EE101 EE CIRCUITS 1
1T SY 2014-2015
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Electric Circuit Variables and
Elements
WEEK 1
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
Discuss the electric circuit variables such as the
quantities electric charge, current, voltage, power
and energy including their definition,
characteristics and properties, symbol, unit, and
formula.
Discuss the different types of electric circuit
elements such as, linear and non-linear, passive
and active, independent and independent sources
and switches.
Differentiate an open and close circuit.
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What is an electric circuit?
Electric circuit or electric network
is an interconnection of electrical elements linked together in a
closed path so that an electric current may flow
continuously.
Can you give real example of an electric circuit?
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A simple electric circuit
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ELECTRIC Charge
Charge is an electrical (and intrinsic) property of
the atomic particles of which matter consists,
measured in coulombs (C).
The charge of an electron is negative and equal in
magnitude to 1.602 10-19 C which is called as
electronic charge.
= -1.602 10-19 C
-1 C of charge = 6.24 x 1018 electrons
Q for constant charge, q for a charge that varies with time
ELECTRIC CHARGE
A unique feature of electric charge is the fact that it is
mobile;
it can be transferred from one place to another
it can be converted to another form of energy
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ELECTRIC CURRENT
When a conducting wire (consisting of several
atoms) is connected to a battery (a source of
electromagnetic force), the charges are compelled to
move.
This motion of charges create electric current.
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ELECTRIC CURRENT
Electric current is the time rate of change of charge,
measured in amperes (A). (Alexander & Sadiku, 2011)
Electric current is the time rate of flow of electric charge
past a given point (Dorf & Svoboda, 2011)
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ELECTRIC CURRENT
Conventional current flow: (a)
positive current flow, (b)
negative current flow
Conventional: take the current
flow as the movement of
positive charges, that is,
opposite to the flow of negative
charges
Keep in mind that electric current is
always through an element.
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ELECTRIC CURRENT
DIRECT CURRENT
ALTERNATING CURRENT
A direct current (dc)
An alternating current
is a current that
remains constant
with time.
(ac) is a current that
varies sinusoidally with
time (time-varying
current)
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ELECTRIC CURRENT
(a) direct current
(c) exponential
(b) ramp
(d) sinusoidal
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ELECTRIC CURRENT AND CHARGE
Mathematically,
Q
I=
A
t
Q = It C
I for constant current, i for a time-varying current
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VOLTAGE
To move electron in a conductor in a particular
direction requires some work or energy transfer
This work is performed by an external
electromotive force (emf)
Also known as voltage or potential difference
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VOLTAGE
Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to
move a unit charge through an element, measured in volts
(V). (Alexander & Sadiku, 2011)
Voltage across an element is the work (energy) required to
move a unit positive charge from the negative () terminal
to the positive (+) terminal. (Dorf & Svoboda, 2010)
Defining the voltage between two points.
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VOLTAGE
vab > 0 means the potential of a is
higher than potential of b.
vab < 0 means the potential of a is
lower than potential of b.
Keep in mind that voltage is always across
the element or between two points.
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VOLTAGE
Mathematically,
dw
v
dq
Where:
w, W = energy in joules (J)
q, Q = charge in coulombs
(C)
W
V=
Q
v, V = voltage in volts (V);
usually written with
subscripts (i.e , V =
voltage across points a and
b)
V for constant voltage (dc voltage), v for a time-varying voltage
(ac voltage)
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POWER AND ENERGY
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing
energy, measured in watts (W).
Mathematical expression:
dw dw dq
p
vi
dt
dq dt
Passive sign convention: when current enters through the
positive terminal of an element, p = +vi
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POWER AND ENERGY
The law of conservation of energy
p0
Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in
joules (J).
Mathematical expression:
t
t0
t0
w pdt vidt
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POWER AND ENERGY
W
P=
t
P = VI
=
t
t0
t0
W = Pt = VIt
w pdt vidt
Units for w, W
joules, J
kilowatthours, kWh
P for power which is constant, p for a time-varying power
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CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
Active Elements: capable of
generating/supplying energy
Passive Elements:
absorb energy
Dependent sources
Independent sources
An active element that provides a specified
voltage or current that is completely
independent of other circuit variables.
A dependent source is an active element in
which the source quantity is controlled by
another voltage or current.
They have four different types: VCVS,
CCVS, VCCS, CCCS. Keep in mind the signs
of dependent sources.
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CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
Linear element: satisfies both the
homogeneity and additivity properties
Non-linear element
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LINEARITY
Homogeneity:
Requires that if the input
is multiplied by a
constant, then the output
is multiplied by the same
constant
Additivity
Requires that the response
to a sum of inputs is the
sum of the responses to
each input applied
separately
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CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
Resistor: a good example
of a linear element
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CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
Diode: a good example of
a non-linear element
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CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
SWITCHES
Used in circuits to connect and disconnect elements and
circuits
Have two distinct states
Open
Closed
Ideally, a switch acts
A short circuit when it is closed
An open circuit when it is open
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CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
SPST (Single-pole, single-throw)
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Short circuit and open circuit as ideal meters
An ideal ammeter
measures the current
flowing through its
terminals and has zero
voltage across it; acts like
short circuits
An ideal voltmeter
measures the voltage
across its terminals and
has terminal current
equal to zero; acts like
open circuits
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Short circuit and open circuit as special cases of resistance
29
An element with
resistance approaching
zero or R = 0 (G = ) is a
short circuit.
An element with
resistance approaching
infinity or R = (G = 0)
is an open circuit.
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9/22/2013
REFERENCES
Please refer to course syllabus.
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