Sustainable Resin Tapping in Nepal: Challenges and Opportunities
(A case from Salyan District)
Dhananjaya Paudyal1
Abstract
This paper attempts to explore a case from Salyan district on resin tapping and its
contribution to local and national economy. Resin tapping and its related activities like
extraction, collection and transportation are one of the major sources of employment
for a large number of rural poor people. Based on the quantity of resin collected and
exported outside the district, revenue is generated to central as well as local government
and Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs). In the mean time, some issues and
challenges have been identified at local level regarding the sustainability of resin tapping.
It, therefore, concludes that some practical measures are necessary to overcome the
issues and challenges so that resin tapping could be done in a sustainable manner.
Sources of information of this paper are records of District Forest Office and rosin
companies and net surfing as secondary sources; field observation, interviews with
CFUGs and resin collectors as primary sources.
Key Words: Pine forests, Resin tapping, Sustainability, Revenue, Employment, Nepal
Introduction
Nepal is rich in biodiversity, both flora and fauna, at ecosystem, species and genetic level.
Within a span of about 200 km (North-South), more than 10,000 different flowering and nonflowering plant species are found. Among them, important Non-Timber Forest Products
(NTFPs) are medicinal and aromatic plants, resin, lokta paper, katha and Kutch, sabai grass,
bamboo and cane. Resin gums are obtained from chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) and blue pine
(Pinus wallichiana). Only chir pine can be tapped economically, as a chir pine tree yields
about 3 to 6 kilograms annually. Blue pines, which occur at higher altitudes and yield only
about 1 kilogram annually per tree, are therefore usually not profitable to tap. Turpentine oil
and Rosin, which are the products of resin, fetch high price in national and international
markets. Rosin and its derivatives are used in paper making, sizing, boot polish, adhesives,
paints, printing inks, surface coatings, varnishes, textiles, rubber making, soap making, the
entire industry, the sporting goods industry, and many others. It is estimated that about 405,000
hectares of forests are occupied with chirpine in Nepal from which more than 21,700 metric
tones of resin could be extracted annually on a sustained-yield basis (Khatri, 1994).
Rosin and turpentine industries were established in Nepal about three decades before in order
to process crude resin and create employment opportunities. In addition to factories, so many
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people have been employed in extraction, collection and transportation of resin at local
level.
Pine Forests in Salyan
Salyan is a hilly district located in Mid-Western Development Region. It occupies a total of
195178.00 ha of land area out of which 128204.00 ha (i.e., 65.68% of total land area) has
been covered with forests (Table 1).
Table 1: Land use of Salyan District
Source: DFO/Salyan, 2008
According to CBS (2001), population of the district is 223854. Forests are one of the major
sources of livelihood for these people. Forests provide them timber, small wood, agricultural
implements, fuel wood, fodder, animal bedding, fruits and food items, forage for grazing,
medicines and so many other products and services.
Salyan is rich in Chirpine (local name: Khote Sallo), which cover more than 75% of the total
forest land (DFO/Salyan, 2008). Chirpine, a multipurpose tree species, is found between
900m to 1950 m above sea level. It is light demander and fire tolerant species. In Salyan,
chirpine forests are important resources of livelihood to local people. Its major products are
timber and small wood, resin, firewood, twigs and needles for animal bedding and mulching
especially for ginger, torch light from heartwood (locally called diyalo or jharko), etc. It can
grow on dry, low fertile and degraded lands where other broadleaf species rarely grow.
Community Forestry Programme is one of the major forestry sector programmes of the district.
Up to fiscal year 2064-65, more than 29000 ha of National Forests have been handed over to
345 Community Forest User Groups comprising a total of 28900 households2 . Major tree
species of more than 150 Community Forests is chirpine. Due to hilly terrain and poor road
network, majority of the CFUGs (local users) use its timber and firewood for household
consumption, whereas very few CFUGs sell its timber outside the district. During last fiscal
year, only 4 CFUGs extracted about 14000 cubic feet of chirpine timber to sell outside the
district.
Revenue and Employment Generation from Resin
In this district, two rosin companies are involved on resin extraction for more than two decades.
At present, resin has been extracted from chirpine forests of about 30000 ha (16000 ha from
2
At present there are about 39000 households in the district. Therefore, CFUGs include about 74% of the total households.
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Government Managed Forests and 14000 ha from 122 Community Forests). By this activity,
considerable amount of revenue is generated to central government, District Development
Committee (DDC) and CFUGs (shown below on table). It has also enhanced employment
opportunities to local people especially for poor and excluded groups.
Table 2: Revenue collected from resin in 064/65
Source: DFO, Salyan
In Nepal, rill method is considered the best method of sustainable resin collection, which was
introduced in 1976 from Forest Research Institute, Deharadun, India. Cup and lip method was
used in the past before introduction of this technique. For sustainable extraction of resin,
Resin Collection Procedures (2064) has been published by MFSC and is under implementation.
In Salyan, it is found that a chirpine tree yields approximately 4.5 kg of resin annually. During
fiscal year 2064-65, a total of 2942386 kg resin has been collected (1542854 kg from National
Forest and 1399532 kg from 122 Community Forests). It shows that at least 650,000 pine
trees have been tapped per year. A large numbers of human resources are employed on resin
collection activities which include site preparation, blazing and marking of trees to be tapped,
marking of seed trees those must be left untapped, resin collection from trees and transportation
to depots.
Revenue collected at different levels and
employment generated during 2064/65 from resin
that collected and exported from Salyan district
is shown below (see also Fig 1)
Central government
Central government receives 90% of total revenue
that generated from government managed forests.
As 15,42,854 kg of resin had been collected
from government managed forests last year and
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Fig 1: Revenue sharing from resin
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royalty rate was Rs. 3 per kg, therefore, Rs. 41,65,705.8 was deposited as revenue to central
government.
CFUGs revenue
CFUGs receive 100% of total revenue from the sale of resin that collected from the respective
Community Forests. During last year, 1399532 kg of resin was collected from 122 Community
Forests. Hence, the 122 CFUGs received a total of Rs. 41,98,596 as revenue from resin.
DDC sharing
DDC receives 10% of the revenue that generated from government managed forests. Therefore,
DDC received Rs. 4,62,856.20 as revenue from resin that collected from government managed
forests. On the other hand, DDC export tax is charged at the rate of Rs 0.50/kg on total
quantity of resin exported outside the district (i.e., 29,42,386 kg). Thus, DDC export tax for
resin was Rs. 14,71,193.00. Hence, DDC sharing from resin was Rs. 19,34,049.20 during the
last year.
Employment
Each year, more than 1500 local people are employed for 8 months on resin collection. By this
activity, about 360000 persons-days of employment has been created which directly contributes
to poverty reduction as majority of resin collectors are poor, women, dalit, janajati, etc. In a
study, a labour involved on resin collection activity for a season3 can generate income of about
Rs. 44000.00 (DFO/Salyan, 2008).
Issues and Challenges
After two decades of experience, some issues on sustainability of resin tapping have been
identified in Salyan. These can be categorised as: Environmental, Technical and Socioeconomic issues, which are briefly discussed below:
Environmental issues
High concentration of acid mixture applied as stimulant
As a stimulant for resin extraction, mixture of Dilute Sulphuric Acid and Dilute Nitric Acid
(20%) can be applied to trees where rill is formed for resin tapping (MFSC, 2007). If mixture
is concentrated, it may negatively affect the growth and development of pine tree tapped.
Some people say that the mixture applied is more concentrated than that permitted by Resin
Collection Procedures (2064). They also add that majority of resin collectors are poor, so they
spray heavily with the hope of more resin extraction and hence making more money. The acid
mixture flows from trees during rainfall and causes severe effects to soil as well as growing
vegetation.
3
A season here means duration of performing complete set of resin collection activities, which is generally 8 months, and
includes activities like site preparation, blazing and marking of trees to be tapped, resin collection from trees and
transportation to depots, etc.
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Dying of pine trees
Small study carried out in some Community Forests reveals that about 0.2% of pine trees,
from which resin is extracted, are dying. Local people also extract diyalo (locally called
jharko) as torch light from resin extracted trees. Forest technicians argue that some chirpine
dying is due to jharko extraction not from resin tapping as jharko is heartwood of pine.
Political parties and civil society argue that the dying is due to heavy resin tapping. Although,
trees are biological entity and they also dye naturally, indepth study is lacking in this aspect
whether the dying is natural or due to heavy resin tapping or due to extraction of jharko.
Mother trees
In the past, there was no any provision to keep mother trees as a source of fertile seeds.
Therefore, all tapable sized pine trees were taped. It is mentioned on Resin Collection
Procedures (2064) that mother trees up to 5 trees per hectare are to be selected and numbered
with enamel paint. People say that seed produced from tapped trees are of poor qualities and
also the timber quality is decreased.
Fire control
Every year, fire occurs in hot season which damages small regeneration, wildlife and resin
itself. Political parties and media argue that rosin companies, rangeposts and CFUGs are not
paying much attention on fire prevention and control.
Technical issues
Selection of trees to be tapped
During monitoring of resin tapping by District Forest Office (DFO), it has been observed that
some under sized pine trees are also tapped. Resin Collection Procedures (2064) mentions
that trees above 30 cm diameter (or 95 cm girth) at breast hight are tapable.
Control of heavy tapping and leakage
Companies have been suggested by DFO to control heavy tapping by making rill size and
angle, groove, etc., as per Resin Collection Procedures (2064). DFO has also suggested
arranging necessary training to labours and manpower involved on it and to do regular
supervision from companies side. Training has been conducted but still there needs
improvement on technical aspects of rill making, collection in time without spoiling on the
ground, etc. It has been observed in some places that resin collected on funnel from the rill
spilt at ground due to lack of timely supervision.
Low quality timber production from tapped trees
People are saying that resin tapped trees yield low quality timber. However, a thorough study
in this aspect is lacking.
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Socio-economic issues
Low wage for labour
It has been argued from civil society that wage rate for labour on trees marking, resin tapping
and transportation to depots is very low. Resin companies answer that wages are increased
per year as per mutual understanding made between company and labours. Labours are involved
on coupe formation, clearing grounds 1 m round from tapping trees, rill making, mother trees
marking, resin collection from trees to container, resin transportation to depots. Labours are
also employed to transport resin tapping tools and containers to coupes/forest.
Investment on social sector development
Civil societies and people demand that rosin companies should expend some percentage of
benefit for social sector development activities at local level like construction and/or
maintenance of schools, temples, suspension bridge, etc.
Opportunities
Resin collection and transportation activities need huge amount of man power. Therefore,
there is a good opportunity of employment for local poor, women and disadvantaged groups.
Likewise, forest technicians could be employed by companies in order to monitor
implementation of Environmental Impact Assessment report and technical aspects of resin
tapping. Similarly, a huge amount of revenue has been generated each year to local and
central government from resin, which could be invested for sustainable forest management,
poverty reduction and livelihood and infrastructure development activities.
Revenue generated from resin is becoming a major source of income for CFUGs, which
could be allocated for community forest management, income generating activities for poor
and excluded user households and for social and infrastructure development activities. There
is also a great opportunity of sustainable management of pine forest for multiple benefits so
that resin could be extracted for a longer period of time and after that the trees could be felled
for other benefits like timber, furniture and firewood, etc.
Way Forward
In order to manage chir pine forest and tap resin on sustainable basis and contribute income/
employment at different levels, following initiatives are recommended so that they will also
address the issues and challenges discussed on the previous chapter:
Environmental aspects
Proper mixture of acid and spray
Acid mixture must be prepared as per Resin Collection Procedures (2064) by rosin companies
in presence of forestry staffs, CFUGs and local leaders before applying to trees. For example,
18 litre water, 1 litre Dilute Sulphuric Acid and 1 litre Dilute Nitric Acid can be mixed and
applied on rill of trees to be tapped.
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Promoting natural regeneration and plantation
At least five healthy and seed producing untapped tress per ha must be left as mother trees. If
all pine trees have been tapped in a particular area, at least 5 healthy seed producing trees
could be chosen as mother trees which are less than 3 times tapped in the past. They must be
marked with enamel paint treated as mother trees. Likewise, marking must be done for those
future mother trees, which are now at pole stage and are of good growth and left them untapped
in the future. Due to this, quality regeneration of chirpine will be assured which helps quality
resin production in a sustainable basis.
Participatory fire prevention and control
Participatory fire prevention and control mechanism must be developed on resin tapping sites.
For fire prevention, extension activities must be conducted like fire prevention and control
training/workshops, distribution of leaflets, brochure, broadcasting on media, etc. Fireline
must be constructed at fire prone areas and cleared time to time so as to prevent fire extension.
Technical aspects
Selection of trees to be tapped
Resin Collection Procedures (2064) must be followed so that trees selected for resin tapping
are of proper size and quality. Trees must be selected by company staffs in presence of CFUGs,
forestry staffs and labours.
Control of heavy tapping and leakage
Necessary training must be provided to labour and CFUGs involved on resin collection activities
so as to assure leakage control, perfect rill making, etc. Regular supervision must be done
from company side so as to assure resin tapping as per procedures.
Monitoring and evaluation
Regular monitoring must be done from DFO side as well so as to assure process followed on
trees selection, rill making, mixure of acids and spray, collection of resin, transportation,
mother trees selection and marking, etc.
Reward and punishment
Those CFUGs, labours and staffs whose effort is towards following rules and procedure for
resin tapping must be rewarded so as to encourage them for sustainable resin tapping. On the
other hand, those who are breaking rules and procedures must be punished.
Producing quality timber
It is not sure yet whether the timber produced from resin collected trees is of poor quality.
Therefore, a study in this aspect is necessary comparing timber quality between untapped and
tapped healthy pine trees. From the study, if it is proved that the timber from tapped trees is of
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low quality, then seedlings must be produced from the seeds of untapped trees so as to plant on
bare lands or on areas where there are no untapped pine trees left as mother trees.
Socio-economic aspects
Wages of labour
It is possible to control over spray of acid and heavy tapping of resin if the wages are based on
daily works not on the basis of amount of work done or quantity of resin collected. Labour
networking is important in this aspect so as to raise their voice on systematic and organized
way to concerned agencies.
Priority to poor and excluded on resin collection
Priority must be given to women, poor and excluded households, dalit and janajati on resin
collection and transportation activities. It helps poverty reduction and contribution to their
livelihood.
Investment on social sector development
Companies should allocate some percentage of benefit for social sector development targetting
poor and excluded groups. This is a good way to get support from local people on resin
tapping and other activities related to it.
Leasing pine forest by companies
It may be a good start of resin companies leasing part of national pine forests for sustainable
resin production. By this, local employment opportunities will be increased and at the same
time private sector will be involved on managing forests for the fulfillment of particular
objectives.
Coordination
Regular coordination and information sharing among stakeholders like District Development
Committee, political parties, media and other civil society is necessary so as to develop mutual
understanding and get support from them.
References:
CBS, 2001. Demography of Salyan District. Central Bureau of Statistics, Kathmandu, Nepal.
DFO/Salyan, 2008. VDC wise forestry information of Salyan District. Office records of District
Forest Office, Salyan 2008.
Khatri, D.B., 1994. Non-Wood Forest Products in Asia. Website www.fao.org/docrep/x5334e/
x5334e07.htm, searched web on 23 August 2008
MFSC, 2007. Resin collection procedures (2064). Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation.
Kathmandu, Nepal
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