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Introduction To Signals: Mansoor Khan EEE352 Analog Communication Systems

This document provides an introduction and overview of signals and systems. It defines what a signal and system are, and discusses examples of signals like telephone and stock market data that vary over time. It then covers key concepts like the energy and power of signals, unit impulse and step functions, sampling of analog signals, and the z-transform which is important for analyzing linear time-invariant systems. The document also discusses causality, stability, and the frequency response of systems. It provides examples of how the continuous and discrete Fourier transforms can be used to filter signals in the frequency domain.

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448 views

Introduction To Signals: Mansoor Khan EEE352 Analog Communication Systems

This document provides an introduction and overview of signals and systems. It defines what a signal and system are, and discusses examples of signals like telephone and stock market data that vary over time. It then covers key concepts like the energy and power of signals, unit impulse and step functions, sampling of analog signals, and the z-transform which is important for analyzing linear time-invariant systems. The document also discusses causality, stability, and the frequency response of systems. It provides examples of how the continuous and discrete Fourier transforms can be used to filter signals in the frequency domain.

Uploaded by

ali_rehman87
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 02

Introduction to Signals

Mansoor Khan

EEE352 Analog Communication Systems


Signals
• A signal is a set of information or data.

Examples
– a telephone or television signal,
– monthly sales of a corporation,
– the daily closing prices of a stock market

• We deal exclusively with signals that are functions


of time.
Speech Signal

01/10/2009 EEE 352 3


Energy of Signals
• The signal energy Eg of g(t) is defined (for a
real signal) as

• In the case of a complex valued signal g(t), the


energy is given by
Power of Signals
• Power of the signal is defined as
Energy Signals
• A signal g(t) is an energy signal if Eg < 
• A necessary condition for the energy to be finite is
that the signal amplitude goes to zero as time
tends to infinity
Power Signal
• A signal is a power signal if

• A signal cannot be an energy and a power


signal at the same time
Energy Signal
Power Signal
Unit Impulse Function
• The Unit Impulse function or Dirac function is
defined as

• Multiplication of a function by an impulse


 (t ) (t )   (0) (t )
• Delayed impulse

 (t ) (t  T )   (T ) (t  T )
• Sampling property of the Unit Impulse
Function

  (t ) (t )dt   (0)


  (t ) (t  T )dt   (T )

Unit Step function
• Unit step function u(t), defined as
Signal & Systems
Preliminaries
Signals and Systems
• A signal is a useful information or data. For example
telephone, television signal, FM etc
• A signal which is not useful is NOISE!
• Signals are processed by systems, which may modify
them or extract useful information from them.
• Systems usually processes a set of inputs and produces
a certain output which maybe a modified version of a
input signal.
• System can be made up of physical components,
electrical, mechanical or hydraulics or it may be a
software that computes an output from input signal.
Sampling
Let the analogue signal be denoted by x(t).
the sampled waveform is then given by:
s(n)  x(nT )   n  
where n is an integer and T is the sampling
period.
A sequence of samples
Z – Transform
The z-transform plays a key role in the study of linear
time-invariant systems, which are characterized by the
following two properties:

• linearity and
• time invariance

The linearity property means that the system satisfies


the principle of superposition. Specifically, if v1(n) and
v2(n), are two different inputs applied to the system
and u1(n) and u2(n) are the responses produced by the
system, respectively, then the response of the filter to
the composite excitation a v1(n) + b v2(n) is equal to
au1(n) + bu2(n), where a and b are arbitrary constants.
The time-invariance property means that if u(n)
is the response of the system due to the
excitation v(n), then the response of the system
to the new excitation v(n - k) is equal to u(n - k),
where k is an arbitrary time shift.
Causality and Stability
A linear time-invariant filter is said to be causal if its impulse
response h(n) is zero for negative time, as shown by

h(n) = 0 for n < 0

Clearly, for a filter to operate in real time, it would have to be


causal.

The filter is said to be stable if the output sequence


(response) of the filter is bounded for all bounded input
sequences (excitations). This requirement is called the
bounded input-bounded output (BIBO) stability criterion,
the application of which is well suited for linear time-
invariant filters.
That is, the impulse response of the filter must be absolutely
summable.

Causality and stability are not necessarily compatible


requirements. A causal, linear time- invariant filter is stable
if and only if all of the poles of the filter's transfer function
lie inside the unit circle in the z-plane.

Consider transfer function of a LTI system(filter) where poles


are in the denominator given by b coefficients and zeros by a:
Frequency response of an LTI System
Frequency response of an LTI System
Continuous Fourier Transform (FT)

• Transforms a signal (i.e., function) from the spatial


domain to the frequency domain.

where
Why is FT Useful?

• Remove undesirable frequencies from a signal.

• Easier and faster to perform certain operations in the


frequency domain than in the spatial domain.
Example:
Removing undesirable frequencies
noisy signal frequencies

remove high reconstructed


To remove certain frequencies
frequencies, set their signal
corresponding F(u)
coefficients to zero!
Steps in Frequency Filtering

• 1. Take the FT of f(x)

• 2. Remove undesired frequencies:

• 3. Convert back to a signal:


Definitions

• F(u) is a complex function:

• Magnitude of FT (spectrum):

• Phase of FT:

• Magnitude-Phase representation:

• Power of f(x): P(u)=|F(u)|2=


Example: rectangular pulse

rect(x) function sinc(x) function or sin(x)/x


Example: impulse or “delta” function

• Definition of delta function:

• Properties:
Example: impulse or “delta” function (cont’d)

• FT of delta function
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) (cont’d)

• Forward DFT

• Inverse DFT

1/NΔx
Example

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