Thecentralsulcusseparatesthefrontallobefromtheparietallobeandrunsfromthesuperiormargin

ofthehemispherenearitsmidpointobliquelydownwardandforwarduntilitnearlymeetsthelateral
fissureMidBrainActivation.Thespinalcordarterialbloodsupply.Thethalamusalsoparticipatesin
motorcontrolandregulatingcortexexcitement.Thesurfaceofthecerebrumismadeupofgyriand
sulci.ItisinvolvedinsleeparousalattentionmovementandvariousbasicreflexesMidBrain
ActivationForAdults.Otherareasarealsoimportantincognitiveandintellectualprocesses.
Anteriortothetegmentumarethecerebralpeduncleswhicharecomposedofthelargeascendingand
descendingtractsthatruntoandfromthecerebrum.Thesuperiorcolliculiareassociatedwiththe
senseofsighttheinferiorwiththatofhearing.Thebasalgangliaisfoundintheforebrainandconsist
ofstructuresinvolvedinmotorprocessesMidBrainActivation.Thereticularformationisthe
centralcoreofthebrainstem.
SectionthroughtheMidbrainMidBrainActivation.Thetectumandthefourcolliculiwithinitare
thereforethefirststepoftheneuralpathwaythatdetermineshowpeoplereacttowhattheyseeand
hear.Thereissomeevidencethattheinsularcorticalareasareinvolvedinnociceptionandregulation
ofautonomicfunction.CoronalSectionthroughtheMidbrainDiencephalonJunction.TheMidbrain
consistsofthetectumandtegmentum.Thesefibersfromthesuperiorcolliculusprobablypassintothe
ventrallongitudinalbundle.7FisasectionthatshowsthemainMidbrainnucleiwhichincludethe
tectumtheperiaqueductalgraytherednucleisubstantianigraandthecerebralpeduncles.Thecerebral
pedunclesaretwocylindricalmassessituatedatthebaseofthebrainandlargelyhiddenbythe
temporallobesofthecerebrumwhichmustbedrawnasideorremovedinordertoexposethem.The
nigrostriatalpathwayoriginatesinthesubstantianigra.Wearegoingtobreaktheforebraindowninto
threeparts.
ThediencephalonislocatedbetweenthecerebrumandMidbrain.Thismeansweendupusingmuch
lessofourbrainthatweactuallycouldTheprocessofactivatingtheMidbrainreversesthistrendand
allowsustouseourbrainmoreefficientlyhencetheimprovementincognitiveabilities.The
meningesarecomposedbythreefibrousconnectivetissuesMidBrainActivationForAdults.Other
fiberspasstothemedianlongitudinalbundlefromcellsinthereticularformationofthemedullapons
andmidbrainandalsofromcertainlargecellsintheterminalnucleusofthetrigeminalnerve.The
groovesinthesefoldsarecalledsulcisingularsulcustheridgesarecalledgyrisingulargyrus.The
nucleiofthe5th6th7thandthe8thnervesarelocatedintheponstegmentum.Opiatesthatstimulate
receptorsinthisregiondecreasepainsensation.Bloodvesselslocatedonthesurfaceofthebrainand
thespinalcordarefoundontopofthepiamatter.Lateralviewofhumanembryoatthebeginningof
the3rdand5thweekofgestation.Thisisasixlayeredstructureofthecerebralcortexwhichisonly
foundinmammalsMidBrainActivation.
Itconsistsofthethalamusandhypothalamuswhichliedeepinthecerebralhemispheres.Itreceives
manyterminalsandcollateralsfromthesuperiorcerebellarpedunclealsocollateralsfromtheventral
longitudinalbundlefromGuddensbundleandthemedianlemniscus.Theforebrainconsistsofthe
cerebrumthalamusandhypothalamuspartofthelimbicsystemMidBrainActivationForAdults.
Havingtroublerememberingwhichbitsofthebraindowhat?Thefollowingtwovideosshowhow
youcanusevisualstrategiestolinkstructuresandfunctions1.Theconnectionsofthecellsofthe
substantianigrahavenotbeendefinitelyestablished.Fromanevolutionaryperspectivethehindbrain
istheoldestpartofourbrainandislocateddeepwithinourheadandontopofourspinalcord.The
caudalendofthemyelencephalondevelopsintothespinalcordMidBrainActivation.Themedulla
isthemostinferiorpartofthebrainstem.Thepostcentralgyrusisimmediatelybehindthecentral
sulcuswhichformsitsanteriorboundary.LocatedinthemiddleofourbraintheMidbraindoesa
wholelotofthingsbutforthepurposesoftheAPPsychologytestletsnarrowitdowntothetwo
biggies.
Itisinvolvedinmemoryattentionlanguagethinkingandvoluntarymovement.Thecerebrumisthe
largestpartofthebrainandispartoftheforebrain.Transversesectionofmidbrainatlevelof
superiorcolliculiMidBrainActivationForAdults.PortionsoftheMidbraincalledtherednucleus

andthesubstantianigraareinvolvedinthecontrolofbodymovement.Themeningesaresubjectto
viralandbacterialinfectionknownasmeningitisalifethreateningconditionthatrequiresimmediate
medicaltreatment.Thevisceralsystemregulatestheinternalorgansoutsidetherealmofconscious
control.Oftheafferentfiberswhichreachthesuperiorcolliculussomearederivedfromthelemniscus
butthemajorityhavetheiroriginsintheretinaandareconveyedtoitthroughthesuperiorbrachium
allofthemendbyarborizingaroundthecellsofthegraysubstance.Theponshassomecontrolof
respiratoryfunctionandcontainsthenucleiofCranialnervesVthroughVIIIMedullawhichtransmits
informationforthecoordinationofheadandeyemovementcontainscardiacvasomotorand
respiratorycenters.ThehumanbrainisoftencharacterizedasconsistingofaforebrainMidbrainand
hindbrain.Theventricularsystemisaderivativeoftheprimitiveembryonicneuralcanal.
Thecerebralaqueductisanarrowcanalabout15mm.Thehumanbrainisnotonlyoneofthemost
importantorgansinthehumanbodyitisalsothemostcomplex.Ahumanbraincanweighupto3
poundsandisoneofthelargestorgansofthebody.Insteadthecerebellumservestomodifythese
signalsandmakemotormovementsaccurateanduseful.Alsowithintheponsbaseandtegmentum
arelongitudinallyascendinganddescendingfibers.Itconsistsofatectumposteriorlyategmentum
inferiorlyandabaseanteriorly.Thecerebrospinalfibersderivedfromthecellsofthemotorareaof
thecerebralcortexoccupythemiddlethreefifthsofthebasetheyarecontinuedpartlytothenuclei
ofthemotorcranialnervesbutmainlyintothepyramidsofthemedullaoblongata.Thisareaofthe
brainreceivesinformationfromvariouslobesofthebrainandutilizesthisinformationtocarryout
bodymovements.Thisdiseaseistypicallytreatedwithmedicationsthatprovidethebrainwith
additionaldopaminebutthedrugsinvolvedhavesideeffectsandarenotalwayseffective.Thebrain
stemiscomprisedofthehindbrainandMidbrain.
OlfactoryNerveIisthesensorynerveforthesenseofsmellOpticNerveIIisthesensorynervefor
thereceiptofprimaryvisualstimuliOculomotorNerveIIIinnervates4ofthe6musclesinvolvedin
eyemovementisresponsibleforelevatingtheuppereyelidandinvolvedwithpupillaryconstriction
TrochlearNerveIVisresponsiblefordownwardandinwardeyemovementTrigeminalNerveVisa
mixednervewhichisinvolvedinsensationsofpaintemperatureandlighttouchoftheentireface
scalpnoseandmouthandwhichinnervatesthemusclesofmasticationAbducensNerveVIis
responsibleforrotatingtheeyelaterallyFacialNerveVIIisamixednervewhich:Innervatesthe
musclesoffacialexpressionandisresponsibleforclosingtheeyessmilingwhistlingshowingthe
teethwrinklingthenoseandbrowandgrimacingControlstearingandsalivationMediatestastetothe
anteriortwothirdsofthetongueMediatessensationfromtheskinliningtotheexternalauditory
meatusAcousticNerveVIIIisinvolvedinthesenseofhearingbalanceandorientationinspace
GlossopharyngealNerveIXisamixednervewhichinnervatesthepharynxtastereceptorsonthe
tongueparotidglandandbackoftheearVagusNerveXisamixednervewhichinnervatesthesoft
palatepharynxlarynxthoracicandabdominalorgansincludingtheheartlungsandvisceraand
externalauditorymeatus.Howeverreptilesdonothaveneocortex.Itsdorsaltegmentalnucleiarein
theMidbrainwhileitscentraltegmentalnucleiareintheponsanditscentralandinferiornucleiare
foundinthemedulla.Eventhoughmanyfunctionsofthebrainareverylocalizedtocertainareasand
partsofthebrainthesepartsworktogetherasawholeparticularlyinlearningmemoryand
consciousness.Thickermediallythanlaterallyitreachesfromtheoculomotorsulcustothelateral
sulcusandextendsfromtheuppersurfaceoftheponstothesubthalamicregionitsmedialpartis
traversedbythefibersoftheoculomotornerveasthesestreamforwardtoreachtheoculomotor
sulcus.Oftheefferentfiberssomecrossthemiddlelinetotheoppositecolliculusmanyascend
throughthesuperiorbrachiumandfinallyreachthecortexoftheoccipitallobeofthecerebrumwhile
othersafterundergoingdecussationformthetectospinalfasciculuswhichdescendsthroughthe
formatioreticularisoftheMidbrainponsandmedullaoblongataintothemedullaspinaliswhereitis
foundpartlyintheanteriorfuniculusandpartlyintermingledwiththefibersoftherubrospinaltract.
Theouterlayerthecerebralcortexismadeofnervefiberscalledgraymatter.Theinferiorcolliculus
consistsofacompactnucleusofgraysubstancecontaininglargeandsmallmultipolarnervecellsand
moreorlesscompletelysurroundedbywhitefibersderivedfromthelaterallemniscus.Thecorpora
quadrigeminaarefourroundedeminenceswhichformthedorsalpartofthemidbrain.Ithasabout50

billionnervecellsMidBrainActivationForAdults.