [0]
[0 1 0 1]
q1 =
0.003704
3

0.002084

( )
3

karviPaK truss edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

T.Chhay

-494

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

q1 = 5.56kN

Ggt;elx @ x = 0.8,

( ) dUcenH

y = 0.6, L = 5m, AE = 8 10 3 kN

0.003704
0.002084
3
8 10 3
8 10 ( 0.01)
[0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6]
q2 =

0
5
5

( )

( )

q 2 = 9.26kN

]TahrN_ 14-8 Ggt;elx @ rbs;

Edl
bgajenAkgrUbTI 14-16 rgnUvkMeNInsItuNPaB
83.3o C . kMNt;kmaMgEdlekItmanenAkgGgt;elx
@. yk = 11.7(10 6 )/ o C / E = 200GPa . Ggt;
nImYymanRkLapmuxkat; A = 484mm 2 .
truss

dMeNaHRsay

edaysar vamankMeNInsItuNPaB T = +83.3o C . GnuvtsmIkar 14-25 eTAelIGgt;elx @ Edl

x = 0.707, y = 0.707 eyIg)an
(Q1 )0
0.000689325 1
0.707
(Q )

0.707
2 0 = AE (11.7 ) 10 6 (83.3)
= AE 0.000689325 2
(Q3 )0
0.000689325 7
0.707

0.000689325 8
0.707
(Q4 )0

( )

m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab; truss enHRtUv)anbegItenAkg]TahrN_ 14-2.

0
0.135
0
0.035

0
0

0 = AE 0
0
0

Q 6
0.1
Q
0.035
7

0.035
Q8

0.035
0
0
0.1
0.135
0
0
0.135 0.035
0.1 0.035 0.135
0
0.035 0.035
0.035 0.035
0
0.035 0.1
0
0.035

0.1 0.035
0
0.035
0
0
0.035 0.035 0.1
0.035 0.035
0
0.135 0.035
0
0.035 0.135
0
0
0
0.135
0.1

0.035 D1
0.000689325 1

0.000689325 2
0.035 D 2

3
0 D3
0

0
0 D4
4
+ AE

5
0.1 D5
0

0
0 0

6
0.000689325 7
0.035 0

0.035 0.135 0
0.000689325 8

edayBnatedIm,IkMNt;smIkarbMlas;TIEdlCaGBaat nigedayedaHRsayRbBnsmIkarenH eyIg)an

D1 = 0.002027 m
D2 = 0.01187 m

D3 = 0.002027 m
Truss analysis using the stiffness method

T.Chhay

-495

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

D4 = 0.009848m

D5 = 0.002027 m

edayeRbIsmIkar 14-30 edIm,IkMNt;kmaMgenAkgGgt;elx @ eyIg)an

0.002027
0.01187
484[200]
484(200 )11.7 10 6 (83.3)
[ 0.707 0.707 0.707 0.707]
q2 =

0
10 2

[ ( )]

= 27.09kN

cMNaMfa kMeNInsItuNPaBnGgt;elx @ nwgmineFVI[mankmaMgRbtikmenAelI truss eT edaysarva Ca

truss kMNt;edaysaTic. edIm,IbgajBIkarBicarNakarBnatm:aRTIsnsmIkar (1) edIm,IkMNt;kmaMg
Rbtikm. edayeRbIlTplsRmab;bMlas;TI eyIg)an
Q6 = AE [ 0.1( 0.002027 ) + 0 0.035( 0.002027 ) + 0.035( 0.009828) 0.035( 0.002027 )]
+ AE [0] = 0
Q7 = AE [ 0.035( 0.002027 ) 0.035( 0.01187 ) 0.1( 0.002027 ) + 0 + 0]
+ AE [ 0.000689325] = 0

Q8 = AE [ 0.035( 0.002027 ) 0.035( 0.01187 ) + 0 + 0 0.1( 0.002027 )]

+ AE [ 0.000689325] = 0

!$>(> karviPaK truss kglMh (Space-truss analysis)

eKGacviPaK truss kglMhkMNt;edaysaTic nig truss kglMhminkMNt;edaysaTicedayeRbI
dMeNIrkarviPaKdUcKaEdl)anerobrab;BIelIkmun. b:uEn edIm,IKitGkSTaMgbI eKRtUvbBalFatubEnmeTAkg
m:aRTIsbMElg T . edIm,ITTYl)anva eyIgnwgBicarNaGgt; truss EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 14-17.
m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;EdlkMNt;edayeRbIkUGredaentMbn; x' RtUv)an[edaysmIkar 14-4.
elIsBIenH tamkarGegtrUbTI 14-17 eKGackMNt;kUsIunUsR)ab;TiscenaHkUGredaenskl nigkUGredaentMbn;edayeRbIsmIkarRsedogKanwgsmIkar 14-5 nig 14-6 Edl
x = cos x =

xF xN
=
L

y = cos y =

yF yN
=
L

karviPaK truss edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

xF xN

(x F

x N )2 + ( y F y N )2 + ( z F z N )2

(x F

x N ) + ( y F y N ) + (z F z N )

yF yN
2

(14-31)

(14-32)

T.Chhay

-496

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

z = cos z =

zF zN
=
L

zF zN

(x F

(14-33)

x N ) + ( y F y N )2 + (z F z N )2
2

CalTplnTMhM GkSTIbI m:aRTIsbMElg smIkar 14-9 kayCa

x y z 0 0 0
T =

0 0 0 x y z

edayCMnYsm:aRTIsenH nigsmIkar 14-4 eTAkgsmIkar 14-15 K = T T k 'T eyIg)an

x

k= z
0
0

0
0
0 AE 1 1 x y z 0 0 0

x L 1 1 0 0 0 x y z
y

edayedaHRsayplKuNm:aRTIs eyIgnwgTTYl)anm:aRTIssIuemRTI
Nx

Ny

2x

y x
AE
z x
k=
L
2x

y x

z x

x y
2y
z y
x y
2y
z y

Nz

Fx

Fy

Fz

x y xz N x

y z y x 2y y z N y
2z z x z y 2z N z
2x
x y x z Fx
xz

2y
y z Fy
y z y x
z x z y
2z Fz
2z

xz

2x

(14-34)

smIkarenHCam:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;Edlsresr
edayeRbIkUGredaenskl. elxkUdtam beNayCYredk
nigCYrQrtMNag[Tis x, y, z enARtg;cugCit N x , N y ,
N z Edlbnedaycugqay Fx , F y , Fz .
sRmab;karsresrkmviFIkMuBTr CaTUeTAvaman
lkNgayRsYlkgkareRbIsmIkar 14-34 CagkaredaH
RsayplKuNm:aRTIs T T k 'T sRmab;Ggt;nImYy.
dUckarerobrab;BIxagedIm dMbUgkMuBTrnwg rkSam:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<n K EdlmanFatu
esIsUn bnab;mkeTotedaysarFatunImYy nm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;RtUv)anbegIt vaRtUv
)andak;eTAkgTItaMgRtUvKarbs;vaenAkgm:aRTIs K . eRkayeBlFaturbs;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;
rcnasm<nRtUv)anbegIt eKGacGnuvtdMeNIrkar Edl)anerobrab;enAkgkfaxN 14-6 edIm,IkMNt;
bMlas;TIrbs;tMN kmaMgRbtikm nigkmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;.
Truss analysis using the stiffness method

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NPIC

cMeNaT
14>1 kMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkaj K sRmab;eRKOg 14>5 kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisQrenARtg;tMN
bgM. yk A = 300mm 2 nig E = 200GPa
nigkmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;elx $ ncMeNaT 14>4.
sRmab;Ggt;.
yk A = 0.0015m 2 nig E = 200GPa .
14>6 kMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkaj K sRmab;
truss. yk A = 0.005m 2 nig E = 200GPa .
snt; tMNTaMgGs;tPab;edaysnak;.

14>2 kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisedk nigTisQr

enARtg;tMN rbs;eRKOgbgMenAkgcMeNaT
14>1.
14>3 kMNt;kmaMgkgnGgt;nImYyrbs;eRKOg
bgMenAkgcMeNaT 14>1.
14>4 kMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkaj K sRmab;
truss. yk A = 300mm 2 nig E = 200GPa
sRmab; Ggt;.

cMeNaT

14>7 kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisQrenARtg;tMN
nigkmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;elx @ ncMeNaT 14>6.
14>8 kMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkaj K sRmab;
truss. yk A = 0.0015m 2 nig E = 200GPa
sRmab; Ggt;.

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

14>12 kMNt;kmaMgkgnGgt;elx @ nig elx

% ncMeNaT 14>11. AE CacMnYnefr.
14>13 kMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkaj K sRmab;
truss. yk A = 1000mm 2 nig E = 200GPa .

14>9 kMNt;kmaMgkgnGgt;elx ^ ncMeNaT

14>8. yk A = 0.0015m 2 nig E = 200GPa
sRmab;Ggt;nImYy.
14>10 kMNt;kmaMgkgnGgt;elx ! ncMeNaT
14>8 RbsinebI Ggt;EvgCagmun10mm munnwg
Pab;vaeTAkg truss. edIm,IedaHRsay dkbnk
10kN ecj. yk A = 0.0015m 2 nig E =
200GPa sRmab;Ggt;nImYy.
14>11 kMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkaj K sRmab;
truss. AE CacMnYnefr.

Problems

14>14 kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisedkenARtg;tMN
nigkmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;elx @ ncMeNaT
14>13. yk A = 1000mm 2 nig E =
200GPa .
14>15 kMNt;kmaMgkgnGgt;elx @ncMeNaT
14>8 RbsinebIsItuNPaBekIneLIg 55o C .
yk A = 1000mm 2 E = 200GPa nig =
11.7(10 6 )/ o C .
14>16 kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenAelI truss. AE
CacMnYnefr.

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Department of Civil Engineering

cMeNaT

NPIC

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

!%> karviPaKFwmedayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj
(Beam analysis using the stiffness method)

emeronenHnwgbgajBIeKalKMnitEdlerobrab;enAkgemeronmunedIm,IviPaKFwm. eyIgeXIjfa enA

eBlEdleKbegItm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt; nigm:aRTIsbMElg dMeNIrkarsRmab;karGnuvtmanlkN
RsedogKanwgkarGnuvtsRmab; truss. emeronenHnwgbgajBIkrNIBiesssRmab;sRmutDIepr:g;Esl
nigsItuNPaB.

!%>!> kMNt;cMNaMbzm (preliminary remarks)

munnwgeyIgbgajBIrebobEdlviFIPaBrwgRkajGnuvteTAelIFwm dMbUgeyIgnwgerobrab;BIeKalKMnit
bzm nigniymnyEdlerobrab;eTAnwgGgt;TaMgenH.
karkMNt;sMKal; node nigGgt; edIm,IGnuvtviFIPaBrwgRkajeTAelIFwm dMbUgeyIgRtUvEtkMNt;BIrebobbMEbk
FwmCabgMFatuGnntUc (finite element). CaTUeTA FatunImYyminRtUvTak;TgnwgbnkeT ehIyRtUvmanmux
kat;efr. sRmab;mUlehtuenH node rbs;FatuRtUvEtsitenARtg;TMr bRtg;cMNucEdlGgt;Pab;Ka Rtg;bnk
Gnuvt Rtg;RkLapmuxkat;pas;brPam bRtg;cN
M ucEdleKRtUvkMNt;bMlas;TImMu. ]TahrN_ eKmanFwm
dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 15-1a. edayeRbIviFIdUcKasRmab;karviPaK truss eKRtUvkMNt; node bYnCaelxeday
dak;kgrgVg;. dUcKa cMNaMfa cugCit nigcugqayrbs;Ggt;nImYyRtUv)ankMNt;sMKal;edaysBaaRBYjtam
beNayGgt;nImYy.

kUGredaenskl nigkUGredaen eyIgnwgkMNt;RbBnkUGredaenskledayeRbIGkS x, y, z EdleKalrbs;

vasitenARtg; node EdleFVIeGaykUGredaenrbs;cMNucdTeTotenAelIFwmviCman rUbTI 15-1a. kUGrBeam analysis using the stiffness method

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

edaentMbn; nigkUGredaensRmab;Ggt; x' , y' , z' maneKalrbs;vasitenAcugCitrbs;Ggt;nImYy GkSviCman x' manTisedAeTArkcugqay. rUbTI 15-1b bgajkUGredaenTaMgenHsRmab;Ggt;elx @. enAkgkrNI
TaMgBIr eyIg)aneRbIRbBnkUGredaendsaM dUcenHRbsinebIeyIgbgVildsaMBIGkS x b x' eTAGkS y b y'
eyIgnwgTTYl)anGkS z b z' viCman EdlmanTisedAecjBIRkdasesovePA. cMNaMfa sRmab;Ggt;Fwm
nImYyGkS x nig x' nwgsitenAelIGkSEtmYy ehIykUGredaenskl nigkUGredaensRmab;Ggt;TaMgGs;suT
EtRsbKa. dUcenH mindUckrNIsRmab; truss enATIenH eyIgnwgmincaM)ac;begItm:aRTIsbMElgrvagRbBn
kUGredaenTaMgenH.
PaBminkMNt;sIueNm:aTic eRkayeBlGgt; nig node RtUv)ankMNt; nigeRkayeBlRbBnkUGredaenskl
RtUv)anbegIt eKGackMNt; degree of freedom nigPaBminkMNt;sIueNm:aTicsRmab;Fwm. RbsinebIeyIg
KitTaMg\TiBlm:Um:g;Bt; nigkmaMgkat; enaH node nImYyenAelIFwmGaclman degree of freedom BIreBal
KW bMlas;TItamTisQr nigmMurgVil. dUcenAkgkrNIrbs; truss eKGackMNt;bMlas;TITaMgenHedayelxkUd.
eyIgeRbIelxkUdtUcbMputedIm,IeFVIkMNt;sMKal;bMlas;TIEdlCaGBaat degree of freedom Edlminmankar
Tb; ehIyeyIgeRbIelxFMbMputedIm,IeFVIkMNt;sMKal;bMlas;TIEdleyIgsal; degree of freedom Edlman
karTb;. rMlwkfa mUlehtukgkareRCIserIsviFInkareFVIkMNt;sMKal; eyIgRtUveFVIkarEbgEckm:aRTIsPaBrwg
RkajsRmab;rcnasm<neGay)anRsYl dUcenHeyIgGacKNnabM;las;TIEdlCaGBaattamrebobedaypal;
bMput.

edIm,Ibgaj]TahrN_kgkardak;elxkUd eyIgnwgBicarNaFwmCab;mgeTotenAkgrUbTI 15-1a. enA

TIenH FwmCarcnasm<nminkMNt;edaysIueNm:aTicdWeRkTIbYn. eKman degree of freedom cMnYnR)aMbI Edl
elxkUd ! dl;elxkUd $ tMNageGaybMlas;TIEdlCaGBaat ehIyelxkUd % dl;elxkUd * tMNageGay
bMlas;TIEdleKsal; EdlenAkgkrNIenHvasuTEtmantmesIsUn. ]TahrN_epSgeTot eKGacbMEbk
FwmenAkgrUb TI 15-2a CabIGgt; nigbYn node. cMNaMfa snak;enARtg; node elx # dabdUcGgt;elx @
karviPaKFwmedayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

nigelx # b:uEnmMurgVilenARtg;cugGgt;nImYymantmxusKa. enATIenH eKman degree of freedom cMnYn

R)aMbYn EdlenAkgenaH degree of freedom R)aMCaGBaat dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 15-2b ehIy degree of
freedom cMnYnbYnRtUv)ansal; vaTaMgGs;suTEtesIsUn. cugeRkay BicarNakarrGil slider mechanism
EdleRbIenAelIFwmenAkgrUbTI 15-3a. enATIenH PaBdabrbs;FwmRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 15-3b dUc
enHeKmanbgMPaBdabEdlCaGBaatcMnUnR)aMEdlRtUv)ankMNt;elxerogCamYynwgelxkUdtUcbMput. FwmCa
eRKOgbgMminkMNt;edaysIueNm:aTicdWeRkTIR)aM.

karbegItviFIPaBrwgRkajsRmab;FwmmanlkNRsedogeTAnwgdMeNIrkarkgkarbegItPaBrwgRkaj
EdleRbIsRmab; truss. dMbUg eyIgRtUvbegItm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;nImYy ehIybnab;mkpMm:aRTIs
TaMgenHedIm,IbegItm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Fwm bm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<n. edayeRbIsmIkar
m:aRTIssRmab;rcnasm<n eyIgGacbnkarKNnaedIm,IkMNt;bM;las;TIEdlCaGBaatenARtg; node ehIyBIkar
kMNt;enH eyIgGackMNt;RbtikmenAelIFwm nigkmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;enARtg; node.

!%>@> m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;Fwm (Beam-member stiffness matrix)

enAkgkfaxNenH eyIgnwgbegItm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;FwmEdlmanRkLapmuxkat;efr nig
manRbBnkUGredaentMbn; x' , y' , z' rUbTI 15-4. eKRtUvdak;eKalrbs;kUGredaenenARtg;cugCit N
ehIyGkSviCmanrbs; x' manTisedAeTArkcugqay F . eKmankmaMgRbtikmBIrenARtg;cugnImYyrbs;Ggt;
EdlmankmaMgkat; q N nig q F nigm:Um:g;Bt; q N nig q F . bnkTaMgenHeFVIGMeBItamTisedAkUGredaenviCman. m:Um:g; q N nig q F viCmanvilRcasTisRTnicnaLika tamviFandsaMviucTrm:Um:g;manTistambeNay
GkSviCman z' EdlmanTisecjBIRkdasesovePA.
z'

z'

y'

z'

z'

z'

Beam analysis using the stiffness method

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

bMlas;TIlIenEGr nigbMlas;TImMuEdlpSMCamYynwgbnkTaMgenHkGnuvttamkarkMNt;sBaaviCmandUc
Ka. enATIenH eyIgnwgdak;bMlas;TITaMgenHdac;edayELkBIKa ehIybnab;mkkMNt;bnkEdlmanGMeBIenAelI
Ggt;EdlbNalBIbMlas;TInImYy.

bMlas;TI y' enAeBleKeFVIeGaymanbMlas;TIviCman d N xNeBlEdleKGackarBarbMlas;TIEdlGac

ekItman eKGacbegItkmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 15-5a. m:Um:g;RtUv)anbegItenAkg
kfaxN 11-2 dUcsmIkar 11-5. dUcKa enAeBleKeFVIeGayman d F eyIgTTYl)ankmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;dUc
bgajenAkgrUbTI 15-5b.
y'

y'

mMurgVil z' RbsinebIeKeFVIeGaymanmMurgVil d N xNbMlas;TIEdlGacekItmanTaMgGs;RtUv)ankarBar

kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;EdlcaM)ac;edIm,IeFVIeGaymankMhUcRTg;RTayRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 15-6a. m:Um:g;
RtUv)anbegItenAkgkfaxN 11-2 dUcsmIkar 11-1 nig 11-2. dUcKa enAeBleKeFVIeGayekItman d F bnk
pbRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 15-6b.
z'

z'

karviPaKFwmedayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

edayviFItRmYtpl RbsinebIeKbUklTplenAkgrUbTI 15-5 nig 15-6 bBalKa eyIgGacsresr

TMnak;TMngrvagbnk nigbMlas;TITaMgbYnsRmab;Ggt;enAkgTRmg;m:aRTIsCa
N y'
N z'
F y'
Fz'
6 EI
12 EI 6 EI
12 EI

3
L2
L3
L2 d
q N y ' 6LEI
4 EI
6 EI
2 EI N y '
q

2
L
L d Nz'
N z ' = L2
L
q Fy ' 12 EI
6 EI 12 EI
6 EI d
2 Fy '

3 2
3
L
L
L d F
q Fz ' L
2 EI
6 EI
4 EI z '
6 EI
2
L2
L
L
L

(15-1)

eyIgkGacsresrsmIkarTaMgenHkgTRmg;kat;dUcxageRkam
q = kd

(15-2)

m:aRTIssIuemRTI k enAkgsmIkar15-1 Cam:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;. emKuN\TiBl kij TaMg

16 EdlpSMCam:aRTIs k )anKitbBalbMlas;TIEdlbNalBIkmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;rbs;Ggt;. tamrUbviTa
emKuNTaMgenHCabnkenAelIGgt; enAeBlGgt;rgbM;las;TIkta. ]TahrN_ RbsinebI d N = 1 rUbTI 15
-5a xNEdlbMlas;TIdTeTotesIsUn Ggt;nwgrgEtbnkbYnEdlbgajenAkgCYrQrTImYyrbs;m:aRTIs
k . tamrebobdUcKa CYrQrdTeTotrbs;m:aRTIs k CabnkenAelIGgt;sRmab;bMlas;TIktaEdlkMNt;
edayelxkUd degree of freedom RtUv)anbgajBIxagelICYrQr. BIkarbegItenH eKRtUvbMeBjlkxN
lMnwg niglkxNRtUvKa. dUcKa eyIgRtUvcMNaMfam:aRTIsenHdUcKasRmab;kUGredaenskl nigkUGredaentMbn;
edaysarGkS x' , y' , z' RsbnwgGkS x, y, z dUcenHeKminRtUvkarm:aRTIsbMElgrvagkUGredaenTaMgBIr
eT.
y'

!%>#> m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;eRKOgbgMFwm (Beam-structure stiffness matrix)

eRkayeBlrkma:RTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt; eyIgRtUvpMvaeTAkgm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;
eRKOgbgM K . dMeNIrkarenHGaRsynwgkarsal;TItaMgrbs;FatunImYyenAkgm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;
Ggt;CadMbUg. enATIenH CYredk nigCYrQrrbs;m:aRTIs k nImYy smIkar 15-1 RtUv)ankMNt;edayelx
kUdBIrRtg;cugCitrbs;Ggt; N y' , N z' EdlbnedayelxkUdBIrRtg;cugqay Fy' , Fz' . dUcenH enA
eBlpMm:aRTIs eKRtUvdak;FatunImYyenATItaMgdUcKarbs;m:aRTIs K . tamviFIenH K RtUvmanlMdab;esInwgelx
kUdFMbMputEdlRtUv)ankMNt;eTAelIFwm edaysarvaCaelxsrubn degree of freedom. dUcKa enATItaMg
Beam analysis using the stiffness method

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

EdlGgt;CaeRcInPab;Kanwg node, emKuN\TiBlPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt; (member stiffness influence

coefficients) nwgmanTItaMgdUcKaenAkgm:aRTIs K dUcenHvaRtUv)anbUkbBalKatamlkNnBVnedIm,IkMNt;
emKuN\TiBlPaBrwgRkajn node sRmab;rcnasm<n. eKcaM)ac;RtUveFVIEbbenH edaysaremKuNnImYyCa
ersIusg;rbs; node nrcnasm<nenAkgTisedA y' b z' enAeBlekItmanbMlas;TIkta y' b z' enA
Rtg; node dEdl bRtg; node dT. ]TahrN_ K 23 CabnktamTis nigenARtg;TItaMgnelxkUd@ enAeBl
bMlas;TIktaekItmantamTis nigenARtg;TItaMgnelxkUd #.

!%>$> karGnuvtnviFIPaBrwgRkajsRmab;karviPaKFwm
(Application of the stiffness method for bema analysis)

eRkayeBleKkMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<nrYcehIy eKGacPab;TMnak;TMngrvagbnk
enARtg; node rbs;FwmeTAnwgbMlas;TIedayeRbIsmIkarPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<n
Q = KD

enATIenH Q nig D Cam:aRTIsCYrQrEdltMNageGaybnk nigbMlas;TIEdlCaGBaat nigEdlsal;.

karbMEbkm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajeGayeTACaFatunbnk nigbMlas;TIEdlsal; nigGBaat eyIgTTYl)an
Qk K11 K12 Du
Q = K

u 21 K 22 Dk

enAeBleyIgBnatm:aRTIsxagelI eyIgnwgTTYl)ansmIkarBIrKW
Qk = K11 Du + K12 Dk
Qu = K 21 Du + K 22 Dk

(15-3)
(15-4)

eKGackMNt;bMlas;TIEdlCaGBaatBIsmIkarTImYy. edayeRbIsmIkarTaMgenH eyIgGacKNnakmaMgRbtikm

TMr Qu BIsmIkarTIBIr.
bnkEdlenAkNal sRmab;karGnuvt eKcaM)ac;eGayFaturbs;FwmminrgbnktambeNayFwm edaysar
m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;RtUv)anbegItsRmab;bnkEdlGnuvtEtenAxagcugrbs;va emIlrUbTI 154. b:uEn eBlxHFwmRtUvRTbnkBRgay dUcenHeKRtUvkarEktRmUvlkxNenHedIm,IGnuvtkarviPaKeday
m:aRTIs.
edIm,IedaHRsaykrNIenH eyIgnwgeRbIeKalkarN_tRmYtpltamrebobRsedogKaeTAnwgGIVEdl)an
eRbIsRmab; truss Edl)anerobrab;enAkgkfaxN 14-8. edIm,IbgajBIkarGnuvtrbs;va BicarNaFaturbs;
karviPaKFwmedayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

FwmEdlmanRbEvg L dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 15-7a EdlrgbnkBRgayesI w . dMbUg eyIgnwgGnuvtkmaMg

bgb;cug nigm:Um:g;bgb;cugeTAelIGgt; EdlvaRtUv)aneKeRbIenAkgviFIPaBrwgRkaj rUbTI 15-7b. eyIgnwg
sresrbnkTaMgenHCam:aRTIsCYrQr q0 . bnab;mkeTot eyIgGnuvtbnkBRgayesI nigkmaMgRbtikm q0
rbs;va rUbTI 15-7c. eKkMNt;bnkCak;EsgenAkgFwmedayeFVIplbUkeTAelIlTplTaMgBIr. kmaMg
Rbtikmbgb;cugsRmab;krNIbnkdTeTotRtUv)aneGayenAkgemeronTI11. bEnmelIkaredaHRsaycMeNaT
EdlBak;BnnwgbnkxagdUckrNIenH eyIgkGaceRbIviFIenHedIm,IedaHRsaycMeNaTEdlBak;BnnwgbERmbRmYl
sItuNPaB bkMhuskgplitkm.

kmaMgkgGgt; eKGackMNt;kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cugrbs;Ggt;FwmnImYyedayeRbIsmIkar 15-2

ehIybUkbEnmkmaMgRbtikmbgb;cug q0 RbsinebIGgt;rgbnkenAkNal. eyIgman
q = kd + q0

(15-5)

RbsinebIlTplGviCman vabgajfabnkeFVIGMeBIpynwgTisedAEdl)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 15-4.

dMeNIrkarkgkarviPaK (Procedure for analysis)

viFIxageRkampl;nUvmeFa)ayedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TI RbtikmTRm kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt; bFatuGnntUc
rbs;FwmkMNt;edaysaTic bFwmminkMNt;edaysaTic.

kareFVIkMNt;sMKal;
Beam analysis using the stiffness method

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

bMEbkFwmCaFatuGnntUc ehIykMNt;elxerogeGayFatunImYy nig node nImYyrbs;va. eRbIelx

EdlsresrkgrgVg;sRmab; node nigelxkgkaersRmab;Ggt; bFatu. CaTUeTAGgt; bFatusitenA
cenaHTRm benAcenaHbnkcMcMNuc benAcenaHtMN benAcenaHcMNucEdleKRtUvkarkMNt;kmaMgkg
bbMlas;TI.
kMNt;cugCit nigcugqayrbs;Ggt;edaysBaaRBYjEdlsitenAelIGgt; ehIymanTisedAeTArkcug
qay.
enARtg; node nImYy kMNt;elxkUdtamTis y nigtamTis z . enARKb;krNITaMgGs;eRbIelxkUdtUc
bMputedIm,IsMKal; degree of freedom EdlminmankarTb; ehIybnedayelxbnbnab; belxEdl
FMbMputedIm,IsMKal; degree of freedom EdlmankarTb;.
begItm:aRTIsbMlas;TIEdlsal; Dk nigm:aRTIsbnkEdlsal; Qk . KitbBalm:aRTiscRmas;n
bnkbgb;cug RbsinebIGgt;rgbnk.

m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<n

GnuvtsmIkar 15-1 edIm,IkMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;FatunImYyedayeRbIkUGredaenskl.

eRkayeBlkMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt; ehIyCYredk nigCYrQrRtUv)ankMNt;CamYynwg
elxkUdsmRsb pMm:aRTIsedIm,ITTYl)anm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<n K . sRmab;kar
epgpat;edayEpk m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt; nigm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<nRtUv
EtCam:aRTIssIuemRTI.

bMlas;TI nigbnk

bMEbksmIkarPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<nCaRkum ehIyeFVIRbmaNviFIKuNm:aRTIsedIm,IkMNt;
bMlas;TIEdlCaGBaat Du nigkmaMgRbtikmTRm Qu .
eKGackMNt;kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g; q enARtg;cugrbs;Ggt;FwmnImYyBIsmIkar 15-5 edayKitbBal
TaMgbnkbgb;cug.

]TahrN_ 15-1

kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmenARtg;TRmrbs;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 15-8a. EI CacMnYnefr.

karviPaKFwmedayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

T.Chhay

-508

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNaHRsay

kareFVIkMNt;smal; FwmmanFatuBIr nig node bI EdlRtUv)ankMNt;dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 15-8b. eKeRbI

elxkUd 1 dl;elxkUd$ sRmab;kMNt; degree of freedom EdlminrgkarTb;.
m:aRTIsbnkEdlsal; nigbMlas;TIEdlsal;KW
0 1
5 2
Qk =
0 3

0 4

0 5
Dk =
0 6

m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt; eKkMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;TaMgBIrBIsmIkar 15-1. eyIg

RtUvcMNaMBIrebobbegItelxkUdsRmab;CYredk nigCYrQr.
6
4
1.5 1.5

2
k1 = EI 1.5
1.5 1.5

1
1.5

5
3
1.5 1.5 6
1.5 1 4
1 . 5 1 . 5 5

1.5 2 3

5
3
1.5 1.5

2
k 2 = EI 1.5
1.5 1.5

1
1.5

2
1
1.5 1.5 5
1.5 1 3
1.5 1.5 2

1.5 2 1

bMlas;TI nigbnk eyIgGacpMFatuTaMgenHeTAkgm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<n. ]TahrN_ Fatu

K11 = 0 + 2 = 2, K 55 = 1.5 + 1.5 = 3 .l. dUcenH
Q = KD
1
0
2
5
1.5

0 = EI 1

0
0
Q5
1.5

0
Q6

2
3
4
1.5 1
0
1.5 1.5 0
1.5 4
1
0
1
2
1.5 0 1.5
0
1.5 1.5

5
1.5
1.5
0
1.5
3
1.5

6
0 D1
0 D2
1.5 D3

1.5 D4
1.5 0

1.5 0

m:aRTIsRtUv)anbMEbkCaRkumdUcbgaj. edayedaHRsayplKuNsRmab;CYredkbYndMbUg eyIgTTYl)an

Beam analysis using the stiffness method

T.Chhay

-509

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

0 = 2 D1 1.5D2 + D3 + 0
5

= 1.5D1 + 1.5D2 1.5D3 + 0

EI

0 = D1 1.5D2 + 4 D3 + D4
0 = 0 + 0 + D3 + 2 D2

edayedaHRsayRbBnsmIkarxagelI eyIgTTYl)an
16.67
EI
26.67
D2 =
EI
6.67
D3 =
EI
3.33
D4 =
EI
D1 =

edayeRbIlTplTaMgenH ehIyedayKuNCYrQrTaMgBIrxageRkay eyIg)an

3.33
26.67
16.67
Q5 = 1.5 EI

+ 0 1.5 EI
1.5EI
EI
EI
EI

= 10kN

6.67
3.33
Q6 = 0 + 0 + 1.5 EI
+ 1.5 EI

EI
EI
= 5kN

]TahrN_ 15-2

kMNt;kmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;enAkgGgt;elx ! rbs;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 15-9a. EI CacMnYnefr.

karviPaKFwmedayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

T.Chhay

-510

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNaHRsay

kareFVIkMNt;smal; enAkgkrNIenH Fwmman degree of freedom EdlCaGBaatcMnUnEtBIrb:ueNaHEdlman

bgajelxkUd ! nig @ rUbTI 15-9b. cMNaMfa bnk M 0 manTMhMGviCman. m:aRTIsbnk nigm:aRTIs
bMlas;TIEdlCasmtikmKW
0 1
Qk =

M 0 2

0 3
0 4
Dk =
0 5

0 6

m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt; edayGnuvtsmIkar 15-1 eTAelIGgt;nImYy edayeyageTAelIelxkUd

EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 15-9b eyIg)an
5
6
4
1
6
12
6 5
12
3
3

2
L
L
L2
L6
4
6
2

6
2
2
k1 = EI L
L
L
L
12
6 12
6
2 4
3 2
3
L
L
L
L
2
6
4
6
2
L2
L
L 1
L

4
1
3
2
6
12
6 4
12
3
3

2
L
L
L2
L6
4
6
2

1
2
2
k 2 = EI L
L
L
L
12
6 12
6
2 3
3 2
3
L
L
L
L
2
6
4
6
2
L2
L
L 2
L

bnk nigbMlas;TI eKbegItm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<nedaypMm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;

nImYy. edayGnuvtsmIkarm:aRTIssRmab;rcnasm<n eyIg)an
Q = KD
1
2
3
4
5
6

8
2
6
6
2

D1 1
0
L
2
2
L
L
L
L
2

4
6
6

2
1 0
0
0 D2 2
2
L
L

L
L
2 M 0 6

6 12
12

0
0

0 3
2
2
3
3
3 Q3 =
L
L
L
L

6
12 24
12
6
4 Q4 0
3
3 2 0 4
2
3

L
L
L
L
L
5 Q5

6
12 12
6
0
0 3
6 Q6 2
0 5
L
L3
L2
L
6
6
4
2
0
0 2
L
2
L 0 6
L
L

eFVIplKuNeTAelICYredkdMbUgTaMgBIredIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TI eyIg)an
Beam analysis using the stiffness method

T.Chhay

-511

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

8EI
2 EI
D1 +
D2
L
L
2 EI
4 EI
M0 =
D1 +
D2
L
L
M L
D1 = 0
14 EI
2M 0 L
D2 =
7 EI

0=

dUenH

dUcenAkg]TahrN_elIkmun eyIgTTYl)ankmaMgRbtikmBIkareFVIplKuNnCYredkEdlenAsl;. ]TahrN_

kmaMgRbtikmenAxagsaMgdKW
6 EI M 0 L 6 EI 2M 0 L 9M 0

=
7L
L2 14 EI L2 7 EI

Q3 =

eKkMNt;kmaMgkgenARtg; node ! nig @ BIsmIkar 15-2. eyIg)an

q = k1d

5
6
4
1
q5
6
12
6 0 5
12

L2
L3 L2

L6
0
4
6
2

6
q6

= EI L2
L
L
L

12
6 12
6 0

4
q 4
3

L2 L3
L2

L
2
6
4 M L

6
0
2
q
L2
L
L 14 EI 1
L
1
6 EI M L 3M 0
q5 = 2 0 =
7L
L 14 EI
q6 =

2 EI M 0 L M 0

=
L 14 EI
7

q4 =
q1 =

3M 0
6 EI M 0 L

=
2 14 EI
7L
L

4 EI M 0 L 2 M 0

=
L 14 EI
L

lTplTaMgenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 15-9c.

]TahrN_ 15-3 FwmenAkgrubTI 15-10a rgm:Um:g;BIr. RbsinebITRmkNal Rsut 1.5mm

cUgkMNt; kmaMgRbtikmTRmenARtg;TRm. yk E = 200GPa nig I = 22(10 6 )m 4 .

karviPaKFwmedayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

T.Chhay

-512

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNaHRsay

kareFVIkMNt;smal; FwmmanFatuBIr nig degree of freedom EdlCaGBaatcMnYnbI. BYkvaRtUv)aneKkMNt;

edayelxkUdtUcCageK rUbTI 15-10b. enATIenH m:aRTIsbnk nigm:aRTIsbMlas;TIEdlCasmtikmKW
4 1
Qk = 0 2
4 3

0
4

Dk = 0.0015 5
0
6

m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt; eKkMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;edayeRbIsmIkar 15-1 eday

eyageTAtamelxkUd nigTisrbs;Ggt;EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 15-10b. eyIg)an
6
3
1 .5 1 .5

2
k1 = EI 1.5
1 .5 1 .5

1
1 .5

5
2
1 .5 1 .5 6
1.5 1 3
1 .5 1 .5 5

1 .5 2 2

5
2
1 .5 1 .5

2
k 2 = EI 1.5
1 .5 1 .5

1
1 .5

4
1
1 .5 1 .5 5
1.5 1 2
1.5 1.5 4

1 .5 2 1

bMlas;TI nigbnk karpMm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<n nigkarsresrsmIkarPaBrwgRkajsRmab;

rcnasm<n eyIg)an
1
2
3
1
0
4
2
0
1
4
1

4 = EI 0
1
2

Q4
1.5 1.5 0
Q5
1.5
0 1.5

1.5 1.5
0
Q6

4
1.5
1.5
0
1.5
1.5
0

5
1.5
0
1.5
1.5
3
1.5

6
0 D1
1.5 D2
1.5 D3

0 0

1.5 0.0015

1.5 0

edaHRsayrkbMlas;TIEdlCaGBaat
4
= 2 D1 + D2 + 0 D3 1.5(0 ) + 1.5( 0.0015) + 0
EI
0 = 1D1 + 4 D2 + 1D3 1.5(0 ) + 0 + 0
Beam analysis using the stiffness method

T.Chhay

-513

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

4
= 0 D1 + 1D2 + 2 D3 + 0 1.5( 0.0015) + 0
EI

edayCMnYs EI = 200(10 6 )(22)(10 6 ) nigedaHRsay eyIg)an

D1 = 0.001580rad

D2 = 0

D3 = 0.001580rad

edayeRbIlTplTaMgenH dUcenHkmaMgRbtikmTRmKW
Q4 = 200(10 6 )22(10 6 )[ 1.5(0.001580 ) 1.5(0 ) + 0 + 1.5(0 ) 1.5( 0.0015) + 0] = 0.525kN
Q5 = 200(10 6 )22(10 6 )[1.5(0.001580) + 0 1.5( 0.001580) 1.5(0 ) + 3( 0.0015) 1.5(0)] = 1.05kN
Q6 = 200(10 6 )22(10 6 )[0 + 1.5(0) + 1.5( 0.001580) + 0 1.5( 0.0015) + 1.5(0)] = 0.525kN

]TahrN_ 15-4 kMNt;m:Um:g;EdlekItmanenARtg;TRm A rbs;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 15-11a.

yk E = 200GPa nig I = 216(10 6 )mm 4 .

dMeNaHRsay

kareFVIkMNt;smal; enATIenH Fwmman degree of freedom EdlCaGBaatcMnYnBI EdlkMNt;elxerogeday

elxkUd ! nig @.
karviPaKedaym:aRTIsTamTareGaybnkGnuvtenARtg; node dUcenHeKRtUvCMnYsbnkBRgay nig
bnkcMcMNucedaym:Um:g;bgb;cugsmmUlrbs;vaEdlRtUv)ankMNt;BItaragenAkgemeron !! emIl]TahrN_
11-2. cMNaMfa minmanbnkxageRkAmanGMeBIenARtg; eT edaysarkmaMgRbtikmenARtg;elxkUd #
karviPaKFwmedayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

T.Chhay

-514

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

nig $ CaGBaatenAkgm:aRTIsbnk. edayeRbIviFItRmYtpl lTplnkarviPaKm:aRTIssRmab;bnkenAkgrUb

TI 15-11b RtUv)anEktRmUvenAeBleRkayedaybnkEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 15-11c. BIrUbTI 15-11b
m:aRTIsbMlas;TI nigm:aRTIsbnksmtikmKW
0 4
Dk = 0 5
0 6

12 1
Qk =
84 2

m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt; eKkMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;BIsmIkar 15-1.

Ggt;elx ! 12EI3 = 12(2003)(216) = 2400
L
6 EI

6
6(200 )(216)

=
= 7200
L2
62
4 EI 4(200)(216)
=
= 28800
L
6
2 EI 2(200)(216)
=
= 14400
L
6
4
3
5
2
2400 7200 2400 7200 4

k1 = 7200 28800 7200 14400 3

2400 7200 2400 7200 5

7200 14400 7200 28800 2

12 EI 12(200)(216 )
=
= 64800
L3
23
6 EI 6(200 )(216)
=
= 64800
L2
22
4 EI 4(200)(216)
=
= 86400
L
2
2 EI 2(200)(216)
=
= 43200
L
2
5
2
6
1
64800 64800 64800 64800 5

k 2 = 64800 86400 64800 43200 2

64800 64800 64800 64800 6

64800 43200 64800 86400 1

Ggt;elx @

bMlas;TI nigbnk eyIgtRmUveGay

Q = KD

Beam analysis using the stiffness method

T.Chhay

-515

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

5
6
1
2
3
4
0
0
64800 64800 D1
12 86400 43200
84 43200 115200 14400 7200 57600 64800 D

2
Q3 = 0
14400 28800 7200 7200
0 0


7200
7200 2400 2400 64800 0
Q4 0
Q5 64800 57600 7200 2400 67200 64800 0


0
0
64800 64800 0
Q6 64800 64800

edayedaHRsaytamrebobFmta
12 = 86400 D1 + 43200 D2
84 = 43200 D1 + 115200 D2

( )
= 0.8333(10 )m

D1 = 0.2778 10 3 m
D2

dUcenH Q3 = 0 + 14400(0.8333)(10 3 )m = 12kN .m

m:Um:g;Cak;EsgenARtg; A RtUvEtrYmbBalkmaMgRbtikmTRmbgb; + 96kN .m EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 1511c CamYynwglTplEdl)anKNnasRmab; Q3 . dUcenH
M AB = 12kN .,+96kN .m = 108kN .m

lTplenHdUcKanwglTplEdlKNnaenAkg]TahrN_ 11-2.
eTaHbICaeKminRtUvkarKNnam:Umg: ; nigkmaMgkat;enARtg;cMNuc B enATIenHkeday EteKGacKitGac
KNnava)an ]TahrN_ Ggt;elx !/ node @ rUbTI 15-11b. lTplTamTarkarBnat
q1 = k1d + (q0 )1
4
3
5
2
q 4 2400 7200 2400 7200 0
6
q 7200 28800 7200 14400 0

3 =
10 3 + 96

q5 2400 7200 67200 57600 0

6

96
q 2 7200 14400 57600 115200 0.833

( )

]TahrN_ 15-5

kMNt;PaBdabenARtg; nigkmaMgRbtikmTRmenAelIFwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 15-12a. EI

CacMnYnefr.
karviPaKFwmedayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

T.Chhay

-516

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

dMeNaHRsay

kareFVIkMNt;smal; FwmRtUv)anEbgEckCaBIrFatu ehIy node nigGgt;RtUv)ankMNt;CamYynwgTisBIcug

CiteTAcugqay rUbTI 15-12b. PaBdabEdlCaGBaatRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 15-12c. cMNaMfa
bMlas;TImMu D4 minekItmaneT edayfakarTb;edayTRmrGilxag.
m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt; edaysar EI CacMnYnefr ehIyGgt;manRbEvgesIKa enaHm:aRTIsPaBrwg
RkajsRmab;Ggt;RtUvEtdUcKa. edayeRbIelxkUdedIm,IkMNt;elxerogCYredk nigCYrQrnImYyedayeyag
eTAtamsmIkar 15-1 nigrUbTI 15-12b eyIg)an
3
4
1
.
5
1
.
5

1 .5
2
k1 = EI
1 .5 1 .5

1
1 .5

1
2
1 .5 1 .5 3
1.5 1 4
1 .5 1 .5 1

1 .5 2 2

1
2
1
.
5
1
.
5

1 .5
2
k 2 = EI
1 .5 1 .5

1
1 .5

5
6
1 .5 1 .5 1
1.5 1 2
1.5 1.5 5

1 .5 2 6

bMlas;TI nigbnk pMm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;eTAkgm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<n eyIg)an

Q = KD
1
2
P

0

3
0
0
4

0 = EI 1.5 1.5

Q4
1.5 1
Q5
1.5 1.5

1
1.5
Q6

3
4
1.5 1.5
1.5
1
1.5 1.5
1.5
2
0
0
0
0

Beam analysis using the stiffness method

5
6
1.5 1.5 D1
1.5 1 D2
0
0 D3

0
0 0
1.5 1.5 0

1.5 2 0
T.Chhay

-517

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

edayedaHRsayrkbMlas;TI eyIg)an

P
= 3D1 + 0 D2 1.5D3
EI

0 = 0 D1 + 4 D2 + 1.5D3
0 = 1.5D1 + 1.5D2 + 1.5D3
1.667 P
D1 =
EI
P
D2 =
EI
2.667 P
D3 =
EI

cMNaMfa sBaarbs;lTplTaMgenHRtUvEtRtUvKanwgTisedArbs;PaBdabEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 15-12c.

kareRbIlTplTaMgenH kmaMgRbtikmKW
1.667 P
P
2.667 P
Q4 = 1.5 EI
+ 1EI + 1.5 EI
= 0.5P
EI
EI

EI

1.667 P
P 2.667 P
Q5 = 1.5EI
1.5EI + 0
=P
EI
EI

EI
1.667 P
P 2.667 P
Q6 = 1.5 EI
+ 1EI + 0
= 1.5 P
EI
EI

EI

karviPaKFwmedayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

T.Chhay

-518

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

cMeNaT
!%>! kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRm. snt;CaTRm
kl;. EI CacMnYnefr.

!%>% kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enAkgFwmenARtg; nig.

snt;CaTRmkl; ehIy nigCaTRmsnak;.
EI CacMnYnefr.

!%>@ kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enAkgFwmenARtg; nig.

snt;CaTRmkl; ehIyCaTRmsnak;. EI Ca
cMnYnefr.

!%>^ kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRm. snt;CaTRm

snak; ehIy nig CaTRmkl . EI CacMnYn
efr.

!%># kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRm. EI CacMnYnefr.

!%>& kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRm. EI CacMnYnefr.

!%>$ kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;TRm. snt

;
CaTRmkl;. EI CacMnYnefr.

!%>* kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg; nig. snt;

CaTRmkl; ehIy nigCaTRmbgb;. EI Ca
cMnYnefr.

Problems

T.Chhay

-519

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

!%>!! kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRm. eKmanTRmrGil

tamTisbBarenARtg; dUcbgaj. EI CacMnYn
efr.
!%>( kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg; nig RbsinebI
TRmRsut 30mm cMeNaT !%>(. snt; Ca
TRmkl; ehIy nigCaTRmbgb;.
EI = 5000kN .m 2 .
!%>!0 kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRm. EI CacMnYnefr.

cMeNaT

T.Chhay

-520

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

!^> karviPaKeRKagkgbg;edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj
(Plane frame analysis using the stiffness method)

eKalKMnitEdl)anbgajenAkgemeronelIkmunEdlerobrab;GMBIkaeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkajenAelI trusses
nigFwmRtUv)anBnat nigGnuvteTAelIkarviPaKeRKag. viFIenHnwgbgajfadMeNIrkarsRmab;edaHRsayman
lkNRsedogKaeTAnwgkaredaHRsaysRmab;Fwm b:uEnvaRtUvkareRbIm:aRTIsbMElg edaysarGgt;eRKagsit
kgTisepSg.

!^>!> m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajrbs;Ggt;eRKag (Frame-member stiffness matrix)

enAkgkfaxNenH eyIgnwgbegItm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;eRKagEdlmanmuxkat;efr
(prismatic frame member) BIRbBnkUGredaentMbn; x' , y ' , z ' rUbTI 16-1. enATIenH Ggt;rgkmaMg
tamGkS q N , q F kmaMgkat; q N , q F , nigm:Um:g;Bt; q N , q F enARtg;cugCit nigcugqayrbs;va
erogKa. bnkTaMgenHsuTEtmanGMeBItamTiskUGredaenviCmanCamYynwgbMlas;TIrbs;va. dUcKakgkrNIFwm
m:Um:g; q N nig q F viCmanvilRcasTisRTnicnaLika edaysarkareRbIviFandsaM viucTrm:Um:g;manTistam
GkS z' EdlecjBIpRkdas.
x'

z'

x'

y'

y'

z'

z'

z'

eyIg)anBicarNaTMnak;TMngrvagbnk nigbM;las;TIEdlbNalBIbnkTaMgenHenAkgemeronelIkmun.
bnktamGkSRtUv)anerobrab;edayeyageTAelIrUbTI 14-2 kmaMgkat;eyageTAtamrUbTI 15-5 ehIym:Um:g;
Bt;eyagtamrUbTI 15-6. tamviFItRmYtpl RbsinebIeKbUkbBallTplTaMgGs;enHcUlKa eKGacsresr
TMnak;TMngrvagbMlas;TI nigbnkcMnYnR)aMmYysRmab;Ggt;kgTRmg;m:aRTIsdUcxageRkam
Plane frame analysis using the stiffness method

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Department of Civil Engineering

N x'

NPIC

N y'

N z'

Fx'

F y'

Fz'

q N x'
d
AE
N x'

AE

0
0
0
0

L
q N y '
12 EI
6 EI
12 EI 6 EI d N y '

3
0

3
2
2
L
L
L
L

6 EI
4 EI
6 EI
2 EI d
q N z' 0
Nz'
2
0
2

L
L
L
L

AE

AE
0
0
0
0 d F
q Fx '
x'
L

L
EI
EI
EI
EI
12
6
12
6

3 2

0
0

3
2 d
q Fy '
L
L
L
L Fy '

6 EI
2 EI
6 EI
4 EI

L
L d
L2
L2
q F
z'
Fz '

(16-1)

btamTRmg;kat;
q = k'd
(16-2)
m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt; k ' pSMeLIgedayemKuN\TiBlcMnYn 36 EdltMNagedaybnkenAelIGgt;
enAeBlGgt;rgbMlas;TIktaCak;lak;NamYy. CaBiess CYrQrnImYyenAkgm:aRTIsnImYyCabnkkg
Ggt;sRmab;bMlas;TIktaEdlkMNt;edayelxkUd degree of freedom EdlmanbgajenABIxagelICYrQr
nImYy. eRKagEdleKRtUvKNnaRtUvEtbMeBjlkxNlMnwg niglkxNbMlas;TIRtUvKa.

!^>@> m:aRTIsbMElgnbMlas;TI nigm:aRTIsbMElgnkmaMg

(Displacement and force transformation matrices)

dUcenAkgkrNI trusses, eyIgRtUvbMElgbnkkgGgt; q nigbMlas;TI d BIkUGredaen x' / y' / z' eTA

CakUGredaenskl x, y, z . sRmab;ehtuplenH eKRtUvkarm:aRTIsbMElg.
m:aRTIsbMElgbMlas;TI (displacement transformation matrix) eKmanGgt;eRKagdUcbgajenAkgrUb
TI 16-2a. enATIenH eyIgeXIjfabMlas;TI DN kgRbBnkUGredaensklbegIt)anbMlas;TIkgkUGredaen
tMbn;
x

d N x ' = D N x cos x

d N y ' = D N x cos y

dUcKa bMlas;TI DN enAkgbMlas;TIskl rUbTI 16-2b begIt)anbMlas;TIenAkgkUGedaentMbn;

y

d N x ; = D N y cos y

d N y ' = D N y cos x

cugeRkay edaysarGkS z' nigGkS z RtYtsIuKa manTisedAecjBIpesovePA mMurgVil DN CMuvijGkS z eFVI

eGaymanmMurgVilRtUvKa D N CMuvijGkS z' . dUcenH
z

z'

karviPaKeRKagkgbg;edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

DNz' = DNz

tamrebobdUcKa RbsinebIeKeFVIeGaymanbMlas;TIskl DF tamTis x / DF tamTis y nigmMurgVil DF

enAxagcugqayrbs;Ggt; smIkarbMElgKW
x

d Fx ' = D Fx cos x

d Fy ' = D Fx cos y

d Fx ' = DFy cos y

d Fy ' = DFy cos x

d Fz ' = D Fz

yk x = cos x , y = cos y CakUsIunUsR)ab;Tisrbs;Ggt; eyIgGacsresrrYmpSMKanbMlas;TICaTRmg;

m:aRTIsdUcxageRkam
d N x' x y
d
N y ' y x
d Nz' 0
0
=

0
d Fx ' 0
dF 0
0
y'
0
d Fz ' 0

0 0
0
0 0
0
1 0
0
0 x y
0 y x
0 0
0

0 D N x

0 D N y
0 D N z

0 DFx
0 D Fy

1 D Fz

(16-3)

b d = TD
(16-4)
tamkarGegt m:aRTIs T bMElgbMlas;TI D kgkUGredaenskl x, y, z TaMgR)aMmYyeGayeTACabMlas;TI d
kgkUGredaentMbn; x' , y' , z' TaMgR)aMmYy. enATIenHm:aRTIs T RtUv)aneKsal;Cam:aRTIsbMElgbMlas;TI.

m:aRTIsbMElgkMlaMg RbsinebIeyIgGnuvtbgMkmaMgnImYyeTAelIcugCitrbs;Ggt; eyIgGackMNt;BIrebob

bMElgbgMkmaMgBIkUGredaentMbn;eGayeTACakUGredaenskl. edayGnuvt q N rUbTI 16-3a eyIgGac
eXIjfa
x'

Q N x = q N x ' cos x
Plane frame analysis using the stiffness method

Q N y = q N x ' cos y
T.Chhay

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

RbsinebIeKGnuvt q N rUbTI 16-3b enaHbgMkmaMgrbs;vaKW

y'

Q N x = q N y ' cos y

Q N y = q N y ' cos x

cugeRkay edaysar q N RtYtsIuCamYynwg QN eyIg)an

z'

QN z = q N z'

tamrebobdUcKa bnkenARtg;cugGgt; q F

x'

, q Fy ' , q Fz '

nwgpl;nUvbgMkmaMgdUcxageRkam

Q Fx = q Fx ' cos x

QFy = q Fx ' cos y

Q Fx = q Fy ' cos y

QFy = q Fy ' cos x

Q Fz = q Fz '

smIkarTaMgbIEdlpMenAkgTRmg;m:aRTIsCamYynwg x = cos x ,
Q N x x y
Q
N y y x
Q N z 0
0
=

0
QFx 0
QF 0
0
y
0
Q Fz 0

0
0
1
0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

x y
y x
0

y = cos y

pl;nUv

0 q N x '

0 q N y '
0 q N z '

0 q Fx '
0 q Fy '

1 q Fz '

(16-5)

b
Q =TTq
(16-6)
enATIenH dUckarerobrab; m:aRTIs T T bMElgbnkenAelIGgt;TaMgR)aMmYyEdlsresrenAkgkUGredaentMbn;
eGayeTACabnkTaMgR)aMmYyEdlsresrenAkgkUGredaenskl.

!^>#> m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsklsRmab;Ggt;eRKag
(Frame-Member Global Stiffness Matrix)

eKGacpMlTplnkfaxNelIkmunedIm,IkMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;EdlPab;TMnak;TMng
rvagbnkskl Q eTAnwgbMlas;TIskl D . edIm,IeFVIEbbenH eKRtUvCMnYssmIkar 16-4 d = TD eTAkg
smIkar 16-2 q = k ' d . eyIg)an
q = k 'TD

(16-7)

enATIenH kmaMgkgGgt; q Tak;TgnwgbMlas;TIskl D . edayCMnYslTplenHeTAkgsmIkar 16-6

Q = T T q eKTTYl)anlTplcugeRkay
Q = T T k 'TD

karviPaKeRKagkgbg;edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

(16-8)

T.Chhay

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mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

Q = kD
b
k = T T k 'T
(16-9)
Edl
enATIenH k Cam:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsklsRmab;Ggt;. eyIgGacTTYltmrbs;vakgTRmg;TUeTAedayeRbI
smIkar 16-5/ 16-1 nig 16-3 ehIyedayeFVIRbmaNviFIm:aRTIs eKnwgTTYl)anlTplcugeRkay

(16-10)

cMNaMfam:aRTIsTMhM 6 6 Cam:aRTIssIuemRTI. elIsBIenH eKPab;TItaMgrbs;FatunImYyeTAnwgkUdenARtg;cug

Cit N x , N y , N z EdlbnedayelxkUdenARtg;cugqay Fx , Fy , Fz EdlRtUv)anbgajenAxagelInCYr
Qr nigtambeNayCYredk. dUcm:aRTIs k ' CYrQrnImYyrbs;m:aRTIs k CabnkenAelIGgt;Rtg; node Edl
KRtUvkaredIm,ITb;Tl;nwgbM;las;TIktatamTisEdlkMNt;edayelxkUdrbs;CYrQr. ]TahrN_ CYrQrTI
mYyrbs;m:aRTIs k CabnkenAkgkUGredaensklRtg;cugCit nigcugqayEdlbgeLIgedaybMlas;TIkta
enARtg;cugCittamTis x eBalKW N x .

!^>$> karGnuvtnviFIPaBrwgRkajsRmab;karviPaKeRKag
(Application of the stiffness method for frame analysis)

enAeBlEdleKbegItm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;rYcehIy eKGacpMBYkvabBalKaeTAkgm:aRTIs
PaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<ntamrebobFmta. edaysresrsmIkarm:aRTIssRmab;rcnasm<n eKGac
kMNt;bM;las;TIenARtg; node EdlminmankarTb; EdlbnedaykmaMgRbtikm nigkmaMgkgenARtg; node.
eKGacedaHRsaykmaMgxagEdlmanGMeBIelIGgt; kMhusqgedaysarplitkm bERmbRmYlsItuNPaB
kmaMgTRmeRTt nigkmaMgTRmxagkgtamrebobdUcKanwgGVIEdl)anerobrab;sRmab; truss nigFwm.
Plane frame analysis using the stiffness method

T.Chhay

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

dMeNIrkarkgkarviPaK (Procedure for analysis)

viFIxageRkampl;nUvmeFa)ayedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TI RbtikmTRm kmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;eRKagkMNt;
edaysaTic nigeRKagminkMNt;edaysaTic.

kareFVIkMNt;sMKal;

EckeRKOgbgMCaFatuGnntUc ehIykMNt;elxerogeGayGgt; nig node nImYyrbs;va. eKEtgEt

BnatFatuenAcnaHcMNucrbs;TRm cMNucrbs;bnkRtg;cMNuc RCugEkg btMNEdleKRtUvkarkMNt;
bMlas;TI bkmaMgkgrbs;Ggt;.
begItRbBnkUGredaen x, y, z CaTUeTAedIm,IPaBgayRsYlCamYynwgeKalEdlmanTItaMgenARtg;
cMNuc node enAelIFatumYy nigGkSEdlmanTItaMgy:agNaeGayRKb; node TaMgGs;mankUGredaen
viCman.
enARtg;cMNuc node nImYyrbs;eRKag kMNt;bgMelxkUdbIKW x, y, z . RKb;krNITaMgGs; eKeRbI
elxkUdtUcbMputedIm,IkMNt;elxerogsRmab; degree of freedom EdlminmankarTb; Edlbneday
elxkUdEdlenAsl; belxkUdEdlmanelxerogFMedIm,IsMKal; degree of freedom Edlmankar
Tb;.
begItbMlas;TIEdlsal; Dk nigbnkxageRkAEdlsal; Qk . enAeBlbegIt Qk eKRtUvR)akdkgkar
bBalbnkbgb;cugRbsinebIGgt;RTbnkenAkNal.

m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;eRKOgbgM

GnuvtsmIkar 16-10 edIm,IkMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;nImYyEdlsresrenAkgRbBn

kUGredaenskl. eKkMNt;kUsIunUsR)ab;Tis x nig y BIkUGredaen x, y ncugrbs;Ggt; smIkar
14-5 nig 14-6.
eRkayeBlsresrm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt;nImYy nigeRkayeBlkMNt;CYredk nigCYrQr
CamYynwgelxkUdcugCit nigcugqay eKGacRc)ac;m:aRTIsTaMgenHbBalKaedIm,IbegItm:aRTIsPaBrwg
RkajsRmab;eRKOgbgM K . sRmab;karepgpat;edayEpk m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;Ggt; nig
m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;eRKOgbgMKYrEtCam:aRTIssIuemRTI.

bMlas;TI nigkmaMg

EbgEckm:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajCaRkumdUcbgajedaysmIkar 14-18. karBnatenHeyIgTTYl)an

karviPaKeRKagkgbg;edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

T.Chhay

-526

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

Qk = K11 Du + K12 Dk
Qu = K 21 Du + K 22 Dk

eKkMNt;bMlas;TIEdlCaGBaat Du BIsmIkarTImYynsmIkarTaMgBIrxagelI. edayeRbItm

TaMgenH eKkMNt;kmaMgRbtikm Qu BIsmIkarTIBIr. cugbBab; eKGackMNt;kmaMgkg q enARtg;cug
rbs;Ggt;BIsmIkar 16-7 eBalKW
q = k 'TD

RbsinebIlTplnGBaatEdl)anKNnaCaTMhMGviCm an vabgajfaBYkvaeFVIGMeBItamTiskUGredaen
GviCman.

]TahrN_ 16-1 kMNt;bnkenARtg;tMNrbs;eRKagGgt;BIrEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 16-4a. yk I =

( )

1800 10 6 mm 4 A = 6000mm 2

ehIy E = 200GPa sRmab;Ggt;TaMgBIr.

Plane frame analysis using the stiffness method

T.Chhay

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

dMeNaHRsay

kareFVIkMNt;sMKal; tamkarGegt eRKagmanGgt;cMnYnBIr nig node cMnYnbIEdlRtUv)ankMNt;sMKal;dUc

bgajenAkgrUbTI 16-4b. eKalrbs;RbBnkUGredaensklRtUvmanTItaMgenARtg; . dMbUgelxkUdenA
Rtg; node RtUv)ankMNt;eday degree of freedom EdlminmankarTb;. BIkarTb;enARtg;nig nigbnk
Gnuvtn_ eyIg)an
20 1
0 2

Qk = 0 3

0 4
0 5

0 6
0 7
Dk =
0 8

0 9

m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;eRKOgbgM tYxageRkammanlkNdUcKasRmab;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;
Ggt;TaMgBIr
AE 6(10 3 )(200)(10 6 )
=
= 200(10 3 )kN / m
6
L
12 EI 12(200 )(10 6 )(180)(10 6 )
=
= 2(10 3 )kN / m
L3
6 EI

63
6(200) 10 6 (180) 10 6

( ) ( ) = 6(10 )kN / m
L
6
4 EI 4(200)(10 )(180)(10 )
=
= 24(10 )kN / m
2

L
6
6
2 EI 2(200) 10 (180) 10 6
=
= 12 103 kN / m
L
6
60
00
x =
=1
y =
=0
6
6

( ) ( ) ( )

Ggt;elx !
edayCMnYsTinnyeTAkgsmIkar 16-10 eyIg)an

4
6 5
1
2 3
200 0 0 200 0 0 4
0
2 6
0
2 6 6

6 24
0
6 12 5
k1 = 10 3 0

200 0 0 200 0 0 1
0
0
2 6 2
2 6

6 12
0
6 24 3
0

( )

karviPaKeRKagkgbg;edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

T.Chhay

-528

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

CYredk nigCYrQrnm:aRTIs 6 6 RtUv)ankMNt;edayelxkUdbI x, y, z CadMbUgenARtg;cugCit ehIybn

edaycugqayeBalKW $/ ^/ %/ !/ @/ # erogKa rUbTI 16-4b. eKeFVIEbbenHsRmab;karpMFatuelIkeRkay.
60
y =
= 1
Ggt;elx @ x = 6 6 6 = 0
6
edayCMnYsTinnyeTAkgsmIkar 16-10 eyIg)an
1

3
6

7
2

9
0
0
6 1
2
0 200 0 0 200 0 2

3 6
0
24 6
0
12 3
k 2 = 10

0
0
6 2
6 7
2
0 200 0 0 200 0 8

0
12 6
0
24 9
6

( )

CaFmta karkMNt;elxerogrbs;CUredk nigCYrQrKWeyageTAtamelxkUdTaMgbItamlMdab; x, y, z sRmab;

cugCit nigcugqay erogKa eBalKW !/ @/ # bnab;mk &/ */ ( rUbTI 16-4b.
m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;eRKOgbgMRtUv)ankMNt;edaykarpMm:aRTIs k1 nig k 2 . lTpln
Q = KD EdlbgajedaykarbMEbkCaRkumKW
1
2
0
20
202
0
0
202

0
6
6

0
200
0
3
10
=
0
0
6

2
Q6
0
Q
2
0
7

200
Q8
0
Q
6
0

( )

3
4
5 6 7
8
9
6 200 0 0 2
0
6 D1
0
6
6 2 0 200 0 D2
48
0
12 6 6
0
12 D3

0 200 0 0 0
0
0 D4
12
0
24 6 0
0
0 D5

6
0
6 2 0
0
0 0
0
0 0 2
6
6 0
0

0
0
0 0 0 200 0 0
12
0
0 0 6
0
24 0

(1)

kmaMg nigbMlas;TI edayBnatedIm,IedaHRsaybMlas;TI eyIgTTYl)an

0
6 200 0 D1 0
202
20
0
0
6 D2 0
202 6
0

0 = 10 3 6
6 48
0
12 D3 + 0

0 200 0 D4 0
200 0
0
0
0
6 12
0
24 D5 0

( )

edayedaHRsaym:aRTIsxagelI eyIgTTYl)am
Plane frame analysis using the stiffness method

T.Chhay

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
edayeRbIlTplTaMgenH eKGackMNt;kmaMgRbtikmBIsmIkar (1) dUcxageRkam
D1 17.51 10 3 m

D
6
2 37.47 10 m
D3 = 2.505 10 3 rad

3
D4 17.51 10 m
D5 1.243 10 3 rad

4 5

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
eKGackMNt;kmaMgkgenAkg node edayGnuvtsmIkar 16-7 eTAelIGgt;elx 1. enATIenH k ' RtUv
)ankMNt;edaysmIkar 16-1 ehIy T edaysmIkar 16-3. dUcenH
Q6
Q
3
7 = 10
Q8

Q9

6
2
0
2
0
6

0 200 0

0
12
6

17.51 10 - 3 m
6
0 7.50kN
6
m
37
.
47
10

0 20kN
0

2.505 10 rad + =

kN
0
7
.
50
0

17.51 10 3 m
0
0 75kN .m
3

1.243 10 rad

0
0
0
0

4
6
5
1
2 3
200 0 0 200 0 0 1
0
2 6
0
2 6 0

6 24
0
6 12 0
q1 = k1T1 D = 10 3 0

200 0 0 200 0 0 0
0
0
2 6 0
2 6

6 12
0
6 24 0
0

0
1
0
0
0
0

0
0
1
0
0
0

0
0
0
1
0
0

0
0
0
0
1
0

( ) 4

0 17.5 10 3

0
0
0 1.243 10 3

0 17.51 10 3
0 37.47 10 6

1 2.505 10 3

6
5

1
2

( )
( )
( )
( )
cMNaMkardMerobdRtwmRtUvnFatuenAkgm:aRTIsdUcEdl)anbgajedayelxkUdtamRCugxagrbs;CYrQr
nigCYredk. edaHRsaym:aRTIsxagelI eyIg)an
( )

0
q4

q 7.50kN
6

q5

0
=

0
q1

q 2 7.50kN

q3 45kN .m

lTplxagelIRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 16-4c. TisedArbs;viucTrTaMgenHRtUvKanwgTisviCmanEdlkMNt;

enAkgrUbTI 16-1. elIsBIenH eKalrbs;kUGredaen x', y', z' sitenARtg;cugCitrbs;Ggt;. tamrebob
dUcKa daRkamGgesrInGgt;elx @ RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 16-4d.
karviPaKeRKagkgbg;edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

T.Chhay

-530

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

]TahrN_ 16-2 kMNt;bnkenARtg;cugrbs;Ggt;nImYyneRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 16-5a. yk

( )

I = 225 10 6 mm 4 A = 7500mm 2

ehIy E = 200GPa sRmab;Ggt;nImYy.

dMeNaHRsay

kareFVIkMNt;sMKal; edIm,IGnuvtkarviPaKedayviFIm:aRTIs bnkBRgayEdlmanGMeBIenAelIGgt;edkRtUv)an

CMnYsedaym:Um:g;cugsmmUl nigkmaMgkat;enAxagcugsmmUlEdlRtUv)anKNnaBIsaTic nigBItaragenAkg
emeronTI11. bnab;mkedayeRbIviFItRmYtpl lTplEdlTTYl)ansRmab;eRKagenAkgrUbTI 16-5b RtUv
)anEktRmUvsRmab;Ggt;enHedaybnkEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 16-5c.
dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 16-5b, node nigGgt;RtUv)andak;elxerog ehIyeKalrbs;RbBnkUGredaen
sklRtUv)andak;enAkg node . tamFmta dMbUgeKRtUvdak;elxkUdeTAelI degree of freedom Edlmin
mankarTb;. dUcenH

Plane frame analysis using the stiffness method

T.Chhay

-531

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

0 4
0 5

0 6
Dk =
0 7
0 8

0 9

0 1
Qk = 150 2
150 3

m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<n
Ggt;elx !
EA 7500(10 6 )(200)(10 6 )
=
= 200(103 )kN / m
L
12 EI
3

L
6 EI

7.5
12(200) 10 6 (225) 10 6

( )

( ) = 1280kN / m

(7.5)
6(200)(225)
=
= 4800kN
(7.5)2
4(200)(225)
=
= 24(103 )kN .m
3

L2
4 EI
7.5
L
2 EI 2(200 )(225)
=
= 12 10 3 kN .m
7.5
L
60
4.5 0
x =
= 0.8
y =
= 0.6
7.5
7.5

( )

edayGnuvtsmIkar 16-10/ eyIg)an

4
6
5
1
128.46 95.39 2.88 128.46
95.39
72.82 3.84 95.39

3.84
24
2.88
k1 = 10 3 2.88

128.46 95.39 2.88 128.46

95.39 72.84 3.84 95.39

3.84
12
2.88
2.88

( )

Ggt;elx @

( )

( )

2
3
95.39 2.88 4
72.82 3.84 6
3.84
12 5

95.39 2.88 1
72.82 3.84 2

3.84
24 3

EA 7500 10 6 (200) 10 6
=
= 250 10 3 kN / m
L
6
12 EI 12(200 )(225)
=
= 2500kN / m
L3
(6)3
6 EI 6(200 )(225)
=
= 7500kN
L2
(6)2
4 EI 4(200)(225)
=
= 30 10 3 kN .m
L
6

( )

( )

karviPaKeRKagkgbg;edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

T.Chhay

-532

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

2 EI 2(200)(225)
=
= 15 103 kN .m
L
6
12 6
4.5 4.5
x =
=1
y =
=0
6
6

( )

dUcenH smIkar 16-10 kayCa

1
2
3
7
8
9
0 250 0
0 1
250 250
0
7 .5 7 .5
0
2.5 7.5 2

0
30
0
7.5 15 3
k 2 = 10 3 0

0
250
0
0 7
250 0
0
0
2.5 7.5 8
2 .5 7 .5

7.5 15
0
7.5 30 9
0

( )

m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkajsRmab;rcnasm<nEdlrYmbBalenAkg Q = KD kayCa
1
0
378.46
150
95.39

150
2.88

128.46
Q4
3
Q5 = 10 95.39

Q6
2.88
Q
20
7

Q8
0

0
Q9

( )

2
95.39
75.32

3
7.88
3.66

4
5
6
7
8
9
0 D1
128.46 95.39 2.88 250 0
0
95.39 72.82 3.84
2.5 7.5 D2
3.66
54
3.84
12
0
2.88
7.5 15 D3

0
0
0 0
95.39 2.88 128.46 95.39 2.88
(1)
95.39
72.82 3.84
0
0
0 0
72.82 3.84

12
3.84
24
0
0
0 0
3.84
2.88
0
0
0
0
0
250
0
0 0

0
0
0
0
2 .5 7 .5 0
2.5 7.5

7 .5
15
0
0
0
0
7.5 30 0

bMlas;TI nigbnk Bnatm:aRTIsxagelIedIm,IkMNt;bMlas;TI nigedayedaHRsay eyIg)an

0
378.46 95.39 2.88 D1 0
150 = 10 3 95.39 75.32 3.66 + D + 0

2
150
2.88 3.66 54 D3 0
D1 0.716mm
D = 2.76mm
2

D3 0.00261rad

( )

edayeRbIlTplTaMgenH eKGackMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRmBIsmIkar (1) dUcbgaj

Plane frame analysis using the stiffness method

T.Chhay

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

Q4 128.46 95.39 2.88

Q 95.39 72.82 3.84
5

0.716
Q6 2.88
12
3.84
2.76
=

0
0
Q7 250
0.00261 10 3
Q8 0

2 .5 7 .5

7 .5
15
Q9 0

0 178.8kN
0 122.7 kN

+ 0 = 18.7 kN .m
0 179.0kN

0 26.5kN

0 59.9kN .m

( )

eKGackMNt;kmaMgkgBIsmIkar 16-7 EdlGnuvteTAGgt;elx ! nigelx @. enAkgkrNIGgt;elx !/

q = k '1 T1 D Edl k '1 RtUv)ankMNt;BIsmIkar 16-1 ehIy T1 RtUv)ankMNt;BIsmIkar 16-3. dUcenH
4
5
6
1
0
0 200
q 4 200
q 0
1.28 4.8
0
5
q6 = 0
0
4.8
2.4

0
0
200
q7 200
q8 0
1.28 4.8
0

4.8
12
0
q9 0

2
3
0
0 0.8 0.6
1.28 4.8 0.6 0.8
4.8 12 0
0

0
0 0
0
1.28 1.8 0
0

4.8 24 0
0

0 0
0
0 0
0
1 0
0
0 0.8 0
0 0.6 0.8
0 0
0

0 0 4
0 0 5
0 0 6

0 0.716 1
0 2.76 2

1 2.61 3

enATIenH elxkUdbgajCYredk nigCYrQrsRmab;cugCit nigcugqayrbs;Ggt; erogKa eBalKW $/ %/ ^

bnab;mk !/ @/ # rUbTI 16-5b. dUcenH
q 4 216.6kN
q 9.15kN
5

q6 18.7kN .m
=

q1 216.6kN
q 2 9.15kN

q3 50kN .m

lTplTaMgenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 16-5d.
karviPaKdUcKaRtUv)aneFVIsRmab;Ggt;elx @. lTplRtUv)anbgajenAxageqVgkgrUbTI 16-5e.
sRmab;Ggt;enH eyIgRtUvdak;bnknrUbTI 16-5c dUcenHlTplcugeRkaysRmab;Ggt;elx @ RtUv)an
bgajenAxagsaM.

karviPaKeRKagkgbg;edayeRbIviFIPaBrwgRkaj

T.Chhay

-534

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

cMeNaT
16>4 kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRmkgenARtg; nig
cMeNaT 16>3. yk E = 200GPa /
I = 300(10 6 )mm 4 , A = 21(10 3 )mm 2 sRmab;
Ggt;nImYy.
16>5 kMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkaj K sRmab;
eRKag. yk E = 200GPa I = 250(106 )mm 4 ,
A = 19(10 3 )mm 2 sRmab;Ggt;nImYy. snt;
nig CatMNbgb;.

16>1 kMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkaj K sRmab;

eRKag. snt; nig CaTRmsnak;. yk
E = 200GPa I = 243(10 6 )mm 4 ,
A = 6000mm 2 sRmab;Ggt; nImYy.

16>2 kMNt;kmaMgkgenARtg;cugrbs;Ggt;nImYy
cMeNaT 16>1. snt; nig CaTRm
snak;. yk E = 200GPa / I = 243(106 )mm 4 ,
A = 6000mm 2 sRmab;Ggt;nImYy.
16>3 kMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkaj K sRmab;Ggt;
nImYyrbs;eRKag. snt; Casnak; nig Ca
TRmbgb;. yk E = 200GPa / I = 300(10 )mm
A = 21(10 3 )mm 2 sRmab;Ggt;nImYy.
6

Problems

16>6 kMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkaj K sRmab;Ggt;

nImYyrbs;eRKag. yk E = 200GPa
I = 280(10 6 )mm 4 , A = 18(10 3 )mm 2
sRmab;Ggt;nImYy.

T.Chhay

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Department of Civil Engineering

16>7 kMNt;kmaMgkgenARtg;cugrbs;Ggt;nImYy
cMeNaT 16>6. yk E = 200GPa /
I = 280(10 6 )mm 4 , A = 18(10 3 )mm 2
sRmab;Ggt;nImYy.
16>8 kMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkaj K sRmab;
eRKag. yk E = 200GPa I = 250(106 )mm 4 ,
A = 12(10 3 )mm 2 sRmab;Ggt;nImYy.

16>9 kMNt;bgMbMlas;TIRtg; ncMeNaT

16>8. yk E = 200GPa I = 250(106 )mm 4 ,
A = 12(10 3 )mm 2 sRmab;Ggt;nImYy.
16>10 kMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkaj K sRmab;
eRKag. yk E = 200GPa I = 240(106 )mm 4 ,
A = 6(10 3 )mm 2 sRmab;Ggt;nImYy. snt;
nig Casnak; ehIy CatMNbgb;.

cMeNaT

NPIC

16>11 kMNt;mMurgVilkgenARtg; nig nig

kmaMgRbtikmenAkgcMeNaT 16>10.
16>12 kMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkaj K sRmab;
Ggt;nImYyrbs;eRKag. yk E = 200GPa
I = 270(10 6 )mm 4 , A = 6(10 3 )mm 2 sRmab;Ggt;
nImYy.

16>13 kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRm nig

kgcMeNaT 16>12. tMN nig CatMN
snak; ehIy nig CatMNbgb;. yk
T.Chhay

-536

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

( )
A = 9(10 )mm sRmab;Ggt; nImYy.
16>14 kMNt;m:aRTIsPaBrwgRkaj K sRmab;
eRKagEdlmanGgt;BIr. yk E = 200GPa
I = 350(10 )mm , A = 20(10 )mm sRmab;
Ggt;nImYy. tMN nig CatMNsnak; ehIy
CatMNbgb;.
E = 200GPa I = 270 10 6 mm 4 ,
3

16>15 kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmTRmenARtg; nig

ncMeNaT 16>14.

Problems

T.Chhay

-537

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

m:aRTIssRmab;karviPaKeRKOgbgM

A.
(Matrix algebra for structural Analysis)

>!> niymny nigRbePTm:aRTIs (basic definitions and types of matrices)

edaysarPaBcaM)ac;nkMuBTr dUcenHkarGnuvtm:aRTIssRmab;karviPaKeRKOgbgMmanlkNTU
lMTUlay. m:aRTIspl;nUvmeFa)aydsmRsbsRmab;karviPaKenH edaysarvamanlkNgayRsYl
kgkarsresrrUbmnkgTRmg;c,as;las; ehIybnab;mkedaHRsaym:aRTIsedayeRbIkMuBTr. sRmab;
mUlehtuenH visVkreRKOgbgMRtUvEtyl;BIvaeGay)anc,as;.
m:aRTIs m:aRTIsCakartMerobelxkgTRmg;ctuekaNEdlamnCYredk m nigCYrQr n . elx EdleK
ehAfaFatu RtUv)antMerobenAkgekb. ]TahrN_ m:aRTIs A RtUv)ansresrCa
a11 a12 L a1n

a
21 a 22 L a 2 n

A=

a m1 a m 2 L a mn

m:aRTIsEbbenHRtUv)aneKehAfam:aRTIs m n . cMNaMfasnsSn_TImYysRmab;FatunImYyCaTItaMgCUr
edkrbs;va ehIysnsSn_TIBIrCaTItaMgCYrQrrbs;va. CaTUeTA aij CaFatuEdlmanTItaMgenAkgCYredk
TI i nigCYrQrTI j .
m:aRTIsCYredk RbsinebIm:aRTIspSMeLIgEtBIFatuenAkgCYredkeTal eKehAvafaCam:aRTIsCYredk.
]TahrN_ m:aRTIsCYredk1 n RtUv)aneKsresrCa
A = [a1 a 2 L a n ]

enATIenH eKeRbIEtsnsSn_eTaledIm,IsMKal;Fatu edaysareKdwgfasnsSn_CYrQresInwg1 eBalKW

a1 = a11 , a 2 = a12 , nigbnbnab;.
m:aRTIsCYrQr m:aRTIsEdlmanFatuKrelIKakgCYreTal eKeGayeQaHvafam:aRTIsCYrQr.
m:aRTIsCYrQr m 1 KW
a1
a
2
A=
M

a m

enATIenH Fatu a1 = a11 ,

m:aRTIssRmab;karviPaKeRKOgbgM

a 2 = a 21 ,

nigbnbnab;.
T.Chhay

-538

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

m:aRTIskaer enAeBlcMnYnCYredkrbs;m:aRTIsesInwgcMnYnCYrQr m:aRTIsenHmaneQaHfam:aRTIskaer.

m:aRTIskaer n n manTRmg;
a11 a12 L a1n
a

21 a 22 L a 2 n

A=

a n1 a n 2 L a nn

m:aRTIsGgt;RTUg enAeBlRKb;FatuTaMgGs;rbs;m:aRTIsesIsUn elIkElgEtFatutamGgt;RTUg m:aRTIs

enHmaneQaHfam:aRTIsGgt;RTUg. ]TahrN_
0
a11 0

A = 0 a 22 0
0
0 a 33

m:aRTIskta m:aRTIsktaCam:aRTIsGgt;RTUgEdlFatutamGgt;esInwgcMnYnkta. ]TahrN_

1 0 0
I = 0 1 0
0 0 1

m:aRTIssIuemRTI m:aRTIskaermanlkNsIuemRTIluHRtaEt aij = a ji . ]TahrN_

3 5 2
A = 5 1 4
2 4 8

>@> RbmaNviFIma:RTIs (matrix operation)

smPaBrbs;m:aRTIs m:aRTIs A nig B esIKaRbsinebIm:aRTIsTaMgBIrmanlMdab;esIKa ehIyFatuRtUvKa

rbs;m:aRTIsTaMgBIresIKa eBalKW aij = bij . ]TahrN_ RbsinebI
2 6
A=

4 3

2 6
B=

4 3

enaH A = B
plbUk nigpldkrbs;m:aRTIs eKGaceFVIRbmaNviFIbUk bdkm:aRTIseTA)anluHRtavaCam:aRTIsEdlman
lMdab;esIKa. lTplRtUv)anTTYlBIkarbUk nigdkFatuRtUvKa. ]TahrN_ RbsinebI
enaH

6 7
A=

2 1
1 15
A+ B=

3 3

Matrix algebra for structural analysis

5 8
B=

1 4
11 1
A B =

1 5

T.Chhay

-539

Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

RbmaNviFIKuNedaysaElr enAeBlm:aRTIsRtUv)anKuNedaysaElr FatunImYyrbs;m:aRTIsRtUv)an

KuNnwgTMhMsaElrenH. ]TahrN_ RbsinebI
4 1
A=

6 2
24 6
kA =

36 12

k = 6

enaH
RbmaNviFIKuNm:aRTIs eKGacKuNm:aRTIsBIr A nig B bBalKa)anluHRtaEtvaRsbKa. lkxNenH
GacbMeBj)an RbsinebIcMnnY rbs;CYrQrenAkgm:aRTIs A esInwgcMnYnCYredkkgm:aRTIs B . ]TahrN_
RbsinebI
b11 b12 b13
B=

b21 b22 b23

a
a
A = 11 12
a 21 a 22

(A-1)

enaHeKGackMNt; AB edaysar A manBIrCYrQr ehIy B manBIrCYredk. b:uEncMNaMfa eKminGackMNt;

BA )aneT. ehtuGVI?
RbsinebIeKKuNm:aRTIs A EdlmanlMdab; (m n) CamYynwgm:aRTIs B EdlmanlMdab; (n q )
eyIgnwgTTYl)anm:aRTIs C EdlmanlMdab; (m q ) eBalKW
A

(m n ) (n q )

(m q )

eKrkFaturbs;m:aRTIs C edayeRbIFatu aij rbs;m:aRTIs A nig bij rbs;m:aRTIs B dUcxageRkam

cij =

aik bkj

(A-2)

k =1

eKGacBnl;viFIsaRsnrUbmnenHeday]TahrN_samBaxH. eKman
2 4 3
A=

1 6 1

2
B = 6
7

tamkarGegt eKGaceFVIRbmaNviFIKuN C = AB edaysarm:aRTIsTaMgenHCam:aRTIsRsbKa eBalKW A

manCYrQrbI ehIym:aRTIs B manCYredkbI. tamsmIkar A-1 RbmaNviFIKuNm:aRTIseFVIeGaym:aRTIs C
manCYredkBIr nigCYrQrmYy. lTplEdlTTYl)andUcxageRkam
c11 : KuNFatuenAkgCYredkTImYyrbs; A CamYynwgFatuRtUvKaenAkgCYrQrrbs; B ehIybUklTpl
TaMgenaHbBalKa eBalKW
c11 = c1 = 2(2 ) + 4(6 ) + 3(7 ) = 49

m:aRTIssRmab;karviPaKeRKOgbgM

T.Chhay

-540

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

KuNFatuenAkgCYredkTIBIrrbs; A CamYynwgFatuRtUvKaenAkgCYrQrrbs; B ehIybUklTpl

TaMgenaHbBalKa eBalKW
c21 :

c21 = c2 = 1(2 ) + 6(6) + 1(7 ) = 41

49
C=
41

dUcenH
dUc]TahrN_TIBIr eKman
5 3
A = 4 1
2 8

2 7
B=

3 4

enATIenH eKGacrkplKuN C = AB edaysar A manCYrQrBIr ehiy B manCYredkBIr. m:aRTIs C nwg

manCYredkbI nigCYrQrBIr. eKGacrkFaturbs;m:aRTIs C dUcxageRkam
c11 = 5(2) + 3( 3) = 1
CYredkTImYyrbs; A KuNnwgCYrQrTImYyrbs; B
c12 = 5(7 ) + 3(4) = 47
CYredkTImYyrbs; A KuNnwgCYrQrTIBIrrbs; B
c21 = 4(2) + 1( 3) = 5
CYredkTIBIrrbs; A KuNnwgCYrQrTImYyrbs; B
CYredkTIBIrrbs; A KuNnwgCYrQrTIBIrrbs; B
c22 = 4(7 ) + 1(4 ) = 32
c31 = 2(2 ) + 8( 3) = 28
CYredkTIbIrbs; A KuNnwgCYrQrTImYyrbs; B
CYredkTIbIrbs; A KuNnwgCYrQrTIBIrrbs; B
c32 = 2(7 ) + 8(4) = 18
lTplsRmab;RbmaNviFKI uNGnuvttamsmIkar A-2. dUcenH
1 47
C = 5 32
28 18

eKkRtUvcMNaMplEdrfa eKminGaceFVIplKuN BA )aneT edaysarkarsresrEbbenHm:aRTIsminRsbKa.

c,ab;xageRkamGnuvtcMeBaHRbmaNviFIKuN
!> CaTUeTA RbmaNviFIKuNm:aRTIsminmanlkNqas;eT
AB BA

(A-3)

@> eKGacBnatRbmaNviFIKuNm:aRTIs
A(B + C ) = AB + AC

(A-4)

#> eKGacpMRbmaNviFIKuNm:aRTIs
A(BC ) = ( AB )C

Transposed matrix:

(A-5)

eKGaceFVI transposed m:aRTIsedaybrCYredk nigCYrQrrbs;va. ]TahrN_

RbsinebI
Matrix algebra for structural analysis

T.Chhay

-541

Department of Civil Engineering

enaH

NPIC

a11 a12 a13

A = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
a11 a21 a31
T
A = a12 a22 a32
A13 A23 A33

B = [b1 b2 b3 ]
b1
B = b2
b3
T

cMNaMfa AB minRsbKa dUcenHeKminGaceFVRI bmaNviFIKuNm:aRTIseT. A manbICYrQr ehIy B man

CYredkmYy. m:agvijeTot eKGaceFVIRbmaNviFIKuN ABT edaysarenATIenHm:aRTIsTaMgBIrRsbKa
A manbICYrQr ehIy BT manbICYredk. xageRkamCalkNsRmab; transposed matrix
( A + B )T = AT + BT
(kA)T = kAT
( AB )T = BT AT

(A-6)
(A-7)
(A-8)

eKGacbgajlkNcugeRkayeday]TahrN_. RbsinebI
6 2
A=

1 3

4 3
B=

2 5

bnab;mk tamsmIkar A-8

T

6 2 4 3
4 2 6 1

1 2 2 5 = 3 5 2 3

28 28
28 2

2 12 = 28 12

28

2
28

28 12 = 28 12

karEbgEckm:aRTIsCaRkum eKGacEbgEckm:aRTIsCam:aRTIsrgedaykarEbgEckvaCaRkum. ]TahrN_

a11 a12 a13 a14
A A
A = a21 a22 a23 a24 = 11 12
A A
a31 a32 a33 a34 21 22

enATIenHm:aRTIsrgKW
A11 = [a11 ]

A12 = [a12 a13 a14 ]

a21
A21 =
a31

a22 a23 a24

A22 =

a32 a33 a34

c,ab;rbs;m:aRTIsGnuvteTAelIm:aRTIsEdlEbgEckCaRkumluHRtaEtkarEbgEckmanlkNRsbKa.
]TahrN_ eKGacbUk nigdkm:aRTIsrg A nig B luHRtaEtvamancMnYnCYredk nigCYrQresIKa. dUcKa eK
GaceFVIRbmaNviFIKuNm:aRTIsluHRtaEtcMnnY CYredk nigcMnYnCYrQrRtUvKanm:aRTIs A nigm:aRTIs B esIKa
m:aRTIssRmab;karviPaKeRKOgbgM

T.Chhay

-542

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

ehIym:aRTIsrgrbs;vaesIKa. ]TahrN_ RbsinebI

4 1 1
A = 2 0 5
6 3 8

2 1
B = 0 8
7 4

bnab;mk eKGaceFVIplKuN AB edaysarcMnUnCYrQrrbs; A esInwgcMnYnCYredkrbs; B . dUcKa

m:aRTIsEdlbMEbkCaRkummanlkNRsbKasRmab;RbmaNviFIKuN edaysar A RtUv)anbMEbkCa
CYrQrBIr ehIy B RtUv)anbMEbkCaCYredkBIr eBalKW
A A B A B + A B
AB = 11 12 11 = 11 11 12 21
A21 A22 B21 A21B11 + A22 B21

plKuNrbs;m:aRTIsrgKW
4 1 2 1 8 4
A11B11 =

2 0 0 8 4 2
1
7 4
A12 B21 = [7 4] =

5
35 20
2 1
A21B11 = [6 3]
= [12 18]
0 8
A22 B21 = [8][7 4] = [56 32]

dUcenH

0
8 4 7 4 1
+

AB = 4 2 35 20 = 39 18

[12 18] + [56 32] 68 50

>#> edETmINg; (Determinants)

enAkgkfaxNbnab; eyIgnwgerobrab;BIrebobcRmas;m:aRTIs. edaysarRbmaNviFIenHRtUvkar

karKNnaedETmINg;rbs;m:aRTIs eyIgnwgerobrab;BIrlkNmUldanrbs;edETmINg;.
edETmINg;CakartMerobelxCaTRmg;kaeredaysitenAkgr)arbBar. ]TahrN_ edETmINg;
lMdab; n EdlmanCYredk n nigCYrQr n KW
A=

a11 a12 L a1n

a21 a22 L a2 n
an1 an 2

M
L ann

(A-9)

karKNnaedETmINg;enHeFVIeGayeKTTYl)antmCaelxeTalEdleKGackMNt;edayeRbI Laplacess
expansion. viFIenHeRbI determinants minor nig cofactor. FatunImYy aij rbs;edETmINg;nlMdab;
Matrix algebra for structural analysis

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NPIC

man minor M ij EdlCaedETmINg;lMdab; n 1. RbsinebI minor RtUv)anKuNeday (1)i+ j Edl

eKehAvafa cofactor rbs; aij enaH
n

Cij = ( 1)i + j M ij

(A-10)

]TahrN_ eKmanedETmINg;lMdab;dI
a11 a12 a13
a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
cofactor

sRmab;FatuenAkgCYredkTImYyKW

C11 = ( 1)1+1

a22 a23

C12 = ( 1)1+ 2

a21 a23

C13 = ( 1)1+ 3

a21 a22

a32 a33
a31 a33
a31 a32

a22 a23
a32 a33

=
=

a21 a23
a31 a33

a21 a22
a31 a32

sRmab;edETmINg;lMdab; n smIkar A-9 erobrab;fatmCaelxEdltMNag

eGayedETmINg;esInwgplbUknplKuNnFatunCYredk bCYrQr nig cofactor EdlRtUvKarbs;va
eBalKW
Laplaces expansion

D = ai1Ci1 + ai 2Ci 2 + L + ainCin

( i = 1,2,K, n )

b D = a1 jC1 j + a2 jC2 j + L + anjCnj

( j = 1,2, K , n )
(A-11)
sRmab;karGnuvt eyIgeXIjfaedaysar cofactor, edETmINg; D RtUv)ankMNt;eday n edETmINg;
lMdab; n 1. eKGackMNt;edETmINg;bnedayrUbmndUcKa b:uEnvaRtUvkMNt; (n 1) edETmINg;lMdab;
(n 2) nigbnbnab;. dMeNIrkarnkarKNnaenHbnrhUtdl;edETmINg;EdlRtUvkarKNnaRtUv)ankat;
bnyrhUtdl;lMdab;BIr cMENk cofactor nFatuCaFatueTalrbs; D . ]TahrN_ eKmanedETmINg;
lMdab;TIBIrxageRkam
D=

3 5
1 2

eyIgGacKNna D BIFatutamCYredkxagelIbMput EdleGay

D = 3( 1)1+1(2 ) + 5( 1)1+ 2 ( 1) = 11

b edayeRbIFatunCYrQrTIBIr eyIg)an
D = 5( 1)1+ 2 ( 1) + 2( 1)2 + 2 (3) = 11

m:aRTIssRmab;karviPaKeRKOgbgM

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RbesIrCagkareRbIsmIkar A-11 eKGackMNt;edETmINg;lMdab;BIredayKuNFatutamGgt;RTUg

BIxagelIEpkxageqVgeTAeRkamEpkxagsaM ehIydknwgplKuNnFatuGgt;RTUgBIxagelIEpkxagsaM
eTAxageRkamEpkxageqVg GnuvttamsBaaRBYj
BicarNaedETmINg;lMdab;bI
1 3 1
D = 4 2 6
1 0 2

edayeRbIsmIkar A-11 eyIgGacKNna D edayeRbIFatutambeNayCYredkxagelI eyIg)an

D = (1)( 1)1+1

2 6
0 2

+ (3)( 1)1+ 2

4 6
1 2

+ ( 1)( 1)1+ 3

4 2
1 0

= 1(4 0) 3(8 + 6 ) 1(0 + 2 ) = 40

eKkGacKNna D edayeRbIFatutambeNayCYredkTIBIr.

>$> cRmas;rbs;m:aRTIs (Inverse of a matrix)

BicarNasMNMunsmIkarlIenEGrbIxageRkam
a11x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3 = c1
a21x1 + a22 x2 + a23 x3 = c2
a31x1 + a32 x2 + a33 x3 = c3

EdlsresrkgTRmg;m:aRTIsdUcxageRkam
a11 a12 a13 x1 c1
a a

21 22 a23 x2 = c2
a31 a32 a33 x3 c3

(A-12)

Ax = C
b
(A-13)
eKGacedaHRsayrk x edayEck C nwg A b:uEnvaminmanRbmaNviFIEckenAkgm:aRTIseT. CMnYseday
RbmaNviFIEck eKeRbIm:aRTIsRcas. cRmas;rbs;m:aRTIs A Cam:aRTIsdTeTotEdlmanlMdab;dUcKa
ehIyeKsresrvaCanimitsBaa A1 . eKmanlkNdUcxageRkam

AA1 = A1 A = I

Edl I Cam:aRTIskta. KuNGgTaMgBIrnsmIkar A-13 eday A1 eyIgTTYl)an

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NPIC

AA1x = A1C

edaysar A1Ax = Ix = x eyIg)an

x = A1C

(A-14)

luHRtaEteKGacTTYl)an A eTIbeKGacedaHRsay x .
sRmab;karKNnaedayd viFIEdleRbI A1 EdlRtUv)anbegIteLIgedayeRbIc,ab; Cramer. enA
TIenHeyIgmin)anerobrab;BIkarbegItvaeT eyIgnwgbgajEtlTplb:ueNaH. cMeBaHbBaaenH eKGac
sresrFatuenAkgm:aRTIsnsmIkar A-14 Ca
1

x = A1C
x1
x = 1
2 A
x3

C11 C21 C31 c1

C C C c
12 22 32 2
C13 C23 C33 c3

(A-15)

enATIenH A CaedETmINg;rbs;m:aRTIs A EdlRtUv)ankMNt;edayeRbI Laplace expansion Edlerobrab;

enAkgkfaxN A-3. m:aRTIskaerEdlman cofactor Cij RtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa adjoint matrix.
edaykareRbobeFob eyIgeXIjfaeKGacTTYlm:aRTIsRcas A1 BIm:aRTIs A edaydMbUgeKRtUvCMnYsFatu
aij eday cofactor Cij bnab;mkeFVI transpose m:aRTIsEdlCalTpl EdleKeFVIeGay)an adjoint
matrix ehIycugeRkayedayKuN adjoint matrix CamYynwg 1 / A .
edIm,IbgajBIrebobedIm,ITTYl A1 eyIgnwgBicarNadMeNaHRsaynRbBnsmIkarlIenEGrxag
eRkam
x1 x2 + x3 = 1

x1 + x2 + x3 = 1

(A-16)

x1 + 2 x2 2 x3 = 5

enATIenH

1 1 1
A = 1 1 1
1 2 2

m:aRTIs cofactor sRmab; A KW

1 1
1 1
1 1

1 2
1 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
1 1

C =
1 2
1 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1 1 1

KNnaedETmINg; adjoint matrix KW

m:aRTIssRmab;karviPaKeRKOgbgM

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4 0 2
C = 1 3 2
3 3 0
1 1 1
T

edaysar

A = 1 1 1 = 6
1 2 2

dUcenH cRmas;rbs; A KW
A

4 0 2
1
= 1 3 2
6
3 3 0

dMeNaHRsaynsmIkar A-16 eyIg)an

x1
4 0 2 1
x = 1 1 3 2 1
2

6
x3
3 3 0 5
1
x1 = [( 4 )( 1) + 0( 1) + ( 2 )(5)] = 1
6
1
x2 = [( 1)( 1) + ( 3)( 1) + ( 2)(5)] = 1
6
1
x3 = [( 3)( 1) + ( 3)( 1) + (0)(5)] = 1
6

eyIgeXIjy:agc,as;fa karKNnaCaelxTamTarkarBnatsmIkary:agEvg. sRmab;mUlehtuenH eKeRbI

kMuBTrkgkarviPaKeRKagedIm,IedaHRsaycRmas;rbs;m:aRTIs.

>%> viFI Gauss sRmab;KNnaRbBnsmIkar

(The Gauss method for solving simultaneous equation)

enAeBleKRtUvkaredaHRsayRbBnsmIkarlIenEGreRcIn eKGaceRbIviFIkat;bny Gause BIeRBaH

vamanRbsiTPaBkgkaredaHRsay. karGnuvtviFIenHTamTarkaredaHRsayrkGBaatmYykgcMeNam n
smIkar eBalKW x1 edayeRbIGBaatdTeTot x2 , x3,..., xn . CMnYssmIkarEdleKehAfa pivotal
equation eTAkgsmIkarEdlenAsl;Edlman n 1 smIkarCamYynwg n 1 GBaat. GnuvtRbmaNviFI
enHbneTotedIm,IedaHRsayRbBnsmIkarTaMgenHedIm,Irk x2 CaGnuKmn_eTAnwgGBaatEdlenAsl; n 2
GBaat x3, x4 ,..., xn begIt)an pivotal equation TIBIr. bnab;mkCMnYssmIkareTAkgsmIkardTeTot
EdleFVIeGayenAsl; n 3 smIkarCamYynwg n 3 GBaat. GnuvtRbmaNviFIenHsareLIgvijrhUtTal;
EtenAsl; pivotal equation mYyEdlmanGBaatmYy Edlbnab;mkeyIgnwgedaHRsayrkva. bnab;mk
eyIgGacedaHRsayrkGBaatdTeTotedayCMnYsvaeTAkg pivotal equation. edIm,IeFVIeGaydMeNaH
Matrix algebra for structural analysis

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Department of Civil Engineering

NPIC

RsayenHmanlkNsuRkit enAeBlbegIt pivotal equation nImYy eKRtUvEteRCIserIssmIkarEdl

manemKuNFMCageKedIm,Ikat;bnyGBaat. eyIgGacbgajkaredaHRsayenHtamry]TahrN_.
edaHRsayRbBnsmIkarxageRkamedayeRbIviFI Gause:
2 x1 + 8 x2 + 2 x3 = 2

2 x1 x2 + x3 = 2
4 x1 5 x2 + 3 x3 = 4

(A-17)
(A-18)
(A-19)

eyIgnwgcab;epImedaykat;bny x1 . emKuNEdlFMbMputrbs; x1 KWenAkgsmIkar A-19 dUcenHeyIgnwg

eRbIvaCa pivotal equation. edaHRsayrk x1 eyIg)an
x1 = 1 + 1.25 x2 0.75 x3

(A-20)

edayCMnYseTAkgsmIkar A-17 nig A-18 nigedaysRmYl eyIg)an

2.75 x2 + 1.75 x3 = 2
1.5 x2 0.5 x3 = 0

(A-21)
(A-22)

bnab;mk eyIgkat;bny x2 . edayeRCIserIssmIkar A-21 sRmab; pivotal equation edaysaremKuN x2 mantmFMCageKenATIenH eyIg)an
x2 = 0.727 0.636 x3

(A-23)

edayCMnYssmIkarenHeTAkgsmIkar A-22 nigedaysRmYlva eyIgTTYl)an pivotal equation cug

eRkay EdleyIgGacedaHRsayrk x3 . eyIgTTYl)an x3 = 0.75 . edayCMnYstmenHeTAkg pivotal
equation A-23 eyIg)an x2 = 0.25 . cugeRkay BI pivotal equation A-20 eyIg)an x1 = 0.75 .

m:aRTIssRmab;karviPaKeRKOgbgM

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

cMeNaT
A-1

RbsinebI A = 64

2 3
1 5

ehIy

4 1 0
B=

2 0 8

. kMNt; A + B nig A 2B .
A-2 RbsinebI A = [6 1 3] ehIy B = [1 6 3]
bgajfa ( A + B )T = AT + BT .
3 5
A-3 RbsinebI A =
kMNt; A + AT .
2 7
A-4

RbsinebI

1
A = 0
5

ehIy B = [2

1 3]

6 2 2
A-5
A = 5 1 1
0 3 1
1 3 1
AB
B = 2 5 1
0 7 5

RbsinebI

kMNt;

ehIy
.

kMNt; BA sRmab;m:aRTIsncMeNaT A-5.

5 7
6
A-7 RbsinebI A =
ehI
y
B=

2 1
7
kMNt; AB .
A-6

RbsinebI

1 8 4
A=

1 2 3

kMNt; AB .
2
A-9 RbsinebI A =
2

6
B = 9
1
A-10

Problems

ehIy

7 3
1 0

3
B = 2
6

ehIy

kMNt; AB .

RbsinebI

. kMNt; AB .

RbsinebI A = 12 53 . kMNt; AAT .

A-12 bgajfa A(B + C ) = AB + AC RbsinebI

A-11

3
5
2 1 6

A=
B = 1 C = 1
4
5
3

6
2

A-13

6 4 2
A = 2 1 1
0 3 1

ehIy

bgajfa A(BC ) = ( AB )C RbsinebI

3
2 1 6

A=
B = 1 C = [5
4
5
3

6
1
2 5
A-14
2
7 1
3

kMNt; AB .

A-8

1 3 2
B = 2 4 1
0 7 5

KNnaedETmINg;

A-15

RbsinebI A = 53

A-16

RbsinebI

nig

1
2

1 2]
3 5
7 1

8 6

. kMNt; A1 .

0 1 5
A = 2 5 0
1 1 2

. kMNt; A1 .

edaHRsaysmIkar x1 + 4 x2 + x3 = 1 /
2 x1 x2 + x3 = 2 ehIy 4 x1 5 x2 + 3 x3 = 4
edayeRbIsmIkarm:aRTIs X = A1C .
A-18 edaHRsaysmIkarenAkgcMeNaT A-17
edayeRbIviFI Gause.
A-19 edaHRsaysmIkar x1 x2 + x3 = 1 /
x1 + x2 + x3 = 1 ehIy x1 + 2 x2 2 x3 = 5
edayeRbIsmIkarm:aRTIs X = A1B .
A-20 edaHRsaysmIkarenAkgcMeNaT A-19
edayeRbIviFI Gause.
A-17

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cemIysRmab;cMeNaTeRCIserIs
(Answers to selected problems)

CMBUk !
!>! DL = 18.4kN / LL = 43.2kN
!>@ DL = 13.1kN
!># P = 4.06kN / m2
!>% FD = 90kN / FL = 92.2kN / F = 182kN
!>^ Wc = 9.16kN / m
!>& 5kN / m 2
!>* DL = 6.08kN / m, LL = 10.77kN / m
!>( p x = 0.20kN / m 2 , p y = 0.35kN / m 2
!>!0 Fg = 49.71kN , FR = 20.25kN
!>!! Fg = 415.5kN
!>!# F = 12.0kN
!>!$ F = 1.80kN
!>!% sm<aFxageRkAenAelIpdMbUlRtUvTisxl;
p = 488 N / m 2

sm<aFxageRkAenAelIpdMbUlminRtUvTisxl;
p = 236 N / m 2

sm<aFxagkg

@>!& B y = 44.6kN / Ay = 16.8745kN /

Ax = 22.5kN

@>@0 FB = 495kN / Ax = 428.7kN /

A y = 22.5kN

@>@@ Ay = 73.1kN / Bx = 0 / B y = 25.9kN

@>@$ w2 = 22.85kN / m / w1 = 91.44kN
@>@& FA = 44.78kN / Bx = 38.78kN /
B y = 16.39kN

@>@* wB = 36.5kN / m / w A = 178.6kN / m

@>#@ B y = 74.6kN , Ax = 130.5kN ,
A y = 76.6kN

@>#$ E y = 15kN ,

B y = 187.5kN Ay = 2.5kN , Ax = 0

@>#& B y = 60kN / Ay = 20kN / E y = 40kN /

F y = 20kN

@>$#

cemIysRmab;cMeNaTeRCIserIs

B x = 124kN , B x = 111kN ,
Ax = 124kN

p = m134 N / m 2

CMBUk @
@>! sRmab; BG / w = 97.5kN / m
sRmab; ABCD / kmaMgRbtikmKW 21.9kN
@>@ bnktambeNay DF = 7.2kN / m
enARtg; A nig E F '= 27kN
enARtg; A, B, C, D F = 54kN

E x = 15kN ,

/ Ay = 111kN /

C x = 41kN C y = 159kN

@>$(

Ax = 2.347 kN , A y = 6.629kN

C x = 3.053kN , C y = 8.879kN

CMBUk #
#>$ FCD = 11.3(C ),

FCB = 8kN (T ),

FDA = 11.3kN (T ), FDE = 16kN (C ),

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

FBE = 11.3kN (C ), FBA = 24kN (T )

Ax = 16kN

/ Ay = 8kN

#>( FAH = 25kN (C ),

FAB = 20kN (T ),

FBC = 20kN (T ), FBH = 10kN (T ),

FHG = 16.7 kN (C ), FHC = 8.3kN (C ),
FGF = 16.7 kN (C ), FGC = 20kN (T )

#>!$ FIH = 7.45kN (C ),

FBC = 6.0kN (T ),

FBH = 1.49kN (T )

#>!* FKJ = 115kN (C ),

FCJ = 27.0kN (T ),

FCD = 97.5kN (T )

#>@% FGF = 1.78kN (T ),

FCD = 2.23kN (C ),

FCF = 0

#>@( FCD = 24kN (T ),

FCF = 13.4kN (C ),

FED = 13.4kN (C ), FAE = FBF = 9.49kN (C ),

FAC = FBC = 4.24kN (C ),

FEC = FDF = 12.7 kN (T )

#>#^ FDE = 10kN (T ),

FDI = 3.33kN (C ),

FJI = 7.83kN (C )

#>$! FBC = 8kN (T ),

FHG = 10.1kN (C ),

FBG = 1.8kN (T )

#>$#

FCD = 4.08kN (T ) FDH = FDF = 0

FKJ = 15.3kN (C ) FCD = 15.3kN (T )

FHD = 0.83kN (T ) FNJ = 0.83kN (C )

#>$( FAC = FAE = 0 / FAB = 4kN (T ) /

R B = FBE = 5.66kN (T ) / FBD = 2kN (C ) /
FDE = FDC = FCE = 0

#>%! FAD = 12.4kN (T ) / FAB = 5.09kN (C )

FAC = 5.09kN (C )

CMBUk $
$># N B = 0 / VB = 144kN / M B = 192kN .m
$>* N B = 0 / VB = 264kN / M B = 432kN .m
$>!0 V = 2kN / M = (2 x + 16)kN .m
$>!$ VC = 2.5kN / M C = 6kN .m / N C = 0
$>!( a = L3
x
kN .m
$>@^ V = 6 x9 kN / M = 6 x 36

$>#@ V = 2kN / M = (2 x + 4)kN .m

$>%& Cy = 8.571kN / B y = 6.786kN
A y = 13.21kN / D y = 11.78kN
$>^! FDE = 9kN / C y = 1.8kN /
C x = 7.2kN

CMBUk %
%>@ P = 42kN
%>% y B = 0.867m / y D = 0.704m
%>!0 x B = 2.18m
%>!# y = 0.0267 x 2 / Tmax = 60.0kN
%>!% TB = 36.3kN / TA = 30.9kN
%>!* B y = 0 / FH = Fmin = 100kN /
Fmax = 117kN / T = 10kN
%>@! M max = 3.56kN .m
%>#! C x = Ax = 167 N / C y = 111N
A y = 389 N

#>%$ FCH = 12.2kN (C ) / FCB = 4.08kN (T )

Answer to slected problems

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CMBUk ^
^>!( (M C )max = 40kN .m / (VC )max = 1.5kN
^>@$ (M C )max = 30kN .m /
(VC )max

= 4.75kN

^>@* (M A )max = 106kN .m /

(VB )max

= 17.5kN

^>#^ (VBC )max = 108.4kN /

(M C )max

= 184.5kN .m

^>$@ (VCD )max = 30kN

^>%! (FHG )max(C ) = 160kN (C ) /
(FHG )max(T ) = 0

^>%& x = 6m / (FGF )max = 67.1kN (C )

^>^0 (VC )max = 11.8kN /
(M C )max

= 70.9kN .m

^>^# (FIH )max = 38.4kN (C )

^>^& (FIH )max = 15kN (C )
^>&0 (M C )max = 201kN .m
^>&@ Vmax = 10kN / M max = 39kN .m
^>&% M max = 1031kN .m
CMBUk &
&>* M F = 8.1kN .m / M D = 14.4kN .m
&>!! M I = 12.96kN .m / M L = 29.16kN .m
M H = 38.88kN .m

&>!^ FCF = 48.08kN

&>#! Ay = 11.7kN / Ax = 9kN /
M A = 24.3kN .m

NPIC

CMBUk *
2
*>% max = MEI0 L / max = M2EI0 L
*>*
*>!0
*>!#
*>!%
*>!(
*>@!

M 0 L2
M 0L
max =
2 EI
8 EI
2
3
PL
PL
B =
B =
2 EI
3EI
2
5 Pa
19 Pa 3
A =
C =

2 EI
6 EI
Pa 3
D =

12 EI
5M 0 a
M a2
A =
C = 0
12 EI
4 EI
84
8
16
C =
A =
B =
EI
EI
EI
40
C =
EI
3
a= L
16

max =

/
/

*>@#
*>@% B = 0.00172rad / C = 1.107mm
2
PL3
*>@* A = PL
/
A =
2 EI
3EI
*>#!> C = 0.00171rad / C = 3.86mm
*>#$ A = 6.75mm
2
3
*>#& C = 32EIPL / C = EIPL
CMBUk (
(># B = 1.50mm
(>& C = 0.0375mm
(>!! B = 0.751mm
(>!% C = 0.234mm
(>!* B = 0.942mm
(>@! E = 0.233mm
(>@$ B = 0.525mm
h

cemIysRmab;cMeNaTeRCIserIs

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

(>@* A = 12.7mm
(>#@ B = 0.4mm
(>#^ D = 4.88mm
(>$0 B = 1.01mm
(>$# C = 0.9504mm
3
(>$& C = 56PaEI
v

Pa 2
A =
EI

(>%0
(>%$ A = 4.5(10 3 )rad
3
(>%* A = 43PL

EI
(>^@ B = 10.59mm
3
(>^& D = 59.4EIkN.m
(>&0 C = 49.1mm
3
(>&$ C = 9.62EIkN .m
h

CMBUk !0
!0># B y = 153.75kN / Ay = 13.125kN /
C y = 73.125kN
3wL
!0>^ Ax = 0 / B y = 5wL
/
C y = Ay =
4
8
!0>!0 B y = 68.8kN / C y = 15.6kN /
Ax = 0 / Ay = 15.6kN
!0>!# B y = 54.2kN / Bx = 0 / C y = 12.5kN /
Ay = 13.3kN

!0>!& M = PL8 / M A = M B = PL8 /

Ay = B y =

P
2

/ M A = 8.44kN .m
!0>@# Ay = 4.688kN / C x = 50kN /
C y = 4.688kN / M C = 81.25kN .m
!0>@( FHG = 2.32kN (C )
!0>#@ FBE = 3.62kN (C )
!0>#& FCD = 163kN (C ) /
Ay = 14.06kN

FCA = FCB = 212kN (T )

!0>$0 FDB = 19.2kN / FCB = 53.4kN

!0>$% M D = 46.9kN .m
CMBUk !!
!!>@ M BC = 72 M 0 / M AB = 17 M 0
2
M BA = M 0
7

!!>% M AB = 5kN .m / M BA = 10kN .m /

M BC = 10kN .m / M CB = 25kN .m
!!>& Ay = 53.3kN / B y = 72.0kN / C x = 0 /
C y = 5.3kN

!!>!! M BA = 9.47kN .m / M AB = 4.74kN .m /

M BC = 9.47kN .m / M CB = 26.52kN .m
!!>!% M AB = 12.4kN .m / M BA = 24.9kN .m
M BC = 24.9kN .m / M CB = 9kN .m
!!>@# M AB = 3750kN .m /
M BA = 822kN .m / M BC = 822kN .m
M CB = 829kN .m / M CD = 829kN .m
!!>@^ M BA = 36kN .m / M BC = 36kN.m /
M CB = 36kN .m / M CD = 36kN .m

!0>@0 C y = 8.44kN / Ax = 13.5kN /

Answer to slected problems

T.Chhay

-553

Department of Civil Engineering

CMBUk !@
!@>$ M AB = 11.6kN .m / M BA = 12.8kN .m /
M BC = 12.8kN .m / M CB = 13.8kN .m
!@>& M AB = 0 / M BA = 55.5kN .m /
M BC = 55.5kN .m / M CB = 44.25kN .m
!@>( Ay = 6kN / D y = 6kN / B y = 14kN /
C y = 14kN

!@>!! M B = 7.61kN .m
!@>!^ M BA = 104kN .m / M BC = 104kN .m /
M CB = 196kN .m / M CD = 196kN .m
M AB = M DC = 0

NPIC

!$>!0 q2 = 62.5kN (C )
!$>!@ q1 = 5.66kN (C )/ q5 = 4.00kN (T )
!$>!$ D1 = 0.0624mm / q2 = 50.9 N (C )
!$>!^ Q4 = 94.3kN / Q5 = 117kN /
Q6 = 66.7kN

CMBUk !%
!%>! Q5 = 7.50kN / Q6 = 5.0kN.m
!%># Q2 = 6.0kN / Q5 = 30kN .m /
Q6 = 33.0kN

!%>^ Q4 = 127.5kN / Q5 = 105kN

Q6 = 127.5kN

CMBUk !#
!#>@ K A = 25.1(103 )kN .m / C AC = 0.579
!#>^ K A = K B = 31.3(103 )kN .m /
C AB = C BA = 0.599

!#>( C AB = 0.707 / K A = 14.25(103 )kN .m

C BA = 0.315 / K B = 31.95(10 3 )kN .m
!#>!@ M AB = 113kN .m / M BA = 151kN .m /
M BC = 151kN .m / M CB = 461kN .m
!#>!* M AB = M CD = 0 /
M BA = M DB = 28.3kN .m /
M BD = M DC = 28.3kN .m

CMBUk !$
!$>@ D1 = 0 / D2 = 0.694mm
!$>% D4 = 0.45mm / q4 = 6.67k (T )
!$>& D1 = 2.0334(10 6 )m / q2 = 0.508kN
cemIysRmab;cMeNaTeRCIserIs

!%>* Q3 = 204kN .m / Q5 = 38kN.m

2
2
!%>!! Q2 = wL6 / Q3 = wL / Q4 = wL3
CMBUk !^
!^>$ Q5 = 36.3kN / Q6 = 46.4kN /
Q7 = 36.3kN / Q8 = 46.4kN
Q9 = 77.1kN .m

!^>& Q7 = 20kN / Q8 = 0 / Q9 = 20kN

!^>( D1 = 82.84mm / D2 = 151.1mm /
D3 = 0.0327rad

!^>!# Q9 = 6.74kN / Q10 = 18.0kN /

Q11 = 17.3kN / Q12 = 18.0kN
!^>!% Q6 = 8.50kN / Q7 = 52.6kN /
Q8 = 56.5kN / Q9 = 3.43kN

T.Chhay

-554

mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

]bsm<n A
6 3

3 14
79
A.7
5
A.3

2 48 2

A.10 0 17 2

6 5 2
A.14 33 , 18
0.75

A.17 0.25

0.75
A.20 x1 = 1 , x3 = 1 , x 2 = 1

Answer to slected problems

T.Chhay

-555