http://www.javatpoint.

com/internal-details-of-hello-java-program
Java Tutorial
1. Java - What, Where and Why?
2. What is Java
3. Where Java is used
4. Java Applications
Java technology is widely used currently. Let's start learning of
java from basic questions like what is java, where it is used, what
type of applications are created in java and why use java?
What is Java?
Java is a programming language and a platform.
Platform Any hardware or software environment in which a
program runs, known as a platform. Since Java has its own
Runtime Environment (JRE) and API, it is called platform.

Where it is used?
According to Sun, 3 billion devices run java. There are many
devices where java is currently used. Some of them are as
follows:
1. Desktop Applications such as acrobat reader, media player,
antivirus etc.
2. Web Applications such as irctc.co.in, javatpoint.com etc.
3. Enterprise Applications such as banking applications.

4. Mobile
5. Embedded System
6. Smart Card
7. Robotics
8. Games etc.

Types of Java Applications

There are mainly 4 type of applications that can be created using
java:
1) Standalone Application
It is also known as desktop application or window-based
application. An application that we need to install on every
machine such as media player, antivirus etc. AWT and Swing are
used in java for creating standalone applications.
2) Web Application
An application that runs on the server side and creates dynamic
page, is called web application. Currently, servlet, jsp, struts, jsf
etc. technologies are used for creating web applications in java.
3) Enterprise Application
An application that is distributed in nature, such as banking
applications etc. It has the advantage of high level security, load
balancing and clustering. In java, EJB is used for creating
enterprise applications.
4) Mobile Application

An application that is created for mobile devices. Currently

Android and Java ME are used for creating mobile applications.

Do You Know ?
What is the difference between JRE and JVM ?

What is the purpose of JIT compiler ?

Can we save the java source file without any name ?
Why java uses the concept of unicode system ?
What will we learn in Basics of Java ?
History of Java
Features of Java
Hello Java Program
Program Internal
How to set path?
Difference between JDK,JRE and JVM
Internal Details of JVM
Variable and Data Type
Unicode System
Operators
History of Java
1. Brief history of Java

2. Java Version History

Java history is interesting to know. Java team members (also
known as Green Team), initiated a revolutionary task to develop
a language for digital
such as set-top boxes, televisions etc.
At that time, it was a advanced concept for the green team. But,
it was good for internet programming. Later, Netscape Navigator
incorporated Java technology.

James Gosling
Currently, Java is used in internet programming, mobile devices,
games, e-business solutions etc. Let's see the major points that
describes the history of java.
1) James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick
Naughton initiated the Java language project in June 1991. The
small team of sun engineers called Green Team.
2) Originally designed for small, embedded systems in electronic
appliances like set-top boxes.
3) Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" by James Gosling and file
extension was .gt.
4) After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a part of
the Green project.

5) Why Oak? Oak is a symbol of

strength and choosen as a national tree of many countries like
U.S.A., France, Germany, Romania etc.
6) In 1995, Oak was renamed as "Java" because it was already
a trademark by Oak Technologies.
7) Why they choosed java name for java language? The
team gathered to choose a new name. The suggested words were
"dynamic", "revolutionary", "Silk", "jolt", "DNA" etc. They wanted
something that reflected the essence of the technology:
revolutionary, dynamic, lively, cool, unique, and easy to spell and
fun to say.
According to James Gosling "Java was one of the top choices
along with Silk". Since java was so unique, most of the team
members preferred java.
8) Java is an island of Indonesia where first coffee was produced
(called java coffee).
9) Notice that Java is just a name not an acronym.
10) Originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems
(which is now a subsidiary of Oracle Corporation) and released in
1995.
11) In 1995, Time magazine called Java one of the Ten Best
Products of 1995.
12) JDK 1.0 released in(January 23, 1996).

Java Version History

There are many java versions that has been released.
1. JDK Alpha and Beta (1995)
2. JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan, 1996)
3. JDK 1.1 (19th Feb, 1997)
4. J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec, 1998)
5. J2SE 1.3 (8th May, 2000)
6. J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb, 2002)
7. J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep, 2004)
8. Java SE 6 (11th Dec, 2006)
9. Java SE 7 (28th July, 2011)
Features of Java
1. Features of Java
1.

Simple

2.

Object-Oriented

3.

Platform Independent

4.

secured

5.

Robust

6.

Architecture Neutral

7.

Portable

8.

High Performance

9.

Distributed

10.

Multi-threaded

There is given many features of java. They are also called java
buzzwords.
1.Simple
2.Object-oriented
3.Platform independent
4.Secured
5.Robust
6.Architecture neutral
7.Portable
8.Dynamic
9.Interpreted
10.High Performance
11.Multithreaded
12.Distributed

Simple
Java is simple in the sense that:
syntax is based on C++ (so easier for programmers to learn
it after C++).
removed many confusing and/or rarely-used features e.g.,
explicit pointers, operator overloading etc.

No need to remove unreferenced objects because there is

Automatic Garbage Collection in java.
Object-oriented
Object-oriented means we organize our software as a
combination of different types of objects that incorporates both
data and behaviour.
Object-oriented programming(OOPs) is a methodology that
simplify software development and maintenance by providing
some rules.
Basic concepts of OOPs are:
1. Object
2. Class
3. Inheritance
4. Polymorphism
5. Abstraction
6. Encapsulation

Platform Independent
A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a
program runs. There are two types of platforms software-based
and hardware-based. Java provides software-based platform.
The Java platform differs from most other platforms in the
sense that it's a software-based platform that runs on top of
other hardware-based platforms.It has two components:

1. Runtime Environment
2. API(Application Programming Interface)
Java code can be run on multiple platforms
e.g.Windows,Linux,Sun Solaris,Mac/OS etc. Java code is
compiled by the compiler and converted into bytecode.This
bytecode is a platform independent code because it can be run
on multiple platforms i.e. Write Once and Run

Anywhere(WORA).
Secured
Java is secured because:
No explicit pointer
Programs run inside virtual machine sandbox.

Classloader- adds security by separating the package for

the classes of the local file system from those that are
imported from network sources.
Bytecode Verifier- checks the code fragments for illegal
code that can violate access right to objects.
Security Manager- determines what resources a class can
access such as reading and writing to the local disk.
These security are provided by java language. Some security
can also be provided by application developer through
SSL,JAAS,cryptography etc.
Robust
Robust simply means strong. Java uses strong memory
management. There are lack of pointers that avoids security
problem. There is automatic garbage collection in java. There is
exception handling and type checking mechanism in java. All

these points makes java robust.

Architecture-neutral
There is no implementation dependent features e.g. size of
primitive types is set.
Portable
We may carry the java bytecode to any platform.
High-performance
Java is faster than traditional interpretation since byte code is
"close" to native code still somewhat slower than a compiled
language (e.g., C++)
Distributed
We can create distributed applications in java. RMI and EJB are
used for creating distributed applications. We may access files
by calling the methods from any machine on the internet.
Multi-threaded
A thread is like a separate program, executing concurrently. We
can write Java programs that deal with many tasks at once by
defining multiple threads. The main advantage of multithreading is that it shares the same memory. Threads are
important for multi-media, Web applications etc.
Simple Program of Java
1. Requirements for creating Hello Java Example

2. Creating Hello Java Example

3. Resolving javac not recognized exception
In this page, we will learn how to write the hello java program.
Creating hello java example is too easy. Here, we have created
a class named Simple that contains only main method and
prints a message hello java. It is the simple program of java.
Requirement for Hello Java Example
For executing any java program, you need to
create the java program.
install the JDK if you don't have installed it, download the
JDK and install it.
set path of the bin directory under jdk.
compile and execute the program.

Creating hello java example

Let's create the hello java program:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

class Simple{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println("Hello Java")
}
}
save this file as Simple.java

To compile:

javac Simple.java

To execute:

java Simple

Output:Hello Java
Understanding first java program
Let's see what is the meaning of class, public, static, void, main,
String[], System.out.println().
class is used to declare a class in java.
public is an access modifier which represents visibility, it
means it is visible to all.
static is a keyword, if we declare any method as static, it is
known as static method. The core advantage of static
method is that there is no need to create object to invoke
the static method. The main method is executed by the JVM,
so it doesn't require to create object to invoke the main
method. So it saves memory.
void is the return type of the method, it means it doesn't
return any value.
main represents startup of the program.
String[] args is used for command line argument. We will
learn it later.
System.out.println() is used print statement.

To write the simple program, open notepad and write simple

program as displayed below:

As displayed in the above diagram, write the simple program of

java in notepad and saved it as Simple.java. To compile and run
this program, you need to open command prompt by start ->
All Programs -> Accessories -> command prompt.

To compile and run the above program, go to your current

directory first; my current directory is c:\new . Write here:
To compile:

javac Simple.java

To execute:

java Simple

Resolving an exception "javac is not recognized as an internal or

external command" ?
If there occurs a problem like displayed in the below figure, you
need to set path. Since DOS doesn't know javac or java, we

need to set path. Path is not required in such a case if you save
your program inside the jdk/bin folder. But its good approach to
set path. Click here for How to set path in java.

Internal Details of Hello Java Program

1. Internal Details of Hello Java
In the previous page, we have learned about the first program,
how to compile and how to run the first java program. Here, we
are going to learn, what happens while compiling and running the

java program. Moreover, we will see some question based on the

first program.
What happens at compile time?
At compile time, java file is compiled by Java Compiler (It does
not interact with OS) and converts the java code into bytecode.

What happens at runtime?

At runtime, following steps are performed:

Classloader: is the subsystem of JVM that is used to load class

files.
Bytecode Verifier: checks the code fragments for illegal code
that can violate access right to objects.
Interpreter: read bytecode stream then execute the
instructions.

Q)Can you save a java source file by other name than the class name?
Yes, like the figure given below illustrates:

To compile:

javac Hard.java

To execute:

java Simple

Q)Can you have multiple classes in a java source file?

Yes, like the figure given below illustrates:

How to set path of JDK in Windows:

1. How to set path of JDK in Windows OS

1.

Setting Temporary Path of JDK

2.

Setting Permanent Path of JDK

2. How to set path of JDK in Linux OS

Path is required for using tools such as javac, java etc. If you
are saving the java file in jdk/bin folder, path is not required.But
If you are having your java file outside the jdk/bin folder, it is
necessary to set path of JDK. There are two ways to set path of
JDK:
1. temporary
2. permanent
1)Setting temporary Path of JDK in Windows:
For setting the temporary path of JDK, you need to follow these
steps:
Open command prompt
copy the path of bin folder
write in command prompt: set path=copiedpath
For Example:
set path=C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.6.0_23\bin
Let's see it in the figure given below:

2)Setting Permanent Path of JDK in Windows:

For setting the permanent path of JDK, you need to follow these
steps:
Go to MyComputer properties -> advanced tab ->
environment variables -> new tab of user variable -> write
path in variable name -> write path of bin folder in variable
value -> ok -> ok -> ok
For Example:
1)Go to MyComputer properties

2)click on advanced tab

3)click on environment variables

4)click on new tab of user variables

5)write path in variable name

6)Copy the path of bin folder

7)paste path of bin folder in variable value

8)click on ok button

9)click on ok button

Now your permanent path is set.You can now execute any

program of java from any drive.

Setting Path in Linux OS

Setting the path in Linux OS is same as setting the path in the Windows OS

export PATH=$PATH:/home/jdk1.6.01/bin/
Here, we have installed the JDK in the home directory under
Root (/home).

Difference between JDK,JRE and JVM

1. Brief summary of JVM
2. Java Runtime Environment (JRE)
3. Java Development Kit (JDK)

Understanding the difference between JDK, JRE and JVM is important in Jav

JVM
JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine.It is a specification that p

JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms (i.e.JVM is pl
The JVM performs four main tasks:
Loads code
Verifies code
Executes code
Provides runtime environment

JRE
JRE is an acronym for Java Runtime Environment.It is used to provide runti

Implementation of JVMs are also actively released by other companies besi

JDK
JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit.It physically
exists.It contains JRE + development tools.

JVM (Java Virtual Machine)

1. Java Virtual Machine
2. Internal Architecture of JVM
3. Classloader
4. Class Area
5. Heap Area
6. Stack Area
7. Program Counter Register

8. Native Method Stack

9. Execution Engine
JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine.It is a
specification that provides runtime environment in which java
bytecode can be executed.
JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms
(i.e.JVM is plateform dependent).
The JVM performs four main tasks:
Loads code
Verifies code
Executes code
Provides runtime environment
JVM provides definitions for the:
Memory area
Class file format
Register set
Garbage-collected heap
Fatal error reporting etc.

Internal Architecture of JVM

Let's understand the internal architecture of JVM. It contains
classloader, memory area, execution engine etc.

1) Classloader:
Classloader is a subsystem of JVM that is used to load class files.
2) Class(Method) Area:
Class(Method) Area stores per-class structures such as the
runtime constant pool, field and method data, the code for
methods.
3) Heap:
It is the runtime data area in which objects are allocated.

4) Stack:
Java Stack stores frames.It holds local variables and partial
results, and plays a part in method invocation and return.
Each thread has a private JVM stack, created at the same time
as thread.
A new frame is created each time a method is invoked. A frame
is destroyed when its method invocation completes.
5) Program Counter Regiser:
PC (program counter) register. It contains the address of the Java
virtual machine instruction currently being executed.
6) Native Method Stack:
It contains all the native methods used in the application.
7) Execution Engine:
It contains:
1) A virtual processor
2) Interpreter:Read bytecode stream then execute the
instructions.
3) Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler:It is used to improve the
performance.JIT compiles parts of the byte code that have
similar functionality at the same time, and hence reduces the
amount of time needed for compilation.Here the term ?
compiler? refers to a translator from the instruction set of a Java
virtual machine (JVM) to the instruction set of a specific CPU.
Variable and Datatype in Java
1. Variable
2. Types of Variable

3. Data Types in Java

In this page, we will learn about the variable and java data types. Variable
Variable
Variable is name of reserved area allocated in memory.

int data=50;//Here data is variable

Types of Variable
There are three types of variables in java
local variable
instance variable
static variable

Local Variable
A variable that is declared inside the method is called local variable.
Instance Variable
A variable that is declared inside the class but outside the method is called
Static variable

A variable that is declared as static is called static variable. It cannot be loc

We will have detailed learning of these variables in next chapters.

Example to understand the types of variables
class A{
int data=50;//instance variable
static int m=100;//static variable
void method(){
int n=90;//local variable
}
}//end of class

Data Types in Java

In java, there are two types of data types
primitive data types
non-primitive data types

Data Type

Default
Value

Default
size

boolean

false

1 bit

char

'\u0000'

2 byte

byte

1 byte

short

2 byte

int

4 byte

long

0L

8 byte

float

0.0f

4 byte

double

0.0d

8 byte

Why char uses 2 byte in java and what is \u0000 ?

because java uses unicode system rather than ASCII code
system. \u0000 is the lowest range of unicode system.To get
detail about Unicode see below.
Unicode System
Unicode is a universal international standard character encoding
that is capable of representing most of the world's written
languages.
Why java uses Unicode System?
Before Unicode, there were many language standards:
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
Interchange) for the United States.
ISO 8859-1 for Western European Language.
KOI-8 for Russian.
GB18030 and BIG-5 for chinese, and so on.

This caused two problems:

1. A particular code value corresponds to different letters in
the various language standards.
2. The encodings for languages with large character sets have
variable length.Some common characters are encoded as
single bytes, other require two or more byte.
To solve these problems, a new language standard was
developed i.e. Unicode System.
In unicode, character holds 2 byte, so java also uses 2 byte for
characters.
lowest value:\u0000
highest value:\uFFFF
Operators in java
Operator is a special symbol that is used to perform operations.
There are many types of operators in java such as unary operator,
arithmetic operator, relational operator, shift operator, bitwise
operator, ternary operator and assignment operator.

Precedence of Operators
Operators

Precedence

postfix

expr++ expr--

unary

++expr --expr +expr -expr

~ !

multiplicative

* / %

additive

+ -

shift

<<>>>>>

relational

<><= >= instanceof

equality

== !=

bitwise AND

&

bitwise exclusive
OR

bitwise inclusive
OR

logical AND

&&

logical OR

||

ternary

? :

assignment

= += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |=
<<= >>= >>>=

Useful Programs:
There is given some useful programs such as factorial number,
prime number, fibonacci series etc.
It is better for the freshers to skip this topic and come to it after OOPs
concepts.
1) Program of factorial number.
class Operation{

static int fact(int number){

int f=1;
for(int i=1;i<=number;i++){
f=f*i;
}
return f;
}
public static void main(String args[]){
int result=fact(5);
System.out.println("Factorial of 5="+result);
}
}
2) Program of fibonacci series.
class Fabnoci{
public static void main(String...args)
{
int n=10,i,f0=1,f1=1,f2=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
f2=f0+f1;
f0=f1;
f1=f2;
f2=f0;
System.out.println(f2);
}
}
}

3) Program of armstrong number.

class ArmStrong{
public static void main(String...args)
{
int n=153,c=0,a,d;
d=n;
while(n>0)
{
a=n%10;
n=n/10;
c=c+(a*a*a);
}
if(d==c)
System.out.println("armstrong number");
else
System.out.println("it is not an armstrong number");
}
}
4) Program of checking palindrome number.
class Palindrome
{
public static void main( String...args)
{
int a=242;
int n=a,b=a,rev=0;
while(n>0)
{
a=n%10;
rev=rev*10+a;
n=n/10;
}
if(rev==b)

System.out.println("it is Palindrome");
else
System.out.println("it is not palinedrome");
}
}
5) Program of swapping two numbers without using third variable.
class SwapTwoNumbers{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a=40,b=5;
a=a*b;
b=a/b;
a=a/b;
System.out.println("a= "+a);
System.out.println("b= "+b);
}
}
6) Program of factorial number by recursion
class FactRecursion{
static int fact(int n){
if(n==1)
return 1;
return n*=fact(n-1);
}
public static void main(String args[]){

int f=fact(5);
System.out.println(f);
}
}
Java OOPs Concepts
1. Object Oriented Programming
2. Advantage of OOPs over Procedure-oriented programming
language
3. Difference between Objcet-oriented and Objcet-based
programming language.
In this page, we will learn about basics of OOPs. Object Oriented
Programming is a paradigm that provides many concepts such
as inheritance, data binding,polymorphism etc.
Simula is considered as the first object-oriented programming
language. The programming paradigm where everything is
represented as an object, is known as truly object-oriented
programming language.
Smalltalk is considered as the first truly object-oriented
programming language.
OOPs (Object Oriented Programming System)

Object means a real word

entity such as pen, chair, table etc. Object-Oriented
Programming is a methodology or paradigm to design a
program using classes and objects. It simplifies the software
development and maintenance by providing some concepts:
Object
Class
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Abstraction
Encapsulation
Object
Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For
example: chair, pen, table, keyboard, bike etc. It can be physical
and logical.

Class
Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.
Inheritance
When one object acquires all the properties and
behaviours of parent object i.e. known as inheritance. It
provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime
polymorphism.

Polymorphism
When one task is performed by different ways i.e. known as
polymorphism. For example: to convense the customer
differently, to draw something e.g. shape or rectangle etc.
In java, we use method overloading and method overriding to
achieve polymorphism.
Another example can be to speak something e.g. cat speaks
meaw, dog barks woof etc.
Abstraction
Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known
as abstraction. For example: phone call, we don't know the
internal processing.

In java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve

abstraction.

Encapsulation
Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single
unit is known as encapsulation. For example: capsule, it is
wrapped with different medicines.
A java class is the example of encapsulation. Java bean is the
fully encapsulated class because all the data members are private
here.
Advantage of OOPs over Procedure-oriented programming language
1)OOPs makes development and maintenance easier where as
in Procedure-oriented programming language it is not easy to
manage if code grows as project size grows.
2)OOPs provides data hiding whereas in Procedure-oriented
prgramming language a global data can be accessed from
anywhere.
3)OOPs provides ability to simulate real-world event much more
effectively. We can provide the solution of real word problem if
we are using the Object-Oriented Programming language.

What is difference between object-oriented programming language

and object-based programming language?
Object based programming language follows all the features of
OOPs except Inheritance. JavaScript and VBScript are examples
of object based programming languages.

Do You Know ?

Can we overload main method ?

Constructor returns a value but, what ?
Can we create a program without main method ?
What are the 6 ways to use this keyword ?
Why multiple inheritance is not supported in java ?
Why use aggregation ?
Can we override the static method ?

 What is covariant return type ?

What are the three usage of super keyword?
Why use instance initializer block?
What is the usage of blank final variable ?
What is marker or tagged interface ?
What is runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch ?
What is the difference between static and dynamic binding ?
How downcasting is possible in java ?
What is the purpose of private constructor?
What is object cloning ?
What we will learn in OOPs Concepts ?
Advantage of OOPs
Naming Convention
Object and class
Method overloading
Constructor
static keyword
this keyword with 6 usage
Inheritance
Aggregation

Method Overriding
Covariant Return Type
super keyword
Instance Initializer block
final keyword
Abstract class
Interface
Runtime Polymorphism
Static and Dynamic Binding
Downcasting with instanceof operator
Package
Access Modifiers
Encapsulation
Object Cloning
Java Naming convention
A naming convention is a rule to follow as you decide what to
name your identifiers (e.g. class, package, variable, method,
etc.), but it is not mandatory to follow that is why it is known as
convention not rule.
Advantage of java naming convention
By using standard Java naming conventions they make their code
easier to read for themselves and for other programmers.

Readability of Java code is important because it means less time

is spent trying to figure out what the code does.

Name

Convention

class
name

should begin with uppercase letter

and be a noun
e.g.String,System,Thread etc.

Interface
name

should begin with uppercase letter

and be an adjective (whereever
possible). e.g.
Runnable,ActionListener etc.

method
name

should begin with lowercase letter and

be a verb. e.g.
main(),print(),println(),actionPerform
ed() etc.

variable
name

should begin with lowercase letter

e.g. firstName,orderNumber etc.

package
name

should be in lowercase letter. e.g.

java,lang,sql,util etc.

constant
s name

should be in uppercase letter. e.g.

RED,YELLOW,MAX_PRIORITY etc.

Object and Class in Java

1. Object
2. Class
3. Instace Variable
4. Method
5. Example of Object and class that maintains the records of
student

6. Annonymous Object
In this page, we will learn about the objects and classes. In
object-oriented programming, we design a program using
objects and classes. Object is the physical entity whereas class
is the logical entity. A class works as a template from which we
create the objects.
Object

A runtime entity that has state and behaviour is known as an

object. For example: chair, table, pen etc. It can be tengible or
intengible (physical or logical).
An object has three characterstics:
state:represents the data of an object.
behaviour:represents the behaviour of an object.
identity:Object identity is typically implemented via a
unique ID. The value of the ID is not visible to the external

user, but is used internally by the JVM to identify each object

uniquely.
For Example: Pen is an object. Its name is Reynolds, color is
white etc. known as its state. It is used to write, so writing is its
behaviour.
Object is an instance of a class.Class is a template or
blueprint from which objects are created.So object is the
instance(result) of a class.

Class
A class is a group of objects that have common property. It is a
template or blueprint from which objects are created.
A class in java can contain:
data member
method
constructor
block
Syntax to declare a class:
1.
2.
3.
4.

class <class_name>{
data member;
method;
}
Simple Example of Object and Class
In this example, we have created a Student class that have two
data members id and name. We are creating the object of the
Student class by new keyword and printing the objects value.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

class Student{
int id;//data member (also instance variable)
String name;//data member(also instance variable)
public static void main(String args[]){
Student s1=new Student();//creating an object of Student

7.
System.out.println(s1.id+" "+s1.name);
8.
9.
}
10.
}
Output:0 null

Instance variable
A variable that is created inside the class but outside the
method, is known as instance variable.Instance variable doesn't
get memory at compile time.It gets memory at runtime when
object(instance) is created.That is why, it is known as instance
variable.
Method
In java, a method is like function i.e. used to expose behaviour
of an object.
Advantage of Method
Code Reusability
Code Optimization
new keyword
The new keyword is used to allocate memory at runtime.

Example of Object and class that maintains the records of

students
In this example, we are creating the two objects of Student
class and initializing the value to these objects by invoking the
insertRecord method on it. Here, we are displaying the state
(data) of the objects by invoking the displayInformation
method.
1.
class Student{
2.
int rollno;
3.
String name;
4.
5.
void insertRecord(int r, String n){ //method
6.
rollno=r;
7.
name=n;
8.
}
9.
10.
void displayInformation(){System.out.println(rollno+"
"+name);}//method
11.
12.
public static void main(String args[]){
13.
Student s1=new Student();
14.
Student s2=new Student();
15.
16.
s1.insertRecord(111,"Karan");
17.
s2.insertRecord(222,"Aryan");
18.
19.
s1.displayInformation();
20.
s2.displayInformation();
21.
22.
}
23.
}
Output:111 Karan
222 Aryan
download this example of object and class

As you see in the above figure, object gets the memory in Heap
area and reference variable refers to the object allocated in the
Heap memory area. Here, s1 and s2 both are reference
variables that refer to the objects allocated in memory.

Another Example of Object and Class

There is given another example that maintains the records of
Rectangle class. Its exaplanation is same as in the above
Student class example.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

class Rectangle{
int length;
int width;
void insert(int l,int w){
length=l;
width=w;
}

9.
10.
void calculateArea(){System.out.println(length*width);}
11.
12.
public static void main(String args[]){
13.
Rectangle r1=new Rectangle();
14.
Rectangle r2=new Rectangle();
15.
16.
r1.insert(11,5);
17.
r2.insert(3,15);
18.
19.
r1.calculateArea();
20.
r2.calculateArea();
21.
}
22.
}
Output:55
45
What are the different ways to create an object in Java?
There are many ways to create an object in java. They are:
By new keyword
By newInstance() method
By clone() method
By factory method etc.
We will learn, these ways to create the object later.

Annonymous object
Annonymous simply means nameless.An object that have no
reference is known as annonymous object.
If you have to use an object only once, annonymous object is a
good approach.

1.
class Calculation{
2.
3.
void fact(int n){
4.
int fact=1;
5.
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++){
6.
fact=fact*i;
7.
}
8.
System.out.println("factorial is "+fact);
9.
}
10.
11.
public static void main(String args[]){
12.
new Calculation().fact(5);//calling method with annonymou
s object
13.
}
14.
}
Output:Factorial is 120
Creating multiple objects by one type only
We can create multiple objects by one type only as we do in
case of primitives.
1.

Rectangle r1=new Rectangle(),r2=new Rectangle();//creati

ng two objects
Let's see the example:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

class Rectangle{
int length;
int width;
void insert(int l,int w){
length=l;
width=w;
}
void calculateArea(){System.out.println(length*width);}
public static void main(String args[]){

13.
Rectangle r1=new Rectangle(),r2=new Rectangle();//crea
ting two objects
14.
15.
r1.insert(11,5);
16.
r2.insert(3,15);
17.
18.
r1.calculateArea();
19.
r2.calculateArea();
20.
}
21.
}
Output:55
45
Method Overloading in Java
1. Different ways to overload the method
1.

By changing the no. of arguments

2.

By changing the datatype

2. Why method overloading is not possible by changing the

return type
3. Can we overload the main method
4. method overloading with Type Promotion
If a class has multiple methods by same name but different
parameters, it is known as Method Overloading.
If we have to perform only one operation, having same name of
the methods increases the readability of the program.
Suppose you have to perform addition of the given numbers but
there can be any number of arguments, if you write the method
such as a(int,int) for two parameters, and b(int,int,int) for three
parameters then it may be difficult for you as well as other
programmers to understand the behaviour of the method because

its name differs. So, we perform method overloading to figure out

the program quickly.

Advantage of method overloading?

Method overloading increases the readability of the program.
Different ways to overload the method
There are two ways to overload the method in java
1. By changing number of arguments
2. By changing the data type
In java, Methood Overloading is not possible by changing the return type
of the method.

1)Example of Method Overloading by changing the no. of

arguments
In this example, we have created two overloaded methods, first
sum method performs addition of two numbers and second sum
method performs addition of three numbers.
1.
2.
3.
4.

class Calculation{
void sum(int a,int b){System.out.println(a+b);}
void sum(int a,int b,int c){System.out.println(a+b+c);}

5.
public static void main(String args[]){
6.
Calculation obj=new Calculation();
7.
obj.sum(10,10,10);
8.
obj.sum(20,20);
9.
10.
}
11.
}
Output:30
40

2)Example of Method Overloading by changing data type of

argument
In this example, we have created two overloaded methods that
differs in data type. The first sum method receives two integer
arguments and second sum method receives two double
arguments.
1.
class Calculation{
2.
void sum(int a,int b){System.out.println(a+b);}
3.
void sum(double a,double b){System.out.println(a+b);}
4.
5.
public static void main(String args[]){
6.
Calculation obj=new Calculation();
7.
obj.sum(10.5,10.5);
8.
obj.sum(20,20);
9.
10.
}
11.
}
Output:21.0
40
Que) Why Method Overloaing is not possible by changing the return
type of method?
In java, method overloading is not possible by changing the

return type of the method because there may occur ambiguity.

Let's see how ambiguity may occur:
because there was problem:
1.
class Calculation{
2.
int sum(int a,int b){System.out.println(a+b);}
3.
double sum(int a,int b){System.out.println(a+b);}
4.
5.
public static void main(String args[]){
6.
Calculation obj=new Calculation();
7.
int result=obj.sum(20,20); //Compile Time Error
8.
9.
}
10.
}
int result=obj.sum(20,20); //Here how can java determine which
sum() method should be called

Can we overload main() method?

Yes, by method overloading. You can have any number of main
methods in a class by method overloading. Let's see the simple
example:
1.
class Simple{
2.
public static void main(int a){
3.
System.out.println(a);
4.
}
5.
6.
public static void main(String args[]){
7.
System.out.println("main() method invoked");
8.
main(10);
9.
}
10.
}
Output:main() method invoked
10

Method Overloading and TypePromotion

One type is promoted to another implicitly if no matching
datatype is found. Let's understand the concept by the figure
given below:

As displayed in the above diagram, byte can be promoted to

short, int, long, float or double. The short datatype can be
promoted to int,long,float or double. The char datatype can be
promoted to int,long,float or double and so on.
Example of Method Overloading with TypePromotion
1.
class Calculation{
2.
void sum(int a,long b){System.out.println(a+b);}
3.
void sum(int a,int b,int c){System.out.println(a+b+c);}
4.

5.
6.
7.

public static void main(String args[]){

Calculation obj=new Calculation();
obj.sum(20,20);//now second int literal will be promoted to
long

8.
obj.sum(20,20,20);
9.
10.
}
11.
}
Output:40
60
Example of Method Overloading with TypePromotion if matching
found
If there are matching type arguments in the method, type
promotion is not performed.
1.
2.

class Calculation{
void sum(int a,int b){System.out.println("int arg method i
nvoked");}
3.
void sum(long a,long b){System.out.println("long arg me
thod invoked");}
4.
5.
public static void main(String args[]){
6.
Calculation obj=new Calculation();
7.
obj.sum(20,20);//now int arg sum() method gets invoked
8.
}
9.
}
Output:int arg method invoked

Example of Method Overloading with TypePromotion in case

ambiguity
If there are no matching type arguments in the method, and
each method promotes similar number of arguments, there will
be ambiguity.
1.

class Calculation{

2.

void sum(int a,long b){System.out.println("a method invo

ked");}
3.
void sum(long a,int b){System.out.println("b method inv
oked");}
4.
5.
public static void main(String args[]){
6.
Calculation obj=new Calculation();
7.
obj.sum(20,20);//now ambiguity
8.
}
9.
}
Output:Compile Time Error

One type is not de-promoted implicitly for example double cannot be

depromoted to any type implicitely.
Constructor in Java
1. Types of constructors
1.

Default Constructor

2.

Parameterized Constructor

2. Constructor Overloading
3. Does constructor return any value
4. Copying the values of one object into another
5. Does constructor perform other task instead initialization
Constructor is a special type of method that is used to
initialize the object.
Constructor is invoked at the time of object creation. It
constructs the values i.e. provides data for the object that is why
it is known as constructor.

Rules for creating constructor

There are basically two rules defined for the constructor.
1. Constructor name must be same as its class name
2. Constructor must have no explicit return type

Types of constructors
There are two types of constructors:
1. default constructor (no-arg constructor)
2. parameterized constructor

1) Default Constructor
A constructor that have no parameter is known as default

constructor.
Syntax of default constructor:
1.

<class_name>(){}
Example of default constructor
In this example, we are creating the no-arg constructor in the
Bike class. It will be invoked at the time of object creation.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

class Bike{
Bike(){System.out.println("Bike is created");}
public static void main(String args[]){
Bike b=new Bike();
}
}
Output: Bike is created
Rule: If there is no constructor in a class, compiler automatically creates a
default constructor.

Que)What is the purpose of default constructor?

Default constructor provides the default values to the object like
0, null etc. depending on the type.
Example of default constructor that displays the default values
1.
class Student{
2.
int id;

3.
String name;
4.
5.
void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}
6.
7.
public static void main(String args[]){
8.
Student s1=new Student();
9.
Student s2=new Student();
10.
s1.display();
11.
s2.display();
12.
}
13.
}
1.
Output:0 null
2.
0 null
Explanation:In the above class,you are not creating any
constructor so compiler provides you a default constructor.Here 0
and null values are provided by default constructor.

Parameterized constructor
A constructor that have parameters is known as parameterized
constructor.
Why use parameterized constructor?
Parameterized constructor is used to provide different values to
the distinct objects.
Example of parameterized constructor
In this example, we have created the constructor of Student
class that have two parameters. We can have any number of
parameters in the constructor.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

class Student{
int id;
String name;
Student(int i,String n){

6.
id = i;
7.
name = n;
8.
}
9.
void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}
10.
11.
public static void main(String args[]){
12.
Student s1 = new Student(111,"Karan");
13.
Student s2 = new Student(222,"Aryan");
14.
s1.display();
15.
s2.display();
16.
}
17.
}
Output:111 Karan
222 Aryan
Constructor Overloading
Constructor overloading is a technique in Java in which a class
can have any number of constructors that differ in parameter
lists.The compiler differentiates these constructors by taking
into account the number of parameters in the list and their
type.
Example of Constructor Overloading
1.
class Student{
2.
int id;
3.
String name;
4.
int age;
5.
Student(int i,String n){
6.
id = i;
7.
name = n;
8.
}
9.
Student(int i,String n,int a){
10.
id = i;
11.
name = n;
12.
age=a;
13.
}

14.
void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name+"
"+age);}
15.
16.
public static void main(String args[]){
17.
Student s1 = new Student(111,"Karan");
18.
Student s2 = new Student(222,"Aryan",25);
19.
s1.display();
20.
s2.display();
21.
}
22.
}
Output:111 Karan 0
222 Aryan 25
What is the difference between constructor and method ?
There are many differences between constructors and methods.
They are given below.
Constructor

Method

Constructor is used to
initialize the state of an
object.

Method is used to
expose behaviour
of an object.

Constructor must not have

return type.

Method must have

return type.

Constructor is invoked
implicitly.

Method is invoked
explicitly.

The java compiler provides

a default constructor if you
don't have any constructor.

Method is not
provided by
compiler in any
case.

Constructor name must be

Method name may

same as the class name.

or may not be
same as class
name.

Copying the values of one object to another like copy constructor in C++
There are many ways to copy the values of one object into
another. They are:
By constructor
By assigning the values of one object into another
By clone() method of Object class
In this example, we are going to copy the values of one object
into another using constructor.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.

class Student{
int id;
String name;
Student(int i,String n){
id = i;
name = n;
}
Student(Student s){
id = s.id;
name =s.name;
}
void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}
public static void main(String args[]){
Student s1 = new Student(111,"Karan");
Student s2 = new Student(s1);
s1.display();
s2.display();

20.
}
21.
}
Output:111 Karan
111 Karan
Copying the values of one object to another without constructor
We can copy the values of one object into another by assigning
the objects values to another object. In this case, there is no
need to create the constructor.
1.
class Student{
2.
int id;
3.
String name;
4.
Student(int i,String n){
5.
id = i;
6.
name = n;
7.
}
8.
Student(){}
9.
void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}
10.
11.
public static void main(String args[]){
12.
Student s1 = new Student(111,"Karan");
13.
Student s2 = new Student();
14.
s2.id=s1.id;
15.
s2.name=s1.name;
16.
s1.display();
17.
s2.display();
18.
}
19.
}
Output:111 Karan
111 Karan
Que)Does constructor return any value?
Ans:yes,that is current class instance (You cannot use return
type yet it returns a value).

Can constructor perform other tasks instead of initialization?

Yes, like object creation, starting a thread, calling method etc.
You can perform any operation in the constructor as you perform
in the method.
static keyword
1. Static variable
2. Program of counter without static variable
3. Program of counter with static variable
4. Static method
5. Restrictions for static method
6. Why main method is static ?
7. Static block
8. Can we execute a program without main method ?
The static keyword is used in java mainly for memory
management. We may apply static keyword with variables,
methods, blocks and nested class. The static keyword belongs to
the class than instance of the class.
The static can be:
1. variable (also known as class variable)
2. method (also known as class method)
3. block
4. nested class

1) static variable
If you declare any variable as static, it is known static variable.
The static variable can be used to refer the common
property of all objects (that is not unique for each object)
e.g. company name of employees,college name of students
etc.
The static variable gets memory only once in class area at
the time of class loading.
Advantage of static variable
It makes your program memory efficient (i.e it saves
memory).
Understanding problem without static variable
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

class Student{
int rollno;
String name;
String college="ITS";
}
Suppose there are 500 students in my college, now all instance
data members will get memory each time when object is
created.All student have its unique rollno and name so instance
data member is good.Here, college refers to the common
property of all objects.If we make it static,this field will get
memory only once.
static property is shared to all objects.

Example of static variable

1.
//Program of static variable
2.
3.
class Student{
4.
int rollno;
5.
String name;

6.
static String college ="ITS";
7.
8.
Student(int r,String n){
9.
rollno = r;
10.
name = n;
11.
}
12.
void display (){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+"
"+college);}
13.
14.
public static void main(String args[]){
15.
Student s1 = new Student (111,"Karan");
16.
Student s2 = new Student (222,"Aryan");
17.
18.
s1.display();
19.
s2.display();
20.
}
21.
}
Output:111 Karan ITS
222 Aryan ITS

Program of counter without static variable

In this example, we have created an instance variable named
count which is incremented in the constructor. Since instance
variable gets the memory at the time of object creation, each
object will have the copy of the instance variable, if it is
incremented, it won't reflect to other objects. So each objects
will have the value 1 in the count variable.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

class Counter{
int count=0;//will get memory when instance is created
Counter(){
count++;
System.out.println(count);
}

8.
9.
public static void main(String args[]){
10.
11.
Counter c1=new Counter();
12.
Counter c2=new Counter();
13.
Counter c3=new Counter();
14.
15.
}}
Output:1
1
1
Program of counter by static variable
As we have mentioned above, static variable will get the
memory only once, if any object changes the value of the static
variable, it will retain its value.
1.
2.

class Counter{
static int count=0;//will get memory only once and retain it
s value

3.
4.
Counter(){
5.
count++;
6.
System.out.println(count);
7.
}
8.
9.
public static void main(String args[]){
10.
11.
Counter c1=new Counter();
12.
Counter c2=new Counter();
13.
Counter c3=new Counter();
14.
15.
}}
Output:1
2
3

2) static method
If you apply static keyword with any method, it is known as
static method.
A static method belongs to the class rather than object of a
class.
A static method can be invoked without the need for
creating an instance of a class.
static method can access static data member and can
change the value of it.
Example of static method
1.
//Program of changing the common property of all objects(st
atic field).
2.
3.
class Student{
4.
int rollno;
5.
String name;
6.
static String college = "ITS";
7.
8.
static void change(){
9.
college = "BBDIT";
10.
}
11.
12.
Student(int r, String n){
13.
rollno = r;
14.
name = n;
15.
}
16.
17.
void display (){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+"
"+college);}
18.
19.
public static void main(String args[]){
20.
Student.change();
21.

22.
Student s1 = new Student (111,"Karan");
23.
Student s2 = new Student (222,"Aryan");
24.
Student s3 = new Student (333,"Sonoo");
25.
26.
s1.display();
27.
s2.display();
28.
s3.display();
29.
}
30.
}
Output:111 Karan BBDIT
222 Aryan BBDIT
333 Sonoo BBDIT
Another example of static method that performs normal
calculation
1.
//Program to get cube of a given number by static method
2.
3.
class Calculate{
4.
static int cube(int x){
5.
return x*x*x;
6.
}
7.
8.
public static void main(String args[]){
9.
int result=Calculate.cube(5);
10.
System.out.println(result);
11.
}
12.
}
Output:125
Restrictions for static method
There are two main restrictions for the static method. They are:
1. The static method can not use non static data member or
call non-static method directly.
2. this and super cannot be used in static context.
1.

class A{

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

int a=40;//non static

public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println(a);
}
}
Output:Compile Time Error
Que)why main method is static?
Ans) because object is not required to call static method if it
were non-static method, jvm create object first then call main()
method that will lead the problem of extra memory allocation.

3)static block
Is used to initialize the static data member.
It is executed before main method at the time of
classloading.
Example of static block
1.
class A{
2.
3.
static{System.out.println("static block is invoked");}
4.
5.
public static void main(String args[]){
6.
System.out.println("Hello main");
7.
}
8.
}
Output:static block is invoked
Hello main
Que)Can we execute a program without main() method?
Ans)Yes, one of the way is static block but in previous version of
JDK not in JDK 1.7.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

class A{
static{
System.out.println("static block is invoked");
System.exit(0);
}
}
Output:static block is invoked (if not JDK7)
this keyword
1. this keyword
2. Usage of this keyword
1.

to refer the current class instance variable

2.

to invoke the current class constructor

3.

to invoke the current class method

4.

to pass as an argument in the method call

5.

to pass as an argument in the constructor call

6.

to return the current class instance

3. Proving this keyword

There can be a lot of usage of this keyword. In java, this is
a reference variable that refers to the current object.
Usage of this keyword
Here is given the 6 usage of this keyword.
1. this keyword can be used to refer current class instance
variable.
2. this() can be used to invoke current class constructor.

3. this keyword can be used to invoke current class method

(implicitly)
4. this can be passed as an argument in the method call.
5. this can be passed as argument in the constructor call.
6. this keyword can also be used to return the current class
instance.
Suggestion:If you are beginner to java, lookup only two usage
of this keyword.

1) The this keyword can be used to refer current class instance variable.
If there is ambiguity between the instance variable and
parameter, this keyword resolves the problem of ambiguity.
Understanding the problem without this keyword
Let's understand the problem if we don't use this keyword by
the example given below:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

class student{
int id;
String name;
student(int id,String name){
id = id;

7.
name = name;
8.
}
9.
void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}
10.
11.
public static void main(String args[]){
12.
student s1 = new student(111,"Karan");
13.
student s2 = new student(321,"Aryan");
14.
s1.display();
15.
s2.display();
16.
}
17.
}
Output:0 null
0 null
In the above example, parameter (formal arguments) and
instance variables are same that is why we are using this
keyword to distinguish between local variable and instance
variable.
Solution of the above problem by this keyword
1.
//example of this keyword
2.
class Student{
3.
int id;
4.
String name;
5.
6.
student(int id,String name){
7.
this.id = id;
8.
this.name = name;
9.
}
10.
void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}
11.
public static void main(String args[]){
12.
Student s1 = new Student(111,"Karan");
13.
Student s2 = new Student(222,"Aryan");
14.
s1.display();
15.
s2.display();
16.
}
17.
}
Output:111 Karan

222 Aryan

If local variables(formal arguments) and instance variables are

different, there is no need to use this keyword like in the
following program:
Program where this keyword is not required
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

class Student{
int id;
String name;
student(int i,String n){
id = i;
name = n;
}
void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}
public static void main(String args[]){
Student e1 = new Student(111,"karan");
Student e2 = new Student(222,"Aryan");

13.
e1.display();
14.
e2.display();
15.
}
16.
}
Output:111 Karan
222 Aryan
2) this() can be used to invoked current class constructor.
The this() constructor call can be used to invoke the current class
constructor (constructor chaining). This approach is better if you
have many constructors in the class and want to reuse that
constructor.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

//Program of this() constructor call (constructor chaining)

class Student{
int id;
String name;
Student (){System.out.println("default constructor is invo
ked");}

7.
8.
Student(int id,String name){
9.
this ();//it is used to invoked current class constructor.
10.
this.id = id;
11.
this.name = name;
12.
}
13.
void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}
14.
15.
public static void main(String args[]){
16.
Student e1 = new Student(111,"karan");
17.
Student e2 = new Student(222,"Aryan");
18.
e1.display();
19.
e2.display();
20.
}
21.
}
Output:
default constructor is invoked

default constructor is invoked

111 Karan
222 Aryan
Where to use this() constructor call?
The this() constructor call should be used to reuse the
constructor in the constructor. It maintains the chain between
the constructors i.e. it is used for constructor chaining. Let's see
the example given below that displays the actual use of this
keyword.
1.
class Student{
2.
int id;
3.
String name;
4.
String city;
5.
6.
Student(int id,String name){
7.
this.id = id;
8.
this.name = name;
9.
}
10.
Student(int id,String name,String city){
11.
this(id,name);//now no need to initialize id and name
12.
this.city=city;
13.
}
14.
void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name+"
"+city);}
15.
16.
public static void main(String args[]){
17.
Student e1 = new Student(111,"karan");
18.
Student e2 = new Student(222,"Aryan","delhi");
19.
e1.display();
20.
e2.display();
21.
}
22.
}
Output:111 Karan null
222 Aryan delhi
Rule: Call to this() must be the first statement in constructor.

1.
2.
3.
4.

class Student{
int id;
String name;
Student (){System.out.println("default constructor is invo
ked");}

5.
6.
Student(int id,String name){
7.
id = id;
8.
name = name;
9.
this ();//must be the first statement
10.
}
11.
void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}
12.
13.
public static void main(String args[]){
14.
Student e1 = new Student(111,"karan");
15.
Student e2 = new Student(222,"Aryan");
16.
e1.display();
17.
e2.display();
18.
}
19.
}
Output:Compile Time Error
3)The this keyword can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly).
You may invoke the method of the current class by using the
this keyword. If you don't use the this keyword, compiler
automatically adds this keyword while invoking the method.
Let's see the example

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

class S{
void m(){
System.out.println("method is invoked");
}
void n(){
this.m();//no need because compiler does it for you.
}
void p(){
n();//complier will add this to invoke n() method as this.n(

)
10.
}
11.
public static void main(String args[]){
12.
S s1 = new S();
13.
s1.p();
14.
}
15.
}
Output:method is invoked
4) this keyword can be passed as an argument in the method.
The this keyword can also be passed as an argument in the
method. It is mainly used in the event handling. Let's see the
example:

1.
class S{
2.
void m(S obj){
3.
System.out.println("method is invoked");
4.
}
5.
void p(){
6.
m(this);
7.
}
8.
9.
public static void main(String args[]){
10.
S s1 = new S();
11.
s1.p();
12.
}
13.
}
Output:method is invoked
Application of this that can be passed as an argument:
In event handling (or) in a situation where we have to provide
reference of a class to another one.

5) The this keyword can be passed as argument in the constructor call.

We can pass the this keyword in the constructor also. It is
useful if we have to use one object in multiple classes. Let's see
the example:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

class B{
A obj;
B(A obj){
this.obj=obj;
}
void display(){
System.out.println(obj.data);//using data member of A cl
ass

8.
9.

}
}

10.
11.
class A{
12.
int data=10;
13.
A(){
14.
B b=new B(this);
15.
b.display();
16.
}
17.
public static void main(String args[]){
18.
A a=new A();
19.
}
20.
}
Output:10
6) The this keyword can be used to return current class instance.
We can return the this keyword as an statement from the
method. In such case, return type of the method must be the
class type (non-primitive). Let's see the example:
Syntax of this that can be returned as a statement
1.
2.
3.

return_type method_name(){
return this;
}

Example of this keyword that you return as a statement from the

method
1.
class A{
2.
A getA(){
3.
return this;
4.
}
5.
void msg(){System.out.println("Hello java");}
6.
}
7.
8.
class Test{
9.
public static void main(String args[]){
10.
new A().getA().msg();
11.
}

12.
}
Output:Hello java
Proving this keyword
Let's prove that this keyword refers to the current class instance
variable. In this program, we are printing the reference variable
and this, output of both variables are same.
1.
class A{
2.
void m(){
3.
System.out.println(this);//prints same reference ID
4.
}
5.
6.
public static void main(String args[]){
7.
A obj=new A();
8.
System.out.println(obj);//prints the reference ID
9.
10.
obj.m();
11.
}
12.
}
Output:A@13d9c02
A@13d9c02
Inheritance in Java
1. Inheritance
2. Types of Inheritance
3. Why multiple inheritance is not possible in java in case of
class?
Inheritance is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the
properties and behaviours of parent object.
The idea behind inheritance is that you can create new classes
that are built upon existing classes. When you inherit from an
existing class, you reuse (or inherit) methods and fields, and you

add new methods and fields to adapt your new class to new
situations.
Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship.
Why use Inheritance?
For Method Overriding (So Runtime Polymorphism).
For Code Reusability.
Syntax of Inheritance
1.
2.
3.
4.

class Subclass-name extends Superclass-name

{
//methods and fields
}
The keyword extends indicates that you are making a new class
that derives from an existing class. In the terminology of Java,
a class that is inherited is called a superclass. The new class is
called a subclass.

Understanding the simple example of inheritance

As displayed in the above figure, Programmer is the subclass and

Employee is the superclass. Relationship between two classes
is Programmer IS-A Employee.It means that Programmer is a
type of Employee.
1.
class Employee{
2.
float salary=40000;
3.
}
4.
5.
class Programmer extends Employee{
6.
int bonus=10000;
7.
8.
public static void main(String args[]){
9.
Programmer p=new Programmer();
10.
System.out.println("Programmer salary is:"+p.salary);
11.
System.out.println("Bonus of Programmer is:"+p.bonus);
12.
}
13.
}
Output:Programmer salary is:40000.0
Bonus of programmer is:10000

In the above example,Programmer object can access the field of

own class as well as of Employee class i.e. code reusability.
Types of Inheritance
On the basis of class, there can be three types of inheritance:
single, multilevel and hierarchical.
Multiple and Hybrid is supported through interface only. We will
learn about interfaces later.

Multiple inheritance is not supported in java in case of class.

When a class extends multiple classes i.e. known as multiple
inheritance. For Example:

Que) Why multiple inheritance is not supported in java?

To reduce the complexity and simplify the language, multiple
inheritance is not supported in java. For example:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

class A{
void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");}
}
class B{
void msg(){System.out.println("Welcome");}
}
class C extends A,B{//suppose if it were
Public Static void main(String args[]){
C obj=new C();
obj.msg();//Now which msg() method would be invoked?
}

15.

Aggregation in Java
If a class have an entity reference, it is known as Aggregation.
Aggregation represents HAS-A relationship.
Consider a situation, Employee object contains many informations
such as id, name, emailId etc. It contains one more object named
address, which contains its own informations such as city, state,
country, zipcode etc. as given below.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

class Employee{
int id;
String name;
Address address;//Address is a class
...
}
In such case, Employee has an entity reference address, so
relationship is Employee HAS-A address.
Why use Aggregation?
For Code Reusability.

Simple Example of Aggregation

In this example, we have created the reference of Operation class

in the Circle class.

1.
class Operation{
2.
int square(int n){
3.
return n*n;
4.
}
5.
}
6.
7.
class Circle{
8.
Operation op;//aggregation
9.
double pi=3.14;
10.
11.
double area(int radius){
12.
op=new Operation();
13.
int rsquare=op.square(radius);//code reusability (i.e. dele
gates the method call).
14.
return pi*rsquare;
15.
}
16.
17.
18.
19.
public static void main(String args[]){
20.
Circle c=new Circle();
21.
double result=c.area(5);
22.
System.out.println(result);
23.
}
24.
}
Output:78.5
When use Aggregation?
Code reuse is also best achieved by aggregation when there
is no is-a relationship.
Inheritance should be used only if the relationship is-a is
maintained throughout the lifetime of the objects involved;
otherwise, aggregation is the best choice.

Understanding meaningful example of Aggregation

In this example, Employee has an object of Address, address
object contains its own informations such as city, state, country
etc. In such case relationship is Employee HAS-A address.
Address.java
1.
public class Address {
2.
String city,state,country;
3.
4.
public Address(String city, String state, String country) {
5.
this.city = city;
6.
this.state = state;
7.
this.country = country;
8.
}
9.
10.
}
Emp.java
1.
public class Emp {
2.
int id;
3.
String name;
4.
Address address;
5.
6.
public Emp(int id, String name,Address address) {
7.
this.id = id;
8.
this.name = name;
9.
this.address=address;
10.
}
11.
12.
void display(){
13.
System.out.println(id+" "+name);
14.
System.out.println(address.city+" "+address.state+" "+addr
ess.country);
15.
}
16.
17.
public static void main(String[] args) {
18.
Address address1=new Address("gzb","UP","india");

19.
Address address2=new Address("gno","UP","india");
20.
21.
Emp e=new Emp(111,"varun",address1);
22.
Emp e2=new Emp(112,"arun",address2);
23.
24.
e.display();
25.
e2.display();
26.
27.
}
28.
}
Output:111 varun
gzb UP india
112 arun
gno UP india
download this example
Method Overriding in Java
1. Understanding problem without method overriding
2. Can we override the static method
3. method overloading vs method overriding
Having the same method in the subclass as declared in the parent
class is known as method overriding.
In other words, If subclass provides the specific implementation
of the method i.e. already provided by its parent class, it is
known as Method Overriding.
Advantage of Method Overriding
Method Overriding is used to provide specific implementation
of a method that is already provided by its super class.
Method Overriding is used for Runtime Polymorphism
Rules for Method Overriding:

1. method must have same name as in the parent class

2. method must have same parameter as in the parent class.
3. must be inheritance (IS-A) relationship.

Understanding the problem without method overriding

Let's understand the problem that we may face in the program if
we don't use method overriding.
1.
class Vehicle{
2.
void run(){System.out.println("Vehicle is running");}
3.
}
4.
class Bike extends Vehicle{
5.
6.
public static void main(String args[]){
7.
Bike obj = new Bike();
8.
obj.run();
9.
}
10.
}
Output:Vehicle is running
Problem is that I have to provide a specific implementation of
run() method in subclass that is why we use method overriding.

Example of method overriding

In this example, we have defined the run method in the subclass
as defined in the parent class but it has some specific
implementation. The name and parameter of the method is same
and there is IS-A relationship between the classes, so there is
method overriding.
1.
2.
3.

class Vehicle{
void run(){System.out.println("Vehicle is running");}
}

4.
class Bike extends Vehicle{
5.
void run(){System.out.println("Bike is running safely");}
6.
7.
public static void main(String args[]){
8.
Bike obj = new Bike();
9.
obj.run();
10.
}
Output:Bike is running safely
Can we override static method?
No, static method cannot be overridden. It can be proved by
runtime polymorphism so we will learn it later.
Why we cannot override static method?
because static method is bound with class whereas instance
method is bound with object. Static belongs to class area and
instance belongs to heap area.

What is the difference between method Overloading and Method

Overriding?
There are three basic differences between the method
overloading and method overriding. They are as follows:
Method
Overloading

Method Overriding

1) Method
overloading is used
to increase the
readability of the
program.

Method overriding is used

to provide the specific
implementation of the
method that is already
provided by its super class.

2) method

Method overriding occurs in

overloading is
performed within a
class.

two classes that have IS-A

relationship.

3) In case of
method
overloading
parameter must be
different.

In case of method
overriding parameter must
be same.

More topics on Method Overriding (Not For Fresher)

Method Overriding with Access Modifier
Let's see the concept of method overriding with access modifier.
Exception Handling with Method Overriding
Let's see the concept of method overriding with exception
handling.
Covariant Return Type
The covariant return type specifies that the return type may vary
in the same direction as the subclass.
Before Java5, it was not possible to override any method by
changing the return type. But now, since Java5, it is possible to
override method by changing the return type if subclass overrides
any method whose return type is Non-Primitive but it changes its
return type to subclass type. Let's take a simple example:
Note: If you are beginner to java, skip this topic and return to it after OOPs
concepts.

Simple example of Covariant Return Type

1.
class A{
2.
A get(){return this;}
3.
}
4.
5.
class B extends A{
6.
B get(){return this;}
7.
void message(){System.out.println("welcome to covariant r
eturn type");}
8.
9.
public static void main(String args[]){
10.
new B().get().message();
11.
}
12.
}
Output:welcome to covariant return type
As you can see in the above example, the return type of the get()
method of A class is A but the return type of the get() method of
B class is B. Both methods have different return type but it is
method overriding. This is known as covariant return type.
super keyword
The super is a reference variable that is used to refer immediate
parent class object.
Whenever you create the instance of su0bclass, an instance of
parent class is created implicitly i.e. referred by super reference
variable.
Usage of super Keyword
1. super is used to refer immediate parent class instance
variable.
2. super() is used to invoke immediate parent class
constructor.
3. super is used to invoke immediate parent class method.

1) super is used to refer immediate parent class instance variable.

Problem without super keyword
1.
class Vehicle{
2.
int speed=50;
3.
}
4.
5.
class Bike extends Vehicle{
6.
int speed=100;
7.
8.
void display(){
9.
System.out.println(speed);//will print speed of Bike
10.
}
11.
public static void main(String args[]){
12.
Bike b=new Bike();
13.
b.display();
14.
15.
}
16.
}
Output:100
In the above example Vehicle and Bike both class have a
common property speed. Instance variable of current class is
refered by instance bydefault, but I have to refer parent class
instance variable that is why we use super keyword to
distinguish between parent class instance variable and current
class instance variable.
Solution by super keyword
1.
//example of super keyword
2.
class Vehicle{
int speed=50;
}
class Bike extends Vehicle{

int speed=100;
void display(){
System.out.println(super.speed);//will print speed of Vehicle now
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Bike b=new Bike();
b.display();
}
}
Output:50
2) super is used to invoke parent class constructor.
The super keyword can also be used to invoke the parent class
constructor as given below:
1.
class Vehicle{
2.
Vehicle(){System.out.println("Vehicle is created");}
3.
}
4.
5.
class Bike extends Vehicle{
6.
Bike(){
7.
super();//will invoke parent class constructor
8.
System.out.println("Bike is created");
9.
}
10.
public static void main(String args[]){
11.
Bike b=new Bike();
12.
13.
}
14.
}
Output:Vehicle is created
Bike is created
super() is added in each class constructor automatically by compiler.

As we know well that default constructor is provided by compiler

automatically but it also adds super() for the first statement.If
you are creating your own constructor and you don't have either
this() or super() as the first statement, compiler will provide
super() as the first statement of the constructor.
Another example of super keyword where super() is provided by the
compiler implicitly.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

class Vehicle{
Vehicle(){System.out.println("Vehicle is created");}
}
class Bike extends Vehicle{
int speed;
Bike(int speed){
this.speed=speed;
System.out.println(speed);
}

11.
public static void main(String args[]){
12.
Bike b=new Bike(10);
13.
}
14.
}
Output:Vehicle is created
10
3) super can be used to invoke parent class method.
The super keyword can also be used to invoke parent class
method. It should be used in case subclass contains the same
method as parent class as in the example given below:
1.
class Person{
2.
void message(){System.out.println("welcome");}
3.
}
4.
5.
class Student extends Person{
6.
void message(){System.out.println("welcome to java");}
7.
8.
void display(){
9.
message();//will invoke current class message() method
10.
super.message();//will invoke parent class message() meth
od
11.
}
12.
13.
public static void main(String args[]){
14.
Student s=new Student();
15.
s.display();
16.
}
17.
}
Output:welcome to java
welcome
In the above example Student and Person both classes have
message() method if we call message() method from Student
class, it will call the message() method of Student class not of
Person class because priority is given to local.

In case there is no method in subclass as parent, there is no

need to use super. In the example given below message()
method is invoked from Student class but Student class does
not have message() method, so you can directly call message()
method.
Program in case super is not required
1.
class Person{
2.
void message(){System.out.println("welcome");}
3.
}
4.
5.
class Student extends Person{
6.
7.
void display(){
8.
message();//will invoke parent class message() method
9.
}
10.
11.
public static void main(String args[]){
12.
Student s=new Student();
13.
s.display();
14.
}
15.
}
Output:welcome
Instance initializer block:
1. Instance initializer block
2. Example of Instance initializer block
3. What is invoked firstly instance initializer block or
constructor?
4. Rules for instance initializer block
5. Program of instance initializer block that is invoked after
super()

Instance Initializer block is used to initialize the instance

data member. It run each time when object of the class is
created.
The initialization of the instance variable can be directly but
there can be performed extra operations while initializing the
instance variable in the instance initializer block.
Que) What is the use of instance initializer block while we can directly
assign a value in instance data member? For example:
1.
2.
3.

class Bike{
int speed=100;
}
Why use instance initializer block?
Suppose I have to perform some operations while assigning
value to instance data member e.g. a for loop to fill a complex
array or error handling etc.

Example of instance initializer block

Let's see the simple example of instance initializer block the
performs initialization.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

class Bike{
int speed;
Bike(){System.out.println("speed is "+speed);}
{speed=100;}
public static void main(String args[]){
Bike b1=new Bike();
Bike b2=new Bike();
}
}

Output:speed is 100
speed is 100
There are three places in java where you can perform
operations:
1. method
2. constructor
3. block

What is invoked firstly instance initializer block or constructor?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

class Bike{
int speed;
Bike(){System.out.println("constructor is invoked");}
{System.out.println("instance initializer block invoked");}

7.
8.
public static void main(String args[]){
9.
Bike b1=new Bike();
10.
Bike b2=new Bike();
11.
}
12.
}
Output:instance initializer block invoked
constructor is invoked
instance initializer block invoked
constructor is invoked
In the above example, it seems that instance initializer block is
firstly invoked but NO. Instance intializer block is invoked at the
time of object creation. The java compiler copies the instance
initializer block in the constructor after the first statement
super(). So firstly, constructor is invoked. Let's understand it by

the figure given below:

Note: The java compiler copies the code of instance initializer block in
every constructor.

Rules for instance initializer block :

There are mainly three rules for the instance initializer block.
They are as follows:
1. The instance initializer block is created when instance of the
class is created.

2. The instance initializer block is invoked after the parent class

constructor is invoked (i.e. after super() constructor call).
3. The instance initializer block comes in the order in which
they appear.
Program of instance initializer block that is invoked after super()
1.
class A{
2.
A(){
3.
System.out.println("parent class constructor invoked");
4.
}
5.
}
6.
class B extends A{
7.
B(){
8.
super();
9.
System.out.println("child class constructor invoked");
10.
}
11.
12.
{System.out.println("instance initializer block is invoked");}
13.
14.
public static void main(String args[]){
15.
B b=new B();
16.
}
17.
}
Output:parent class constructor invoked
instance initializer block is invoked
child class constructor invoked
Another example of instance block
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

class A{
A(){
System.out.println("parent class constructor invoked");
}
}
class B extends A{

8.
B(){
9.
super();
10.
System.out.println("child class constructor invoked");
11.
}
12.
13.
B(int a){
14.
super();
15.
System.out.println("child class constructor invoked "+a);
16.
}
17.
18.
{System.out.println("instance initializer block is invoked");}
19.
20.
public static void main(String args[]){
21.
B b1=new B();
22.
B b2=new B(10);
23.
}
24.
}
Output:parent class constructor invoked
instance initializer block is invoked
child class constructor invoked
parent class constructor invoked
instance initializer block is invoked
child class constructor invoked 10
Final Keyword In Java
1. Final variable
2. Final method
3. Final class
4. Is final method inherited ?
5. Blank final variable
6. Static blank final variable
7. Final parameter

8. Can you declare a final constructor

The final keyword in java is used to restrict the user. The final
keyword can be used in many context. Final can be:
1. variable
2. method
3. class
The final keyword can be applied with the variables, a final
variable that have no value it is called blank final variable or
uninitialized final variable. It can be initialized in the constructor
only. The blank final variable can be static also which will be
initialized in the static block only. We will have detailed learning of
these. Let's first learn the basics of final keyword.

1) final variable
If you make any variable as final, you cannot change the value of
final variable(It will be constant).
Example of final variable
There is a final variable speedlimit, we are going to change the
value of this variable, but It can't be changed because final
variable once assigned a value can never be changed.
1.
2.

class Bike{
final int speedlimit=90;//final variable

3.
void run(){
4.
speedlimit=400;
5.
}
6.
public static void main(String args[]){
7.
Bike obj=new Bike();
8.
obj.run();
9.
}
10.
}//end of class
Output:Compile Time Error
2) final method
If you make any method as final, you cannot override it.
Example of final method
1.
class Bike{
2.
final void run(){System.out.println("running");}
3.
}
4.
5.
class Honda extends Bike{
6.
void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 100km
ph");}
7.
8.
public static void main(String args[]){
9.
Honda honda= new Honda();
10.
honda.run();
11.
}
12.
}
Output:Compile Time Error
3) final class
If you make any class as final, you cannot extend it.
Example of final class
1.
final class Bike{}
2.
3.
class Honda extends Bike{

4.

void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 100km

ph");}

5.
6.
public static void main(String args[]){
7.
Honda honda= new Honda();
8.
honda.run();
9.
}
10.
}
Output:Compile Time Error
Q) Is final method inherited?
Ans) Yes, final method is inherited but you cannot override it. For
Example:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

class Bike{
final void run(){System.out.println("running...");}
}
class Honda extends Bike{
public static void main(String args[]){
new Honda().run();
}
}
Output:running...
Q) What is blank or uninitialized final variable?
A final variable that is not initialized at the time of declaration is
known as blank final variable.
If you want to create a variable that is initialized at the time of
creating object and once initialized may not be changed, it is
useful. For example PAN CARD number of an employee.
It can be initialized only in constructor.

Example of blank final variable

1.
class Student{
2.
int id;

3.
4.
5.
6.

String name;
final String PAN_CARD_NUMBER;
...
}
Que) Can we initialize blank final variable?
Yes, but only in constructor. For example:

1.
class Bike{
2.
final int speedlimit;//blank final variable
3.
4.
Bike(){
5.
speedlimit=70;
6.
System.out.println(speedlimit);
7.
}
8.
9.
public static void main(String args[]){
10.
new Bike();
11.
}
12.
}
Output:70
static blank final variable
A static final variable that is not initialized at the time of
declaration is known as static blank final variable. It can be
initialized only in static block.
Example of static blank final variable
1.
class A{
2.
static final int data;//static blank final variable
3.
static{ data=50;}
4.
public static void main(String args[]){
5.
System.out.println(A.data);
6.
}
7.
}

Q) What is final parameter?

If you declare any parameter as final, you cannot change the
value of it.
1.
class Bike{
2.
int cube(final int n){
3.
n=n+2;//can't be changed as n is final
4.
n*n*n;
5.
}
6.
public static void main(String args[]){
7.
Bike b=new Bike();
8.
b.cube(5);
9.
}
10.
}
Output:Compile Time Error
Q) Can we declare a constructor final?
No, because constructor is never inherited.
Runtime Polymorphism
1. Runtime Polymorphism
2. Upcasting
3. Example of Runtime Polymorphism
4. Runtime Polymorphism with data members
Runtime polymorphism or Dynamic Method Dispatch is a
process in which a call to an overridden method is resolved at
runtime rather than compile-time.
In this process, an overridden method is called through the
reference variable of a superclass. The determination of the
method to be called is based on the object being referred to by
the reference variable.

Let's first understand the upcasting before Runtime

Polymorphism.
Upcasting
When reference variable of Parent class refers to the object of
Child class, it is known as upcasting. For example:

1.
2.
1.

class A{}
class B extends A{}
A a=new B();//upcasting
Example of Runtime Polymorphism
In this example, we are creating two classes Bike and Splendar.
Splendar class extends Bike class and overrides its run() method.
We are calling the run method by the reference variable of Parent
class. Since it refers to the subclass object and subclass method
overrides the Parent class method, subclass method is invoked at
runtime.
Since method invocation is determined by the JVM not compiler, it
is known as runtime polymorphism.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

class Bike{
void run(){System.out.println("running");}
}
class Splender extends Bike{
void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 60km
");}

6.
7.

public static void main(String args[]){

8.
Bike b = new Splender();//upcasting
9.
b.run();
10.
}
11.
}
Output: running safely with 60km.
Runtime Polymorphism with data member
Method is overriden not the datamembers, so runtime
polymorphism can't be achieved by data members.
In the example given below, both the classes have a
datamember speedlimit, we are accessing the datamember by
the reference variable of Parent class which refers to the
subclass object. Since we are accessing the datamember which
is not overridden, hence it will access the datamember of Parent
class always.
Rule: Runtime polymorphism can't be achieved by data members.
1.
class Bike{
2.
int speedlimit=90;
3.
}
4.
class Honda extends Bike{
5.
int speedlimit=150;
6.
7.
public static void main(String args[]){
8.
Bike obj=new Honda();
9.
System.out.println(obj.speedlimit);//90
10.
}
Output: 90
Runtime Polymorphism with Multilevel Inheritance
Let's see the simple example of Runtime Polymorphism with
multilevel inheritance.
1.
2.

class Animal{
void eat(){System.out.println("eating");}

3.
}
4.
5.
class Dog extends Animal{
6.
void eat(){System.out.println("eating fruits");}
7.
}
8.
9.
class BabyDog extends Dog{
10.
void eat(){System.out.println("drinking milk");}
11.
12.
public static void main(String args[]){
13.
Animal a1,a2,a3;
14.
a1=new Animal();
15.
a2=new Dog();
16.
a3=new BabyDog();
17.
18.
a1.eat();
19.
a2.eat();
20.
a3.eat();
21.
}
22.
}
Output: eating
eating fruits
drinking Milk
Try for Output
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

class Animal{
void eat(){System.out.println("animal is eating...");}
}
class Dog extends Animal{
void eat(){System.out.println("dog is eating...");}
}
class BabyDog extends Dog{
public static void main(String args[]){
Animal a=new BabyDog();
a.eat();

13.
}}
Output: Dog is eating
Since, BabyDog is not overriding the eat() method, so eat()
method of Dog class is invoked.
Static Binding and Dynamic Binding

Connecting a method call to the method body is known as

binding.
There are two types of binding
1. static binding (also known as early binding).
2. dynamic binding (also known as late binding).
Understanding Type
Let's understand the type of instance.
1) variables have a type
Each variable has a type, it may be primitive and non-primitive.
1.

int data=30;
Here data variable is a type of int.
2) References have a type

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

class Dog{
public static void main(String args[]){
Dog d1;//Here d1 is a type of Dog
}
}

3) Objects have a type

An object is an instance of particular java class,but it is also an
instance of its superclass.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

class Animal{}
class Dog extends Animal{
public static void main(String args[]){
Dog d1=new Dog();
}
}
Here d1 is an instance of Dog class, but it is also an instance of
Animal.

static binding
When type of the object is determined at compiled time(by the
compiler), it is known as static binding.
If there is any private, final or static method in a class, there is
static binding.
Example of static binding
1.
class Dog{
2.
private void eat(){System.out.println("dog is eating...");}
3.
4.
public static void main(String args[]){
5.
Dog d1=new Dog();
6.
d1.eat();
7.
}
8.
}
Dynamic binding
When type of the object is determined at run-time, it is known as
dynamic binding.

Example of dynamic binding

1.
class Animal{
2.
void eat(){System.out.println("animal is eating...");}
3.
}
4.
5.
class Dog extends Animal{
6.
void eat(){System.out.println("dog is eating...");}
7.
8.
public static void main(String args[]){
9.
Animal a=new Dog();
10.
a.eat();
11.
}
12.
}
Output:dog is eating...
In the above example object type cannot be determined by the
compiler, because the instance of Dog is also an instance of
Animal.So compiler doesn't know its type, only its base type.
instanceof operator
1. The instanceof operator
2. Example of instanceof operator
3. Applying the instanceof operator with a variable the have
null value
4. Downcasting with instanceof operator
5. Downcasting without instanceof operator
The instanceof operator is used to test whether the object is an
instance of the specified type (class or subclass or interface).
The instanceof operator is also known as type comparison
operator because it compares the instance with type. It returns
either true or false. If we apply the instanceof operator with any
variable that have null value, it returns false.

Simple example of instanceof operator

Let's see the simple example of instance operator where it tests
the current class.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

class Simple{
public static void main(String args[]){
Simple s=new Simple();
System.out.println(s instanceof Simple);//true
}
}
Output:true
An object of subclass type is also a type of parent class. For
example, if Dog extends Animal then object of Dog can be
reffered by either Dog or Animal class.
Another example of instanceof operator

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

class Animal{}
class Dog extends Animal{//Dog inherits Animal
public static void main(String args[]){
Dog d=new Dog();
System.out.println(d instanceof Animal);//true
}
}
Output:true
instanceof operator with a variable that have null value
If we apply instanceof operator with a variable that have null
value, it ruturns false. Let's see the example given below where
we apply instanceof operator with the variable that have null
value.

1.
2.
3.

class Dog{
public static void main(String args[]){
Dog d=null;

4.
5.
6.

System.out.println(d instanceof Dog);//false

}
}
Output:false
Downcasting with instanceof operator
When Subclass type refers to the object of Parent class, it is
known as downcasting. If we perform it directly, compiler gives
Compilation error. If you perform it by typecasting,
ClassCastException is thrown at runtime. But if we use instanceof
operator, downcasting is possible.

1.

Dog d=new Animal();//Compilation error

If we perform downcasting by typecasting, ClassCastException is
thrown at runtime.

1.
2.

Dog d=(Dog)new Animal();

//Compiles successfully but ClassCastException is thrown at
runtime
Possibility of downcasting with instanceof operator
Let's see the example, where downcasting is possible by
instanceof operator.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

class Animal { }
class Dog extends Animal {
static void method(Animal a) {
if(a instanceof Dog){
Dog d=(Dog)a;//downcasting
System.out.println("ok downcasting performed");
}
}
public static void main (String [] args) {
Animal a=new Dog();
Dog.method(a);

14.
}
15.
16.
}
Output:ok downcasting performed
Downcasting without the use of instanceof operator
Downcasting can also be performed without the use of instanceof
operator as displayed in the following example:
1.
class Animal { }
2.
class Dog extends Animal {
3.
static void method(Animal a) {
4.
Dog d=(Dog)a;//downcasting
5.
System.out.println("ok downcasting performed");
6.
}
7.
public static void main (String [] args) {
8.
Animal a=new Dog();
9.
Dog.method(a);
10.
}
11.
}
Output:ok downcasting performed
Let's take closer look at this, actual object that is referred by a, is
an object of Dog class. So if we downcast it, it is fine. But what
will happen if we write:
1.
2.
3.

Animal a=new Animal();

Dog.method(a);
//Now ClassCastException but not in case of instanceof oper
ator
Understanding Real use of instanceof operator
Let's see the real use of instanceof keyword by the example given
below.

1.
2.
3.

interface Printable{}
class A implements Printable{
public void a(){System.out.println("a method");}

4.
}
5.
class B implements Printable{
6.
public void b(){System.out.println("b method");}
7.
}
8.
9.
class Call{
10.
void invoke(Printable p){//upcasting
11.
if(p instanceof A){
12.
A a=(A)p;//Downcasting
13.
a.a();
14.
}
15.
if(p instanceof B){
16.
B b=(B)p;//Downcasting
17.
b.b();
18.
}
19.
20.
}
21.
}//end of Call class
22.
23.
class Test{
24.
public static void main(String args[]){
25.
Printable p=new B();
26.
Call c=new Call();
27.
c.invoke(p);
28.
}
29.
}
Output: b method
Abstract class in Java
A class that is declared with abstract keyword, is known as
abstract class. Before learning abstract class, let's understand the
abstraction first.
Abstraction
Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details
and showing only functionality to the user.

Another way, it shows only important things to the user and hides
the internal details for example sending sms, you just type the
text and send the message. You don't know the internal
processing about the message delivery.
Abstraction lets you focus on what the object does instead of how
it does it.
Ways to achieve Abstaction
There are two ways to achieve abstraction in java
1. Abstract class (0 to 100%)
2. Interface (100%)

Abstract class
A class that is declared as abstract is known as abstract class. It
needs to be extended and its method implemented. It cannot be
instantiated.
Syntax to declare the abstract class
1.

abstract class <class_name>{}

abstract method
A method that is declared as abstract and does not have
implementation is known as abstract method.
Syntax to define the abstract method

1.

abstract return_type <method_name>();//no braces{}

Example of abstract class that have abstract method
In this example, Bike the abstract class that contains only one
abstract method run. It implementation is provided by the Honda
class.

1.

abstract class Bike{

2.
abstract void run();
3.
}
4.
5.
class Honda extends Bike{
6.
void run(){System.out.println("running safely..");}
7.
8.
public static void main(String args[]){
9.
Bike obj = new Honda();
10.
obj.run();
11.
}
12.
}
Output:running safely..
Understanding the real scenario of abstract class
In this example, Shape is the abstract class, its implementation is
provided by the Rectangle and Circle classes. Mostly, we don't
know about the implementation class (i.e. hidden to the end
user) and object of the implementation class is provided by
the factory method.
A factory method is the method that returns the instance of the
class. We will learn about the factory method later.
In this example, if you create the instance of Rectangle class,
draw method of Rectangle class will be invoked.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

abstract class Shape{

abstract void draw();
}
class Rectangle extends Shape{
void draw(){System.out.println("drawing rectangle");}
}
class Circle extends Shape{
void draw(){System.out.println("drawing circle");}
}

12.
13.
class Test{
14.
public static void main(String args[]){
15.
Shape s=new Circle();
16.
//In real scenario, Object is provided through factory metho
d
17.
s.draw();
18.
}
19.
}
Output:drawing circle
Abstract class having constructor, data member, methods etc.
Note: An abstract class can have data member, abstract method, method
body, constructor and even main() method.
1.
//example of abstract class that have method body
2.
abstract class Bike{
3.
abstract void run();
4.
void changeGear(){System.out.println("gear changed");}
5.
}
6.
7.
class Honda extends Bike{
8.
void run(){System.out.println("running safely..");}
9.
10.
public static void main(String args[]){
11.
Bike obj = new Honda();
12.
obj.run();
13.
obj.changeGear();
14.
}
15.
}
Output:running safely..
gear changed
1.
//example of abstract class having constructor, field and met
hod
2.
abstract class Bike
3.
{
4.
int limit=30;

5.
6.

Bike(){System.out.println("constructor is invoked");}
void getDetails(){System.out.println("it has two wheels");}

7.
abstract void run();
8.
}
9.
10.
class Honda extends Bike{
11.
void run(){System.out.println("running safely..");}
12.
13.
public static void main(String args[]){
14.
Bike obj = new Honda();
15.
obj.run();
16.
obj.getDetails();
17.
System.out.println(obj.limit);
18.
}
19.
}
Output:constructor is invoked
running safely..
it has two wheels
30
Rule: If there is any abstract method in a class, that class must be
abstract.
1.
2.
3.

class Bike{
abstract void run();
}
Output:compile time error
Rule: If you are extending any abstact class that have abstract method,
you must either provide the implementation of the method or make this
class abstract.
Another real scenario of abstract class
The abstract class can also be used to provide some
implementation of the interface. In such case, the end user may
not be forced to override all the methods of the interface.

Note: If you are beginner to java, learn interface first and skip this
example.
1.
interface A{
2.
void a();
3.
void b();
4.
void c();
5.
void d();
6.
}
7.
8.
abstract class B implements A{
9.
public void c(){System.out.println("I am C");}
10.
}
11.
12.
class M extends B{
13.
public void a(){System.out.println("I am a");}
14.
public void b(){System.out.println("I am b");}
15.
public void d(){System.out.println("I am d");}
16.
}
17.
18.
class Test{
19.
public static void main(String args[]){
20.
A a=new M();
21.
a.a();
22.
a.b();
23.
a.c();
24.
a.d();
25.
}}
Output:I am a
I am b
I am c
I am d
Interface in Java
1. Interface
2. Example of Interface

3. Multiple inheritance by Interface

4. Why multiple inheritance is supported in Interface while it is not supported
in case of class.
5. Marker Interface
6. Nested Interface
An interface is a blueprint of a class. It has static constants and
abstract methods.
The interface is a mechanism to achieve fully abstraction in
java. There can be only abstract methods in the interface. It is
used to achieve fully abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java.
Interface also represents IS-A relationship.
It cannot be instantiated just like abstract class.
Why use Interface?
There are mainly three reasons to use interface. They are given
below.
It is used to achieve fully abstraction.
By interface, we can support the functionality of multiple
inheritance.
It can be used to achieve loose coupling.
The java compiler adds public and abstract keywords before the
interface method and public, static and final keywords before data
members.
In other words, Interface fields are public, static and final
bydefault, and methods are public and abstract.

Understanding relationship between classes and interfaces

As shown in the figure given below, a class extends another class,
an interface extends another interface but a class implements
an interface.

Simple example of Interface

In this exmple, Printable interface have only one method, its
implemenation is provided in the A class.
interface printable{
void print();
}

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
class A implements printable{
6.
public void print(){System.out.println("Hello");}
7.
8.
public static void main(String args[]){
9.
A obj = new A();
10.
obj.print();
11.
}
12.
}
Output:Hello
Multiple inheritance in Java by interface

If a class implements multiple interfaces, or an interface extends

multiple interfaces i.e. known as multiple inheritance.

1.
interface Printable{
2.
void print();
3.
}
4.
5.
interface Showable{
6.
void show();
7.
}
8.
9.
class A implements Printable,Showable{
10.
11.
public void print(){System.out.println("Hello");}
12.
public void show(){System.out.println("Welcome");}
13.
14.
public static void main(String args[]){
15.
A obj = new A();
16.
obj.print();
17.
obj.show();
18.
}
19.
}
Output:Hello
Welcome
Q) Multiple inheritance is not supported in case of class but it is
supported in case of interface, why?

As we have explained in the inheritance chapter, multiple

inheritance is not supported in case of class. But it is supported
in case of interface because there is no ambiguity as
implmentation is provided by the implementation class. For
example:
interface Printable{
void print();
}

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
interface Showable{
6.
void print();
7.
}
8.
9.
class A implements Printable,Showable{
10.
11.
public void print(){System.out.println("Hello");}
12.
13.
public static void main(String args[]){
14.
A obj = new A();
15.
obj.print();
16.
}
17.
}
Output:Hello
As you can see in the above example, Printable and Showable
interface have same methods but its implementation is provided
by class A, so there is no ambiguity.
Note: A class implements interface but One interface extends
another interface .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

interface Printable{
void print();
}
interface Showable extends Printable{
void show();

7.
}
8.
9.
class A implements Showable{
10.
11.
public void print(){System.out.println("Hello");}
12.
public void show(){System.out.println("Welcome");}
13.
14.
public static void main(String args[]){
15.
A obj = new A();
16.
obj.print();
17.
obj.show();
18.
}
19.
}
Output:Hello
Welcome
Que) What is marker or tagged interface ?

1.
2.
3.
4.

An interface that have no member is known as marker or

tagged interface. For example: Serializable, Cloneable, Remote
etc. They are used to provide some essential information to the
JVM so that JVM may perform some useful operation.
//How Serializable interface is written?
public interface Serializable{
}
Nested Interface
Note: An interface can have another interface i.e. known as
nested interface. We will learn it in detail in the nested classes
chapter. For example:

1.
2.
3.

interface printable{
void print();
interface MessagePrintable{

4.
5.
6.

void msg();
}
}
Nested Interface
An interface which is declared within another interface or class
is known as nested interface. The nested interfaces are used to
group related interfaces so that they can be easy to maintain.
The nested interface must be referred by the outer interface or
class. It can't be accessed directly.
Points to remember for nested interfaces
There are given some points that should be remembered by the
java programmer.
Nested interface must be public if it is declared inside the
interface but it can have any access modifier if declared
within the class.
Nested interfaces are declared static implicitely.
Syntax of nested interface which is declared within the interface

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

interface interface_name{
...
interface nested_interface_name{
...
}
}
Syntax of nested interface which is declared within the class

1.
2.
3.
4.

class class_name{
...
interface nested_interface_name{
...

5.
6.
7.

}
}

Example of nested interface which is declared within the interface

In this example, we are going to learn how to declare the
nested interface and how we can access it.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

interface Showable{
void show();
interface Message{
void msg();
}
}

class Test implements Showable.Message{

public void msg(){System.out.println("Hello nested interfa
ce");}
10.
11.
public static void main(String args[]){
12.
Showable.Message message=new Test();//upcasting here
13.
message.msg();
14.
}
15.
}
download the example of nested interface
Output:hello nested interface
As you can see in the above example, we are acessing the
Message interface by its outer interface Showable because it
cannot be accessed directly. It is just like almirah inside the
room, we cannot access the almirah directly because we must
enter the room first. In collection frameword, sun microsystem
has provided a nested interface Entry. Entry is the subinterface
of Map i.e. accessed by Map.Entry.

Internal code generated by the java compiler for nested interface Message
The java compiler internally creates public and static interface
as displayed below:.
1.
2.
3.
4.

public static interface Showable$Message

{
public abstract void msg();
}
Example of nested interface which is declared within the class
Let's see how can we define an interface inside the class and
how can we access it.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

class A{
interface Message{
void msg();
}
}
class Test implements A.Message{
public void msg(){System.out.println("Hello nested interfa
ce");}

9.
10.
public static void main(String args[]){
11.
A.Message message=new Test();//upcasting here
12.
message.msg();
13.
}
14.
}
Output:hello nested interface
Can we define a class inside the interface ?
Yes, Ofcourse! If we define a class inside the interface, java
compiler creates a static nested class. Let's see how can we
define a class within the interface:
1.

interface M{

2.
3.

class A{}
}
Multithreading in Java
1. Multithreading
2. Multitasking
3. Process-based multitasking
4. Thread-based multitasking
5. What is Thread
Multithreading is a process of executing multiple threads
simultaneously.
Thread is basically a lightweight subprocess, a smallest unit of
processing. Multiprocessing and multithreading, both are used
to achieve multitasking. But we use multithreading than
mulitprocessing because threads share a common memory
area. They don't allocate separate memory area so save
memory, and context-switching between the threads takes less
time than processes.
Multithreading is mostly used in games, animation etc.

Multitasking
Multitasking is a process of executing multiple tasks
simultaneously. We use multitasking to utilize the CPU.
Multitasking can be achieved by two ways:
Process-based Multitasking(Multiprocessing)
Thread-based Multitasking(Multithreading)

1)Process-based Multitasking (Multiprocessing)

Each process have its own address in memory i.e. each
process allocates separate memory area.
Process is heavyweight.
Cost of communication between the process is high.
Switching from one process to another require some time
for saving and loading registers, memory maps, updating
lists etc.
2)Thread-based Multitasking (Multithreading)
Threads share the same address space.
Thread is lightweight.
Cost of communication between the thread is low.
Note:At least one process is required for each thread.

What is Thread?
A thread is a lightweight subprocess, a smallest unit of
processing. It is a separate path of execution. It shares the
memory area of process.

As shown in the above figure, thread is executed inside the

process. There is context-switching between the threads. There
can be multiple processes inside the OS and one process can
have multiple threads.
Note:At a time only one thread is executed.

Do You Know ?

Why your class, which extends the Thread class, object is

treated as thread ? Who is responsible for it ?

How to perform two tasks by two threads ?

How to perform multithreading by annonymous class ?
What is the Thread Schedular and what is the difference
between preemptive scheduling and time slicing ?
What happens if we start a thread twice ?
What happens if we call the run() method instead of start()
method ?
What is the purpose of join method ?
Why JVM terminates the daemon thread if there is no user
threads remaining ?
What is the shutdown hook?
What is garbage collection ?
What is the purpose of finalize() method ?
What does gc() method ?
What is synchronization and why use synchronization ?
What is the difference between synchronized method and
synchronized block ?
What are the two ways to perform static synchronization ?
What is deadlock and when it can occur ?
What is interthread-communication or cooperation ?
What we will learn in Multithreading ?

Multithreading
Life Cycle of a Thread
Two ways to create a Thread
How to perform multiple tasks by multiple threads
Thread Schedular
Sleeping a thread
Can we start a thread twice ?
What happens if we call the run() method instead of start()
method ?
Joining a thread
Naming a thread
Priority of a thread
Daemon Thread
ShutdownHook
Garbage collection
Synchronization with synchronized method
Synchronized block
Static synchronization
Deadlock
Inter-thread communication

Life cycle of a Thread (Thread States)

1. Life cycle of a thread
1.

New

2.

Runnable

3.

Running

4.

Non-Runnable (Blocked)

5.

Terminated

A thread can be in one of the five states in the thread.

According to sun, there is only 4 states new, runnable, nonrunnable and terminated. There is no running state. But for
better understanding the threads, we are explaining it in the 5
states. The life cycle of the thread is controlled by JVM. The
thread states are as follows:
1. New
2. Runnable
3. Running
4. Non-Runnable (Blocked)
5. Terminated

1)New
The thread is in new state if you create an instance of Thread
class but before the invocation of start() method.
2)Runnable
The thread is in runnable state after invocation of start()
method, but the thread scheduler has not selected it to be the
running thread.
3)Running
The thread is in running state if the thread scheduler has
selected it.

4)Non-Runnable (Blocked)
This is the state when the thread is still alive, but is currently
not eligible to run.
5)Terminated
A thread is in terminated or dead state when its run() method
exits.
How to create thread:
There are two ways to create a thread:
1. By extending Thread class
2. By implementing Runnable interface.

Thread class:
Thread class provide constructors and methods to create and
perform operations on a thread.Thread class extends Object
class and implements Runnable interface.
Commonly used Constructors of Thread class:
Thread()
Thread(String name)
Thread(Runnable r)
Thread(Runnable r,String name)
Commonly used methods of Thread class:
1. public void run(): is used to perform action for a thread.

2. public void start(): starts the execution of the

thread.JVM calls the run() method on the thread.
3. public void sleep(long miliseconds): Causes the
currently executing thread to sleep (temporarily cease
execution) for the specified number of milliseconds.
4. public void join(): waits for a thread to die.
5. public void join(long miliseconds): waits for a thread
to die for the specified miliseconds.
6. public int getPriority(): returns the priority of the
thread.
7. public int setPriority(int priority): changes the priority
of the thread.
8. public String getName(): returns the name of the
thread.
9. public void setName(String name): changes the name
of the thread.
10. public Thread currentThread(): returns the
reference of currently executing thread.
11.

public int getId(): returns the id of the thread.

12. public Thread.State getState(): returns the state of

the thread.
13.

public boolean isAlive(): tests if the thread is alive.

14. public void yield(): causes the currently executing

thread object to temporarily pause and allow other threads
to execute.
15.

public void suspend(): is used to suspend the

thread(depricated).
16. public void resume(): is used to resume the
suspended thread(depricated).
17. public void stop(): is used to stop the
thread(depricated).
18. public boolean isDaemon(): tests if the thread is a
daemon thread.
19. public void setDaemon(boolean b): marks the
thread as daemon or user thread.
20.

public void interrupt(): interrupts the thread.

21. public boolean isInterrupted(): tests if the thread

has been interrupted.
22. public static boolean interrupted(): tests if the
current thread has been interrupted.

Runnable interface:
The Runnable interface should be implemented by any class
whose instances are intended to be executed by a thread.
Runnable interface have only one method named run().
1. public void run(): is used to perform action for a thread.

Starting a thread:
start() method of Thread class is used to start a newly created
thread. It performs following tasks:
A new thread starts(with new callstack).

The thread moves from New state to the Runnable state.

When the thread gets a chance to execute, its target run()
method will run.

1)By extending Thread class:

1.
class Multi extends Thread{
2.
public void run(){
3.
System.out.println("thread is running...");
4.
}
5.
public static void main(String args[]){
6.
Multi t1=new Multi();
7.
t1.start();
8.
}
9.
}
Output:thread is running...
Who makes your class object as thread object?
Thread class constructor allocates a new thread object.When
you create object of Multi class,your class constructor is
invoked(provided by Compiler) fromwhere Thread class
constructor is invoked(by super() as first statement).So your
Multi class object is thread object now.

2)By implementing the Runnable interface:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

class Multi3 implements Runnable{

public void run(){
System.out.println("thread is running...");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Multi3 m1=new Multi3();
Thread t1 =new Thread(m1);

9.
t1.start();
10.
}
11.
}
Output:thread is running...
If you are not extending the Thread class,your class object
would not be treated as a thread object.So you need to
explicitely create Thread class object.We are passing the object
of your class that implements Runnable so that your class run()
method may execute.
The Thread Schedular:
The thread scheduler is the part of the JVM that decides
which thread should run.
There is no guarantee that which runnable thread will be
chosen to run by the thread schedular.
Only one thread at a time can run in a single process.
The thread schedular mainly uses preemptive or time slicing
scheduling to schedule the threads.
What is the difference between preemptive scheduling and time slicing?
Under preemptive scheduling, the highest priority task executes
until it enters the waiting or dead states or a higher priority
task comes into existence. Under time slicing, a task executes
for a predefined slice of time and then reenters the pool of
ready tasks. The scheduler then determines which task should
execute next, based on priority and other factors.
Sleeping a thread (sleep() method):
The sleep() method of Thread class is used to sleep a thread for
the specified time.Syntax:

Syntax of sleep() method:

The Thread class provides two methods for sleeping a thread:
public static void sleep(long miliseconds)throws
InterruptedException
public static void sleep(long miliseconds, int nanos)throws
InterruptedException
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

//<b><i>Program of sleep() method</i></b>

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

<strong>Output:</strong>1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4

class Multi extends Thread{

public void run(){
for(int i=1;i<5;i++){
try{Thread.sleep(500);}catch(InterruptedException e)
{System.out.println(e);}
7.
System.out.println(i);
8.
}
9.
}
10.
public static void main(String args[]){
11.
Multi t1=new Multi();
12.
Multi t2=new Multi();
13.
14.
t1.start();
15.
t2.start();
16.
}
17.
}

9.
10.

5
5
As you know well that at a time only one thread is executed. If
you sleep a thread for the specified time,the thread shedular
picks up another thread and so on.

Can we start a thread twice?

No. After staring a thread, it can never be started again. If you
does so, an IllegalThreadStateException is thrown. For
Example:
1.
class Multi extends Thread{
2.
public void run(){
3.
System.out.println("running...");
4.
}
5.
public static void main(String args[]){
6.
Multi t1=new Multi();
7.
t1.start();
8.
t1.start();
9.
}
10.
}
1.
2.

<strong>Output:</strong>running
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalThreadState
Exception
What if we call run() method directly instead start() method?
Each thread starts in a separate call stack.
Invoking the run() method from main thread, the run()
method goes onto the current call stack rather than at the
beginning of a new call stack.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

class Multi extends Thread{

public void run(){
System.out.println("running...");
}
public static void main(String args[]){

6.
7.
8.
9.

Multi t1=new Multi();

t1.run();//fine, but does not start a separate call stack
}
}

1.

<strong>Output:</strong>running...

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

//<b><i>Problem if you direct call run() method</i></b>

class Multi extends Thread{

public void run(){
for(int i=1;i<5;i++){
try{Thread.sleep(500);}catch(InterruptedException e)
{System.out.println(e);}
7.
System.out.println(i);
8.
}
9.
}
10.
public static void main(String args[]){
11.
Multi t1=new Multi();
12.
Multi t2=new Multi();
13.
14.
t1.run();
15.
t2.run();
16.
}
17.
}
Output:1
2
3
4

5
1
2
3
4
5
As you can see in the above program that there is no contextswitching because here t1 and t2 will be treated as normal
object not thread object.
The join() method:
The join() method waits for a thread to die. In other words, it
causes the currently running threads to stop executing until the
thread it joins with completes its task.
Syntax:
public void join()throws InterruptedException
public void join(long miliseconds)throws InterruptedException
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

//<b><i>Example of join() method</i></b>

class Multi extends Thread{
public void run(){
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){
try{
Thread.sleep(500);
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
System.out.println(i);
}
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Multi t1=new Multi();
Multi t2=new Multi();
Multi t3=new Multi();
t1.start();

17.
try{
18.
t1.join();
19.
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
20.
21.
t2.start();
22.
t3.start();
23.
}
24.
}
Output:1
2
3
4
5
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
As you can see in the above example,when t1 completes its
task then t2 and t3 starts executing.
1.

//<b><i>Example of join(long miliseconds) method</i></b

>

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

class Multi extends Thread{

public void run(){
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){
try{
Thread.sleep(500);
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
System.out.println(i);
}

11.
}
12.
public static void main(String args[]){
13.
Multi t1=new Multi();
14.
Multi t2=new Multi();
15.
Multi t3=new Multi();
16.
t1.start();
17.
try{
18.
t1.join(1500);
19.
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
20.
21.
t2.start();
22.
t3.start();
23.
}
24.
}
Output:1
2
3
1
4
1
2
5
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
In the above example,when t1 is completes its task for 1500
miliseconds(3 times) then t2 and t3 starts executing.

getName(),setName(String) and getId() method:

public String getName()

public void setName(String name)

public long getId()
1.
class Multi6 extends Thread{
2.
public void run(){
3.
System.out.println("running...");
4.
}
5.
public static void main(String args[]){
6.
Multi6 t1=new Multi6();
7.
Multi6 t2=new Multi6();
8.
System.out.println("Name of t1:"+t1.getName());
9.
System.out.println("Name of t2:"+t2.getName());
10.
System.out.println("id of t1:"+t1.getId());
11.
12.
t1.start();
13.
t2.start();
14.
15.
t1.setName("Sonoo Jaiswal");
16.
System.out.println("After changing name of t1:"+t1.getNa
me());
17.
}
18.
}
Output:Name of t1:Thread-0
Name of t2:Thread-1
id of t1:8
running...
After changling name of t1:Sonoo Jaiswal
running...

The currentThread() method:

The currentThread() method returns a reference to the
currently executing thread object.

Syntax:
public static Thread currentThread()
1.
//<b><i>Example of currentThread() method</i></b>
2.
3.
class Multi6 extends Thread{
4.
public void run(){
5.
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
6.
}
7.
}
8.
public static void main(String args[]){
9.
Multi6 t1=new Multi6();
10.
Multi6 t2=new Multi6();
11.
12.
t1.start();
13.
t2.start();
14.
}
15.
}
Output:Thread-0
Thread-1
Naming a thread:
The Thread class provides methods to change and get the name
of a thread.
1. public String getName(): is used to return the name of
a thread.
2. public void setName(String name): is used to change
the name of a thread.
Example of naming a thread:
1.
2.
3.
4.

class Multi6 extends Thread{

public void run(){
System.out.println("running...");
}

5.
public static void main(String args[]){
6.
Multi6 t1=new Multi6();
7.
Multi6 t2=new Multi6();
8.
System.out.println("Name of t1:"+t1.getName());
9.
System.out.println("Name of t2:"+t2.getName());
10.
11.
t1.start();
12.
t2.start();
13.
14.
t1.setName("Sonoo Jaiswal");
15.
System.out.println("After changing name of t1:"+t1.getNa
me());
16.
}
17.
}
Output:Name of t1:Thread-0
Name of t2:Thread-1
id of t1:8
running...
After changling name of t1:Sonoo Jaiswal
running...

The currentThread() method:

The currentThread() method returns a reference to the
currently executing thread object.
Syntax of currentThread() method:
public static Thread currentThread(): returns the
reference of currently running thread.

Example of currentThread() method:

1.

class Multi6 extends Thread{

2.
public void run(){
3.
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
4.
}
5.
}
6.
public static void main(String args[]){
7.
Multi6 t1=new Multi6();
8.
Multi6 t2=new Multi6();
9.
10.
t1.start();
11.
t2.start();
12.
}
13.
}
Output:Thread-0
Thread-1
Priority of a Thread (Thread Priority):
Each thread have a priority. Priorities are represented by a
number between 1 and 10. In most cases, thread schedular
schedules the threads according to their priority (known as
preemptive scheduling). But it is not guaranteed because it
depends on JVM specifification that which sheduling it chooses.
3 constants defiend in Thread class:
1. public static int MIN_PRIORITY
2. public static int NORM_PRIORITY
3. public static int MAX_PRIORITY
Default priority of a thread is 5 (NORM_PRIORITY). The value of
MIN_PRIORITY is 1 and the value of MAX_PRIORITY is 10.
Example of priority of a Thread:
1.

class Multi10 extends Thread{

2.
3.

public void run(){

System.out.println("running thread name is:"+Thread.curr
entThread().getName());
4.
System.out.println("running thread priority is:"+Thread.cu
rrentThread().getPriority());
5.
6.
}
7.
public static void main(String args[]){
8.
Multi10 m1=new Multi10();
9.
Multi10 m2=new Multi10();
10.
m1.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);
11.
m2.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
12.
m1.start();
13.
m2.start();
14.
15.
}
16.
}
Output:running thread name is:Thread-0
running thread priority is:10
running thread name is:Thread-1
running thread priority is:1
Daemon Thread
There are two types of threads user thread and daemon thread.
The daemon thread is a service provider thread. It provides
services to the user thread. Its life depends on the user threads
i.e. when all the user threads dies, JVM termintates this thread
automatically.
Points to remember for Daemon Thread:
It provides services to user threads for background
supporting tasks. It has no role in life than to serve user
threads.
Its life depends on user threads.

 It is a low priority thread.

Why JVM termintates the daemon thread if there is no user thread
remaining?
The sole purpose of the daemon thread is that it provides
services to user thread for background supporting task. If there
is no user thread, why should JVM keep running this thread.
That is why JVM terminates the daemon thread if there is no
user thread.

Methods for Daemon thread:

The java.lang.Thread class provides two methods related to
daemon thread
public void setDaemon(boolean status): is used to mark
the current thread as daemon thread or user thread.
public boolean isDaemon(): is used to check that current
is daemon.
Simple example of Daemon thread
1.
class MyThread extends Thread{
2.
public void run(){
3.
System.out.println("Name: "+Thread.currentThread().getN
ame());
4.
System.out.println("Daemon: "+Thread.currentThread().is
Daemon());
5.
}
6.
7.
public static void main(String[] args){
8.
MyThread t1=new MyThread();
9.
MyThread t2=new MyThread();
10.
t1.setDaemon(true);
11.

12.
t1.start();
13.
t2.start();
14.
}
15.
}
Output:Name: thread-0
Daemon: true
Name: thread-1
Daemon: false
Note: If you want to make a user thread as Daemon, it must not be started
otherwise it will throw IllegalThreadStateException.
1.
2.
3.

class MyThread extends Thread{

public void run(){
System.out.println("Name: "+Thread.currentThread().getN
ame());
4.
System.out.println("Daemon: "+Thread.currentThread().is
Daemon());
5.
}
6.
7.
public static void main(String[] args){
8.
MyThread t1=new MyThread();
9.
MyThread t2=new MyThread();
10.
t1.start();
11.
t1.setDaemon(true);//will throw exception here
12.
t2.start();
13.
}
14.
}
Output:exception in thread main:
java.lang.IllegalThreadStateException
Thread Pooling in Java
Thread pool represents a group of worker threads that are
waiting for the job. Here, threads are executed whenever they
get the job.

In case of thread pool, a group of fixed size threads are created.

A thread from the thread pool is pulled out and assigned a job by
the service provider. After completion of the job, thread is
contained in the thread pool again.
Advantage of Thread Pool
Better performance It saves time because there is no need to
create new thread.
Where is it used?
It is used in Servlet and JSP where container creates a thread
pool to process the request.
Example of Java Thread Pool
Let's see a simple example of java thread pool using executors
and ThreadPoolExecutor.
1.
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
2.
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
3.
class WorkerThread implements Runnable {
4.
private String message;
5.
public WorkerThread(String s){
6.
this.message=s;
7.
}
8.
9.
public void run() {
10.
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
+" (Start) message = "+message);
11.
processmessage();
12.
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
+" (End)");
13.
}
14.
15.
private void processmessage() {

16.
try { Thread.sleep(2000); } catch (InterruptedExcep
tion e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
17.
}
18.
}
19.
20.
public class SimpleThreadPool {
21.
public static void main(String[] args) {
22.
ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThread
Pool(5);
23.
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
24.
Runnable worker = new WorkerThread("" + i);
25.
executor.execute(worker);
26.
}
27.
executor.shutdown();
28.
while (!executor.isTerminated()) { }
29.
30.
System.out.println("Finished all threads");
31.
}
32.
33.
}
download this example
Output:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

pool-1-thread-1
pool-1-thread-2
pool-1-thread-3
pool-1-thread-5
pool-1-thread-4
pool-1-thread-2
pool-1-thread-2
pool-1-thread-1
pool-1-thread-1
pool-1-thread-3
pool-1-thread-3
pool-1-thread-4
pool-1-thread-4

(Start)
(Start)
(Start)
(Start)
(Start)
(End)
(Start)
(End)
(Start)
(End)
(Start)
(End)
(Start)

message
message
message
message
message

=
=
=
=
=

0
1
2
4
3

message = 5
message = 6
message = 7
message = 8

14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

pool-1-thread-5 (End)
pool-1-thread-5 (Start) message = 9
pool-1-thread-2 (End)
pool-1-thread-1 (End)
pool-1-thread-4 (End)
pool-1-thread-3 (End)
pool-1-thread-5 (End)
Finished all threads

Shutdown Hook
The shutdown hook can be used to perform cleanup resource or
save the state when JVM shuts down normally or abruptly.
Performing clean resource means closing log file, sending some
alerts or something else. So if you want to execute some code
before JVM shuts down, use shutdown hook.
When does the JVM shut down?
The JVM shuts down when:
user presses ctrl+c on the command prompt
System.exit(int) method is invoked
user logoff
user shutdown etc.

The addShutdownHook(Runnable r) method

The addShutdownHook() method of Runtime class is used to
register the thread with the Virtual Machine. Syntax:
1.

public void addShutdownHook(Runnable r){}

The object of Runtime class can be obtained by calling the static

factory method getRuntime(). For example:
Runtime r = Runtime.getRuntime();
Factory method
The method that returns the instance of a class is known as
factory method.

Simple example of Shutdown Hook

1.
2.
3.

class MyThread extends Thread{

public void run(){
System.out.println("shut down hook task completed..")
;

4.
}
5.
}
6.
7.
public class Shutdown {
8.
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception {
9.
10.
Runtime r=Runtime.getRuntime();
11.
r.addShutdownHook(new MyThread());
12.
13.
System.out.println("Now main sleeping... press ctrl+c to exit
");
14.
try{Thread.sleep(3000);}catch (Exception e) {}
15.
}
16.
}
Output:Now main sleeping... press ctrl+c to exit
shut down hook task completed..

Note: The shutdown sequence can be stopped by invoking the halt(int)

method of Runtime class.

Same example of Shutdown Hook by annonymous class:

1.
public class Shutdown {
2.
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception {
3.
4.
Runtime r=Runtime.getRuntime();
5.
6.
r.addShutdownHook(new Runnable(){
7.
public void run(){
8.
System.out.println("shut down hook task completed..");
9.
}
10.
}
11.
);
12.
13.
System.out.println("Now main sleeping... press ctrl+c to exit
");
14.
try{Thread.sleep(3000);}catch (Exception e) {}
15.
}
16.
}
Output:Now main sleeping... press ctrl+c to exit
shut down hook task completed..
How to perform single task by multiple threads?
If you have to perform single task by many threads, have only
one run() method.For example:
1.

//<b><i>Program of performing single task by multiple thre

ads</i></b>

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

class Multi extends Thread{

public void run(){
System.out.println("task one");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Multi t1=new Multi();
Multi t2=new Multi();
Multi t3=new Multi();

11.
12.
t1.start();
13.
t2.start();
14.
t3.start();
15.
}
16.
}
Output:task one
task one
task one
1.
//<b><i>Program of performing single task by multiple thre
ads</i></b>
2.
3.
class Multi3 implements Runnable{
4.
public void run(){
5.
System.out.println("task one");
6.
}
7.
8.
public static void main(String args[]){
9.
Thread t1 =new Thread(new Multi3());//passing annonymo
us object of Multi3 class
10.
Thread t2 =new Thread(new Multi3());
11.
12.
t1.start();
13.
t2.start();
14.
15.
}
16.
}
Output:task one
task one
Note: Each thread run in a separate callstack.

How to perform multiple tasks by multiple threads (multtasking in

multithreading)?
If you have to perform multiple tasks by multiple threads,have
multiple run() methods.For example:
1.

//<b><i>Program of performing two tasks by two threads</

i></b>

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

class Simple1 extends Thread{

public void run(){
System.out.println("task one");
}
}
class Simple2 extends Thread{
public void run(){
System.out.println("task two");
}

13.
}
14.
15.
class Test{
16.
public static void main(String args[]){
17.
Simple1 t1=new Simple1();
18.
Simple2 t2=new Simple2();
19.
20.
t1.start();
21.
t2.start();
22.
}
23.
}
Output:task one
task two
Same example as above by annonymous class that extends Thread class:
1.
//<b><i>Program of performing two tasks by two threads</
i></b>
2.
3.
class Test{
4.
public static void main(String args[]){
5.
Thread t1=new Thread(){
6.
public void run(){
7.
System.out.println("task one");
8.
}
9.
};
10.
Thread t2=new Thread(){
11.
public void run(){
12.
System.out.println("task two");
13.
}
14.
};
15.
16.
17.
t1.start();
18.
t2.start();
19.
}
20.
}
Output:task one
task two

Same example as above by annonymous class that implements Runnable

interface:
1.
//<b><i>Program of performing two tasks by two threads</
i></b>
2.
3.
class Test{
4.
public static void main(String args[]){
5.
Runnable r1=new Runnable(){
6.
public void run(){
7.
System.out.println("task one");
8.
}
9.
};
10.
11.
Runnable r2=new Runnable(){
12.
public void run(){
13.
System.out.println("task two");
14.
}
15.
};
16.
17.
Thread t1=new Thread(r1);
18.
Thread t2=new Thread(r1);
19.
20.
t1.start();
21.
t2.start();
22.
}
23.
}
Output:task one
task two
Garbage Collection:
In java, garbage means unreferenced objects.
Garbage Collection is process of reclaiming the runtime unused
memory automatically.

Advantage of Garbage Collection:

It makes java memory efficient because garbage collector
removes the unreferenced objects from heap memory.
It is automatically done by the garbage collector so we don't
need to make extra efforts.

How can an object be unreferenced?

There are many ways:
By nulling the reference
By assigning a reference to another
By annonymous object etc.
1) By nulling a reference:
1.
2.

Employee e=new Employee();

e=null;

2) By assigning a reference to another:

1.
Employee e1=new Employee();
2.
Employee e2=new Employee();
3.
4.
e1=e2;//now the first object refered by e1 is available for ga
rbage collection
3) By annonymous object:
1.
new Employee();
finalize() method:
The finalize() method is invoked each time before the object is
garbage collected. This method can be used to perform cleanup

processing. This method is defined in System class as:

1.

protected void finalize(){}

Note: The Garbage collector of JVM collects only those objects that are
created by new keyword. So if you have created any object without new,
you can use finalize method to perform cleanup processing (destroying
remaining objects).

gc() method:
The gc() method is used to invoke the garbage collector to
perform cleanup processing. The gc() is found in System and
Runtime classes.
1.

public static void gc(){}

Note: Garbage collection is performed by a daemon thread called Garbage
Collector(GC). This thread calls the finalize() method before object is
garbage collected.

Simple Example of garbage collection:

1.
2.
3.

class Simple{
public void finalize(){System.out.println("object is garbage
collected");}

4.
5.
public static void main(String args[]){
6.
Simple s1=new Simple();
7.
Simple s2=new Simple();
8.
s1=null;
9.
s2=null;
10.
System.gc();
11.
}
12.
}
Output:object is garbage collected

object is garbage collected

Note: Neither finalization nor garbage collection is guaranteed.
Synchronization
Synchronization is the capabilility of control the access of multiple
threads to any shared resource. Synchronization is better in case
we want only one thread can access the shared resource at a
time.
Why use Synchronization?
The synchronization is mainly used to
1. To prevent thread interference.
2. To prevent consistency problem.

Types of Synchronization
There are two types of synchronization
1. Process Synchronization
2. Thread Synchronization
Here, we will discuss only thread synchronization.
Thread Synchronization
There are two types of thread synchronization mutual exclusive
and inter-thread communication.
Mutual Exclusive
1. Synchronized method.
2. Synchronized block.
3. static synchronization.

 Cooperation (Inter-thread communication)

Mutual Exclusive
Mutual Exclusive helps keep threads from interfering with one
another while sharing data. This can be done by three ways in
java:
1. by synchronized method
2. by synchronized block
3. by static synchronization
Understanding the concept of Lock
Synchronization is built around an internal entity known as the
lock or monitor.Every object has an lock associated with it. By
convention, a thread that needs consistent access to an object's
fields has to acquire the object's lock before accessing them,
and then release the lock when it's done with them.
From Java 5 the package java.util.concurrent.locks contains
several lock implementations.
Understanding the problem without Synchronization
In this example, there is no synchronization, so output is
inconsistent. Let's see the example:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Class Table{
void printTable(int n){//method not synchronized
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){
System.out.println(n*i);
try{
Thread.sleep(400);
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}

9.
}
10.
11.
}
12.
}
13.
14.
class MyThread1 extends Thread{
15.
Table t;
16.
MyThread1(Table t){
17.
this.t=t;
18.
}
19.
public void run(){
20.
t.printTable(5);
21.
}
22.
23.
}
24.
class MyThread2 extends Thread{
25.
Table t;
26.
MyThread2(Table t){
27.
this.t=t;
28.
}
29.
public void run(){
30.
t.printTable(100);
31.
}
32.
}
33.
34.
class Use{
35.
public static void main(String args[]){
36.
Table obj = new Table();//only one object
37.
MyThread1 t1=new MyThread1(obj);
38.
MyThread2 t2=new MyThread2(obj);
39.
t1.start();
40.
t2.start();
41.
}
42.
}
Output: 5
100
10
200

15
300
20
400
25
500

Solution by synchronized method

If you declare any method as synchronized, it is known as
synchronized method.
Synchronized method is used to lock an object for any
shared resource.
When a thread invokes a synchronized method, it
automatically acquires the lock for that object and releases
it when the method returns.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

<b><i>//Program of synchronized method</i></b>

Class Table{
synchronized void printTable(int n){//synchronized meth
od

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){
System.out.println(n*i);
try{
Thread.sleep(400);
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}
}
}
class MyThread1 extends Thread{
Table t;

18.
MyThread1(Table t){
19.
this.t=t;
20.
}
21.
public void run(){
22.
t.printTable(5);
23.
}
24.
25.
}
26.
class MyThread2 extends Thread{
27.
Table t;
28.
MyThread2(Table t){
29.
this.t=t;
30.
}
31.
public void run(){
32.
t.printTable(100);
33.
}
34.
}
35.
36.
class Use{
37.
public static void main(String args[]){
38.
Table obj = new Table();//only one object
39.
MyThread1 t1=new MyThread1(obj);
40.
MyThread2 t2=new MyThread2(obj);
41.
t1.start();
42.
t2.start();
43.
}
44.
}
Output: 5
10
15
20
25
100
200
300
400
500

Same Example of synchronized method by using annonymous class

In this program, we have created the two threads by
annonymous class, so less coding is required.
1.

<b><i>//Program of synchronized method by using annony

mous class</i></b>

2.
3.
4.
5.

Class Table{
synchronized void printTable(int n){//synchronized meth
od

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.

for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){
System.out.println(n*i);
try{
Thread.sleep(400);
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}
}
}
class Use{
public static void main(String args[]){
final Table obj = new Table();//only one object
MyThread1 t1=new MyThread1(){
public void run(){
obj.printTable(5);
}
};
MyThread1 t2=new MyThread1(){
public void run(){
obj.printTable(100);
}
};
t1.start();

32.
t2.start();
33.
}
34.
}
Output: 5
10
15
20
25
100
200
300
400
500
Synchronized block
Synchronized block can be used to perform synchronization on
any specific resouce of the method.
Suppose you have 50 lines of code in your method, but you
want to synchronize only 5 lines, you can use synchronized
block.
If you put all the codes of the method in the synchronized
block, it will work same as the synchronized method.
Points to remember for Synchronized block
Synchronized block is used to lock an object for any shared
resource.
Scope of synchronized block is smaller than the method.
Syntax to use synchronized block
1.
2.
3.

synchronized (object reference expression) {

//code block
}

Example of synchronized block

Let's see the simple example of synchronized block.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.

<b><i>//Program of synchronized block</i></b>

class Table{
void printTable(int n){
synchronized(this){//synchronized block
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){
System.out.println(n*i);
try{
Thread.sleep(400);
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}
}
}//end of the method
}
class MyThread1 extends Thread{
Table t;
MyThread1(Table t){
this.t=t;
}
public void run(){
t.printTable(5);
}
}
class MyThread2 extends Thread{
Table t;
MyThread2(Table t){
this.t=t;
}
public void run(){
t.printTable(100);
}
}

36.
37.
class Use{
38.
public static void main(String args[]){
39.
Table obj = new Table();//only one object
40.
MyThread1 t1=new MyThread1(obj);
41.
MyThread2 t2=new MyThread2(obj);
42.
t1.start();
43.
t2.start();
44.
}
45.
}
Output:5
10
15
20
25
100
200
300
400
500

Same Example of synchronized block by using annonymous class:

1.
<b><i>//Program of synchronized block by using annonymo
us class</i></b>
2.
3.
class Table{
4.
5.
void printTable(int n){
6.
synchronized(this){//synchronized block
7.
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){
8.
System.out.println(n*i);
9.
try{
10.
Thread.sleep(400);
11.
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
12.
}
13.
}
14.
}//end of the method

15.
}
16.
17.
class Use{
18.
public static void main(String args[]){
19.
final Table obj = new Table();//only one object
20.
21.
Thread t1=new Thread(){
22.
public void run(){
23.
obj.printTable(5);
24.
}
25.
};
26.
Thread t2=new Thread(){
27.
public void run(){
28.
obj.printTable(100);
29.
}
30.
};
31.
32.
t1.start();
33.
t2.start();
34.
}
35.
}
Output:5
10
15
20
25
100
200
300
400
500
Static synchronization
If you make any static method as synchronized, the lock will be
on the class not on object.

Problem without static synchronization

Suppose there are two objects of a shared class(e.g. Table)
named object1 and object2.In case of synchonized method and
synchronized block there cannot be inteference between t1 and
t2 or t3 and t4 because t1 and t2 both refers to a common
object that have a single lock.But there can be interference
between t1 and t3 or t2 and t4 because t1 acquires another
lock and t3 acquires another lock.I want no interference
between t1 and t3 or t2 and t4.Static synchronization solves
this problem.
Example of static synchronization
In this example we are applying synchronized keyword on the
static method to perform static synchrnization.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

class Table{
synchronized static void printTable(int n){
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){
System.out.println(n*i);
try{
Thread.sleep(400);

8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.

}catch(Exception e){}
}
}
}
class MyThread1 extends Thread{
public void run(){
Table.printTable(1);
}
}
class MyThread2 extends Thread{
public void run(){
Table.printTable(10);
}
}
class MyThread3 extends Thread{
public void run(){
Table.printTable(100);
}
}

class MyThread4 extends Thread{

public void run(){
Table.printTable(1000);
}
}
class Use{
public static void main(String t[]){
MyThread1 t1=new MyThread1();
MyThread2 t2=new MyThread2();
MyThread3 t3=new MyThread3();
MyThread4 t4=new MyThread4();

46.
t1.start();
47.
t2.start();
48.
t3.start();
49.
t4.start();
50.
}
51.
}
Output: 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1000
2000
3000
4000

5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000

Same example of static synchronization by annonymous class

In this example, we are using annonymous class to create the
threads.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

class Table{
synchronized static void printTable(int n){
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){
System.out.println(n*i);
try{
Thread.sleep(400);
}catch(Exception e){}
}
}
}
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Thread t1=new Thread(){
public void run(){
Table.printTable(1);
}
};
Thread t2=new Thread(){
public void run(){
Table.printTable(10);
}
};

27.
28.
Thread t3=new Thread(){
29.
public void run(){
30.
Table.printTable(100);
31.
}
32.
};
33.
34.
Thread t4=new Thread(){
35.
public void run(){
36.
Table.printTable(1000);
37.
}
38.
};
39.
t1.start();
40.
t2.start();
41.
t3.start();
42.
t4.start();
43.
44.
}
45.
}
Output: 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000

Synchronized block on a class lock:

The block synchronizes on the lock of the object denoted by the
reference .class. A static synchronized method printTable(int n)
in class Table is equivalent to the following declaration:
1.
2.

static void printTable(int n) {

synchronized (Table.class) {
on class A
3.
// ...
4.
}
5.
}

// Synchronized block

Deadlock:
Deadlock can occur in a situation when a thread is waiting for
an object lock, that is acquired by another thread and second

thread is waiting for an object lock that is acquired by first

thread. Since, both threads are waiting for each other to release
the lock, the condition is called daedlock.

Example of Deadlock in java:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.

public class DeadlockExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
final String resource1 = "ratan jaiswal";
final String resource2 = "vimal jaiswal";
// t1 tries to lock resource1 then resource2
Thread t1 = new Thread() {
public void run() {
synchronized (resource1) {
System.out.println("Thread 1: locked resource 1");
try { Thread.sleep(100);} catch (Exception e) {}
synchronized (resource2) {
System.out.println("Thread 1: locked resource 2");
}
}
}
};
// t2 tries to lock resource2 then resource1
Thread t2 = new Thread() {
public void run() {
synchronized (resource2) {
System.out.println("Thread 2: locked resource 2");

25.
26.
try { Thread.sleep(100);} catch (Exception e) {}
27.
28.
synchronized (resource1) {
29.
System.out.println("Thread 2: locked resource 1");
30.
}
31.
}
32.
}
33.
};
34.
35.
36.
t1.start();
37.
t2.start();
38.
}
39.
}
40.
Output: Thread 1: locked resource 1
Thread 2: locked resource 2
Inter-thread communication in Java
Inter-thread communication or Co-operation is all about
allowing synchronized threads to communicate with each other.
Cooperation (Inter-thread communication) is a mechanism in
which a thread is paused running in its critical section and
another thread is allowed to enter (or lock) in the same critical
section to be executed.It is implemented by following methods
of Object class:
wait()
notify()
notifyAll()

1) wait() method
Causes current thread to release the lock and wait until either
another thread invokes the notify() method or the notifyAll()
method for this object, or a specified amount of time has elapsed.
The current thread must own this object's monitor, so it must be
called from the synchronized method only otherwise it will throw
exception.
Method

Description

public final void wait()throws

InterruptedException

waits until object

is notified.

public final void wait(long

timeout)throws
InterruptedException

waits for the

specified amount
of time.

2) notify() method
Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on this object's monitor.
If any threads are waiting on this object, one of them is chosen to
be awakened. The choice is arbitrary and occurs at the discretion
of the implementation. Syntax:
public final void notify()

3) notifyAll() method
Wakes up all threads that are waiting on this object's monitor.
Syntax:
public final void notifyAll()

Understanding the process of inter-thread communication

The point to point explanation of the above diagram is as follows:

1. Threads enter to acquire lock.
2. Lock is acquired by on thread.
3. Now thread goes to waiting state if you call wait() method
on the object. Otherwise it releases the lock and exits.
4. If you call notify() or notifyAll() method, thread moves to
the notified state (runnable state).
5. Now thread is available to acquire lock.
6. After completion of the task, thread releases the lock and
exits the monitor state of the object.

Why wait(), notify() and notifyAll() methods are defined in Object class not
Thread class?
It is because they are related to lock and object has a lock.

Difference between wait and sleep?

Let's see the important differences between wait and sleep
methods.
wait()

sleep()

wait() method
releases the lock

sleep() method doesn't

release the lock.

is the method of
Object class

is the method of Thread

class

is the non-static
method

is the static method

is the non-static
method

is the static method

should be notified by
notify() or notifyAll()
methods

after the specified

amount of time, sleep is
completed.

Example of inter thread communication in java

Let's see the simple example of inter thread communication.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

class Customer{
int amount=10000;
synchronized void withdraw(int amount){
System.out.println("going to withdraw...");
if(this.amount<amount){
System.out.println("Less balance; waiting for deposit...");
try{wait();}catch(Exception e){}
}

11.
this.amount-=amount;
12.
System.out.println("withdraw completed...");
13.
}
14.
15.
synchronized void deposit(int amount){
16.
System.out.println("going to deposit...");
17.
this.amount+=amount;
18.
System.out.println("deposit completed... ");
19.
notify();
20.
}
21.
}
22.
23.
class Test{
24.
public static void main(String args[]){
25.
final Customer c=new Customer();
26.
new Thread(){
27.
public void run(){c.withdraw(15000);}
28.
}.start();
29.
new Thread(){
30.
public void run(){c.deposit(10000);}
31.
}.start();
32.
33.
}}
Output: going to withdraw...
Less balance; waiting for deposit...
going to deposit...
deposit completed...
withdraw completed
Interrupting a Thread:
If any thread is in sleeping or waiting state (i.e. sleep() or
wait() is invoked), calling the interrupt() method on the thread,
breaks out the sleeping or waiting state throwing
InterruptedException. If the thread is not in the sleeping or
waiting state, calling the interrupt() method performs normal
behaviour and doesn't interrupt the thread but sets the
interrupt flag to true. Let's first see the methods provided by
the Thread class for thread interruption.

The 3 methods provided by the Thread class for interrupting a thread

public void interrupt()
public static boolean interrupted()
public boolean isInterrupted()

Example of interrupting a thread that stops working

In this example, after interrupting the thread, we are
propagating it, so it will stop working. If we don't want to stop
the thread, we can handle it where sleep() or wait() method is
invoked. Let's first see the example where we are propagating
the exception.
class A extends Thread{
public void run(){
try{
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println("task");
}catch(InterruptedException e){
throw new RuntimeException("Thread interrupted..."+e);
}

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
}
11.
12.
public static void main(String args[]){
13.
A t1=new A();
14.
t1.start();
15.
try{
16.
t1.interrupt();
17.
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println("Exception handled
"+e);}
18.

19.
}
20.
}
download this example
1.
<strong>Output:</strong>Exception in thread-0
2.
java.lang.RuntimeException: Thread interrupted...
3.
java.lang.InterruptedException: sleep interrupted
4.
at A.run(A.java:7)
Example of interrupting a thread that doesn't stop working
In this example, after interrupting the thread, we handle the
exception, so it will break out the sleeping but will not stop
working.
1.
class A extends Thread{
2.
public void run(){
3.
try{
4.
Thread.sleep(1000);
5.
System.out.println("task");
6.
}catch(InterruptedException e){
7.
System.out.println("Exception handled "+e);
8.
}
9.
System.out.println("thread is running...");
10.
}
11.
12.
public static void main(String args[]){
13.
A t1=new A();
14.
t1.start();
15.
16.
t1.interrupt();
17.
18.
}
19.
}
download this example
1.
<strong>Output:</strong>Exception handled
2.
java.lang.InterruptedException: sleep interrupted
3.
thread is running...

Example of interrupting thread that behaves normally

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

If thread is not in sleeping or waiting state, calling the

interrupt() method sets the interrupted flag to true that can be
used to stop the thread by the java programmer later.
class A extends Thread{
public void run(){
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
System.out.println(i);
}
public static void main(String args[]){
A t1=new A();
t1.start();
t1.interrupt();
}
}
<strong>Output:</strong>1
2
3
4
5

What about isInterrupted and interrupted method?

1.
2.
3.
4.

The isInterrupted() method returns the interrupted flag either

true or false. The static interrupted() method returns the
interrupted flag afterthat it sets the flag to false if it is true.
class InterruptedDemo extends Thread{
public void run(){
for(int i=1;i<=2;i++){

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

if(Thread.interrupted()){
System.out.println("code for interrupted thread");
}
else{
System.out.println("code for normal thread");
}

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

<strong>Output:</strong>Code for interrupted thread

code for normal thread
code for normal thread
code for normal thread

}//end of for loop

}
public static void main(String args[]){
InterruptedDemo t1=new InterruptedDemo();
InterruptedDemo t2=new InterruptedDemo();
t1.start();
t1.interrupt();
t2.start();
}
}

Reentrant Monitor in Java

According to Sun Microsystems, Java monitors are
reentrant means java thread can reuse the same monitor for
different synchronized methods if method is called from the
method.

Advantage of Reentrant Monitor

It eliminates the possibility of single thread deadlocking

Let's understand the java reentrant monitor by the example given

below:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

class Reentrant {
public synchronized void m() {
n();
System.out.println("this is m() method");
}
public synchronized void n() {
System.out.println("this is n() method");
}
}
In this class, m and n are the synchronized methods. The m()
method internally calls the n() method.
Now let's call the m() method on a thread. In the class given
below, we are creating thread using annonymous class.

1.
class ReentrantExample{
2.
public static void main(String args[]){
3.
final Reentrant re=new Reentrant();
4.
5.
Thread t1=new Thread(){
6.
public void run(){
7.
re.m();//calling method of Reentrant class
8.
}
9.
};
10.
t1.start();
11.
}}
Output: this is n() method
this is m() method
Input and Output in Java

Input and Output (I/O) is used to process the input and

produce the output based on the input. Java uses the concept of
stream to make I/O operations fast. java.io package contains all
the classes required for input and output operations.
Stream
A stream is a sequence of data.In Java a stream is composed of
bytes. It's called a stream because it's like a stream of water
that continues to flow.
Three streams are created for us automatically:
1) System.out: standard output stream
2) System.in: standard input stream
3) System.err: standard error

Do You Know ?

How to write a common data to multiple files using single

stream only ?
How can we access multiple files by single stream ?
How can we improve the performance of Input and Output
operation ?
How many ways can we read data from the keyboard?
What is console class ?
How to compress and uncompress the data of a file?

OutputStream
Java application uses an output stream to write data to a
destination, it may be a file,an array,peripheral device or socket.

InputStream
Java application uses an input stream to read data from a
source, it may be a file,an array,peripheral device or socket.

OutputStream class
OutputStream class ia an abstract class.It is the superclass of all
classes representing an output stream of bytes. An output
stream accepts output bytes and sends them to some sink.
Commonly used methods of OutputStream class
Method

Description

1) public void
write(int)throws
IOException:

is used to write a
byte to the current
output stream.

2) public void
write(byte[])throws

is used to write an
array of byte to

IOException:

the current output

stream.

3) public void
flush()throws
IOException:

flushes the current

output stream.

4) public void
close()throws
IOException:

is used to close the

current output
stream.

InputStream class
InputStream class ia an abstract class.It is the superclass of all
classes representing an input stream of bytes.
Commonly used methods of InputStream class
Method
1) public abstract int
read()throws
IOException:

Description
reads the next byte of
data from the input
stream.It returns -1

at the end of file.

2) public int
available()throws
IOException:

returns an estimate of
the number of bytes
that can be read from
the current input
stream.

3) public void
close()throws
IOException:

is used to close the

current input stream.

FileInputStream and FileOutputStream (File Handling):

FileInputStream and FileOutputStream classes are used to read
and write data in file. In another words, they are used for file
handling in java.

FileOutputStream class:
A FileOutputStream is an output stream for writing data to a
file.
If you have to write primitive values then use
FileOutputStream.Instead, for character-oriented data, prefer
FileWriter.But you can write byte-oriented as well as characteroriented data.
Example of FileOutputStream class:
1.
//<b><i>Simple program of writing data into the file</i></
b>
2.
3.
import java.io.*;
class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
FileOutputstream fout=new FileOutputStream("abc.txt");
String s="Sachin Tendulkar is my favourite player";
byte b[]=s.getBytes();
fout.write(b);
fout.close();
System.out.println("success...");
}catch(Exception e){system.out.println(e);}
}
}
Output:success...

FileInputStream class:
A FileInputStream obtains input bytes from a file.It is used for
reading streams of raw bytes such as image data. For reading
streams of characters, consider using FileReader.
It should be used to read byte-oriented data.For example, to
read image etc.
Example of FileInputStream class:
1.
//<b><i>Simple program of reading data from the file</i></b
>
2.
import java.io.*;
class SimpleRead{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream("abc.txt");
int i;
while((i=fr.read())!=-1)
System.out.println((char)i);
fin.close();
}catch(Exception e){system.out.println(e);}
}

}
1.

<strong>Output:</strong>Sachin is my favourite player.

Example of Reading the data of current java file and writing it into
another file
We can read the data of any file using the FileInputStream class
whether it is java file, image file, video file etc. In this example,
we are reading the data of C.java file and writing it into another
file M.java.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

import java.io.*;
class C{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream("C.java");
FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("M.java");
int i=0;
while((i=fin.read())!=-1){
fout.write((byte)i);
}
fin.close();
}

16.
}
download this example
ByteArrayOutputStream class:
In this stream, the data is written into a byte array. The buffer
automatically grows as data is written to it.
Closing a ByteArrayOutputStream has no effect.
Commonly used Constructors of ByteArrayOutputStream class:
1) ByteArrayOutputStream():creates a new byte array
output stream with the initial capacity of 32 bytes, though its
size increases if necessary.
2) ByteArrayOutputStream(int size):creates a new byte
array output stream, with a buffer capacity of the specified size,
in bytes.
Commonly used Methods of ByteArrayOutputStream class:
1) public synchronized void writeTo(OutputStream out)
throws IOException: writes the complete contents of this
byte array output stream to the specified output stream.

Example of ByteArrayOutputStream class:

1.
//<b><i>Simple program of writing data by ByteArrayOutpu
tStream class</i></b>
2.
3.
4.
import java.io.*;
5.
class S{
6.
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
7.
8.
FileOutputStream fout1=new FileOutputStream("f1.txt");
9.
FileOutputStream fout2=new FileOutputStream("f2.txt");

10.
11.
ByteArrayOutputStream bout=new ByteArrayOutputStrea
m();
12.
bout.write(239);
13.
14.
bout.writeTo(fout1);
15.
bout.writeTo(fout2);
16.
17.
bout.flush();
18.
19.
bout.close();//has no effect
20.
System.out.println("success...");
21.
}
22.
}
Output:success...

SequenceInputStream class:
SequenceInputStream class is used to read data from multipule
streams.
Constructors of SequenceInputStream class:
1) SequenceInputStream(InputStream s1, InputStream

s2):creates a new input stream by reading the data of two

input stream in order, first s1 and then s2.
2) SequenceInputStream(Enumeration e):creates a new
input stream by reading the data of an enumeration whose type
is InputStream.

Simple example of SequenceInputStream class

In this example, we are printing the data of two files f1.txt and
f2.txt.
1.

//Program of SequenceInputStream that reads data of 2 files

2.
3.
import java.io.*;
4.
class Simple{
5.
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
6.
7.
FileinputStream fin1=new FileinputStream("f1.txt");
8.
FileinputStream fin2=new FileinputStream("f2.txt");
9.
10.
SequenceinputStream sis=new SequenceinputStream(fin1
,fin2);
11.
int i;
12.
while((i=sis.read())!=-1)
13.
{
14.
System.out.println((char)i);
15.
}
16.
}
17.
}
Example of SequenceInputStream class that reads the data from
two files and write it into another
In this example, we are writing the data of two files f1.txt and
f2.txt into another file named f3.txt.

1.
//reading data of 2 files and writing it into one file
2.
3.
import java.io.*;
4.
class Simple{
5.
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
6.
7.
FileinputStream fin1=new FileinputStream("f1.txt");
8.
FileinputStream fin2=new FileinputStream("f2.txt");
9.
10.
FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("f3.txt");
11.
12.
SequenceinputStream sis=new SequenceinputStream(fin1
,fin2);
13.
int i;
14.
while((i.sisread())!=-1)
15.
{
16.
fout.write(i);
17.
}
18.
sis.close();
19.
fout.close();
20.
fin.close();
21.
fin.close();
22.
23.
}
24.
}
Example of SequenceInputStream class that reads the data from
multiple files using enumeration
If we need to read the data from more than two files, we need
to have these information in the Enumeration object.
Enumeration object can be get by calling elements method of
the Vector class. Let's see the simple example where we are
reading the data from the 4 files.
1.
2.
3.

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

4.
5.

class B{
public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{

6.
7.
//creating the FileInputStream objects for all the files
8.
FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream("A.java");
9.
FileInputStream fin2=new FileInputStream("abc2.txt");
10.
FileInputStream fin3=new FileInputStream("abc.txt");
11.
FileInputStream fin4=new FileInputStream("B.java");
12.
13.
//creating Vector object to all the stream
14.
Vector v=new Vector();
15.
v.add(fin);
16.
v.add(fin2);
17.
v.add(fin3);
18.
v.add(fin4);
19.
20.
//creating enumeration object by calling the elements metho
d
21.
Enumeration e=v.elements();
22.
23.
//passing the enumeration object in the constructor
24.
SequenceInputStream bin=new SequenceInputStream(e);
25.
int i=0;
26.
27.
while((i=bin.read())!=-1){
28.
System.out.print((char)i);
29.
}
30.
31.
bin.close();
32.
fin.close();
33.
fin2.close();
34.
}
35.
}
download this example of SequenceInputStream
BufferedOutputStream class:

BufferedOutputStream used an internal buffer. It adds more

efficiency than to write data directly into a stream. So, it makes
the performance fast.

Example of BufferedOutputStream class:

In this example, we are writing the textual information in the
BufferedOutputStream object which is connected to the
FileOutputStream object. The flush() flushes the data of one
stream and send it into another. It is required if you have
connected the one stream with another.
import java.io.*;
class Test{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("f1.txt");
BufferedOutputStream bout=new BufferedOutputStream(fout)
;
String s="Sachin is my favourite player";
byte b[]=s.getBytes();
bout.write(b);
bout.flush();
bout.close();
System.out.println("success");
}
}
Output:success...
Example of BufferedInputStream class:
1.
//<b><i>Simple program of reading data from the file using
buffer</i></b>
2.
import java.io.*;

class SimpleRead{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream("f1.txt");
BufferedInputStream bin=new BufferedInputStream(fin);
int i;
while((i=bin.read())!=-1)
System.out.println((char)i);
fin.close();
}catch(Exception e){system.out.println(e);}
}
}
<strong>Output:</strong>Sachin is my favourite player

1.

FileWriter class:
FileWriter class is used to write character-oriented data to the
file. Sun Microsystem has suggested not to use the
FileInputStream and FileOutputStream classes if you have to
read and write the textual information.
Example of FileWriter class:
In this example, we are writing the data in the file abc.txt.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

import java.io.*;
class Simple{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
FileWriter fw=new FileWriter("abc.txt");
fw.write("my name is sachin");
fw.flush();
fw.close();
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}

11.
System.out.println("success");
12.
}
13.
}
Output:success...
FileReader class:
FileReader class is used to read data from the file.
Example of FileReader class:
In this example, we are reading the data from the file abc.txt
file.
1.
import java.io.*;
2.
class Simple{
3.
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
4.
5.
FileReader fr=new FileReader("abc.txt");
6.
int i;
7.
while((i=fr.read())!=-1)
8.
System.out.println((char)i);
9.
10.
fr.close();
11.
}
12.
}
Output:my name is sachin
CharArrayWriter class:
The CharArrayWriter class can be used to write data to multiple
files. This class implements the Appendable interface. Its buffer
automatically grows when data is written in this stream. Calling
the close() method on this object has no effect.
Example of CharArrayWriter class:
In this example, we are writing a common data to 4 files a.txt,
b.txt, c.txt and d.txt.

1.
import java.io.*;
2.
class Simple{
3.
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
4.
5.
CharArrayWriter out=new CharArrayWriter();
6.
out.write("my name is");
7.
8.
FileWriter f1=new FileWriter("a.txt");
9.
FileWriter f2=new FileWriter("b.txt");
10.
FileWriter f3=new FileWriter("c.txt");
11.
FileWriter f4=new FileWriter("d.txt");
12.
13.
out.writeTo(f1);
14.
out.writeTo(f2);
15.
out.writeTo(f3);
16.
out.writeTo(f4);
17.
18.
19.
f1.close();
20.
f2.close();
21.
f3.close();
22.
f4.close();
23.
}
24.
}
Reading data from keyboard:
There are many ways to read data from the keyboard. For
example:
InputStreamReader
Console
Scanner
DataInputStream etc.

InputStreamReader class:
InputStreamReader class can be used to read data from
keyboard.It performs two tasks:
connects to input stream of keyboard
converts the byte-oriented stream into character-oriented
stream
BufferedReader class:
BufferedReader class can be used to read data line by line by
readLine() method.
Example of reading data from keyboard by
InputStreamReader and BufferdReader class:
In this example, we are connecting the BufferedReader stream
with the InputStreamReader stream for reading the line by line
data from the keyboard.
//Program of reading data
import java.io.*;
class G5{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
InputStreamReader r=new InputStreamReader(System.in);
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(r);
System.out.println("Enter ur name");
String name=br.readLine();
System.out.println("Welcome "+name);
}
}
Output:Enter ur name
Amit
Welcome Amit

Another Example of reading data from keyboard by

InputStreamReader and BufferdReader class until the user
writes stop
In this example, we are reading and printing the data until the
user prints stop.
import java.io.*;
class G5{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
InputStreamReader r=new InputStreamReader(System.in);
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(r);
String name="";
while(name.equals("stop")){
System.out.println("Enter data: ");
name=br.readLine();
System.out.println("data is: "+name);
}
br.close();
r.close();
}

}
Output:Enter data: Amit
data is: Amit
Enter data: 10
data is: 10
Enter data: stop
data is: stop
Console class (I/O)
The Console class can be used to get input from the keyboard.

How to get the object of Console class?

System class provides a static method named console() that
returns the unique instance of Console class.
Syntax:
1.
public static Console console(){}
Commonly used methods of Console class:
1) public String readLine(): is used to read a single line of
text from the console.
2) public String readLine(String fmt,Object... args): it
provides a formatted prompt then reads the single line of text
from the console.
3) public char[] readPassword(): is used to read password
that is not being displayed on the console.
4) public char[] readPassword(String fmt,Object... args):
it provides a formatted prompt then reads the password that is
not being displayed on the console.

Example of Console class that reads name of user:

1.
import java.io.*;
2.
class A{
3.
public static void main(String args[]){
4.
5.
Console c=System.console();
6.
7.
System.out.println("Enter ur name");
8.
String n=c.readLine();
9.
System.out.println("Welcome "+n);
10.
11.
}
12.
}
Example of Console class that reads password:
1.
import java.io.*;
2.
class A{
3.
public static void main(String args[]){
4.
5.
Console c=System.console();
6.
7.
System.out.println("Enter password");
8.
char[] ch=c.readPassword();
9.
10.
System.out.println("Password is");
11.
for(char ch2:ch)
12.
System.out.print(ch2);
13.
14.
}
15.
}
java.util.Scanner class:
There are various ways to read input from the keyboad, the
java.util.Scanner class is one of them. The Scanner class breaks
the input into tokens using a delimiter which is whitespace
bydefault. It provides many methods to read and parse various

primitive values.
Commonly used methods of Scanner class:
There is a list of commonly used Scanner class methods:
public String next(): it returns the next token from the
scanner.
public String nextLine(): it moves the scanner position to
the next line and returns the value as a string.
public byte nextByte(): it scans the next token as a byte.
public short nextShort(): it scans the next token as a
short value.
public int nextInt(): it scans the next token as an int
value.
public long nextLong(): it scans the next token as a long
value.
public float nextFloat(): it scans the next token as a float
value.
public double nextDouble(): it scans the next token as a
double value.
Example of java.util.Scanner class:
Let's see the simple example of the Scanner class which reads
the int, string and double value as an input:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

import java.util.Scanner;
class ScannerTest{
public static void main(String args[]){
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);

6.
7.
System.out.println("Enter your rollno");
8.
int rollno=sc.nextInt();
9.
System.out.println("Enter your name");
10.
String name=sc.next();
11.
System.out.println("Enter your fee");
12.
double fee=sc.nextDouble();
13.
14.
System.out.println("Rollno:"+rollno+" name:"+name+" fe
e:"+fee);
15.
16.
}
17.
}
download this scanner example
Output:Enter your rollno
111
Enter your name
Ratan
Enter
450000
Rollno:111 name:Ratan fee:450000
java.io.PrintStream class:
The PrintStream class provides methods to write data to
another stream. The PrintStream class automatically flushes the
data so there is no need to call flush() method. Moreover, its
methods don't throw IOException.
Commonly used methods of PrintStream class:
There are many methods in PrintStream class. Let's see
commonly used methods of PrintStream class:
public void print(boolean b): it prints the specified
boolean value.
public void print(char c): it prints the specified char

value.
public void print(char[] c): it prints the specified
character array values.
public void print(int i): it prints the specified int value.
public void print(long l): it prints the specified long value.
public void print(float f): it prints the specified float
value.
public void print(double d): it prints the specified double
value.
public void print(String s): it prints the specified string
value.
public void print(Object obj): it prints the specified object
value.
public void println(boolean b): it prints the specified
boolean value and terminates the line.
public void println(char c): it prints the specified char
value and terminates the line.
public void println(char[] c): it prints the specified
character array values and terminates the line.
public void println(int i): it prints the specified int value
and terminates the line.
public void println(long l): it prints the specified long
value and terminates the line.
public void println(float f): it prints the specified float
value and terminates the line.

public void println(double d): it prints the specified

double value and terminates the line.
public void println(String s): it prints the specified string
value and terminates the line./li>
public void println(Object obj): it prints the specified
object value and terminates the line.
public void println(): it terminates the line only.
public void printf(Object format, Object... args): it
writes the formatted string to the current stream.
public void printf(Locale l, Object format, Object...
args): it writes the formatted string to the current stream.
public void format(Object format, Object... args): it
writes the formatted string to the current stream using
specified format.
public void format(Locale l, Object format, Object...
args): it writes the formatted string to the current stream
using specified format.

Example of java.io.PrintStream class:

In this example, we are simply printing integer and string
values.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

import java.io.*;
class PrintStreamTest{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("mfile.txt")
;

6.
7.

PrintStream pout=new PrintStream(fout);

pout.println(1900);

8.
pout.println("Hello Java");
9.
pout.println("Welcome to Java");
10.
pout.close();
11.
fout.close();
12.
13.
}
14.
}
download this PrintStream example
Example of printf() method of java.io.PrintStream class:
Let's see the simple example of printing integer value by format
specifier.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

class PrintStreamTest{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a=10;
System.out.printf("%d",a);//Note, out is the object of Prin
tStream class
}
}
Output:10
Compressing and Uncompressing File
The DeflaterOutputStream and InflaterInputStream classes
provide mechanism to compress and uncompress the data in
the deflate compression format.

DeflaterOutputStream class:
The DeflaterOutputStream class is used to compress the data in
the deflate compression format. It provides facility to the other
compression filters, such as GZIPOutputStream.

Example of Compressing file using DeflaterOutputStream class

In this example, we are reading data of a file and compressing
it into another file using DeflaterOutputStream class. You can
compress any file, here we are compressing the Deflater.java
file.
1.
import java.io.*;
2.
import java.util.zip.*;
3.
4.
class Compress{
5.
public static void main(String args[]){
6.
7.
try{
8.
FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream("Deflater.java");
9.
10.
FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("def.txt");
11.
DeflaterOutputStream out=new DeflaterOutputStream(fout)
;
12.
13.
int i;
14.
while((i=fin.read())!=-1){
15.
out.write((byte)i);
16.
out.flush();
17.
}
18.
19.
fin.close();
20.
out.close();
21.
22.
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
23.
System.out.println("rest of the code");
24.
}
25.
}
download this example
InflaterInputStream class:
The InflaterInputStream class is used to uncompress the file in

the deflate compression format. It provides facility to the other

uncompression filters, such as GZIPInputStream class.
Example of uncompressing file using InflaterInputStream class
In this example, we are decompressing the compressed file
def.txt into D.java .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

import java.io.*;
import java.util.zip.*;
class UnCompress{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream("def.txt");
InflaterInputStream in=new InflaterInputStream(fin);
FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("D.java");
int i;
while((i=in.read())!=-1){
fout.write((byte)i);
fout.flush();
}
fin.close();
fout.close();
in.close();
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
System.out.println("rest of the code");
}
}

PipedInputStream and PipedOutputStream classes

The PipedInputStream and PipedOutputStream classes can be

used to read and write data simultaneously. Both streams are

connected with each other using the connect() method of the
PipedOutputStream class.

Example of PipedInputStream and PipedOutputStream classes using

threads
Here, we have created two threads t1 and t2. The t1 thread
writes the data using the PipedOutputStream object and
the t2 thread reads the data from that pipe using the
PipedInputStream object. Both the piped stream object are
connected with each other.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.

import java.io.*;
class PipedWR{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
final PipedOutputStream pout=new PipedOutputStream();
final PipedInputStream pin=new PipedInputStream();
pout.connect(pin);//connecting the streams
//creating one thread t1 which writes the data
Thread t1=new Thread(){
public void run(){
for(int i=65;i<=90;i++){
try{
pout.write(i);
Thread.sleep(1000);
}catch(Exception e){}
}
}
};

24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.

//creating another thread t2 which reads the data

Thread t2=new Thread(){
public void run(){
try{
for(int i=65;i<=90;i++)
System.out.println(pin.read());
}catch(Exception e){}
}
};
//starting both threads
t1.start();
t2.start();
}}

Serialization
1. Serialization
2. Serializable Interface
3. ObjectOutputStream class
4. Example of Serialization
5. Deserialization
6. ObjectInputStream class
7. Example of Deserialization
8. Serialization with Inheritance
9. Externalizable interface
10.

Serialization and static datamember

11.

Serializing the array or collection objects

12.
Serializing the object of a class that has non-serialzable
object
13.
Deserializing the class object that have parameterized
constructor only
Serialization is a machanism of writing the state of an object
into a byte stream. It is mainly used in Hibernate, JPA, EJB etc.
The reverse operation of the serialization is called
deserialization. The String class and all the wrapper classes
implements Serializable interface bydefault.
Advantage of Serialization
It is mainly used to travel object's state on the network.

About Serializable interface

Serializable is a marker interface(have no body). It is just used
to "mark" Java classes which support a certain capability. It
must be implemented by the class whose object you want to
persist. Let's see the example given below:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

import java.io.Serializable;
public class Student implements Serializable{
int id;
String name;
public Student(int id, String name) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
}
}

ObjectOutputStream class:
An ObjectOutputStream is used to write primitive data types
and Java objects to an OutputStream.Only objects that support
the java.io.Serializable interface can be written to streams.
Commonly used Constructors:
1) public ObjectOutputStream(OutputStream out) throws
IOException {}creates an ObjectOutputStream that writes to
the specified OutputStream.
Commonly used Methods:
1) public final void writeObject(Object obj) throws
IOException {}write the specified object to the
ObjectOutputStream.
2) public void flush() throws IOException {}flushes the
current output stream.
Example of Serialization
In this example, we are going to serialize the object of Student
class. The writeObject() method of ObjectOutputStream class
provides the functionality to serialize the object. We are saving
the state of the object in the file named f.txt.

1.
import java.io.*;
2.
class Persist{
3.
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
4.
Student s1 =new Student(211,"ravi");
5.
6.
FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("f.txt");
7.
ObjectOutputStream out=new ObjectOutputStream(fout);
8.
9.
out.writeObject(s1);
10.
out.flush();
11.
12.
System.out.println("success");
13.
}
14.
}
1.
<strong>Output:</strong>success
download this example of serialization
Deserilization:
Deserialization is the process of reconstructing the object from
the serialized state.It is the reverse operation of serialization.

ObjectInputStream class:
An ObjectInputStream deserializes objects and primitive data
written using an ObjectOutputStream.
Commonly used Constructors:
1) public ObjectInputStream(InputStream in) throws
IOException {}creates an ObjectInputStream that reads from
the specified InputStream.
Commonly used Methods:
1) public final Object readObject() throws IOException,
ClassNotFoundException{}reads an object from the input
stream.
Example of Deserialization:
1.
import java.io.*;
2.
class Depersist{
3.
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
4.
5.
ObjectInputStream in=new ObjectInputStream(new FileIn
putStream("f.txt"));
6.
Student s=(Student)in.readObject();
7.
System.out.println(s.id+" "+s.name);
8.
9.
in.close();
10.
}
11.
}
1.
<strong>Output:</strong>211 ravi
download this example of deserialization
Serialization with Inheritance
If a class implements Serilizable then all its subclasses will also be
serilizable. Let's see the example given below:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
{
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

import java.io.Serializable;
class Person implements Serializable{
int id;
String name;
Person(int id, String name) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
}
}
class Student extends Person{
String course;
int fee;
public Student(int id, String name, String course, int fee)
super(id,name);
this.course=course;
this.fee=fee;
}
}
Now you can serialize the Student class object that extends the
Person class which is Serializable.Parent class properties are
inherited to subclasses so if parent class is Serializable, subclass
would also be.

Externalizable interface:
The Externalizable interface provides the facility of writing the
state of an object into a byte stream in compress format. It is
not a marker interface.
The Externalizable interface provides two methods:
public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) throws
IOException

public void readExternal(ObjectInput in) throws

IOException

Serialization with Static datamember

Note: If there is any static data member in a class, it will not be serialized
because static is related to class not to instance.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

class Employee implements Serializable{

int id;
String name;
static String companyName="IBM";//it won't be serialized
public Student(int id, String name) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
}
}
Rule: In case of array or collection, all the objects of array or collection
must be serializable,if any object is not serialiizable then serialization will
be failed.
Serialization
1. Serialization
2. Serializable Interface
3. ObjectOutputStream class
4. Example of Serialization
5. Deserialization
6. ObjectInputStream class
7. Example of Deserialization

8. Serialization with Inheritance

9. Externalizable interface
10.

Serialization and static datamember

11.

Serializing the array or collection objects

12.
Serializing the object of a class that has non-serialzable
object
13.
Deserializing the class object that have parameterized
constructor only
Serialization is a machanism of writing the state of an object
into a byte stream. It is mainly used in Hibernate, JPA, EJB etc.
The reverse operation of the serialization is called
deserialization. The String class and all the wrapper classes
implements Serializable interface bydefault.
Advantage of Serialization
It is mainly used to travel object's state on the network.

About Serializable interface

Serializable is a marker interface(have no body). It is just used
to "mark" Java classes which support a certain capability. It
must be implemented by the class whose object you want to
persist. Let's see the example given below:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

import java.io.Serializable;
public class Student implements Serializable{
int id;
String name;
public Student(int id, String name) {
this.id = id;

8.
9.
10.

this.name = name;
}
}

ObjectOutputStream class:
An ObjectOutputStream is used to write primitive data types
and Java objects to an OutputStream.Only objects that support
the java.io.Serializable interface can be written to streams.
Commonly used Constructors:
1) public ObjectOutputStream(OutputStream out) throws
IOException {}creates an ObjectOutputStream that writes to
the specified OutputStream.
Commonly used Methods:
1) public final void writeObject(Object obj) throws
IOException {}write the specified object to the
ObjectOutputStream.
2) public void flush() throws IOException {}flushes the
current output stream.
Example of Serialization
In this example, we are going to serialize the object of Student
class. The writeObject() method of ObjectOutputStream class
provides the functionality to serialize the object. We are saving
the state of the object in the file named f.txt.

1.
import java.io.*;
2.
class Persist{
3.
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
4.
Student s1 =new Student(211,"ravi");
5.
6.
FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("f.txt");
7.
ObjectOutputStream out=new ObjectOutputStream(fout);
8.
9.
out.writeObject(s1);
10.
out.flush();
11.
12.
System.out.println("success");
13.
}
14.
}
1.
<strong>Output:</strong>success
download this example of serialization
Deserilization:
Deserialization is the process of reconstructing the object from
the serialized state.It is the reverse operation of serialization.

ObjectInputStream class:
An ObjectInputStream deserializes objects and primitive data
written using an ObjectOutputStream.
Commonly used Constructors:
1) public ObjectInputStream(InputStream in) throws
IOException {}creates an ObjectInputStream that reads from
the specified InputStream.
Commonly used Methods:
1) public final Object readObject() throws IOException,
ClassNotFoundException{}reads an object from the input
stream.
Example of Deserialization:
1.
import java.io.*;
2.
class Depersist{
3.
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
4.
5.
ObjectInputStream in=new ObjectInputStream(new FileIn
putStream("f.txt"));
6.
Student s=(Student)in.readObject();
7.
System.out.println(s.id+" "+s.name);
8.
9.
in.close();
10.
}
11.
}
1.
<strong>Output:</strong>211 ravi
download this example of deserialization
Serialization with Inheritance
If a class implements Serilizable then all its subclasses will also be
serilizable. Let's see the example given below:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
{
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

import java.io.Serializable;
class Person implements Serializable{
int id;
String name;
Person(int id, String name) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
}
}
class Student extends Person{
String course;
int fee;
public Student(int id, String name, String course, int fee)
super(id,name);
this.course=course;
this.fee=fee;
}
}
Now you can serialize the Student class object that extends the
Person class which is Serializable.Parent class properties are
inherited to subclasses so if parent class is Serializable, subclass
would also be.

Externalizable interface:
The Externalizable interface provides the facility of writing the
state of an object into a byte stream in compress format. It is
not a marker interface.
The Externalizable interface provides two methods:
public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) throws
IOException

public void readExternal(ObjectInput in) throws

IOException

Serialization with Static datamember

Note: If there is any static data member in a class, it will not be serialized
because static is related to class not to instance.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

class Employee implements Serializable{

int id;
String name;
static String companyName="IBM";//it won't be serialized
public Student(int id, String name) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
}
}
Rule: In case of array or collection, all the objects of array or collection
must be serializable,if any object is not serialiizable then serialization will
be failed.
The transient keyword
The transient keyword is used in serialization. If you define any
data member as transient, it will not be serialized. Let's take an
example, I have declared a class as Student, it has three data
members id, name and age. If you serialize the object, all the
values will be serialized but I don't want to serialize one value,
e.g. age then we can declare the age datamember as transient.
Example of transient keyword
In this example, we have created the two classes Student and
Persist. One data member of the Student class is declared as
transient, it value will not be serialized. If you deserialize the

object, it will return the default value for transient variable.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
1.

import java.io.Serializable;
public class Student implements Serializable{
int id;
String name;
transient int age;//Now it will not be serialized
public Student(int id, String name,int age) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
this.age=age;
}
}
import java.io.*;
class Persist{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
Student s1 =new Student(211,"ravi",22);
FileOutputStream f=new FileOutputStream("f.txt");
ObjectOutputStream out=new ObjectOutputStream(f);
out.writeObject(s1);
out.flush();
System.out.println("success");
}
}
<strong>Output:</strong>succss

Networking:
Networking is a concept of connecting two or more computing devices together so
that we can share resources.
Advantage:

sharing resources

centralize software management

Do You Know ?

How to perform connection-oriented Socket Programming in networking ?

How to display the data of any online web page ?

How to get the IP address of any host name e.g. www.google.com ?

How to perform connection-less socket programming in networking ?

What we will learn in Networking Tutorial ?

Networking and Networking Terminology

Socket Programming (Connection-oriented)

URL class

Displaying data of a webpage by URLConnection class

InetAddress class

DatagramSocket and DatagramPacket (Connection-less)

Networking Terminology:
There are some networking terminologies given below:

IP Address

Protocol

Port Number

MAC Address

Connection-oriented and connectionless protocol

Socket

IP Address:
IP address is a unique number assigned to a node of a network e.g. 192.168.0.1 . It
is composed of octets that range from 0 to 255.
Protocol:
A protocol is a set of rules basically that is followed for communication. For
example:

TCP

FTP

Telnet

SMTP

POP etc.

Socket Programming:
Socket programming is performed for communication between the machines.
Socket programming can be connection-oriented or connectionless. Socket and
ServerSocket classes are used for connection-oriented socket programming. The
client in socket programming must know two information:
1. IPaddress of Server, and
2. Port number.

Socket class:
A socket is simply an endpoint for communications between the machines. The
Socket class can be used to create a socket.
Commonly used methods of Socket class:
1) public InputStream getInputStream()
2) public OutputStream getOutputStream()
3) public synchronized void close()

ServerSocket class:
The ServerSocket class can be used to create a server socket. This object is used to
establish communication with the clients.
Commonly used methods of ServerSocket class:
1) public Socket accept()
1) public InputStream getInputStream()
2) public OutputStream getOutputStream()
3) public synchronized void close()

Example of Socket Programming:

1. //MyServer.java
2.
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

public class MyServer {

public static void main(String[] args){
try{
ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(6666);
Socket s=ss.accept();//establishes connection

DataInputStream dis=new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());

String str=(String)dis.readUTF();
System.out.println("message= "+str);

ss.close();

}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}
}
//MyClient.java

import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

public class MyClient {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try{
Socket s=new Socket("localhost",6666);

DataOutputStream dout=new DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream());

dout.writeUTF("Hello Server");
dout.flush();

dout.close();
s.close();

}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}
}
download this example
To execute this program open two command prompts and execute each program at
each command prompt as displayed in the below figure.

URL class:
The URL class represents a URL. URL is an acronym for Uniform Resource Locator. It
points to a resource on the World Wide Web. For example:
1. http://www.javatpoint.com/sonoojaiswal/index.jsp
A URL contains many informations:

Protocol: In this case, http is the protocol.

Server name or IP Address: In this case, www.javatpoint.com is the server

name.

Port Number: It is an optional attribute. If we write

http//ww.javatpoint.com:80/sonoojaiswal/ , 80 is the port number.

File Name or directory name: In this case, index.jsp is the file name.

Commonly used methods of URL class:

public String getProtocol(): it returns the protocol of the URL.

public String getHost(): it returns the host name of the URL.

public String getPort(): it returns the Port Number of the URL.

public String getFile(): it returns the file name of the URL.

Example of URL class:

1. //URLDemo.java
2.
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

public class URLDemo{

public static void main(String[] args){
try{
URL url=new URL("http://www.javatpoint.com/sonoojaiswal/index.jsp");

System.out.print("Protocol: "+url.getProtocol());

System.out.print("Host Name: "+url.getHost());

System.out.print("Port Number: "+url.getPort());
System.out.print("File Name: "+url.getFile());

}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}
}
Output:Protocol: http
Host Name: www.javatpoint.com
Port Number: -1
File Name: /sonoojaiswal/index.jsp

download this example

URLConnection class:
The URLConnection class represents a communication link between the URL and the
application. This class can be used to read and write data to the specified resource
reffered by the URL.
How to get the object of URLConnection class:
The openConnection() method of URL class returns the object of URLConnection
class. Syntax:
1. public URLConnection openConnection()throws IOException{}
2.
3. }

Displaying all the data of a webpage by URLConnecton class

The URLConnection class provides many methods, we can display all the data of a
webpage by using the getInputStream() method. The getInputStream() method
returns all the data of the specified URL in the stream that can be read and
displayed.

Example of Displaying all the data of a webpage by URLConnecton class:

1. //DisplayData.java
2.
3. import java.io.*;
4. import java.net.*;
5.
6. public class DisplayData {
7. public static void main(String[] args){
8. try{
9. URL url=new URL("http://www.javatpoint.com/sonoojaiswal/");
10.URLConnection urlcon=url.openConnection();
11.
12.InputStream stream=urlcon.getInputStream();
13.int i;
14.while((i=stream.read())!=-1){
15.System.out.print((char)i);
16.}
17.
18.}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
19.}
20.}
download this example
Next TopicInetAddress class
InetAddress class:
The java.net.InetAddress class represents an IP address. The Inet Address class

provides methods to get the IP of any host name.

Commonly used methods of InetAddress class:

public static InetAddress getByName(String host) throws

UnknownHostException: it returns the IP of the given host.

public static InetAddress getLocalHost() throws

UnknownHostException: it returns the LocalHost IP and name.

public String getHostName(): it returns the host name of the IP address.

public String getHostAddress(): it returns the IP address in string format.

Example of InetAddress class:

1. //InetDemo.java
2.
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

public class InetDemo{

public static void main(String[] args){
try{

InetAddress ip=InetAddress.getByName("www.javatpoint.com");

System.out.println("Host Name: "+ip.getHostName());

System.out.println("IP Address: "+ip.getHostAddress());

}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}
}
Output:Host Name: www.javatpoint.com
IP Address: 206.51.231.148

download this example

DatagramSocket and DatagramPacket (Networking)

DatagramSocket class
The DatagramSocket class represents a connection-less socket for sending and
receiving datagram packets. Datagram is basically an information but there is no
gurantee of its content, arrival or arrival time. The DatagramSocket and
DatagramPacket classes are used for connection-less socket programming.
Commonly used Constructors of DatagramSocket class

DatagramSocket() throws SocketEeption: it creates a datagram socket

and binds it with the available Port Number on the localhost machine.

DatagramSocket(int port) throws SocketEeption: it creates a datagram

socket and binds it with the given Port Number.

DatagramSocket(int port, InetAddress address) throws

SocketEeption: it creates a datagram socket and binds it with the specified
port number and host address.

DatagramPacket class:
The DatagramPacket is message that can be sent or received. If you send multiple
packet, it may arrive in any order. Moreover, packet delivery is not guaranteed.
Commonly used Constructors of DatagramPacket class

DatagramPacket(byte[] barr, int length): it creates a datagram packet.

This constructor is used to receive the packets.

DatagramPacket(byte[] barr, int length, InetAddress address, int

port): it creates a datagram packet. This constructor is used to send the

packets.

Example of Sending DatagramPacket by DatagramSocket

1. //DSender.java
2.
3. import java.net.*;
4.
5. public class DSender{
6.

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

7.

DatagramSocket ds = new DatagramSocket();

8.

String str = "Welcome java";

9.

InetAddress ip = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");

10.
11.

DatagramPacket dp = new DatagramPacket(str.getBytes(), str.length(), ip,

3000);

12.

ds.send(dp);

13.

ds.close();

14. }
15.}
Example of Receiving DatagramPacket by DatagramSocket
1. //DReceiver.java
2.
3. import java.net.*;
4.

5. public class DReceiver{

6.

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

7.
8.

DatagramSocket ds = new DatagramSocket(3000);

9.

byte[] buf = new byte[1024];

10.
11.

DatagramPacket dp = new DatagramPacket(buf, 1024);

12.

ds.receive(dp);

13.
14.

String str = new String(dp.getData(), 0, dp.getLength());

15.

System.out.println(str);

16.

ds.close();

17. }
18.}
download this example
Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT):
Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT) is used for GUI programming in java.

AWT Container Hierarchy:

Container:
The Container is a component in AWT that can contain another components like
buttons, textfields, labels etc. The classes that extends Container class are known
as container.
Window:
The window is the container that have no borders and menubars. You must use
frame, dialog or another window for creating a window.
Panel:
The Panel is the container that doesn't contain title bar and MenuBars. It can have
other components like button, textfield etc.

Frame:
The Frame is the container that contain title bar and can have MenuBars. It can
have other components like button, textfield etc.
Commonly used Methods of Component class:
1)public void add(Component c)
2)public void setSize(int width,int height)
3)public void setLayout(LayoutManager m)
4)public void setVisible(boolean)

Creating a Frame:
There are two ways to create a frame:

By extending Frame class (inheritance)

By creating the object of Frame class (association)

Simple example of AWT by inheritance:

import java.awt.*;

class First extends Frame{

First(){
Button b=new Button("click me");
b.setBounds(30,100,80,30);// setting button position

add(b);//adding button into frame

setSize(300,300);//frame size 300 width and 300 height
setLayout(null);//no layout now bydefault BorderLayout

setVisible(true);//now frame willbe visible, bydefault not visible

}
public static void main(String args[]){

First f=new First();

}
}
download this example
public void setBounds(int xaxis, int yaxis, int width, int height); have been
used in the above example that sets the position of the button.

Simple example of AWT by association:

import java.awt.*;
class First2{
First2(){

Frame f=new Frame();

Button b=new Button("click me");

b.setBounds(30,50,80,30);

f.add(b);
f.setSize(300,300);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);

}
public static void main(String args[]){

First2 f=new First2();

}
}
download this example
Event and Listener (Event Handling):
Changing the state of an object is known as an event. For example, click on button,

dragging mouse etc. The java.awt.event package provides many event classes and
Listener interfaces for event handling.
Event classes and Listener interfaces:
Event Classes

Listener Interfaces

ActionEvent

ActionListener

MouseEvent

MouseListener and MouseMotionListener

MouseWheelEvent

MouseWheelListener

KeyEvent

KeyListener

ItemEvent

ItemListener

TextEvent

TextListener

AdjustmentEvent

AdjustmentListener

WindowEvent

WindowListener

ComponentEvent

ComponentListener

ContainerEvent

ContainerListener

FocusEvent

FocusListener

Steps to perform EventHandling:

Following steps are required to perform event handling :
1. Implement the Listener interface and overrides its methods
2. Register the component with the Listener

For registering the component with the Listener, many classes provide the
registration methods. For example:

Button
o

MenuItem
o

public void addActionListener(ActionListener a){}

public void addTextListener(TextListener a){}

TextArea

public void addItemListener(ItemListener a){}

Choice
o

public void addTextListener(TextListener a){}

Checkbox
o

public void addActionListener(ActionListener a){}

TextField

public void addActionListener(ActionListener a){}

public void addItemListener(ItemListener a){}

List
o

public void addActionListener(ActionListener a){}

public void addItemListener(ItemListener a){}

EventHandling Codes:
We can put the event handling code into one of the following places:
1. Same class
2. Other class
3. Annonymous class

Example of event handling within class:

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

class AEvent extends Frame implements ActionListener{

TextField tf;
AEvent(){

tf=new TextField();
tf.setBounds(60,50,170,20);

Button b=new Button("click me");

b.setBounds(100,120,80,30);

b.addActionListener(this);

add(b);add(tf);

setSize(300,300);
setLayout(null);
setVisible(true);

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){

tf.setText("Welcome");
}

public static void main(String args[]){

new AEvent();
}
}
public void setBounds(int xaxis, int yaxis, int width, int height); have been
used in the above example that sets the position of the component it may be
button, textfield etc.

2) Example of event handling by Outer class:

1. import java.awt.*;

2. import java.awt.event.*;
3.
4. class AEvent2 extends Frame implements ActionListener{
5. TextField tf;
6. AEvent2(){
7.
8. tf=new TextField();
9. tf.setBounds(60,50,170,20);
10.
11.Button b=new Button("click me");
12.b.setBounds(100,120,80,30);
13.
14.b.addActionListener(this);
15.
16.add(b);add(tf);
17.
18.setSize(300,300);
19.setLayout(null);
20.setVisible(true);
21.
22.}
23.
24.public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
25.tf.setText("Welcome");

26.}
27.
28.public static void main(String args[]){
29.new AEvent2();
30.}
31.}
import java.awt.event.*;

class Outer implements ActionListener{

AEvent2 obj;
Outer(AEvent2 obj){
this.obj=obj;
}

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){

obj.tf.setText("welcome");
}

3) Example of event handling by Annonymous class:

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

class AEvent3 extends Frame{

TextField tf;
AEvent3(){

tf=new TextField();
tf.setBounds(60,50,170,20);

Button b=new Button("click me");

b.setBounds(50,120,80,30);

b.addActionListener(new ActionListener(){
public void actionPerformed(){
tf.setText("hello");
}
});

add(b);add(tf);

setSize(300,300);
setLayout(null);
setVisible(true);

}
public static void main(String args[]){

new AEvent3();
}
}

Swing (Graphics Programming in java):

Swing is a part of JFC (Java Foundation Classes) that is used to create GUI
application. It is built on the top of AWT and entirely written in java.
Advantage of Swing over AWT:
There are many advantages of Swing over AWT. They are as follows:

Swing components are Plateform independent.

It is lightweight.

It supports pluggable look and feel.

It has more powerful componenets like tables, lists, scroll panes, color
chooser, tabbed pane etc.

It follows MVC (Model View Controller) architecture.

What is JFC ?
The Java Foundation Classes (JFC) are a set of GUI components which simplify the
development of desktop applications.

Do You Know ?

How to display image on a button in swing?

How to change the component color by choosing a color from ColorChooser ?

How to display the digital watch in swing tutorial ?

How to create a notepad in swing?

How to create puzzle game and pic puzzle game in swing ?

How to create tic tac toe game in swing ?

Hierarchy of swing:

Commonly used Methods of Component class:

1)public void add(Component c)
2)public void setSize(int width,int height)
3)public void setLayout(LayoutManager m)

4)public void setVisible(boolean)

Creating a Frame:
There are two ways to create a frame:

By creating the object of Frame class (association)

By extending Frame class (inheritance)

Simple example of Swing by Association:

1. import javax.swing.*;
2. public class Simple {
3. JFrame f;
4. Simple(){
5.
6. f=new JFrame();
7.
8. JButton b=new JButton("click");
9. b.setBounds(130,100,100, 40);
10.
11.f.add(b);
12.
13.f.setSize(400,500);
14.f.setLayout(null);
15.f.setVisible(true);
16.}

17.
18.public static void main(String[] args) {
19.new Simple();
20.}
21.}
download this example
public void setBounds(int xaxis, int yaxis, int width, int height); have been
used in the above example that sets the position of the button.

Simple example of Swing by inheritance:

1. import javax.swing.*;
2. public class Simple2 extends JFrame{
3. JFrame f;
4. Simple2(){
5.
6. JButton b=new JButton("click");
7. b.setBounds(130,100,100, 40);
8.
9. add(b);
10.
11.setSize(400,500);
12.setLayout(null);
13.setVisible(true);
14.}
15.
16.public static void main(String[] args) {
17.new Simple2();
18.}
19.}
download this example
Next TopicJButton Class

prev
next>>

32

11
Share
11

Evening Dresses ukProm Dresses saleRobe de soir??e blancheBallkleiderFormal

Dresses onlineEvening Dresses ukdavidcastlestaligiatpeoplespoets
JButton class:
The JButton class is used to create a button that have plateform-independent
implementation.
Commonly used Constructors:

JButton(): creates a button with no text and icon.

JButton(String s): creates a button with the specified text.

JButton(Icon i): creates a button with the specified icon object.

Commonly used Methods of AbstractButton class:

1) public void setText(String s): is used to set specified text on button.
2) public String getText(): is used to return the text of the button.
3) public void setEnabled(boolean b): is used to enable or disable the button.
4) public void setIcon(Icon b): is used to set the specified Icon on the button.
5) public Icon getIcon(): is used to get the Icon of the button.
6) public void setMnemonic(int a): is used to set the mnemonic on the button.
7) public void addActionListener(ActionListener a): is used to add the action
listener to this object.
Note: The JButton class extends AbstractButton class.

Example of displaying image on the button:

import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;

public class ImageButton{

ImageButton(){
JFrame f=new JFrame();

JButton b=new JButton(new ImageIcon("b.jpg"));

b.setBounds(130,100,100, 40);

f.add(b);

f.setSize(300,400);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);

f.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);

public static void main(String[] args) {

new ImageButton();

}
}
JRadioButton class:
The JRadioButton class is used to create a radio button.
Commonly used Constructors of JRadioButton class:

JRadioButton(): creates an unselected radio button with no text.

JRadioButton(String s): creates an unselected radio button with specified

text.

JRadioButton(String s, boolean selected): creates a radio button with

the specified text and selected status.

Commonly used Methods of AbstractButton class:

1) public void setText(String s): is used to set specified text on button.
2) public String getText(): is used to return the text of the button.
3) public void setEnabled(boolean b): is used to enable or disable the button.
4) public void setIcon(Icon b): is used to set the specified Icon on the button.
5) public Icon getIcon(): is used to get the Icon of the button.
6) public void setMnemonic(int a): is used to set the mnemonic on the button.
7) public void addActionListener(ActionListener a): is used to add the action
listener to this object.
Note: The JRadioButton class extends the JToggleButton class that extends
AbstractButton class.
example of JRadioButton class:
1. import javax.swing.*;
2. public class Radio {
3. JFrame f;
4.
5. Radio(){

6. f=new JFrame();
7.
8. JRadioButton r1=new JRadioButton("A) Male");
9. JRadioButton r2=new JRadioButton("B) FeMale");
10.r1.setBounds(50,100,70,30);
11.r2.setBounds(50,150,70,30);
12.
13.ButtonGroup bg=new ButtonGroup();
14.bg.add(r1);bg.add(r2);
15.
16.f.add(r1);f.add(r2);
17.
18.f.setSize(300,300);
19.f.setLayout(null);
20.f.setVisible(true);
21.}
22.public static void main(String[] args) {
23.

new Radio();

24.}
25.}
download this example
ButtonGroup class:
The ButtonGroup class can be used to group multiple buttons so that at a time only
one button can be selected.
JTextArea class (Swing Tutorial):

The JTextArea class is used to create a text area. It is a multiline area that displays
the plain text only.
Commonly used Constructors:

JTextArea(): creates a text area that displays no text initally.

JTextArea(String s): creates a text area that displays specified text initally.

JTextArea(int row, int column): creates a text area with the specified
number of rows and columns that displays no text initally..

JTextArea(String s, int row, int column): creates a text area with the
specified number of rows and columns that displays specified text.

Commonly used methods of JTextArea class:

1) public void setRows(int rows): is used to set specified number of rows.
2) public void setColumns(int cols):: is used to set specified number of
columns.
3) public void setFont(Font f): is used to set the specified font.
4) public void insert(String s, int position): is used to insert the specified text
on the specified position.
5) public void append(String s): is used to append the given text to the end of
the document.
Example of JTextField class:
1. import java.awt.Color;
2. import javax.swing.*;
3.
4. public class TArea {
5.

JTextArea area;

6.

JFrame f;

7.

TArea(){

8.

f=new JFrame();

9.
10.

area=new JTextArea(300,300);

11.

area.setBounds(10,30,300,300);

12.
13.

area.setBackground(Color.black);

14.

area.setForeground(Color.white);

15.
16.

f.add(area);

17.
18.

f.setSize(400,400);

19.

f.setLayout(null);

20.

f.setVisible(true);

21.}
22.

public static void main(String[] args) {

23.
24.

new TArea();
}

25.}
JComboBox class:
The JComboBox class is used to create the combobox (drop-down list). At a time
only one item can be selected from the item list.
Commonly used Constructors of JComboBox class:
JComboBox()
JComboBox(Object[] items)
JComboBox(Vector<?> items)

Commonly used methods of JComboBox class:

1) public void addItem(Object anObject): is used to add an item to the item
list.
2) public void removeItem(Object anObject): is used to delete an item to the
item list.
3) public void removeAllItems(): is used to remove all the items from the list.
4) public void setEditable(boolean b): is used to determine whether the
JComboBox is editable.
5) public void addActionListener(ActionListener a): is used to add the
ActionListener.
6) public void addItemListener(ItemListener i): is used to add the
ItemListener.
Example of JComboBox class:
1. import javax.swing.*;
2. public class Combo {
3. JFrame f;
4. Combo(){
5.

f=new JFrame("Combo ex");

6.
7.

String country[]={"India","Aus","U.S.A","England","Newzeland"};

8.
9.

JComboBox cb=new JComboBox(country);

10.

cb.setBounds(50, 50,90,20);

11.

f.add(cb);

12.
13.

f.setLayout(null);

14.

f.setSize(400,500);

15.

f.setVisible(true);

16.
17.}
18.public static void main(String[] args) {
19.

new Combo();

20.
21.}
22.}
JTable class (Swing Tutorial):
The JTable class is used to display the data on two dimentional tables of cells.
Commonly used Constructors of JTable class:

JTable(): creates a table with empty cells.

JTable(Object[][] rows, Object[] columns): creates a table with the

specified data.

Example of JTable class:

1. import javax.swing.*;
2. public class MyTable {
3.

JFrame f;

4. MyTable(){
5.

f=new JFrame();

6.
7.
8.
9.

String data[][]={ {"101","Amit","670000"},

{"102","Jai","780000"},
{"101","Sachin","700000"}};

10.

String column[]={"ID","NAME","SALARY"};

11.
12.

JTable jt=new JTable(data,column);

13.

jt.setBounds(30,40,200,300);

14.
15.

JScrollPane sp=new JScrollPane(jt);

16.

f.add(sp);

17.
18.

f.setSize(300,400);

19.// f.setLayout(null);
20.

f.setVisible(true);

21.}
22.public static void main(String[] args) {
23.

new MyTable();

24.}
25.}
JColorChooser class:
The JColorChooser class is used to create a color chooser dialog box so that user
can select any color.
Commonly used Constructors of JColorChooser class:

JColorChooser(): is used to create a color chooser pane with white color

initially.

JColorChooser(Color initialColor): is used to create a color chooser pane

with the specified color initially.

Commonly used methods of JColorChooser class:

public static Color showDialog(Component c, String title, Color
initialColor): is used to show the color-chooser dialog box.

Example of JColorChooser class:

1. import java.awt.event.*;
2. import java.awt.*;
3. import javax.swing.*;
4.
5. public class JColorChooserExample extends JFrame implements ActionListener
{

6. JButton b;
7. Container c;
8.
9. JColorChooserExample(){
10.

c=getContentPane();

11.

c.setLayout(new FlowLayout());

12.
13.

b=new JButton("color");

14.

b.addActionListener(this);

15.
16.

c.add(b);

17.}
18.
19.public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
20.Color initialcolor=Color.RED;
21.Color color=JColorChooser.showDialog(this,"Select a color",initialcolor);
22.c.setBackground(color);
23.}
24.
25.public static void main(String[] args) {
26.

JColorChooserExample ch=new JColorChooserExample();

27.

ch.setSize(400,400);

28.

ch.setVisible(true);

29.

ch.setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);

30.}
31.}
JProgressBar class:
The JProgressBar class is used to display the progress of the task.
Commonly used Constructors of JProgressBar class:

JProgressBar(): is used to create a horizontal progress bar but no string

text.

JProgressBar(int min, int max): is used to create a horizontal progress bar

with the specified minimum and maximum value.

JProgressBar(int orient): is used to create a progress bar with the

specified orientation, it can be either Vertical or Horizontal by using
SwingConstants.VERTICAL and SwingConstants.HORIZONTAL constants.

JProgressBar(int orient, int min, int max): is used to create a progress

bar with the specified orientation, minimum and maximum value.

Commonly used methods of JProgressBar class:

1) public void setStringPainted(boolean b): is used to determine whether
string should be displayed.
2) public void setString(String s): is used to set value to the progress string.
3) public void setOrientation(int orientation): is used to set the orientation, it
may be either vertical or horizontal by using SwingConstants.VERTICAL and
SwingConstants.HORIZONTAL constants..
4) public void setValue(int value): is used to set the current value on the
progress bar.
Example of JProgressBar class:
1. import javax.swing.*;
2. public class MyProgress extends JFrame{
3. JProgressBar jb;
4. int i=0,num=0;

5.
6. MyProgress(){
7. jb=new JProgressBar(0,2000);
8. jb.setBounds(40,40,200,30);
9.
10.jb.setValue(0);
11.jb.setStringPainted(true);
12.
13.add(jb);
14.setSize(400,400);
15.setLayout(null);
16.}
17.
18.public void iterate(){
19.while(i<=2000){
20. jb.setValue(i);
21. i=i+20;
22. try{Thread.sleep(150);}catch(Exception e){}
23.}
24.}
25.public static void main(String[] args) {
26.

MyProgress m=new MyProgress();

27.

m.setVisible(true);

28.

m.iterate();

29.}
30.}
JSlider class:
The JSlider is used to create the slider. By using JSlider a user can select a value
from a specific range.
Commonly used Constructors of JSlider class:

JSlider(): creates a slider with the initial value of 50 and range of 0 to 100.

JSlider(int orientation): creates a slider with the specified orientaion set by

either JSlider.HORIZONTAL or JSlider.VERTICAL with the range 0 to 100 and
intial value 50.

JSlider(int min, int max): creates a horizontal slider using the given min
and max.

JSlider(int min, int max, int value): creates a horizontal slider using the
given min, max and value.

JSlider(int orientation, int min, int max, int value): creates a slider
using the given orientation, min, max and value.

Commonly used Methods of JSlider class:

1) public void setMinorTickSpacing(int n): is used to set the minor tick spacing
to the slider.
2) public void setMajorTickSpacing(int n): is used to set the major tick spacing
to the slider.
3) public void setPaintTicks(boolean b): is used to determine whether tick
marks are painted.
4) public void setPaintLabels(boolean b): is used to determine whether labels
are painted.
5) public void setPaintTracks(boolean b): is used to determine whether track is
painted.

Simple example of JSlider class:

1. import javax.swing.*;
2.
3. public class SliderExample1 extends JFrame{
4.
5. public SliderExample1() {
6. JSlider slider = new JSlider(JSlider.HORIZONTAL, 0, 50, 25);
7. JPanel panel=new JPanel();
8. panel.add(slider);
9.
10.add(panel);
11.}
12.
13.public static void main(String s[]) {
14.SliderExample1 frame=new SliderExample1();
15.frame.pack();
16.frame.setVisible(true);
17.}
18.}
download this example

Example of JSlider class that paints ticks:

1. import javax.swing.*;
2.
3. public class SliderExample extends JFrame{
4.
5. public SliderExample() {
6.
7. JSlider slider = new JSlider(JSlider.HORIZONTAL, 0, 50, 25);
8. slider.setMinorTickSpacing(2);
9. slider.setMajorTickSpacing(10);
10.
11.slider.setPaintTicks(true);
12.slider.setPaintLabels(true);
13.
14.JPanel panel=new JPanel();
15.panel.add(slider);
16.add(panel);
17.}
18.
19.public static void main(String s[]) {
20.SliderExample frame=new SliderExample();

21.frame.pack();
22.frame.setVisible(true);
23.
24.}
25.}

Example of digital clock in swing:

1. import javax.swing.*;
2. import java.awt.*;
3. import java.text.*;
4. import java.util.*;
5. public class DigitalWatch implements Runnable{

6. JFrame f;
7. Thread t=null;
8. int hours=0, minutes=0, seconds=0;
9. String timeString = "";
10. JButton b;
11.
12. DigitalWatch(){
13.

f=new JFrame();

14.
15.
16.

t = new Thread(this);
t.start();

17.
18.
19.

b=new JButton();
b.setBounds(100,100,100,50);

20.
21.

f.add(b);

22.

f.setSize(300,400);

23.

f.setLayout(null);

24.

f.setVisible(true);

25. }
26.
27. public void run() {
28.

try {

29.

while (true) {

30.
31.

Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance();

32.

hours = cal.get( Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY );

33.

if ( hours > 12 ) hours -= 12;

34.

minutes = cal.get( Calendar.MINUTE );

35.

seconds = cal.get( Calendar.SECOND );

36.
37.

SimpleDateFormat formatter = new SimpleDateFormat("hh:mm:ss");

38.

Date date = cal.getTime();

39.

timeString = formatter.format( date );

40.
41.

printTime();

42.
43.

t.sleep( 1000 ); // interval given in milliseconds

44.

45.

46.

catch (Exception e) { }

47. }
48.
49. public void printTime(){
50. b.setText(timeString);
51. }

52.
53. public static void main(String[] args) {
54.

new DigitalWatch();

55.
56.
57. }
58. }
Displaying graphics in swing:
java.awt.Graphics class provides many methods for graphics programming.
Commonly used methods of Graphics class:
1. public abstract void drawString(String str, int x, int y): is used to draw
the specified string.
2. public void drawRect(int x, int y, int width, int height): draws a
rectangle with the specifed width and height.
3. public abstract void fillRect(int x, int y, int width, int height): is used
to fill rectangle with the default color and specified width and height.
4. public abstract void drawOval(int x, int y, int width, int height): is
used to draw oval with the specified width and height.
5. public abstract void fillOval(int x, int y, int width, int height): is used
to fill oval with the default color and specified width and height.
6. public abstract void drawLine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2): is used to
draw line between the points(x1, y1) and (x2, y2).
7. public abstract boolean drawImage(Image img, int x, int y,
ImageObserver observer): is used draw the specified image.
8. public abstract void drawArc(int x, int y, int width, int height, int
startAngle, int arcAngle): is used draw a circular or elliptical arc.
9. public abstract void fillArc(int x, int y, int width, int height, int
startAngle, int arcAngle): is used to fill a circular or elliptical arc.

10.public abstract void setColor(Color c): is used to set the graphics current
color to the specified color.
11.public abstract void setFont(Font font): is used to set the graphics
current font to the specified font.

Example of displaying graphics in swing:

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import javax.swing.JFrame;
3.
4. public class DisplayGraphics extends Canvas{
5.
6.

public void paint(Graphics g) {

7.

g.drawString("Hello",40,40);

8.

setBackground(Color.WHITE);

9.

g.fillRect(130, 30,100, 80);

10.

g.drawOval(30,130,50, 60);

11.

setForeground(Color.RED);

12.

g.fillOval(130,130,50, 60);

13.

g.drawArc(30, 200, 40,50,90,60);

14.

g.fillArc(30, 130, 40,50,180,40);

15.
16.

17.

public static void main(String[] args) {

18.

DisplayGraphics m=new DisplayGraphics();

19.

JFrame f=new JFrame();

20.

f.add(m);

21.

f.setSize(400,400);

22.

//f.setLayout(null);

23.

f.setVisible(true);

24.

25.
26.}
Displaying image in swing:
For displaying image, we can use the method drawImage() of Graphics class.
Syntax of drawImage() method:
1. public abstract boolean drawImage(Image img, int x, int y,
ImageObserver observer): is used draw the specified image.

Example of displaying image in swing:

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import javax.swing.JFrame;
3.
4. public class MyCanvas extends Canvas{
5.
6.

public void paint(Graphics g) {

7.
8.

Toolkit t=Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit();

9.

Image i=t.getImage("p3.gif");

10.

g.drawImage(i, 120,100,this);

11.
12.

13.

public static void main(String[] args) {

14.

MyCanvas m=new MyCanvas();

15.

JFrame f=new JFrame();

16.

f.add(m);

17.

f.setSize(400,400);

18.

f.setVisible(true);

19.

20.
21.}

Example of creating Edit menu for Notepad:

1. import javax.swing.*;
2. import java.awt.event.*;
3.
4. public class Notepad implements ActionListener{
5. JFrame f;
6. JMenuBar mb;
7. JMenu file,edit,help;
8. JMenuItem cut,copy,paste,selectAll;
9. JTextArea ta;
10.
11. Notepad(){
12. f=new JFrame();
13.
14. cut=new JMenuItem("cut");
15. copy=new JMenuItem("copy");

16. paste=new JMenuItem("paste");

17. selectAll=new JMenuItem("selectAll");
18.
19. cut.addActionListener(this);
20. copy.addActionListener(this);
21. paste.addActionListener(this);
22. selectAll.addActionListener(this);
23.
24. mb=new JMenuBar();
25. mb.setBounds(5,5,400,40);
26.
27. file=new JMenu("File");
28. edit=new JMenu("Edit");
29. help=new JMenu("Help");
30.
31. edit.add(cut);edit.add(copy);edit.add(paste);edit.add(selectAll);
32.
33.
34. mb.add(file);mb.add(edit);mb.add(help);
35.
36. ta=new JTextArea();
37. ta.setBounds(5,30,460,460);
38.

39. f.add(mb);f.add(ta);
40.
41. f.setLayout(null);
42. f.setSize(500,500);
43. f.setVisible(true);
44. }
45.
46. public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
47. if(e.getSource()==cut)
48. ta.cut();
49. if(e.getSource()==paste)
50. ta.paste();
51. if(e.getSource()==copy)
52. ta.copy();
53. if(e.getSource()==selectAll)
54. ta.selectAll();
55. }
56.
57. public static void main(String[] args) {
58.

new Notepad();

59. }
60. }

Example of open dialog box:

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import javax.swing.*;
3. import java.awt.event.*;
4. import java.io.*;
5.
6. public class OpenMenu extends JFrame implements ActionListener{
7. JMenuBar mb;
8. JMenu file;
9. JMenuItem open;
10. JTextArea ta;
11. OpenMenu(){
12. open=new JMenuItem("Open File");
13. open.addActionListener(this);
14.
15. file=new JMenu("File");
16. file.add(open);
17.
18. mb=new JMenuBar();
19. mb.setBounds(0,0,800,20);
20. mb.add(file);
21.
22. ta=new JTextArea(800,800);
23. ta.setBounds(0,20,800,800);

24.
25. add(mb);
26. add(ta);
27.
28. }
29. public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
30. if(e.getSource()==open){
31. openFile();
32. }
33. }
34.
35. void openFile(){
36. JFileChooser fc=new JFileChooser();
37. int i=fc.showOpenDialog(this);
38.
39. if(i==JFileChooser.APPROVE_OPTION){
40. File f=fc.getSelectedFile();
41. String filepath=f.getPath();
42.
43. displayContent(filepath);
44.
45. }
46.

47. }
48.
49. void displayContent(String fpath){
50. try{
51. BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new FileReader(fpath));
52. String s1="",s2="";
53.
54. while((s1=br.readLine())!=null){
55. s2+=s1+"\n";
56. }
57. ta.setText(s2);
58. br.close();
59. }catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace(); }
60. }
61.
62. public static void main(String[] args) {
63.

OpenMenu om=new OpenMenu();

64.

om.setSize(800,800);

65.

om.setLayout(null);

66.

om.setVisible(true);

67.

om.setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);

68. }
69. }

Example of Notepad
1. import java.io.*;
2. import java.util.Date;
3. import java.awt.*;
4. import java.awt.event.*;
5. import javax.swing.*;
6. import javax.swing.event.*;
7.
8. /************************************/
9. class FileOperation
10. {
11. Notepad npd;
12.
13. boolean saved;
14. boolean newFileFlag;
15. String fileName;
16. String applicationTitle="Javapad";
17.
18. File fileRef;
19. JFileChooser chooser;
20. /////////////////////////////
21. boolean isSave(){return saved;}
22. void setSave(boolean saved){this.saved=saved;}

23. String getFileName(){return new String(fileName);}

24. void setFileName(String fileName){this.fileName=new String(fileName);}
25. /////////////////////////
26. FileOperation(Notepad npd)
27. {
28. this.npd=npd;
29.
30. saved=true;
31. newFileFlag=true;
32. fileName=new String("Untitled");
33. fileRef=new File(fileName);
34. this.npd.f.setTitle(fileName+" - "+applicationTitle);
35.
36. chooser=new JFileChooser();
37. chooser.addChoosableFileFilter(new MyFileFilter(".java","Java Source Files(*.java)"));
38. chooser.addChoosableFileFilter(new MyFileFilter(".txt","Text Files(*.txt)"));
39. chooser.setCurrentDirectory(new File("."));
40.
41. }
42. //////////////////////////////////////
43.
44. boolean saveFile(File temp)
45. {

46. FileWriter fout=null;

47. try
48. {
49. fout=new FileWriter(temp);
50. fout.write(npd.ta.getText());
51. }
52. catch(IOException ioe){updateStatus(temp,false);return false;}
53. finally
54. {try{fout.close();}catch(IOException excp){}}
55. updateStatus(temp,true);
56. return true;
57. }
58. ////////////////////////
59. boolean saveThisFile()
60. {
61.
62. if(!newFileFlag)
63.

{return saveFile(fileRef);}

64.
65. return saveAsFile();
66. }
67. ////////////////////////////////////
68. boolean saveAsFile()

69. {
70. File temp=null;
71. chooser.setDialogTitle("Save As...");
72. chooser.setApproveButtonText("Save Now");
73. chooser.setApproveButtonMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_S);
74. chooser.setApproveButtonToolTipText("Click me to save!");
75.
76. do
77. {
78. if(chooser.showSaveDialog(this.npd.f)!=JFileChooser.APPROVE_OPTION)
79.

return false;

80. temp=chooser.getSelectedFile();
81. if(!temp.exists()) break;
82. if( JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(
83.

this.npd.f,""+temp.getPath()+" already exists.<br>Do you want to replace it?",

84.

"Save As",JOptionPane.YES_NO_OPTION

85.
86.

)==JOptionPane.YES_OPTION)
break;

87. }while(true);
88.
89.
90. return saveFile(temp);
91. }

92.
93. ////////////////////////
94. boolean openFile(File temp)
95. {
96. FileInputStream fin=null;
97. BufferedReader din=null;
98.
99. try
100.

101.

fin=new FileInputStream(temp);

102.

din=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(fin));

103.

String str=" ";

104.

while(str!=null)

105.

106.

str=din.readLine();

107.

if(str==null)

108.

break;

109.

this.npd.ta.append(str+"\n");

110.

111.
112.

113.

catch(IOException ioe){updateStatus(temp,false);return false;}

114.

finally

115.

{try{din.close();fin.close();}catch(IOException excp){}}

116.

updateStatus(temp,true);

117.

this.npd.ta.setCaretPosition(0);

118.

return true;

119.

120.

///////////////////////

121.

void openFile()

122.

123.

if(!confirmSave()) return;

124.

chooser.setDialogTitle("Open File...");

125.

chooser.setApproveButtonText("Open this");

126.

chooser.setApproveButtonMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_O);

127.

chooser.setApproveButtonToolTipText("Click me to open the selected file.!");

128.
129.

File temp=null;

130.

do

131.

132.

if(chooser.showOpenDialog(this.npd.f)!=JFileChooser.APPROVE_OPTION)

133.
134.

return;
temp=chooser.getSelectedFile();

135.
136.
137.

if(temp.exists()) break;

138.

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this.npd.f,

139.

""+temp.getName()+"<br>file not found.<br>"+

140.

"Please verify the correct file name was given.",

141.

"Open", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);

142.
143.

} while(true);

144.
145.

this.npd.ta.setText("");

146.
147.

if(!openFile(temp))

148.

149.

fileName="Untitled"; saved=true;

150.

this.npd.f.setTitle(fileName+" - "+applicationTitle);

151.

152.

if(!temp.canWrite())

153.

newFileFlag=true;

154.
155.

156.

////////////////////////

157.

void updateStatus(File temp,boolean saved)

158.

159.

if(saved)

160.

161.

this.saved=true;

162.

fileName=new String(temp.getName());

163.

if(!temp.canWrite())

164.

{fileName+="(Read only)"; newFileFlag=true;}

165.

fileRef=temp;

166.

npd.f.setTitle(fileName + " - "+applicationTitle);

167.

npd.statusBar.setText("File : "+temp.getPath()+" saved/opened successfully.");

168.

newFileFlag=false;

169.

170.

else

171.

172.

npd.statusBar.setText("Failed to save/open : "+temp.getPath());

173.

174.

175.

///////////////////////

176.

boolean confirmSave()

177.

178.

String strMsg="The text in the "+fileName+" file has been changed.<br>"+

179.

"Do you want to save the changes?";

180.

if(!saved)

181.

182.

int x=JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(this.npd.f,strMsg,applicationTitle,

183.

JOptionPane.YES_NO_CANCEL_OPTION);

184.
185.

if(x==JOptionPane.CANCEL_OPTION) return false;

186.

if(x==JOptionPane.YES_OPTION && !saveAsFile()) return false;

187.

188.

return true;

189.

190.

///////////////////////////////////////

191.

void newFile()

192.

193.

if(!confirmSave()) return;

194.
195.

this.npd.ta.setText("");

196.

fileName=new String("Untitled");

197.

fileRef=new File(fileName);

198.

saved=true;

199.

newFileFlag=true;

200.

this.npd.f.setTitle(fileName+" - "+applicationTitle);

201.

202.

//////////////////////////////////////

203.

}// end defination of class FileOperation

204.

/************************************/

205.

public class Notepad implements ActionListener, MenuConstants

206.

207.
208.

JFrame f;

209.

JTextArea ta;

210.

JLabel statusBar;

211.
212.

private String fileName="Untitled";

213.

private boolean saved=true;

214.

String applicationName="Javapad";

215.
216.

String searchString, replaceString;

217.

int lastSearchIndex;

218.
219.

FileOperation fileHandler;

220.

FontChooser fontDialog=null;

221.

FindDialog findReplaceDialog=null;

222.

JColorChooser bcolorChooser=null;

223.

JColorChooser fcolorChooser=null;

224.

JDialog backgroundDialog=null;

225.

JDialog foregroundDialog=null;

226.

JMenuItem cutItem,copyItem, deleteItem, findItem, findNextItem,

227.

replaceItem, gotoItem, selectAllItem;

228.

/****************************/

229.

Notepad()

230.

231.

f=new JFrame(fileName+" - "+applicationName);

232.

ta=new JTextArea(30,60);

233.

statusBar=new JLabel("||

234.

f.add(new JScrollPane(ta),BorderLayout.CENTER);

235.

f.add(statusBar,BorderLayout.SOUTH);

236.

f.add(new JLabel(" "),BorderLayout.EAST);

237.

f.add(new JLabel(" "),BorderLayout.WEST);

238.

createMenuBar(f);

239.

//f.setSize(350,350);

240.

f.pack();

241.

f.setLocation(100,50);

242.

f.setVisible(true);

243.

f.setLocation(150,50);

244.

f.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.DO_NOTHING_ON_CLOSE);

Ln 1, Col 1 ",JLabel.RIGHT);

245.
246.

fileHandler=new FileOperation(this);

247.
248.

/////////////////////

249.
250.

ta.addCaretListener(

251.

new CaretListener()

252.

253.

public void caretUpdate(CaretEvent e)

254.

255.

int lineNumber=0, column=0, pos=0;

256.
257.

try

258.

259.

pos=ta.getCaretPosition();

260.

lineNumber=ta.getLineOfOffset(pos);

261.

column=pos-ta.getLineStartOffset(lineNumber);

262.

}catch(Exception excp){}

263.

if(ta.getText().length()==0){lineNumber=0; column=0;}

264.

statusBar.setText("||

265.

266.

});

267.

//////////////////

268.

DocumentListener myListener = new DocumentListener()

269.

270.

public void changedUpdate(DocumentEvent e){fileHandler.saved=false;}

271.

public void removeUpdate(DocumentEvent e){fileHandler.saved=false;}

272.

public void insertUpdate(DocumentEvent e){fileHandler.saved=false;}

273.

};

274.

ta.getDocument().addDocumentListener(myListener);

275.

/////////

Ln "+(lineNumber+1)+", Col "+(column+1));

276.

WindowListener frameClose=new WindowAdapter()

277.

278.

public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we)

279.

280.

if(fileHandler.confirmSave())System.exit(0);

281.

282.

};

283.

f.addWindowListener(frameClose);

284.

//////////////////

285.

/*

286.

ta.append("Hello dear hello hi");

287.

ta.append("\nwho are u dear mister hello");

288.

ta.append("\nhello bye hel");

289.

ta.append("\nHello");

290.

ta.append("\nMiss u mister hello hell");

291.

fileHandler.saved=true;

292.

*/

293.

294.

////////////////////////////////////

295.

void goTo()

296.

297.

int lineNumber=0;

298.

try

299.

300.

lineNumber=ta.getLineOfOffset(ta.getCaretPosition())+1;

301.
String tempStr=JOptionPane.showInputDialog(f,"Enter Line Number:",""+lineNu
mber);
302.

if(tempStr==null)

303.

{return;}

304.

lineNumber=Integer.parseInt(tempStr);

305.

ta.setCaretPosition(ta.getLineStartOffset(lineNumber-1));

306.

}catch(Exception e){}

307.

308.

///////////////////////////////////

309.

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ev)

310.

311.

String cmdText=ev.getActionCommand();

312.

////////////////////////////////////

313.

if(cmdText.equals(fileNew))

314.

fileHandler.newFile();

315.

else if(cmdText.equals(fileOpen))

316.

fileHandler.openFile();

317.

////////////////////////////////////

318.

else if(cmdText.equals(fileSave))

319.

fileHandler.saveThisFile();

320.

////////////////////////////////////

321.

else if(cmdText.equals(fileSaveAs))

322.

fileHandler.saveAsFile();

323.

////////////////////////////////////

324.

else if(cmdText.equals(fileExit))

325.

{if(fileHandler.confirmSave())System.exit(0);}

326.

////////////////////////////////////

327.

else if(cmdText.equals(filePrint))

328.

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(

329.

Notepad.this.f,

330.

"Get ur printer repaired first! It seems u dont have one!",

331.

"Bad Printer",

332.

JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE

333.

);

334.

////////////////////////////////////

335.

else if(cmdText.equals(editCut))

336.

ta.cut();

337.

////////////////////////////////////

338.

else if(cmdText.equals(editCopy))

339.

ta.copy();

340.

////////////////////////////////////

341.

else if(cmdText.equals(editPaste))

342.

ta.paste();

343.

////////////////////////////////////

344.

else if(cmdText.equals(editDelete))

345.

ta.replaceSelection("");

346.

////////////////////////////////////

347.

else if(cmdText.equals(editFind))

348.

349.

if(Notepad.this.ta.getText().length()==0)

350.
351.

return; // text box have no text

if(findReplaceDialog==null)

352.

findReplaceDialog=new FindDialog(Notepad.this.ta);

353.

findReplaceDialog.showDialog(Notepad.this.f,true);//find

354.

355.

////////////////////////////////////

356.

else if(cmdText.equals(editFindNext))

357.

358.

if(Notepad.this.ta.getText().length()==0)

359.

return; // text box have no text

360.
361.

if(findReplaceDialog==null)

362.
363.

statusBar.setText("Use Find option of Edit Menu first !!!!");

else

364.

findReplaceDialog.findNextWithSelection();

365.

366.

////////////////////////////////////

367.

else if(cmdText.equals(editReplace))

368.

369.

if(Notepad.this.ta.getText().length()==0)

370.

return; // text box have no text

371.
372.

if(findReplaceDialog==null)

373.

findReplaceDialog=new FindDialog(Notepad.this.ta);

374.

findReplaceDialog.showDialog(Notepad.this.f,false);//replace

375.

376.

////////////////////////////////////

377.

else if(cmdText.equals(editGoTo))

378.

379.

if(Notepad.this.ta.getText().length()==0)

380.

return; // text box have no text

381.

goTo();

382.

383.

////////////////////////////////////

384.

else if(cmdText.equals(editSelectAll))

385.

ta.selectAll();

386.

////////////////////////////////////

387.

else if(cmdText.equals(editTimeDate))

388.

ta.insert(new Date().toString(),ta.getSelectionStart());

389.

////////////////////////////////////

390.

else if(cmdText.equals(formatWordWrap))

391.

392.

JCheckBoxMenuItem temp=(JCheckBoxMenuItem)ev.getSource();

393.

ta.setLineWrap(temp.isSelected());

394.

395.

////////////////////////////////////

396.

else if(cmdText.equals(formatFont))

397.

398.

if(fontDialog==null)

399.

fontDialog=new FontChooser(ta.getFont());

400.
401.

if(fontDialog.showDialog(Notepad.this.f,"Choose a font"))

402.

Notepad.this.ta.setFont(fontDialog.createFont());

403.

404.

////////////////////////////////////

405.

else if(cmdText.equals(formatForeground))

406.

showForegroundColorDialog();

407.

////////////////////////////////////

408.

else if(cmdText.equals(formatBackground))

409.
410.

showBackgroundColorDialog();
////////////////////////////////////

411.
412.

else if(cmdText.equals(viewStatusBar))

413.

414.

JCheckBoxMenuItem temp=(JCheckBoxMenuItem)ev.getSource();

415.

statusBar.setVisible(temp.isSelected());

416.

417.

////////////////////////////////////

418.

else if(cmdText.equals(helpAboutNotepad))

419.

420.

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(Notepad.this.f,aboutText,"Dedicated 2 u!",

421.

JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);

422.

423.

else

424.

statusBar.setText("This "+cmdText+" command is yet to be implemented");

425.

}//action Performed

426.

////////////////////////////////////

427.

void showBackgroundColorDialog()

428.

429.

if(bcolorChooser==null)

430.
431.
432.

bcolorChooser=new JColorChooser();
if(backgroundDialog==null)
backgroundDialog=JColorChooser.createDialog

433.

(Notepad.this.f,

434.

formatBackground,

435.

false,

436.

bcolorChooser,

437.

new ActionListener()

438.

{public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent evvv){

439.

Notepad.this.ta.setBackground(bcolorChooser.getColor());}},

440.

null);

441.
442.

backgroundDialog.setVisible(true);

443.

444.

////////////////////////////////////

445.

void showForegroundColorDialog()

446.

447.

if(fcolorChooser==null)

448.
449.
450.

fcolorChooser=new JColorChooser();
if(foregroundDialog==null)
foregroundDialog=JColorChooser.createDialog

451.

(Notepad.this.f,

452.

formatForeground,

453.

false,

454.

fcolorChooser,

455.

new ActionListener()

456.

{public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent evvv){

457.
458.
459.

Notepad.this.ta.setForeground(fcolorChooser.getColor());}},
null);

460.

foregroundDialog.setVisible(true);

461.

462.
463.

///////////////////////////////////

464.

JMenuItem createMenuItem(String s, int key,JMenu toMenu,ActionListener al)

465.

466.

JMenuItem temp=new JMenuItem(s,key);

467.

temp.addActionListener(al);

468.

toMenu.add(temp);

469.
470.

return temp;

471.

472.

////////////////////////////////////

473.
JMenuItem createMenuItem(String s, int key,JMenu toMenu,int aclKey,ActionLis
tener al)
474.

475.

JMenuItem temp=new JMenuItem(s,key);

476.

temp.addActionListener(al);

477.
));

temp.setAccelerator(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(aclKey,ActionEvent.CTRL_MASK

478.

toMenu.add(temp);

479.
480.

return temp;

481.

482.

////////////////////////////////////

483.

JCheckBoxMenuItem createCheckBoxMenuItem(String s,

484.

int key,JMenu toMenu,ActionListener al)

485.

486.

JCheckBoxMenuItem temp=new JCheckBoxMenuItem(s);

487.

temp.setMnemonic(key);

488.

temp.addActionListener(al);

489.

temp.setSelected(false);

490.

toMenu.add(temp);

491.
492.

return temp;

493.

494.

////////////////////////////////////

495.

JMenu createMenu(String s,int key,JMenuBar toMenuBar)

496.

497.

JMenu temp=new JMenu(s);

498.

temp.setMnemonic(key);

499.

toMenuBar.add(temp);

500.

return temp;

501.

502.

/*********************************/

503.

void createMenuBar(JFrame f)

504.

505.

JMenuBar mb=new JMenuBar();

506.

JMenuItem temp;

507.
508.

JMenu fileMenu=createMenu(fileText,KeyEvent.VK_F,mb);

509.

JMenu editMenu=createMenu(editText,KeyEvent.VK_E,mb);

510.

JMenu formatMenu=createMenu(formatText,KeyEvent.VK_O,mb);

511.

JMenu viewMenu=createMenu(viewText,KeyEvent.VK_V,mb);

512.

JMenu helpMenu=createMenu(helpText,KeyEvent.VK_H,mb);

513.
514.

createMenuItem(fileNew,KeyEvent.VK_N,fileMenu,KeyEvent.VK_N,this);

515.

createMenuItem(fileOpen,KeyEvent.VK_O,fileMenu,KeyEvent.VK_O,this);

516.

createMenuItem(fileSave,KeyEvent.VK_S,fileMenu,KeyEvent.VK_S,this);

517.

createMenuItem(fileSaveAs,KeyEvent.VK_A,fileMenu,this);

518.

fileMenu.addSeparator();

519.

temp=createMenuItem(filePageSetup,KeyEvent.VK_U,fileMenu,this);

520.

temp.setEnabled(false);

521.

createMenuItem(filePrint,KeyEvent.VK_P,fileMenu,KeyEvent.VK_P,this);

522.

fileMenu.addSeparator();

523.

createMenuItem(fileExit,KeyEvent.VK_X,fileMenu,this);

524.
525.
s);

temp=createMenuItem(editUndo,KeyEvent.VK_U,editMenu,KeyEvent.VK_Z,thi

526.

temp.setEnabled(false);

527.

editMenu.addSeparator();

528.
s);

cutItem=createMenuItem(editCut,KeyEvent.VK_T,editMenu,KeyEvent.VK_X,thi

529.
copyItem=createMenuItem(editCopy,KeyEvent.VK_C,editMenu,KeyEvent.VK_
C,this);
530.

createMenuItem(editPaste,KeyEvent.VK_P,editMenu,KeyEvent.VK_V,this);

531.

deleteItem=createMenuItem(editDelete,KeyEvent.VK_L,editMenu,this);

532.

deleteItem.setAccelerator(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(KeyEvent.VK_DELETE,0));

533.

editMenu.addSeparator();

534.
his);

findItem=createMenuItem(editFind,KeyEvent.VK_F,editMenu,KeyEvent.VK_F,t

535.

findNextItem=createMenuItem(editFindNext,KeyEvent.VK_N,editMenu,this);

536.

findNextItem.setAccelerator(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(KeyEvent.VK_F3,0));

537.
replaceItem=createMenuItem(editReplace,KeyEvent.VK_R,editMenu,KeyEvent.
VK_H,this);
538.
gotoItem=createMenuItem(editGoTo,KeyEvent.VK_G,editMenu,KeyEvent.VK_
G,this);
539.

editMenu.addSeparator();

540.
selectAllItem=createMenuItem(editSelectAll,KeyEvent.VK_A,editMenu,KeyEve
nt.VK_A,this);
541.

createMenuItem(editTimeDate,KeyEvent.VK_D,editMenu,this)

542.

.setAccelerator(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(KeyEvent.VK_F5,0));

543.
544.

createCheckBoxMenuItem(formatWordWrap,KeyEvent.VK_W,formatMenu,this);

545.
546.

createMenuItem(formatFont,KeyEvent.VK_F,formatMenu,this);

547.

formatMenu.addSeparator();

548.

createMenuItem(formatForeground,KeyEvent.VK_T,formatMenu,this);

549.

createMenuItem(formatBackground,KeyEvent.VK_P,formatMenu,this);

550.
551.
createCheckBoxMenuItem(viewStatusBar,KeyEvent.VK_S,viewMenu,this).setSe
lected(true);
552.

/************For Look and Feel***/

553.

LookAndFeelMenu.createLookAndFeelMenuItem(viewMenu,this.f);

554.
555.
556.

temp=createMenuItem(helpHelpTopic,KeyEvent.VK_H,helpMenu,this);

557.

temp.setEnabled(false);

558.

helpMenu.addSeparator();

559.

createMenuItem(helpAboutNotepad,KeyEvent.VK_A,helpMenu,this);

560.
561.

MenuListener editMenuListener=new MenuListener()

562.

563.

public void menuSelected(MenuEvent evvvv)

564.

565.

if(Notepad.this.ta.getText().length()==0)

566.

567.

findItem.setEnabled(false);

568.

findNextItem.setEnabled(false);

569.

replaceItem.setEnabled(false);

570.

selectAllItem.setEnabled(false);

571.

gotoItem.setEnabled(false);

572.

573.

else

574.

575.

findItem.setEnabled(true);

576.

findNextItem.setEnabled(true);

577.

replaceItem.setEnabled(true);

578.

selectAllItem.setEnabled(true);

579.

gotoItem.setEnabled(true);

580.

581.

if(Notepad.this.ta.getSelectionStart()==ta.getSelectionEnd())

582.

583.

cutItem.setEnabled(false);

584.

copyItem.setEnabled(false);

585.

deleteItem.setEnabled(false);

586.

587.

else

588.

589.

cutItem.setEnabled(true);

590.

copyItem.setEnabled(true);

591.

deleteItem.setEnabled(true);

592.

593.

594.

public void menuDeselected(MenuEvent evvvv){}

595.

public void menuCanceled(MenuEvent evvvv){}

596.

};

597.

editMenu.addMenuListener(editMenuListener);

598.

f.setJMenuBar(mb);

599.

600.

/*************Constructor**************/

601.

////////////////////////////////////

602.

public static void main(String[] s)

603.

604.

new Notepad();

605.

606.

607.

/**************************************/

608.

//public

609.

interface MenuConstants

610.

611.

final String fileText="File";

612.

final String editText="Edit";

613.

final String formatText="Format";

614.

final String viewText="View";

615.

final String helpText="Help";

616.

617.

final String fileNew="New";

618.

final String fileOpen="Open...";

619.

final String fileSave="Save";

620.

final String fileSaveAs="Save As...";

621.

final String filePageSetup="Page Setup...";

622.

final String filePrint="Print";

623.

final String fileExit="Exit";

624.
625.

final String editUndo="Undo";

626.

final String editCut="Cut";

627.

final String editCopy="Copy";

628.

final String editPaste="Paste";

629.

final String editDelete="Delete";

630.

final String editFind="Find...";

631.

final String editFindNext="Find Next";

632.

final String editReplace="Replace";

633.

final String editGoTo="Go To...";

634.

final String editSelectAll="Select All";

635.

final String editTimeDate="Time/Date";

636.
637.

final String formatWordWrap="Word Wrap";

638.

final String formatFont="Font...";

639.

final String formatForeground="Set Text color...";

640.

final String formatBackground="Set Pad color...";

641.
642.

final String viewStatusBar="Status Bar";

643.
644.

final String helpHelpTopic="Help Topic";

645.

final String helpAboutNotepad="About Javapad";

646.
647.

final String aboutText="Your Javapad";

648.

Example of Puzzle Game

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import javax.swing.*;

3. import java.awt.event.*;
4. public class puzzle extends JFrame implements ActionListener{
5. JButton b1,b2,b3,b4,b5,b6,b7,b8,b9,next;
6. puzzle(){
7. super("puzzle");
8.

b1=new JButton("1");

9.

b2=new JButton(" ");

10. b3=new JButton("3");

11. b4=new JButton("4");
12. b5=new JButton("5");
13. b6=new JButton("6");
14. b7=new JButton("7");
15. b8=new JButton("8");
16. b9=new JButton("2");
17. next=new JButton("next");
18.
19. b1.setBounds(10,30,50,40);
20. b2.setBounds(70,30,50,40);
21. b3.setBounds(130,30,50,40);
22. b4.setBounds(10,80,50,40);
23. b5.setBounds(70,80,50,40);
24. b6.setBounds(130,80,50,40);
25. b7.setBounds(10,130,50,40);

26. b8.setBounds(70,130,50,40);
27. b9.setBounds(130,130,50,40);
28. next.setBounds(70,200,100,40);
29.
30. add(b1);add(b2);add(b3);add(b4);add(b5);add(b6);add(b7);add(b8);add(b9); add(next);
31. b1.addActionListener(this);
32. b2.addActionListener(this);
33. b3.addActionListener(this);
34. b4.addActionListener(this);
35. b5.addActionListener(this);
36. b6.addActionListener(this);
37. b7.addActionListener(this);
38. b8.addActionListener(this);
39. b9.addActionListener(this);
40. next.addActionListener(this);
41.
42. next.setBackground(Color.black);
43. next.setForeground(Color.green);
44. setSize(250,300);
45. setLayout(null);
46. setVisible(true);
47. setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
48. }//end of constuctor

49.
50. public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
51. if(e.getSource()==next){
52. String s=b4.getLabel();
53. b4.setLabel(b9.getLabel());
54. b9.setLabel(s);
55. s=b1.getLabel();
56. b1.setLabel(b5.getLabel());
57. b5.setLabel(s);
58. s=b2.getLabel();
59. b2.setLabel(b7.getLabel());
60. b7.setLabel(s);
61. }
62. if(e.getSource()==b1){
63. String s=b1.getLabel();
64. if(b2.getLabel().equals(" ")){ b2.setLabel(s); b1.setLabel(" ");}
65. else if(b4.getLabel().equals(" ")){ b4.setLabel(s); b1.setLabel(" ");}
66. }//end of if
67.
68. if(e.getSource()==b3){
69. String s=b3.getLabel();
70. if(b2.getLabel().equals(" ")){ b2.setLabel(s); b3.setLabel(" ");}
71. else if(b6.getLabel().equals(" ")){ b6.setLabel(s); b3.setLabel(" ");}

72. }//end of if
73.
74. if(e.getSource()==b2){
75. String s=b2.getLabel();
76. if(b1.getLabel().equals(" ")){ b1.setLabel(s); b2.setLabel(" ");}
77. else if(b3.getLabel().equals(" ")){ b3.setLabel(s); b2.setLabel(" ");}
78. else if(b5.getLabel().equals(" ")){ b5.setLabel(s); b2.setLabel(" ");}
79. }//end of if
80.
81. if(e.getSource()==b4){
82. String s=b4.getLabel();
83. if(b1.getLabel().equals(" ")){ b1.setLabel(s); b4.setLabel(" ");}
84. else if(b7.getLabel().equals(" ")){ b7.setLabel(s); b4.setLabel(" ");}
85. else if(b5.getLabel().equals(" ")){ b5.setLabel(s); b4.setLabel(" ");}
86. }//end of if
87.
88. if(e.getSource()==b5){
89. String s=b5.getLabel();
90. if(b2.getLabel().equals(" ")){ b2.setLabel(s); b5.setLabel(" ");}
91. else if(b4.getLabel().equals(" ")){ b4.setLabel(s); b5.setLabel(" ");}
92. else if(b6.getLabel().equals(" ")){ b6.setLabel(s); b5.setLabel(" ");}
93. else if(b8.getLabel().equals(" ")){ b8.setLabel(s); b5.setLabel(" ");}
94. }//end of if

95.
96. if(e.getSource()==b6){
97.
98. String s=b6.getLabel();
99. if(b9.getLabel().equals(" ")){ b9.setLabel(s); b6.setLabel(" ");}
100.

else if(b3.getLabel().equals(" ")){ b3.setLabel(s); b6.setLabel(" ");}

101.

else if(b5.getLabel().equals(" ")){ b5.setLabel(s); b6.setLabel(" ");}

102.
103.

}//end of if

104.
105.

if(e.getSource()==b7){

106.

String s=b7.getLabel();

107.

if(b4.getLabel().equals(" ")){ b4.setLabel(s); b7.setLabel(" ");}

108.

else if(b8.getLabel().equals(" ")){ b8.setLabel(s); b7.setLabel(" ");}

109.
110.

}//end of if

111.
112.

if(e.getSource()==b8){

113.

String s=b8.getLabel();

114.

if(b7.getLabel().equals(" ")){ b7.setLabel(s); b8.setLabel(" ");}

115.

else if(b9.getLabel().equals(" ")){ b9.setLabel(s); b8.setLabel(" ");}

116.

else if(b5.getLabel().equals(" ")){ b5.setLabel(s); b8.setLabel(" ");}

117.

118.

}//end of if

119.
120.

if(e.getSource()==b9){

121.

String s=b9.getLabel();

122.

if(b6.getLabel().equals(" ")){ b6.setLabel(s); b9.setLabel(" ");}

123.

else if(b8.getLabel().equals(" ")){ b8.setLabel(s); b9.setLabel(" ");}

124.

if(b1.getLabel().equals("1")&&b2.getLabel().equals("2")&&b3.getLabel()

125.

.equals("3")&&b4.getLabel().equals("4")&&b5.getLabel().equals("5")

126.

&&b6.getLabel().equals("6")&&b7.getLabel().equals("7")&&b8.getLabel()

127.

.equals("8")&&b9.getLabel().equals(" ")){

128.

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(puzzle.this,"!!!you won!!!");

129.

130.

}//end of if

131.
132.

}//end of actionPerformed

133.
134.
135.

public static void main(String[] args){

136.

new puzzle();

137.

}//end of main

138.
139.

}//end of class

Example of Pic Puzzle Game

1. import java.awt.event.*;
2. import java.awt.*;
3. import javax.swing.*;
4. class picpuzzle2 extends JFrame implements ActionListener{
5. JButton b1,b2,b3,b4,b5,b6,b7,b8,b9,sample,starB;
6. Icon star;
7. Icon ic0=new ImageIcon("pic/starB0.jpg");
8. Icon ic10=new ImageIcon("pic/starB10.jpg");
9. Icon ic20=new ImageIcon("pic/starB20.jpg");

10. Icon samicon1=new ImageIcon("pic/main.jpg");

11. Icon samicon2=new ImageIcon("pic/main2.jpg");
12. Icon samicon3=new ImageIcon("pic/main3.jpg");
13. Icon ic1=new ImageIcon("pic/1.jpg");
14. Icon ic2=new ImageIcon("pic/5.jpg");
15. Icon ic3=new ImageIcon("pic/2.jpg");
16. Icon ic4=new ImageIcon("pic/7.jpg");
17. Icon ic5=new ImageIcon("pic/4.jpg");
18. Icon ic6=new ImageIcon("pic/6.jpg");
19. Icon ic7=new ImageIcon("pic/8.jpg");
20. Icon ic8=new ImageIcon("pic/9.jpg");
21. Icon ic9=new ImageIcon("pic/3.jpg");
22.
23. Icon ic11=new ImageIcon("pic/12.jpg");
24. Icon ic12=new ImageIcon("pic/13.jpg");
25. Icon ic13=new ImageIcon("pic/16.jpg");
26. Icon ic14=new ImageIcon("pic/11.jpg");
27. Icon ic15=new ImageIcon("pic/14.jpg");
28. Icon ic16=new ImageIcon("pic/19.jpg");
29. Icon ic17=new ImageIcon("pic/17.jpg");
30. Icon ic18=new ImageIcon("pic/15.jpg");
31. Icon ic19=new ImageIcon("pic/18.jpg");
32.

33. Icon ic21=new ImageIcon("pic/24.jpg");

34. Icon ic22=new ImageIcon("pic/25.jpg");
35. Icon ic23=new ImageIcon("pic/21.jpg");
36. Icon ic24=new ImageIcon("pic/27.jpg");
37. Icon ic25=new ImageIcon("pic/23.jpg");
38. Icon ic26=new ImageIcon("pic/29.jpg");
39. Icon ic27=new ImageIcon("pic/28.jpg");
40. Icon ic28=new ImageIcon("pic/22.jpg");
41. Icon ic29=new ImageIcon("pic/26.jpg");
42.
43. picpuzzle2(){
44.
45. super("pic puzzle");
46.
47. b1=new JButton(ic1);
48. b1.setBounds(10,80,100,100);
49. b2=new JButton(ic2);
50. b2.setBounds(110,80,100,100);
51. b3=new JButton(ic3);
52. b3.setBounds(210,80,100,100);
53. b4=new JButton(ic4);
54. b4.setBounds(10,180,100,100);
55. b5=new JButton(ic5);

56. b5.setBounds(110,180,100,100);
57. b6=new JButton(ic6);
58. b6.setBounds(210,180,100,100);
59. b7=new JButton(ic7);
60. b7.setBounds(10,280,100,100);
61. b8=new JButton(ic8);
62. b8.setBounds(110,280,100,100);
63. b9=new JButton(ic9);
64. b9.setBounds(210,280,100,100);
65. sample=new JButton(samicon1);
66. sample.setBounds(380,100,200,200);
67.
68. JLabel l1=new JLabel("Sample:");
69. l1.setBounds(330,200,70,20);
70. JLabel l2=new JLabel("NOTE:
71. icon has power to swap with neighbour icon=");
72. l2.setBounds(5,15,500,20);
73. JLabel l3=new JLabel("click sample picture to next puzzle");
74. l3.setBounds(380,320,200,20);
75. l3.setForeground(Color.red);
76.
77. starB=new JButton(ic0);
78. starB.setBounds(330,5,50,50);

79. star=b9.getIcon();
80.
81. add(b1);add(b2);add(b3);add(b4);add(b5);add(b6);add(b7);add(b8);
82. add(b9);add(sample);add(l1);add(l2);add(starB);add(l3);
83. b1.addActionListener(this); b2.addActionListener(this);
84. b3.addActionListener(this); b4.addActionListener(this);
85. b5.addActionListener(this); b6.addActionListener(this);
86. b7.addActionListener(this); b8.addActionListener(this);
87. b9.addActionListener(this);
88.
89. sample.addActionListener(this);
90. setLayout(null);
91. setSize(600,500);
92. setVisible(true);
93. setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
94. }
95.
96. public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
97. if(e.getSource()==b1){
98.
99.

Icon s1=b1.getIcon();
if(b2.getIcon()==star){

100.

b2.setIcon(s1);

101.

b1.setIcon(star);

102.

} else if(b4.getIcon()==star){

103.

b4.setIcon(s1);

104.

b1.setIcon(star);

105.

106.

}//end of if

107.
108.
109.
110.

if(e.getSource()==b2){
Icon s1=b2.getIcon();
if(b1.getIcon()==star){

111.

b1.setIcon(s1);

112.

b2.setIcon(star);

113.

} else if(b5.getIcon()==star){

114.

b5.setIcon(s1);

115.

b2.setIcon(star);

116.

117.

else if(b3.getIcon()==star){

118.

b3.setIcon(s1);

119.

b2.setIcon(star);

120.

121.

}//end of if

122.
123.
124.

if(e.getSource()==b3){
Icon s1=b3.getIcon();

125.

if(b2.getIcon()==star){

126.

b2.setIcon(s1);

127.

b3.setIcon(star);

128.

} else if(b6.getIcon()==star){

129.

b6.setIcon(s1);

130.

b3.setIcon(star);

131.

132.

}//end of if

133.
134.
135.
136.

if(e.getSource()==b4){
Icon s1=b4.getIcon();
if(b1.getIcon()==star){

137.

b1.setIcon(s1);

138.

b4.setIcon(star);

139.

} else if(b5.getIcon()==star){

140.

b5.setIcon(s1);

141.

b4.setIcon(star);

142.

143.

else if(b7.getIcon()==star){

144.

b7.setIcon(s1);

145.

b4.setIcon(star);

146.

147.

}//end of if

148.
149.
150.
151.

if(e.getSource()==b5){
Icon s1=b5.getIcon();
if(b2.getIcon()==star){

152.

b2.setIcon(s1);

153.

b5.setIcon(star);

154.

} else if(b4.getIcon()==star){

155.

b4.setIcon(s1);

156.

b5.setIcon(star);

157.

158.

else if(b6.getIcon()==star){

159.

b6.setIcon(s1);

160.

b5.setIcon(star);

161.

162.

else if(b8.getIcon()==star){

163.

b8.setIcon(s1);

164.

b5.setIcon(star);

165.

166.

}//end of if

167.
168.
169.
170.

if(e.getSource()==b6){
Icon s1=b6.getIcon();
if(b3.getIcon()==star){

171.

b3.setIcon(s1);

172.

b6.setIcon(star);

173.

} else if(b5.getIcon()==star){

174.

b5.setIcon(s1);

175.

b6.setIcon(star);

176.

177.

else if(b9.getIcon()==star){

178.

b9.setIcon(s1);

179.

b6.setIcon(star);

180.

181.

}//end of if

182.
183.
184.
185.

if(e.getSource()==b7){
Icon s1=b7.getIcon();
if(b4.getIcon()==star){

186.

b4.setIcon(s1);

187.

b7.setIcon(star);

188.

} else if(b8.getIcon()==star){

189.

b8.setIcon(s1);

190.

b7.setIcon(star);

191.

192.
193.

}//end of if

194.

if(e.getSource()==b8){

195.

Icon s1=b8.getIcon();

196.

if(b7.getIcon()==star){

197.

b7.setIcon(s1);

198.

b8.setIcon(star);

199.

} else if(b5.getIcon()==star){

200.

b5.setIcon(s1);

201.

b8.setIcon(star);

202.

203.

else if(b9.getIcon()==star){

204.

b9.setIcon(s1);

205.

b8.setIcon(star);

206.

207.
208.

}//end of if

209.
210.

if(e.getSource()==b9){

211.

Icon s1=b9.getIcon();

212.

if(b8.getIcon()==star){

213.

b8.setIcon(s1);

214.

b9.setIcon(star);

215.
216.

} else if(b6.getIcon()==star){
b6.setIcon(s1);

217.

b9.setIcon(star);

218.

219.

}//end of if

220.
221.

if(e.getSource()==sample){

222.

Icon s1=sample.getIcon();

223.

if(s1==samicon3){

224.

sample.setIcon(samicon1);

225.

b1.setIcon(ic1);

226.

b2.setIcon(ic2);

227.

b3.setIcon(ic3);

228.

b4.setIcon(ic4);

229.

b5.setIcon(ic5);

230.

b6.setIcon(ic6);

231.

b7.setIcon(ic7);

232.

b8.setIcon(ic8);

233.

b9.setIcon(ic9);

234.

star=b9.getIcon();

235.

starB.setIcon(ic0);

236.

}//eof if

237.

else if(s1==samicon1){

238.

sample.setIcon(samicon2);

239.

b1.setIcon(ic11);

240.

b2.setIcon(ic12);

241.

b3.setIcon(ic13);

242.

b4.setIcon(ic14);

243.

b5.setIcon(ic15);

244.

b6.setIcon(ic16);

245.

b7.setIcon(ic17);

246.

b8.setIcon(ic18);

247.

b9.setIcon(ic19);

248.

star=b6.getIcon();

249.

starB.setIcon(ic10);

250.

}//eof else

251.

else{

252.

sample.setIcon(samicon3);

253.

b1.setIcon(ic21);

254.

b2.setIcon(ic22);

255.

b3.setIcon(ic23);

256.

b4.setIcon(ic24);

257.

b5.setIcon(ic25);

258.

b6.setIcon(ic26);

259.

b7.setIcon(ic27);

260.

b8.setIcon(ic28);

261.

b9.setIcon(ic29);

262.

star=b6.getIcon();

263.

starB.setIcon(ic20);

264.

}//eof else

265.
266.

267.

}//end of actionPerformed

268.
269.

public static void main(String args[]){

270.

new picpuzzle2();

271.

}//end of main

272.

}//end of class

Example of Tic Tac Toe Game in Swing

In this example, we are going to see the example of tic tac toe game (also known as 0 and x
(cross)).
It can be developed only through AWT api, but we are using here swing framework.
1. import java.awt.*;
2. import java.awt.event.*;
3. import javax.swing.*;
4. class TTT1 extends JFrame implements ItemListener, ActionListener{
5. int i,j,ii,jj,x,y,yesnull;
6. int a[][]={{10,1,2,3,11},{10,1,4,7,11},{10,1,5,9,11},{10,2,5,8,11},
7.
8.

{10,3,5,7,11},{10,3,6,9,11},{10,4,5,6,11},
{10,7,8,9,11} };

9. int a1[][]={{10,1,2,3,11},{10,1,4,7,11},{10,1,5,9,11},{10,2,5,8,11},

10.

{10,3,5,7,11},{10,3,6,9,11},{10,4,5,6,11},{10,7,8,9,11} };

11.
12. boolean state,type,set;
13.
14. Icon ic1,ic2,icon,ic11,ic22;
15. Checkbox c1,c2;
16. JLabel l1,l2;
17. JButton b[]=new JButton[9];
18. JButton reset;
19.
20. public void showButton(){
21.
22. x=10; y=10;j=0;
23. for(i=0;i<=8;i++,x+=100,j++){
24. b[i]=new JButton();
25. if(j==3)
26. {j=0; y+=100; x=10;}
27. b[i].setBounds(x,y,100,100);
28. add(b[i]);
29. b[i].addActionListener(this);
30. }//eof for
31.
32. reset=new JButton("RESET");

33. reset.setBounds(100,350,100,50);
34. add(reset);
35. reset.addActionListener(this);
36.
37. }//eof showButton
38.
39. /*********************************************************/
40. public void check(int num1){
41. for(ii=0;ii<=7;ii++){
42.
43.

for(jj=1;jj<=3;jj++){
if(a[ii][jj]==num1){ a[ii][4]=11; }

44.
45.

}//eof for jj

46.
47. }//eof for ii
48. }//eof check
49. /**********************************************************/
50.
51. /*********************************************************/
52.
53. public void complogic(int num){
54.
55. for(i=0;i<=7;i++){

56.

for(j=1;j<=3;j++){

57.

if(a[i][j]==num){ a[i][0]=11; a[i][4]=10; }

58.

59. }
60.
61.

for(i=0;i<=7;i++){
set=true;

62.

if(a[i][4]==10){

63.

int count=0;

64.

for(j=1;j<=3;j++){

65.

//if 1

//for 2

if(b[(a[i][j]-1)].getIcon()!=null){ //if 2

66.

count++;

67.

68.

//eof if 2

else{ yesnull=a[i][j]; }

69.
70.

// for 1

//eof for 2

if(count==2){

//if 2

71.

b[yesnull-1].setIcon(ic2);

72.

this.check(yesnull); set=false;break;

73.

//eof if 2

74.

75.

else

76.

if(a[i][0]==10){

77.
78.

//eof if 1

for(j=1;j<=3;j++){

//for2

if(b[(a[i][j]-1)].getIcon()==null){ //if 1

79.

b[(a[i][j]-1)].setIcon(ic2);

80.

this.check(a[i][j]);

81.

set=false;

82.

break;

83.

//eof if1

84.

//eof for 2

85.

if(set==false)

86.

break;

87.

}//eof elseif

88.
89.

if(set==false)

90.

break;

91. }//eof for 1

92.
93.
94. }//eof complogic
95.
96.
97. /*********************************************************/
98.
99. TTT1(){
100.
101.

super("tic tac toe by ashwani");

102.

CheckboxGroup cbg=new CheckboxGroup();

103.

c1=new Checkbox("vs computer",cbg,false);

104.

c2=new Checkbox("vs friend",cbg,false);

105.

c1.setBounds(120,80,100,40);

106.

c2.setBounds(120,150,100,40);

107.

add(c1); add(c2);

108.

c1.addItemListener(this);

109.

c2.addItemListener(this);

110.
111.
112.

state=true;type=true;set=true;

113.

ic1=new ImageIcon("ic1.jpg");

114.

ic2=new ImageIcon("ic2.jpg");

115.

ic11=new ImageIcon("ic11.jpg");

116.

ic22=new ImageIcon("ic22.jpg");

117.
118.

setLayout(null);

119.

setSize(330,450);

120.

setVisible(true);

121.

setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);

122.

}//eof constructor

123.
124.

/*************************************************************/

125.

public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e){

126.

if(c1.getState())

127.

128.

type=false;

129.

130.
131.

else if(c2.getState())

132.

{ type=true;

133.

134.

remove(c1);remove(c2);

135.

repaint(0,0,330,450);

136.

showButton();

137.

}//eof itemstate

138.

/************************************************************/

139.
140.

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){

141.

/********************************/

142.

if(type==true)//logicfriend

143.

144.

if(e.getSource()==reset){

145.

for(i=0;i<=8;i++){

146.

b[i].setIcon(null);

147.

}//eof for

148.

149.

else{

150.
151.

for(i=0;i<=8;i++){
if(e.getSource()==b[i]){

152.
153.

if(b[i].getIcon()==null){

154.

if(state==true){ icon=ic2;

155.

state=false;} else{ icon=ic1; state=true; }

156.

b[i].setIcon(icon);

157.

158.

159.

}//eof for

160.

}//eof else

161.

}//eof logicfriend

162.

else if(type==false){

163.

// complogic

if(e.getSource()==reset){

164.

for(i=0;i<=8;i++){

165.

b[i].setIcon(null);

166.

}//eof for

167.

for(i=0;i<=7;i++)

168.

for(j=0;j<=4;j++)

169.

a[i][j]=a1[i][j]; //again initialsing array

170.

171.

else{ //complogic

172.

for(i=0;i<=8;i++){

173.

if(e.getSource()==b[i]){

174.

if(b[i].getIcon()==null){

175.

b[i].setIcon(ic1);

176.

if(b[4].getIcon()==null){

177.

b[4].setIcon(ic2);

178.

this.check(5);

179.

} else{

180.

this.complogic(i);

181.

182.

183.

184.
185.
186.

}//eof for
}
}//eof complogic

187.
188.

for(i=0;i<=7;i++){

189.
190.

Icon icon1=b[(a[i][1]-1)].getIcon();

191.

Icon icon2=b[(a[i][2]-1)].getIcon();

192.

Icon icon3=b[(a[i][3]-1)].getIcon();

193.

if((icon1==icon2)&&(icon2==icon3)&&(icon1!=null)){

194.

if(icon1==ic1){

195.

b[(a[i][1]-1)].setIcon(ic11);

196.

b[(a[i][2]-1)].setIcon(ic11);

197.

b[(a[i][3]-1)].setIcon(ic11);

198.

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(TTT1.this,"!!!YOU won!!! click reset");

199.

break;

200.

201.

else if(icon1==ic2){

202.

b[(a[i][1]-1)].setIcon(ic22);

203.

b[(a[i][2]-1)].setIcon(ic22);

204.

b[(a[i][3]-1)].setIcon(ic22);

205.

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(TTT1.this,"won! click reset");

206.

break;

207.

208.
209.

}
}

210.
211.
212.

}//eof actionperformed

213.

/************************************************************/

214.
215.

public static void main(String []args){

216.

new TTT1();

217.

}//eof main

218.

}//eof class

Online Exam Project in Java Swing without database

In this project, there are given 10 questions to play. User can bookmark any question for the
reconsideration while going to result.
We are using here java array to store the questions, options and answers not database. You can
use collection framework or database in place of array.
1. /*Online Java Paper Test*/
2.
3. import java.awt.*;
4. import java.awt.event.*;
5. import javax.swing.*;
6.
7. class OnlineTest extends JFrame implements ActionListener
8. {
9.

JLabel l;

10.

JRadioButton jb[]=new JRadioButton[5];

11.

JButton b1,b2;

12.

ButtonGroup bg;

13.

int count=0,current=0,x=1,y=1,now=0;

14.

int m[]=new int[10];

15.

OnlineTest(String s)

16.

17.

super(s);

18.

l=new JLabel();

19.

add(l);

20.

bg=new ButtonGroup();

21.

for(int i=0;i<5;i++)

22.

23.

jb[i]=new JRadioButton();

24.

add(jb[i]);

25.

bg.add(jb[i]);

26.

27.

b1=new JButton("Next");

28.

b2=new JButton("Bookmark");

29.

b1.addActionListener(this);

30.

b2.addActionListener(this);

31.

add(b1);add(b2);

32.

set();

33.

l.setBounds(30,40,450,20);

34.

jb[0].setBounds(50,80,100,20);

35.

jb[1].setBounds(50,110,100,20);

36.

jb[2].setBounds(50,140,100,20);

37.

jb[3].setBounds(50,170,100,20);

38.

b1.setBounds(100,240,100,30);

39.

b2.setBounds(270,240,100,30);

40.

setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);

41.

setLayout(null);

42.

setLocation(250,100);

43.

setVisible(true);

44.

setSize(600,350);

45.

46.

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)

47.

48.

if(e.getSource()==b1)

49.

50.

if(check())

51.

count=count+1;

52.

current++;

53.

set();

54.

if(current==9)

55.

56.

b1.setEnabled(false);

57.

b2.setText("Result");

58.

59.

60.

if(e.getActionCommand().equals("Bookmark"))

61.

62.

JButton bk=new JButton("Bookmark"+x);

63.

bk.setBounds(480,20+30*x,100,30);

64.

add(bk);

65.

bk.addActionListener(this);

66.

m[x]=current;

67.

x++;

68.

current++;

69.

set();

70.

if(current==9)

71.

b2.setText("Result");

72.

setVisible(false);

73.

setVisible(true);

74.

75.

for(int i=0,y=1;i<x;i++,y++)

76.

77.

if(e.getActionCommand().equals("Bookmark"+y))

78.

79.

if(check())

80.

count=count+1;

81.

now=current;

82.

current=m[y];

83.

set();

84.

((JButton)e.getSource()).setEnabled(false);

85.

current=now;

86.

87.

88.
89.

if(e.getActionCommand().equals("Result"))

90.

91.

if(check())

92.

count=count+1;

93.

current++;

94.

//System.out.println("correct ans="+count);

95.

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,"correct ans="+count);

96.

System.exit(0);

97.

98.

99.

void set()

100.

101.

jb[4].setSelected(true);

102.

if(current==0)

103.

104.
type?");

l.setText("Que1: Which one among these is not a primitive data

105.
jb[0].setText("int");jb[1].setText("Float");jb[2].setText("boolean")
;jb[3].setText("char");
106.

107.

if(current==1)

108.

109.
tically?");

l.setText("Que2: Which class is available to all the class automa

110.
jb[0].setText("Swing");jb[1].setText("Applet");jb[2].setText("Obje
ct");jb[3].setText("ActionEvent");
111.

112.

if(current==2)

113.

114.
l.setText("Que3: Which package is directly available to our class
without importing it?");
115.
jb[0].setText("swing");jb[1].setText("applet");jb[2].setText("net")
;jb[3].setText("lang");
116.

117.

if(current==3)

118.

119.

l.setText("Que4: String class is defined in which package?");

120.
jb[0].setText("lang");jb[1].setText("Swing");jb[2].setText("Applet
");jb[3].setText("awt");
121.

122.

if(current==4)

123.

124.

l.setText("Que5: Which institute is best for java coaching?");

125.
jb[0].setText("Utek");jb[1].setText("Aptech");jb[2].setText("SSS I
T");jb[3].setText("jtek");
126.

127.

if(current==5)

128.

129.

l.setText("Que6: Which one among these is not a keyword?");

130.
jb[0].setText("class");jb[1].setText("int");jb[2].setText("get");jb[3
].setText("if");
131.

132.

if(current==6)

133.

134.

l.setText("Que7: Which one among these is not a class? ");

135.
jb[0].setText("Swing");jb[1].setText("Actionperformed");jb[2].set
Text("ActionEvent");
136.

jb[3].setText("Button");

137.

138.

if(current==7)

139.

140.
ect class?");

l.setText("Que8: which one among these is not a function of Obj

141.
quals");

jb[0].setText("toString");jb[1].setText("finalize");jb[2].setText("e

142.

jb[3].setText("getDocumentBase");

143.

144.

if(current==8)

145.

146.

l.setText("Que9: which function is not present in Applet class?");

147.
jb[0].setText("init");jb[1].setText("main");jb[2].setText("start");jb
[3].setText("destroy");
148.

149.

if(current==9)

150.

151.
ent?");

l.setText("Que10: Which one among these is not a valid compon

152.
onGroup");

jb[0].setText("JButton");jb[1].setText("JList");jb[2].setText("JButt

153.

jb[3].setText("JTextArea");

154.

155.

l.setBounds(30,40,450,20);

156.

for(int i=0,j=0;i<=90;i+=30,j++)

157.

jb[j].setBounds(50,80+i,200,20);

158.

159.

boolean check()

160.

161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.

if(current==0)
return(jb[1].isSelected());
if(current==1)
return(jb[2].isSelected());
if(current==2)
return(jb[3].isSelected());
if(current==3)
return(jb[0].isSelected());
if(current==4)
return(jb[2].isSelected());
if(current==5)
return(jb[2].isSelected());
if(current==6)
return(jb[1].isSelected());
if(current==7)
return(jb[3].isSelected());
if(current==8)
return(jb[1].isSelected());
if(current==9)

180.

return(jb[2].isSelected());

181.

return false;

182.

183.

public static void main(String s[])

184.

185.

new OnlineTest("Online Test Of Java");

186.
187.

}
}

download this mini project

Output

BorderLayout (LayoutManagers):

LayoutManagers:
The LayoutManagers are used to arrange components in a particular manner.
LayoutManager is an interface that is implemented by all the classes of layout
managers. There are following classes that represents the layout managers:
1. java.awt.BorderLayout
2. java.awt.FlowLayout
3. java.awt.GridLayout
4. java.awt.CardLayout
5. java.awt.GridBagLayout
6. javax.swing.BoxLayout
7. javax.swing.GroupLayout
8. javax.swing.ScrollPaneLayout
9. javax.swing.SpringLayout etc.

BorderLayout:
The BorderLayout is used to arrange the components in five regions: north, south,
east, west and center. Each region (area) may contain one component only. It is the
default layout of frame or window. The BorderLayout provides five constants for
each region:
1. public static final int NORTH
2. public static final int SOUTH
3. public static final int EAST
4. public static final int WEST
5. public static final int CENTER

Constructors of BorderLayout class:

BorderLayout(): creates a border layout but with no gaps between the

components.

JBorderLayout(int hgap, int vgap): creates a border layout with the given
horizontal and vertical gaps between the components.

Example of BorderLayout class:

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import javax.swing.*;
3.
4. public class Border {
5. JFrame f;
6. Border(){
7.
8.

f=new JFrame();

9.

JButton b1=new JButton("NORTH");;

10.

JButton b2=new JButton("SOUTH");;

11.

JButton b3=new JButton("EAST");;

12.

JButton b4=new JButton("WEST");;

13.

JButton b5=new JButton("CENTER");;

14.
15.

f.add(b1,BorderLayout.NORTH);

16.

f.add(b2,BorderLayout.SOUTH);

17.

f.add(b3,BorderLayout.EAST);

18.

f.add(b4,BorderLayout.WEST);

19.

f.add(b5,BorderLayout.CENTER);

20.
21.

f.setSize(300,300);

22.

f.setVisible(true);

23.}
24.public static void main(String[] args) {
25.

new Border();

26.}
27.}
GridLayout
The GridLayout is used to arrange the components in rectangular grid. One
component is dispalyed in each rectangle.
Constructors of GridLayout class:
1. GridLayout(): creates a grid layout with one column per component in a

row.
2. GridLayout(int rows, int columns): creates a grid layout with the given
rows and columns but no gaps between the components.
3. GridLayout(int rows, int columns, int hgap, int vgap): creates a grid
layout with the given rows and columns alongwith given horizontal and
vertical gaps.
Example of GridLayout class:

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import javax.swing.*;
3.
4. public class MyGridLayout{
5. JFrame f;
6. MyGridLayout(){
7.
8.

f=new JFrame();

9.

JButton b1=new JButton("1");

10.

JButton b2=new JButton("2");

11.

JButton b3=new JButton("3");

12.

JButton b4=new JButton("4");

13.

JButton b5=new JButton("5");

14.

JButton b6=new JButton("6");

15.

JButton b7=new JButton("7");

16.

JButton b8=new JButton("8");

17.

JButton b9=new JButton("9");

18.
19.

f.add(b1);f.add(b2);f.add(b3);f.add(b4);f.add(b5);

20.

f.add(b6);f.add(b7);f.add(b8);f.add(b9);

21.
22.

f.setLayout(new GridLayout(3,3));

23.

//setting grid layout of 3 rows and 3 columns

24.
25.

f.setSize(300,300);

26.

f.setVisible(true);

27.}
28.public static void main(String[] args) {
29.

new MyGridLayout();

30.}
31.}
FlowLayout

The FlowLayout is used to arrange the components in a line, one after another (in a
flow). It is the default layout of applet or panel.
Fields of FlowLayout class:
1. public static final int LEFT
2. public static final int RIGHT
3. public static final int CENTER
4. public static final int LEADING
5. public static final int TRAILING
Constructors of FlowLayout class:
1. FlowLayout(): creates a flow layout with centered alignment and a default 5
unit horizontal and vertical gap.
2. FlowLayout(int align): creates a flow layout with the given alignment and
a default 5 unit horizontal and vertical gap.
3. FlowLayout(int align, int hgap, int vgap): creates a flow layout with the
given alignment and the given horizontal and vertical gap.

Example of FlowLayout class:

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import javax.swing.*;
3.
4. public class MyFlowLayout{
5. JFrame f;
6. MyFlowLayout(){
7.

f=new JFrame();

8.
9.

JButton b1=new JButton("1");

10.

JButton b2=new JButton("2");

11.

JButton b3=new JButton("3");

12.

JButton b4=new JButton("4");

13.

JButton b5=new JButton("5");

14.
15.

f.add(b1);f.add(b2);f.add(b3);f.add(b4);f.add(b5);

16.
17.

f.setLayout(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.RIGHT));

18.

//setting flow layout of right alignment

19.
20.

f.setSize(300,300);

21.

f.setVisible(true);

22.}
23.public static void main(String[] args) {
24.

new MyFlowLayout();

25.}
26.}
download this example
Next TopicBoxLayout
BoxLayout class:
The BoxLayout is used to arrange the components either vertically or horizontally.
For this purpose, BoxLayout provides four constants. They are as follows:
Note: BoxLayout class is found in javax.swing package.
Fields of BoxLayout class:
1. public static final int X_AXIS
2. public static final int Y_AXIS
3. public static final int LINE_AXIS
4. public static final int PAGE_AXIS
Constructor of BoxLayout class:

1. BoxLayout(Container c, int axis): creates a box layout that arranges the

components with the given axis.

Example of BoxLayout class with Y-AXIS:

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import javax.swing.*;
3.
4. public class BoxLayoutExample1 extends Frame {
5.

Button buttons[];

6.
7.

public BoxLayoutExample1 () {

8.

buttons = new Button [5];

9.
10.

for (int i = 0;i<5;i++) {

11.

buttons[i] = new Button ("Button " + (i + 1));

12.

add (buttons[i]);

13.

14.
15.setLayout (new BoxLayout (this, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
16.setSize(400,400);
17.setVisible(true);
18.}
19.
20.public static void main(String args[]){
21.BoxLayoutExample1 b=new BoxLayoutExample1();
22.}
23.}
download this example
Example of BoxLayout class with X-AXIS:

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import javax.swing.*;
3.
4. public class BoxLayoutExample2 extends Frame {
5.

Button buttons[];

6.
7.
8.

public BoxLayoutExample2() {
buttons = new Button [5];

9.
10.
11.

for (int i = 0;i<5;i++) {

buttons[i] = new Button ("Button " + (i + 1));

12.
13.

add (buttons[i]);
}

14.
15.setLayout (new BoxLayout(this, BoxLayout.X_AXIS));
16.setSize(400,400);
17.setVisible(true);
18.}
19.
20.public static void main(String args[]){
21.BoxLayoutExample2 b=new BoxLayoutExample2();
22.}
23.}
download this example
Next TopicCardLayout

prev
next>>

CardLayout class
The CardLayout class manages the components in such a manner that only one
component is visible at a time. It treats each component as a card that is why it is
known as CardLayout.
Constructors of CardLayout class:
1. CardLayout(): creates a card layout with zero horizontal and vertical gap.
2. CardLayout(int hgap, int vgap): creates a card layout with the given
horizontal and vertical gap.

Commonly used methods of CardLayout class:

public void next(Container parent): is used to flip to the next card of the
given container.

public void previous(Container parent): is used to flip to the previous

card of the given container.

public void first(Container parent): is used to flip to the first card of the
given container.

public void last(Container parent): is used to flip to the last card of the
given container.

public void show(Container parent, String name): is used to flip to the

specified card with the given name.

Example of CardLayout class:

1. import java.awt.*;

2. import java.awt.event.*;
3.
4. import javax.swing.*;
5.
6. public class CardLayoutExample extends JFrame implements ActionListener{
7. CardLayout card;
8. JButton b1,b2,b3;
9. Container c;
10.

CardLayoutExample(){

11.
12.

c=getContentPane();

13.

card=new CardLayout(40,30);

14.//create CardLayout object with 40 hor space and 30 ver space

15.

c.setLayout(card);

16.
17.

b1=new JButton("Apple");

18.

b2=new JButton("Boy");

19.

b3=new JButton("Cat");

20.

b1.addActionListener(this);

21.

b2.addActionListener(this);

22.

b3.addActionListener(this);

23.
24.
25.

c.add("a",b1);c.add("b",b2);c.add("c",b3);

26.

27.

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {

28.

card.next(c);

29.

30.
31.

public static void main(String[] args) {

32.

CardLayoutExample cl=new CardLayoutExample();

33.

cl.setSize(400,400);

34.

cl.setVisible(true);

35.

cl.setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);

36.

37.}
Applet
Applet is a special type of program that is embedded in the webpage to generate
the dynamic content. It runs inside the browser and works at client side.
Advantage of Applet
There are many advantages of applet. They are as follows:

It works at client side so less response time.

Secured

It can be executed by browsers running under many plateforms, including

Linux, Windows, Mac Os etc.

Drawback of Applet

Plugin is required at client browser to execute applet.

Do You Know ?

Who is responsible to manage the life cycle of an applet ?

How to perform animation in applet ?

How to paint like paint brush in applet ?

How to display digital clock in applet ?

How to display analog clock in applet ?

How to communicate two applets ?

Hierarchy of Applet

As displayed in the above diagram, Applet class extends Panel. Panel class extends
Container which is the subclass of Component.

Lifecycle of an Applet:
1. Applet is initialized.
2. Applet is started.
3. Applet is painted.
4. Applet is stopped.
5. Applet is destroyed.

Lifecycle methods for Applet:

The java.applet.Applet class 4 life cycle methods and java.awt.Component class
provides 1 life cycle methods for an applet.
java.applet.Applet class:
For creating any applet java.applet.Applet class must be inherited. It provides 4 life
cycle methods of applet.
1. public void init(): is used to initialized the Applet. It is invoked only once.
2. public void start(): is invoked after the init() method or browser is
maximized. It is used to start the Applet.
3. public void stop(): is used to stop the Applet. It is invoked when Applet is
stop or browser is minimized.
4. public void destroy(): is used to destroy the Applet. It is invoked only once.
java.awt.Component class:
The Component class provides 1 life cycle method of applet.
1. public void paint(Graphics g): is used to paint the Applet. It provides
Graphics class object that can be used for drawing oval, rectangle, arc etc.

Who is responsible to manage the life cycle of an applet?

Java Plug-in software.

How to run an Applet?

There are two ways to run an applet
1. By html file.
2. By appletViewer tool (for testing purpose).

Simple example of Applet by html file:

To execute the applet by html file, create an applet and compile it. After that create
an html file and place the applet code in html file. Now click the html file.
1. //First.java
2. import java.applet.Applet;
3. import java.awt.Graphics;
4. public class First extends Applet{
5.
6. public void paint(Graphics g){
7. g.drawString("welcome",150,150);
8. }
9.
10.}
Note: class must be public because its object is created by Java Plugin software that
resides on the browser.
myapplet.html
1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <applet code="First.class" width="300" height="300">
4. </applet>
5. </body>

6. </html>
Live Demo:

Simple example of Applet by appletviewer tool:

To execute the applet by appletviewer tool, create an applet that contains applet
tag in comment and compile it. After that run it by: appletviewer First.java. Now
Html file is not required but it is for testing purpose only.
1. //First.java
2. import java.applet.Applet;
3. import java.awt.Graphics;
4. public class First extends Applet{
5.
6. public void paint(Graphics g){
7. g.drawString("welcome to applet",150,150);
8. }
9.
10.}
11./*
12.<applet code="First.class" width="300" height="300">
13.</applet>
14.*/
To execute the applet by appletviewer tool, write in command prompt:
c:\>javac First.java
c:\>appletviewer First.java

Displaying Graphics in Applet

java.awt.Graphics class provides many methods for graphics programming.
Commonly used methods of Graphics class:

1. public abstract void drawString(String str, int x, int y): is used to draw
the specified string.
2. public void drawRect(int x, int y, int width, int height): draws a
rectangle with the specifed width and height.
3. public abstract void fillRect(int x, int y, int width, int height): is used
to fill rectangle with the default color and specified width and height.
4. public abstract void drawOval(int x, int y, int width, int height): is
used to draw oval with the specified width and height.
5. public abstract void fillOval(int x, int y, int width, int height): is used
to fill oval with the default color and specified width and height.
6. public abstract void drawLine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2): is used to
draw line between the points(x1, y1) and (x2, y2).
7. public abstract boolean drawImage(Image img, int x, int y,
ImageObserver observer): is used draw the specified image.
8. public abstract void drawArc(int x, int y, int width, int height, int
startAngle, int arcAngle): is used draw a circular or elliptical arc.
9. public abstract void fillArc(int x, int y, int width, int height, int
startAngle, int arcAngle): is used to fill a circular or elliptical arc.
10.public abstract void setColor(Color c): is used to set the graphics current
color to the specified color.
11.public abstract void setFont(Font font): is used to set the graphics
current font to the specified font.
Example of Graphics in applet:

1. import java.applet.Applet;
2. import java.awt.*;
3.
4. public class GraphicsDemo extends Applet{
5.

6. public void paint(Graphics g){

7. g.setColor(Color.red);
8. g.drawString("Welcome",50, 50);
9. g.drawLine(20,30,20,300);
10.g.drawRect(70,100,30,30);
11.g.fillRect(170,100,30,30);
12.g.drawOval(70,200,30,30);
13.
14.g.setColor(Color.pink);
15.g.fillOval(170,200,30,30);
16.g.drawArc(90,150,30,30,30,270);
17.g.fillArc(270,150,30,30,0,180);
18.
19.}
20.}
myapplet.html
1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <applet code="GraphicsDemo.class" width="300" height="300">
4. </applet>
5. </body>
6. </html>
Displaying Image in Applet
Applet is mostly used in games and animation. For this purpose image is required to
be displayed. The java.awt.Graphics class provies a method drawImage() to display

the image.
Syntax of drawImage() method:
1. public abstract boolean drawImage(Image img, int x, int y,
ImageObserver observer): is used draw the specified image.
How to get the object of Image:
The java.applet.Applet class provides getImage() method that returns the object of
Image. Syntax:
1. public Image getImage(URL u, String image){}
Other required methods of Applet class to display image:
1. public URL getDocumentBase(): is used to return the URL of the
document in which applet is embedded.
2. public URL getCodeBase(): is used to return the base URL.

Example of displaying image in applet:

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import java.applet.*;
3.
4.
5. public class DisplayImage extends Applet {
6.
7.

Image picture;

8.
9.
10.

public void init() {

picture = getImage(getDocumentBase(),"sonoo.jpg");

11. }
12.
13. public void paint(Graphics g) {
14.

g.drawImage(picture, 30,30, this);

15. }
16.
17. }
In the above example, drawImage() method of Graphics class is used to display the
image. The 4th argument of drawImage() method of is ImageObserver object. The
Component class implements ImageObserver interface. So current class object
would also be treated as ImageObserver because Applet class indirectly extends
the Component class.
myapplet.html
1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <applet code="DisplayImage.class" width="300" height="300">
4. </applet>
5. </body>
6. </html>
Animation in Applet
Applet is mostly used in games and animation. For this purpose image is required to
be moved.

Example of animation in applet:

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import java.applet.*;
3. public class AnimationExample extends Applet {

4.
5.

Image picture;

6.
7.

public void init() {

8.
9.

picture =getImage(getDocumentBase(),"bike_1.gif");
}

10.
11. public void paint(Graphics g) {
12.

for(int i=0;i<500;i++){

13.

g.drawImage(picture, i,30, this);

14.
15.
16.

try{Thread.sleep(100);}catch(Exception e){}
}

17. }
18.}
In the above example, drawImage() method of Graphics class is used to display the
image. The 4th argument of drawImage() method of is ImageObserver object. The
Component class implements ImageObserver interface. So current class object
would also be treated as ImageObserver because Applet class indirectly extends
the Component class.
myapplet.html
1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <applet code="DisplayImage.class" width="300" height="300">
4. </applet>
5. </body>

6. </html>
EventHandling in Applet
As we perform event handling in AWT or Swing, we can perform it in applet also.
Let's see the simple example of event handling in applet that prints a message by
click on the button.
Example of EventHandling in applet:

1. import java.applet.*;
2. import java.awt.*;
3. import java.awt.event.*;
4. public class EventApplet extends Applet implements ActionListener{
5. Button b;
6. TextField tf;
7.
8. public void init(){
9. tf=new TextField();
10.tf.setBounds(30,40,150,20);
11.
12.b=new Button("Click");
13.b.setBounds(80,150,60,50);
14.
15.add(b);add(tf);
16.b.addActionListener(this);
17.
18.setLayout(null);

19.}
20.
21. public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
22. tf.setText("Welcome");
23. }
24.}
In the above example, we have created all the controls in init() method because it is
invoked only once.
myapplet.html
1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <applet code="EventApplet.class" width="300" height="300">
4. </applet>
5. </body>
6. </html>
JApplet class in Applet
As we prefer Swing to AWT. Now we can use JApplet that can have all the controls of
swing. The JApplet class extends the Applet class.
Example of EventHandling in JApplet:

1. import java.applet.*;
2. import javax.swing.*;
3. import java.awt.event.*;
4. public class EventJApplet extends JApplet implements ActionListener{
5. JButton b;

6. JTextField tf;
7. public void init(){
8.
9. tf=new JTextField();
10.tf.setBounds(30,40,150,20);
11.
12.b=new JButton("Click");
13.b.setBounds(80,150,70,40);
14.
15.add(b);add(tf);
16.b.addActionListener(this);
17.
18.setLayout(null);
19.}
20.
21.public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
22.tf.setText("Welcome");
23.}
24.}
In the above example, we have created all the controls in init() method because it is
invoked only once.
myapplet.html
1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <applet code="EventJApplet.class" width="300" height="300">

4. </applet>
5. </body>
6. </html>
Painting in Applet
We can perform painting operation in applet by the mouseDragged() method of
MouseMotionListener.
Example of Painting in Applet:

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import java.awt.event.*;
3. import java.applet.*;
4. public class MouseDrag extends Applet implements MouseMotionListener{
5.
6. public void init(){
7. addMouseMotionListener(this);
8. setBackground(Color.red);
9. }
10.
11.public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent me){
12.Graphics g=getGraphics();
13.g.setColor(Color.white);
14.g.fillOval(me.getX(),me.getY(),5,5);
15.}
16.public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent me){}
17.

18.}
In the above example, getX() and getY() method of MouseEvent is used to get the
current x-axis and y-axis. The getGraphics() method of Component class returns the
object of Graphics.
myapplet.html
1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <applet code="MouseDrag.class" width="300" height="300">
4. </applet>
5. </body>
6. </html>
Digital clock in Applet
Digital clock can be created by using the Calendar and SimpleDateFormat class.
Let's see the simple example:
Example of Digital clock in Applet:

1. import java.applet.*;
2. import java.awt.*;
3. import java.util.*;
4. import java.text.*;
5.
6. public class DigitalClock extends Applet implements Runnable {
7.
8.

Thread t = null;

9.

int hours=0, minutes=0, seconds=0;

10.

String timeString = "";

11.
12.

public void init() {

13.
14.

setBackground( Color.green);
}

15.
16.

public void start() {

17.

t = new Thread( this );

18.

t.start();

19.

20.
21.
22.
23.
24.

public void run() {

try {
while (true) {

25.
26.

Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance();

27.

hours = cal.get( Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY );

28.

if ( hours > 12 ) hours -= 12;

29.

minutes = cal.get( Calendar.MINUTE );

30.

seconds = cal.get( Calendar.SECOND );

31.
32.

SimpleDateFormat formatter = new SimpleDateFormat("hh:mm:ss");

33.

Date date = cal.getTime();

34.

timeString = formatter.format( date );

35.
36.

repaint();

37.

t.sleep( 1000 ); // interval given in milliseconds

38.

39.

40.

catch (Exception e) { }

41.

42.
43.
44. public void paint( Graphics g ) {
45.

g.setColor( Color.blue );

46.

g.drawString( timeString, 50, 50 );

47.

48.}
In the above example, getX() and getY() method of MouseEvent is used to get the
current x-axis and y-axis. The getGraphics() method of Component class returns the
object of Graphics.
myapplet.html
1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <applet code="DigitalClock.class" width="300" height="300">
4. </applet>
5. </body>
6. </html>
Analog clock in Applet

Analog clock can be created by using the Math class. Let's see the simple example:
Example of Analog clock in Applet:

1. import java.applet.*;
2. import java.awt.*;
3. import java.util.*;
4. import java.text.*;
5.
6. public class MyClock extends Applet implements Runnable {
7.
8.

int width, height;

9.

Thread t = null;

10.

boolean threadSuspended;

11.

int hours=0, minutes=0, seconds=0;

12.

String timeString = "";

13.
14.

public void init() {

15.

width = getSize().width;

16.

height = getSize().height;

17.

setBackground( Color.black );

18.

19.
20.

public void start() {

21.

if ( t == null ) {

22.

t = new Thread( this );

23.

t.setPriority( Thread.MIN_PRIORITY );

24.

threadSuspended = false;

25.

t.start();

26.

27.

else {

28.

if ( threadSuspended ) {

29.

threadSuspended = false;

30.

synchronized( this ) {

31.

notify();

32.

33.

34.
35.

}
}

36.
37.

public void stop() {

38.
39.

threadSuspended = true;
}

40.
41.
42.
43.

public void run() {

try {
while (true) {

44.
45.

Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance();

46.

hours = cal.get( Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY );

47.

if ( hours > 12 ) hours -= 12;

48.

minutes = cal.get( Calendar.MINUTE );

49.

seconds = cal.get( Calendar.SECOND );

50.
51.

SimpleDateFormat formatter

52.

= new SimpleDateFormat( "hh:mm:ss", Locale.getDefault() );

53.

Date date = cal.getTime();

54.

timeString = formatter.format( date );

55.
56.

// Now the thread checks to see if it should suspend itself

57.

if ( threadSuspended ) {

58.

synchronized( this ) {

59.

while ( threadSuspended ) {

60.

wait();

61.

62.

63.

64.

repaint();

65.

t.sleep( 1000 ); // interval specified in milliseconds

66.

67.

68.

catch (Exception e) { }

69.

70.
71.

void drawHand( double angle, int radius, Graphics g ) {

72.

angle -= 0.5 * Math.PI;

73.

int x = (int)( radius*Math.cos(angle) );

74.

int y = (int)( radius*Math.sin(angle) );

75.

g.drawLine( width/2, height/2, width/2 + x, height/2 + y );

76.

77.
78.

void drawWedge( double angle, int radius, Graphics g ) {

79.

angle -= 0.5 * Math.PI;

80.

int x = (int)( radius*Math.cos(angle) );

81.

int y = (int)( radius*Math.sin(angle) );

82.

angle += 2*Math.PI/3;

83.

int x2 = (int)( 5*Math.cos(angle) );

84.

int y2 = (int)( 5*Math.sin(angle) );

85.

angle += 2*Math.PI/3;

86.

int x3 = (int)( 5*Math.cos(angle) );

87.

int y3 = (int)( 5*Math.sin(angle) );

88.

g.drawLine( width/2+x2, height/2+y2, width/2 + x, height/2 + y );

89.

g.drawLine( width/2+x3, height/2+y3, width/2 + x, height/2 + y );

90.

g.drawLine( width/2+x2, height/2+y2, width/2 + x3, height/2 + y3 );

91.

92.
93.

public void paint( Graphics g ) {

94.

g.setColor( Color.gray );

95.

drawWedge( 2*Math.PI * hours / 12, width/5, g );

96.

drawWedge( 2*Math.PI * minutes / 60, width/3, g );

97.

drawHand( 2*Math.PI * seconds / 60, width/2, g );

98.

g.setColor( Color.white );

99.

g.drawString( timeString, 10, height-10 );

100.
101.

}
}

myapplet.html
1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <applet code="MyClock.class" width="300" height="300">
4. </applet>
5. </body>
6. </html>
Parameter in Applet
We can get any information from the HTML file as a parameter. For this purpose,
Applet class provides a method named getParameter(). Syntax:
1. public String getParameter(String parameterName)
Example of using parameter in Applet:

1. import java.applet.Applet;
2. import java.awt.Graphics;
3.

4. public class UseParam extends Applet{

5.
6. public void paint(Graphics g){
7. String str=getParameter("msg");
8. g.drawString(str,50, 50);
9. }
10.
11.}
myapplet.html
1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <applet code="UseParam.class" width="300" height="300">
4. <param name="msg" value="Welcome to applet">
5. </applet>
6. </body>
7. </html>
download this example.
Applet Communication
java.applet.AppletContext class provides the facility of communication between
applets. We provide the name of applet through the HTML file. It provides
getApplet() method that returns the object of Applet. Syntax:
1. public Applet getApplet(String name){}
Example of Applet Communication

1. import java.applet.*;

2. import java.awt.*;
3. import java.awt.event.*;
4. public class ContextApplet extends Applet implements ActionListener{
5. Button b;
6.
7. public void init(){
8. b=new Button("Click");
9. b.setBounds(50,50,60,50);
10.
11.add(b);
12.b.addActionListener(this);
13.}
14.
15.public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
16.
17.AppletContext ctx=getAppletContext();
18.Applet a=ctx.getApplet("app2");
19.a.setBackground(Color.yellow);
20.}
21.}
myapplet.html
1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <applet code="ContextApplet.class" width="150" height="150" name="app
1">

4. </applet>
5.
6. <applet code="First.class" width="150" height="150" name="app2">
7. </applet>
8. </body>
9. </html>
Applet Communication
java.applet.AppletContext class provides the facility of communication between
applets. We provide the name of applet through the HTML file. It provides
getApplet() method that returns the object of Applet. Syntax:
1. public Applet getApplet(String name){}
Example of Applet Communication

1. import java.applet.*;
2. import java.awt.*;
3. import java.awt.event.*;
4. public class ContextApplet extends Applet implements ActionListener{
5. Button b;
6.
7. public void init(){
8. b=new Button("Click");
9. b.setBounds(50,50,60,50);
10.
11.add(b);
12.b.addActionListener(this);

13.}
14.
15.public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
16.
17.AppletContext ctx=getAppletContext();
18.Applet a=ctx.getApplet("app2");
19.a.setBackground(Color.yellow);
20.}
21.}
myapplet.html
1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <applet code="ContextApplet.class" width="150" height="150" name="app
1">
4. </applet>
5.
6. <applet code="First.class" width="150" height="150" name="app2">
7. </applet>
8. </body>
9. </html>
Java Reflection API

Reflection is the process of examining or modifying the runtime behaviour of a class at runtime.
The java.lang.Class class provides many methods that can be used to get metadata, examine and
change the runtime behaviour of a class.

Where is it used?
The Reflection API is mainly used in:

IDE (Integreted Development Environment) e.g. Eclipse, MyEclipse, NetBeans etc.

Debugger

Test Tools etc.

Do You Know ?

How many ways we can get the instance of Class class ?

How to create the javap tool ?

How to create the appletviewer tool ?

How to access the private method from outside the class ?

java.lang.Class class
The java.lang.Class class performs mainly two tasks:

provides methods to get the metadata of a class at runtime.

provides methods to examine and change the runtime behaviour of a class.

Commonly used methods of Class class:

Method

Description

1) public String getName()

returns the class name

2) public static Class forName(String className)throws

ClassNotFoundException

loads the class and

returns the reference
of Class class.

3) public Object newInstance()throws

InstantiationException,IllegalAccessException

creates new instance.

4) public boolean isInterface()

checks if it is

interface.
5) public boolean isArray()

checks if it is array.

6) public boolean isPrimitive()

checks if it is
primitive.

7) public Class getSuperclass()

returns the superclass

class reference.

returns the total

8) public Field[] getDeclaredFields()throws SecurityException number of fields of
this class.
9) public Method[] getDeclaredMethods()throws
SecurityException

returns the total

number of methods of
this class.

10) public Constructor[] getDeclaredConstructors()throws

SecurityException

returns the total

number of
constructors of this
class.

11) public Method getDeclaredMethod(String name,Class[]

parameterTypes)throws
NoSuchMethodException,SecurityException

returns the method

class instance.

How to get the object of Class class?

There are 3 ways to get the instance of Class class. They are as follows:

forName() method of Class class

getClass() method of Object class

the .class syntax

1) forName() method of Class class

is used to load the class dynamically.

returns the instance of Class class.

It should be used if you know the fully qualified name of class.This cannot be
used for primitive types.

Let's see the simple example of forName() method.

1. class Simple{}
2.
3. class Test{
4.

public static void main(String args[]){

5.

Class c=Class.forName("Simple");

6.

System.out.println(c.getName());

7.

8. }
Output:Simple

2) getClass() method of Object class

It returns the instance of Class class. It should be used if you know the type. Moreover, it can be
used with primitives.
1. class Simple{}
2.
3. class Test{
4.

void printName(Object obj){

5.

Class c=obj.getClass();

6.

System.out.println(c.getName());

7.

8.

public static void main(String args[]){

9.

Simple s=new Simple();

10.
11.

Test t=new Test();

12.

t.printName(s);

13. }

14.}
15.
Output:Simple

3) The .class syntax

If a type is available but there is no instance then it is possible to obtain a Class by appending
".class" to the name of the type.It can be used for primitive data type also.
1. class Test{
2.

public static void main(String args[]){

3.

Class c = boolean.class;

4.

System.out.println(c.getName());

5.
6.

Class c2 = Test.class;

7.

System.out.println(c2.getName());

8.

9. }
Output:boolean
Test

Determining the class object

Following methods of Class class is used to determine the class object:

1) public boolean isInterface(): determines if the specified Class object
represents an interface type.
2) public boolean isArray(): determines if this Class object represents an array
class.
3) public boolean isPrimitive(): determines if the specified Class object
represents a primitive type.

Let's see the simple example of reflection api to determine the object type.
1. class Simple{}

2. interface My{}
3.
4. class Test{
5.

public static void main(String args[]){

6.

try{

7.

Class c=Class.forName("Simple");

8.

System.out.println(c.isInterface());

9.
10.

Class c2=Class.forName("My");

11.

System.out.println(c2.isInterface());

12.
13. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
14.
15. }
16.}
Output:false
true

Next Topics of Reflection API Tutorial

newInstance() method
Understanding javap tool
creating javap tool
creating appletviewer tool
Call private method from another class
Next TopicNew Instance() Method
newInstance() method

The newInstance() method of Class class and Constructor class is used to create a new
instance of the class.

The newInstance() method of Class class can invoke zero-argument constructor whereas
newInstance() method of Constructor class can invoke any number of arguments. So Constructor
class is preferred over Class class.

Syntax of newInstance() method of Class class

public T newInstance()throws InstantiationException,IllegalAccessException

Here T is the generic version. You can think it like Object class. You will learn about generics
later.

Example of newInstance() method

Let's see the simple example to use newInstance() method.

1. class Simple{
2.

void message(){System.out.println("Hello Java");}

3. }
4.
5. class Test{
6.

public static void main(String args[]){

7.

try{

8.

Class c=Class.forName("Simple");

9.

Simple s=(Simple)c.newInstance();

10. s.message();
11.
12. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
13.
14. }
15.}

Output:Hello java

Understanding javap tool

The javap command disassembles a class file. The javap command displays information about
the fields,constructors and methods present in a class file.
Syntax to use javap tool

Let's see how to use javap tool or command.

1. javap fully_class_name
Example to use javap tool
1. javap java.lang.Object
Output:
1. Compiled from "Object.java"
2. public class java.lang.Object {
3.

public java.lang.Object();

4.

public final native java.lang.Class<?> getClass();

5.

public native int hashCode();

6.

public boolean equals(java.lang.Object);

7.

protected native java.lang.Object clone() throws java.lang.CloneNotSupporte

dException;

8.

public java.lang.String toString();

9.

public final native void notify();

10. public final native void notifyAll();

11. public final native void wait(long) throws java.lang.InterruptedException;
12. public final void wait(long, int) throws java.lang.InterruptedException;
13. public final void wait() throws java.lang.InterruptedException;
14. protected void finalize() throws java.lang.Throwable;

15. static {};

16.}

Another example to use javap tool for your class

Let's use the javap command for our java file.

1. class Simple{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. System.out.println("hello java");
4. }
5. }

Now let's use the javap tool to disassemble the class file.
1. javap Simple
Output:
1. Compiled from ".java"
2. class Simple {
3.

Simple();

4.

public static void main(java.lang.String[]);

5. }

javap -c command

You can use the javap -c command to see disassembled code. The code that reflects the java
bytecode.
1. javap -c Simple
Output:
1. Compiled from ".java"

2. class Simple {
3.

Simple();

4.

Code:

5.

0: aload_0

6.

1: invokespecial #1

7.

4: return

// Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V

8.
9.

public static void main(java.lang.String[]);

10.
11.

Code:
0: getstatic
eam;

12.
13.

3: ldc

#2
#3

// Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStr
// String hello java

5: invokevirtual #4
(Ljava/lang/String;)V

14.

// Method java/io/PrintStream.println:

8: return

15.}

Options of javap tool

The important options of javap tool are as follows.

Option

Description

-help

prints the help message.

-l

prints line number and local variable

-c

disassembles the code

-s

prints internal type signature

-sysinfo

shows system info (path, size, date, MD5 hash)

-constants

shows static final constants

-version

shows version information

Next Topiccreating-javap-tool
Creating a program that works as javap tool

Following methods of java.lang.Class class can be used to display the metadata of a class.
Method

Description

public Field[]
getDeclaredFields()throws
SecurityException

returns an array of Field objects reflecting all

the fields declared by the class or interface
represented by this Class object.

public Constructor[]
getDeclaredConstructors()throws
SecurityException

returns an array of Constructor objects

reflecting all the constructors declared by
the class represented by this Class object.

public Method[]
getDeclaredMethods()throws
SecurityException

returns an array of Method objects reflecting

all the methods declared by the class or
interface represented by this Class object.

Example of creating javap tool

Let's create a program that works like javap tool.

1. import java.lang.reflect.*;
2.
3. public class MyJavap{
4.
5.

public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception {

Class c=Class.forName(args[0]);

6.
7.

System.out.println("Fields........");

8.

Field f[]=c.getDeclaredFields();

9.

for(int i=0;i<f.length;i++)

10.
11.

System.out.println(f[i]);

12.

System.out.println("Constructors........");

13.

Constructor con[]=c.getDeclaredConstructors();

14.

for(int i=0;i<con.length;i++)

15.

System.out.println(con[i]);

16.
17.

System.out.println("Methods........");

18.

Method m[]=c.getDeclaredMethods();

19.

for(int i=0;i<m.length;i++)

20.

System.out.println(m[i]);

21.

22.}

At runtime, you can get the details of any class, it may be user-defined or pre-defined class.

Output:

Creating your own appletviewer

As you know well that appletviewer tool creates a frame and displays the output of applet in the
frame.You can also create your frame and display the applet output.
Example that works like appletviewer tool

Let's see the simple example that works like appletviewer tool. This example displays applet on
the frame.
1. import java.applet.Applet;
2. import java.awt.Frame;
3. import java.awt.Graphics;
4.
5. public class MyViewer extends Frame{
6.
7.

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{

Class c=Class.forName(args[0]);

8.
9.

MyViewer v=new MyViewer();

10.

v.setSize(400,400);

11.

v.setLayout(null);

12.

v.setVisible(true);

13.
14.

Applet a=(Applet)c.newInstance();

15.

a.start();

16.

Graphics g=v.getGraphics();

17.

a.paint(g);

18.

a.stop();

19.

20. }
21.
22.}
1. //simple program of applet
2.
3. import java.applet.Applet;
4. import java.awt.Graphics;
5.
6. public class First extends Applet{
7.
8.
9. }

public void paint(Graphics g){g.drawString("Welcome",50, 50);}

Output:

How to call private method from another class in java

You can call the private method from outside the class by changing the runtime behaviour of the
class.
By the help of java.lang.Class class and java.lang.reflect.Method class, we can call private
method from any other class.

Required methods of Method class

1) public void setAccessible(boolean status) throws SecurityException sets the accessibility

of the method.
2) public Object invoke(Object method, Object... args) throws IllegalAccessException,
IllegalArgumentException, InvocationTargetException is used to invoke the method.

Required method of Class class

1) public Method getDeclaredMethod(String name,Class[] parameterTypes)throws

NoSuchMethodException,SecurityException: returns a Method object that reflects the
specified declared method of the class or interface represented by this Class object.

Example of calling private method from another class

Let's see the simple example to call private method from another class.
File: A.java
1. public class A {
2.

private void message(){System.out.println("hello java"); }

3. }
File: MethodCall.java
1. import java.lang.reflect.Method;
2. public class MethodCall{
3. public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception{
4.
5.

Class c = Class.forName("A");

6.

Object o= c.newInstance();

7.

Method m =c.getDeclaredMethod("message", null);

8.

m.setAccessible(true);

9.

m.invoke(o, null);

10.}
11.}
Output:hello java

Another example to call parameterized private method from another class

Let's see the example to call parameterized private method from another class
File: A.java
1. class A{
2. private void cube(int n){System.out.println(n*n*n);}
3. }
File: M.java
1. import java.lang.reflect.*;
2. class M{
3. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
4. Class c=A.class;
5. Object obj=c.newInstance();
6.
7. Method m=c.getDeclaredMethod("cube",new Class[]{int.class});
8. m.setAccessible(true);
9. m.invoke(obj,4);
10.}}
Output:64

Java Collection Framework

1. Collection Framework
2. Hierarchy of Collection Framework
3. Methods of Collection interface
4. Iterator interface

Collection Framework provides an architecture to store and manipulate the group of objects.
All the operations that you perform on a data such as searching, sorting, insertion, deletion etc.
can be performed by Java Collection Framework.

Collection simply means a single unit of objects. Collection framework provides many interfaces
(Set, List, Queue, Deque etc.) and classes (ArrayList, Vector, LinkedList, PriorityQueue,
HashSet, LinkedHashSet, TreeSet etc).
What is Collection>

Collection represents a single unit of objects i.e. a group.

What is framework?

provides readymade architecture.

represents set of classes and interface.

is optional.

Collection framework

Collection framework represents a unified architecture for storing and manipulating group of
object. It has:
1. Interfaces and its implementations i.e. classes
2. Algorithm

Do You Know ?

What are the two ways to iterate the elements of a collection ?

What is the difference between ArrayList and LinkedList classes in collection

framework ?

What is the difference between ArrayList and Vector classes in collection

framework ?

What is the difference between HashSet and HashMap classes in collection

framework ?

What is the difference between HashMap and Hashtable class ?

What is the difference between Iterator and Enumeration interface in

collection framework ?

How can we sort the elements of an object. What is the difference between
Comparable and Comparator interfaces ?

What does the hashcode() method ?

Hierarchy of Collection Framework

Let us see the hierarchy of collection framework.The java.util package contains all the classes
and interfaces for Collection framework.

Commonly used methods of Collection interface

There are many methods declared in the Collection interface. They are as follows:
Method

Description

public boolean add(object

is used to insert an element in this collection.
element)
public boolean
addAll(collection c)

is used to insert the specified collection elements in

the invoking collection.

public boolean
remove(object element)

is used to delete an element from this collection.

public boolean
removeAll(Collection c)

is used to delete all the elements of specified

collection from the invoking collection.

public boolean
retainAll(Collection c)

is used to delete all the elements of invoking

collection except the specified collection.

public int size()

return the total number of elements in the collection.

public void clear()

removes the total no of element from the collection.

public boolean
is used to search an element.
contains(object element)
public boolean
containsAll(collection c)

is used to search the specified collection in this

collection.

public Iterator iterator()

returns an iterator.

Iterator interface
Iterator interface provides the facility of iterating the elements in forward direction only.
Methods of Iterator interface
There are only three methods in the Iterator interface. They are:
1. public boolean hasNext() it returns true if iterator has more elements.
2. public object next() it returns the element and moves the cursor pointer to
the next element.
3. public void remove() it removes the last elements returned by the iterator.
It is rarely used.

What we will learn in Collection Framework ?

ArrayList class

LinkedList class

ListIterator interface

HashSet class

LinkedHashSet class

TreeSet class

PriorityQueue class

Map interface

HashMap class

LinkedHashMap class

TreeMap class

Hashtable class

Sorting

Comparable interface

Comparator interface

Next TopicArrayList In Collection Framework

ArrayList class:

uses a dynamic array for storing the elements.It extends AbstractList class
and implements List interface.

can contain duplicate elements.

maintains insertion order.

not synchronized.

random access because array works at the index basis.

manipulation slow because a lot of shifting needs to be occured.

Hierarchy of ArrayList class:

Example of ArrayList:
1. import java.util.*;
2. class Simple{
3.

public static void main(String args[]){

4.
5.

ArrayList al=new ArrayList();

6.

al.add("Ravi");

7.

al.add("Vijay");

8.

al.add("Ravi");

9.

al.add("Ajay");

10.
11. Iterator itr=al.iterator();
12. while(itr.hasNext()){
13.

System.out.println(itr.next());

14. }
15. }
16.}
Output:Ravi
Vijay
Ravi
Ajay

Two ways to iterate the elements of collection:

1. By Iterator interface.
2. By for-each loop.
Iterating the elements of Collection by for-each loop:
1. import java.util.*;
2. class Simple{
3.

public static void main(String args[]){

4.
5.

ArrayList al=new ArrayList();

6.

al.add("Ravi");

7.

al.add("Vijay");

8.

al.add("Ravi");

9.

al.add("Ajay");

10.

11. for(Object obj:al)

12.

System.out.println(obj);

13. }
14.}
Output:Ravi
Vijay
Ravi
Ajay

Storing user-defined class objects:

1. class Student{
2.

int rollno;

3.

String name;

4.

int age;

5.

Student(int rollno,String name,int age){

6.

this.rollno=rollno;

7.

this.name=name;

8.

this.age=age;

9.

10.}
1. import java.util.*;
2. class Simple{
3.

public static void main(String args[]){

4.
5.

Student s1=new Student(101,"Sonoo",23);

6.

Student s2=new Student(102,"Ravi",21);

7.

Student s2=new Student(103,"Hanumat",25);

8.
9.

ArrayList al=new ArrayList();

10. al.add(s1);
11. al.add(s2);
12. al.add(s3);
13.
14. Iterator itr=al.iterator();
15. while(itr.hasNext()){
16.

Student st=(Student)itr.next();

17.

System.out.println(st.rollno+" "+st.name+" "+st.age);

18. }
19. }
20.}
Output:101 Sonoo 23
102 Ravi 21
103 Hanumat 25

Example of addAll(Collection c) method:

1. import java.util.*;
2. class Simple{
3.

public static void main(String args[]){

4.
5.

ArrayList al=new ArrayList();

6.

al.add("Ravi");

7.

al.add("Vijay");

8.

al.add("Ajay");

9.
10. ArrayList al2=new ArrayList();
11. al2.add("Sonoo");
12. al2.add("Hanumat");
13.
14. al.addAll(al2);
15.
16. Iterator itr=al.iterator();
17. while(itr.hasNext()){
18.

System.out.println(itr.next());

19. }
20. }
21.}
Output:Ravi
Vijay
Ajay
Sonoo
Hanumat

Example of removeAll() method:

1. import java.util.*;
2. class Simple{
3.

public static void main(String args[]){

4.
5.

ArrayList al=new ArrayList();

6.

al.add("Ravi");

7.

al.add("Vijay");

8.

al.add("Ajay");

9.
10. ArrayList al2=new ArrayList();
11. al2.add("Ravi");
12. al2.add("Hanumat");
13.
14. al.removeAll(al2);
15.
16. System.out.println("iterating the elements after removing the elements of al
2...");
17. Iterator itr=al.iterator();
18. while(itr.hasNext()){
19.

System.out.println(itr.next());

20. }
21.
22. }
23.}
Output:iterating the elements after removing the elements of al2...
Vijay
Ajay

Example of retainAll() method:

1. import java.util.*;
2. class Simple{
3.
4.

public static void main(String args[]){

5.

ArrayList al=new ArrayList();

6.

al.add("Ravi");

7.

al.add("Vijay");

8.

al.add("Ajay");

9.
10. ArrayList al2=new ArrayList();
11. al2.add("Ravi");
12. al2.add("Hanumat");
13.
14. al.retainAll(al2);
15.
16. System.out.println("iterating the elements after retaining the elements of al
2...");
17. Iterator itr=al.iterator();
18. while(itr.hasNext()){
19.

System.out.println(itr.next());

20. }
21. }
22.}
Output:iterating the elements after retaining the elements of al2...
Ravi

LinkedList class:

uses doubly linked list to store the elements. It extends the AbstractList class
and implements List and Deque interfaces.

can contain duplicate elements.

maintains insertion order.

not synchronized.

No random access.

manipulation fast because no shifting needs to be occured.

can be used as list, stack or queue.

Example of LinkedList:
1. import java.util.*;
2. class Simple{
3.

public static void main(String args[]){

4.
5.

LinkedList al=new LinkedList();

6.

al.add("Ravi");

7.

al.add("Vijay");

8.

al.add("Ravi");

9.

al.add("Ajay");

10.
11. Iterator itr=al.iterator();
12. while(itr.hasNext()){
13.

System.out.println(itr.next());

14. }

15. }
16.}
Output:Ravi
Vijay
Ravi
Ajay

List Interface:
List Interface is the subinterface of Collection.It contains methods to insert and
delete elements in index basis.It is a factory of ListIterator interface.
Commonly used mehtods of List Interface:
1. public void add(int index,Object element);
2. public boolean addAll(int index,Collection c);
3. public object get(int Index position);
4. public object set(int index,Object element);
5. public object remove(int index);
6. public ListIterator listIterator();
7. public ListIterator listIterator(int i);

ListIterator Interface:
ListIterator Interface is used to traverse the element in backward and forward
direction.
Commonly used mehtods of ListIterator Interface:
1. public boolean hasNext();
2. public Object next();
3. public boolean hasPrevious();
4. public Object previous();

Example of ListIterator Interface:

1. import java.util.*;
2. class Simple5{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4.
5. ArrayList al=new ArrayList();
6. al.add("Amit");
7. al.add("Vijay");
8. al.add("Kumar");
9. al.add(1,"Sachin");
10.
11.System.out.println("element at 2nd position: "+al.get(2));
12.
13.ListIterator itr=al.listIterator();
14.
15.System.out.println("traversing elements in forward direction...");
16.while(itr.hasNext()){
17.System.out.println(itr.next());
18. }
19.
20.
21.System.out.println("traversing elements in backward direction...");
22.while(itr.hasPrevious()){
23.System.out.println(itr.previous());

24. }
25.}
26.}
Output:element at 2nd position: Vijay
traversing elements in forward direction...
Amit
Sachin
Vijay
Kumar
traversing elements in backward direction...
Kumar
Vijay
Sachin
Amit

1.
2.

al.add("Ajay");

3.
4.

Iterator itr=al.iterator();

5.

while(itr.hasNext()){

6.

System.out.println(itr.next());

7.

8.

9. }
Output:Ajay
Vijay
Ravi

LinkedHashSet class:

contains unique elements only like HashSet. It extends HashSet class and
implements Set interface.

maintains insertion order.

Hierarchy of LinkedHashSet class:

Example of LinkedHashSet class:

1. import java.util.*;
2. class Simple{
3.

public static void main(String args[]){

4.
5.

LinkedHashSet al=new LinkedHashSet();

6.

al.add("Ravi");

7.

al.add("Vijay");

8.

al.add("Ravi");

9.

al.add("Ajay");

10.
11. Iterator itr=al.iterator();
12. while(itr.hasNext()){
13.

System.out.println(itr.next());

14. }
15. }
16.}
Output:Ravi
Vijay
Ajay

TreeSet class:

contains unique elements only like HashSet. The TreeSet class implements
NavigableSet interface that extends the SortedSet interface.

maintains ascending order.

Hierarchy of TreeSet class:

Example of TreeSet class:

1. import java.util.*;
2. class Simple{
3.

public static void main(String args[]){

4.
5.

TreeSet al=new TreeSet();

6.

al.add("Ravi");

7.

al.add("Vijay");

8.

al.add("Ravi");

9.

al.add("Ajay");

10.
11. Iterator itr=al.iterator();
12. while(itr.hasNext()){
13.

System.out.println(itr.next());

14. }
15. }
16.}
Output:Ajay
Ravi
Vijay

Queue Interface:
The Queue interface basically orders the element in FIFO(First In First Out)manner.
Methods of Queue Interface :
1. public boolean add(object);
2. public boolean offer(object);
3. public remove();
4. public poll();
5. public element();
6. public peek();

PriorityQueue class:
The PriorityQueue class provides the facility of using queue. But it does not orders
the elements in FIFO manner.
Example of PriorityQueue:
1. import java.util.*;
2. class Simple8{

3. public static void main(String args[]){

4.
5. PriorityQueue queue=new PriorityQueue();
6. queue.add("Amit");
7. queue.add("Vijay");
8. queue.add("Karan");
9. queue.add("Jai");
10.queue.add("Rahul");
11.
12.System.out.println("head:"+queue.element());
13.System.out.println("head:"+queue.peek());
14.
15.System.out.println("iterating the queue elements:");
16.Iterator itr=queue.iterator();
17.while(itr.hasNext()){
18.System.out.println(itr.next());
19.}
20.
21.queue.remove();
22.queue.poll();
23.
24.System.out.println("after removing two elements:");
25.Iterator itr2=queue.iterator();
26.while(itr2.hasNext()){

27.System.out.println(itr2.next());
28.}
29.
30.}
31.}
Output:head:Amit
head:Amit
iterating the queue elements:
Amit
Jai
Karan
Vijay
Rahul
after removing two elements:
Karan
Rahul
Vijay

ERROR
Map Interface
A map contains values based on the key i.e. key and value pair.Each pair is known
as an entry.Map contains only unique elements.
Commonly used methods of Map interface:
1. public Object put(object key,Object value): is used to insert an entry in
this map.
2. public void putAll(Map map):is used to insert the specifed map in this
map.
3. public Object remove(object key):is used to delete an entry for the
specified key.
4. public Object get(Object key):is used to return the value for the specified
key.
5. public boolean containsKey(Object key):is used to search the specified
key from this map.
6. public boolean containsValue(Object value):is used to search the

specified value from this map.

7. public Set keySet():returns the Set view containing all the keys.
8. public Set entrySet():returns the Set view containing all the keys and
values.

Entry
Entry is the subinterface of Map.So we will access it by Map.Entry name.It provides
methods to get key and value.
Methods of Entry interface:
1. public Object getKey(): is used to obtain key.
2. public Object getValue():is used to obtain value.
Next TopicHashMap Class In Collection Framework
HashMap class:

A HashMap contains values based on the key. It implements the Map

interface and extends AbstractMap class.

It contains only unique elements.

It may have one null key and multiple null values.

It maintains no order.

Hierarchy of HashMap class:

Example of HashMap class:

1. import java.util.*;
2. class Simple{
3.

public static void main(String args[]){

4.
5.

HashMap hm=new HashMap();

6.
7.

hm.put(100,"Amit");

8.

hm.put(101,"Vijay");

9.

hm.put(102,"Rahul");

10.
11. Set set=hm.entrySet();
12. Iterator itr=set.iterator();
13.
14. while(itr.hasNext()){
15.

Map.Entry m=(Map.Entry)itr.next();

16.

System.out.println(m.getKey()+" "+m.getValue());

17. }
18. }
19.}
Output:102 Rahul
100 Amit
101 Vijay

What is difference between HashSet and HashMap?

HashSet contains only values whereas HashMap contains entry(key and value).
Next TopicLinkedHashMap Class In Collection Framewor
<<prev
LinkedHashMap class:

A LinkedHashMap contains values based on the key. It implements the Map

interface and extends HashMap class.

It contains only unique elements.

It may have one null key and multiple null values.

It is same as HashMap instead maintains insertion order.

Hierarchy of LinkedHashMap class:

Example of LinkedHashMap class:

1. import java.util.*;
2. class Simple{
3.

public static void main(String args[]){

4.
5.

LinkedHashMap hm=new LinkedHashMap();

6.
7.

hm.put(100,"Amit");

8.

hm.put(101,"Vijay");

9.

hm.put(102,"Rahul");

10.
11. Set set=hm.entrySet();
12. Iterator itr=set.iterator();

13.
14. while(itr.hasNext()){
15.

Map.Entry m=(Map.Entry)itr.next();

16.

System.out.println(m.getKey()+" "+m.getValue());

17. }
18. }
19.}
Output:100 Amit
101 Vijay
103 Rahul

Next TopicTreeMap Class In Collection Framework

<< prev
next>>

TreeMap class

A TreeMap contains values based on the key. It implements the NavigableMap

interface and extends AbstractMap class.

It contains only unique elements.

It cannot have null key but can have multiple null values.

It is same as HashMap instead maintains ascending order.

Hierarchy of TreeMap class:

Example of TreeMap class:

1. import java.util.*;
2. class Simple{
3.

public static void main(String args[]){

4.
5.

TreeMap hm=new TreeMap();

6.
7.

hm.put(100,"Amit");

8.

hm.put(102,"Ravi");

9.

hm.put(101,"Vijay");

10. hm.put(103,"Rahul");
11.
12. Set set=hm.entrySet();
13. Iterator itr=set.iterator();
14.

15. while(itr.hasNext()){
16.

Map.Entry m=(Map.Entry)itr.next();

17.

System.out.println(m.getKey()+" "+m.getValue());

18. }
19. }
20.}
Output:100
101
102
103

Amit
Vijay
Ravi
Rahul

What is difference between HashMap and TreeMap?

1) HashMap is can contain one null key.

TreeMap connot contain any null key.

2) HashMap maintains no order.

TreeMap maintains ascending order.

Next TopicHashtable Class In Collection Framework

Hashtable

A Hashtable is an array of list.Each list is known as a bucket.The position of

bucket is identified by calling the hashcode() method.A Hashtable contains
values based on the key. It implements the Map interface and extends
Dictionary class.

It contains only unique elements.

It may have not have any null key or value.

It is synchronized.

Example of Hashtable:
1. import java.util.*;
2. class Simple{
3.

public static void main(String args[]){

4.
5.

Hashtable hm=new Hashtable();

6.
7.

hm.put(100,"Amit");

8.

hm.put(102,"Ravi");

9.

hm.put(101,"Vijay");

10. hm.put(103,"Rahul");
11.
12. Set set=hm.entrySet();
13. Iterator itr=set.iterator();
14.
15. while(itr.hasNext()){
16.

Map.Entry m=(Map.Entry)itr.next();

17.

System.out.println(m.getKey()+" "+m.getValue());

18. }
19. }
20.}
Output:103
102
101
100

Rahul
Ravi
Vijay
Amit

What is difference between HashMap and Hashtable?

1) HashMap is not synchronized.

Hashtable is synchronized.

2) HashMap can contain one null key and

multiple null values.

Hashtable cannot contain any null

key nor value.

Next TopicSorting In Collection Framework

Sorting
We can sort the elements of:
1. String objects
2. Wrapper class objects
3. User-defined class objects
Collections class provides static methods for sorting the elements of collection.If
collection elements are of Set type, we can use TreeSet.But We cannot sort the
elements of List.Collections class provides methods for sorting the elements of List
type elements.
Method of Collections class for sorting List elements
public void sort(List list): is used to sort the elements of List.List elements must
be of Comparable type.
Note: String class and Wrapper classes implements the Comparable interface.So if
you store the objects of string or wrapper classes, it will be Comparable.
Example of Sorting the elements of List that contains string objects
1. import java.util.*;
2. class Simple12{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4.
5. ArrayList al=new ArrayList();
6. al.add("Viru");
7. al.add("Saurav");
8. al.add("Mukesh");
9. al.add("Tahir");
10.
11.Collections.sort(al);
12.Iterator itr=al.iterator();

13.while(itr.hasNext()){
14.System.out.println(itr.next());
15. }
16.}
17.}
Output:Mukesh
Saurav
Tahir
Viru

Example of Sorting the elements of List that contains Wrapper class

objects
1. import java.util.*;
2. class Simple12{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4.
5. ArrayList al=new ArrayList();
6. al.add(Integer.valueOf(201));
7. al.add(Integer.valueOf(101));
8. al.add(230);//internally will be converted into objects as Integer.valueOf(230)
9.
10.Collections.sort(al);
11.
12.Iterator itr=al.iterator();
13.while(itr.hasNext()){
14.System.out.println(itr.next());
15. }

16.}
17.}
Output:101
201
230

Next TopicComparable Interface In Collection Framework

Comparable interface
Comparable interface is used to order the objects of user-defined class.This
interface is found in java.lang package and contains only one method named
compareTo(Object).It provide only single sorting sequence i.e. you can sort the
elements on based on single datamember only.For instance it may be either
rollno,name,age or anything else.
Syntax:
public int compareTo(Object obj): is used to compare the current object with the
specified object.

We can sort the elements of:

1. String objects
2. Wrapper class objects
3. User-defined class objects
Collections class provides static methods for sorting the elements of collection.If
collection elements are of Set type, we can use TreeSet.But We cannot sort the
elements of List.Collections class provides methods for sorting the elements of List
type elements.
Method of Collections class for sorting List elements
public void sort(List list): is used to sort the elements of List.List elements must
be of Comparable type.
Note: String class and Wrapper classes implements the Comparable interface.So if
you store the objects of string or wrapper classes, it will be Comparable.

Example of Sorting the elements of List that contains user-defined class objects on
age basis

Student.java
1. class Student implements Comparable{
2. int rollno;
3. String name;
4. int age;
5. Student(int rollno,String name,int age){
6. this.rollno=rollno;
7. this.name=name;
8. this.age=age;
9. }
10.
11.public int compareTo(Object obj){
12.Student st=(Student)obj;
13.if(age==st.age)
14.return 0;
15.else if(age>st.age)
16.return 1;
17.else
18.return -1;
19.}
20.
21.}
Simple.java
1. import java.util.*;

2. import java.io.*;
3.
4. class Simple{
5. public static void main(String args[]){
6.
7. ArrayList al=new ArrayList();
8. al.add(new Student(101,"Vijay",23));
9. al.add(new Student(106,"Ajay",27));
10.al.add(new Student(105,"Jai",21));
11.
12.Collections.sort(al);
13.Iterator itr=al.iterator();
14.while(itr.hasNext()){
15.Student st=(Student)itr.next();
16.System.out.println(st.rollno+""+st.name+""+st.age);
17. }
18.}
19.}
Output:105 Jai 21
101 Vijay 23
106 Ajay 27

Next TopicComparator Interface In Collection Framework

<<prev
Comparator interface

Comparator interface is used to order the objects of user-defined class.

This interface is found in java.util package and contains 2 methods compare(Object obj1,Object
obj2) and equals(Object element).

It provides multiple sorting sequence i.e. you can sort the elements based on any data member.
For instance it may be on rollno, name, age or anything else.
Syntax of compare method

public int compare(Object obj1,Object obj2): compares the first object with second object.

Collections class provides static methods for sorting the elements of collection. If collection
elements are of Set type, we can use TreeSet. But We cannot sort the elements of List.
Collections class provides methods for sorting the elements of List type elements.
Method of Collections class for sorting List elements

public void sort(List list,Comparator c): is used to sort the elements of List by the given
comparator.

Example of sorting the elements of List that contains user-defined class

objects on the basis of age and name

In this example, we have created 4 java classes:

Student.java
AgeComparator.java
NameComparator.java
Simple.java
Student.java

This class contains three fields rollno, name and age and a parameterized constructor.
1. class Student{
2. int rollno;
3. String name;
4. int age;
5. Student(int rollno,String name,int age){
6. this.rollno=rollno;

7. this.name=name;
8. this.age=age;
9. }
10.}
AgeComparator.java

This class defines comparison logic based on the age. If age of first object is greater than the
second, we are returning positive value, it can be any one such as 1, 2 , 10 etc. If age of first
object is less than the second object, we are returning negative value, it can be any negative
value and if age of both objects are equal, we are returning 0.
1. import java.util.*;
2. class AgeComparator implements Comparator{
3. public int Compare(Object o1,Object o2){
4. Student s1=(Student)o1;
5. Student s2=(Student)o2;
6.
7. if(s1.age==s2.age)
8. return 0;
9. else if(s1.age>s2.age)
10.return 1;
11.else
12.return -1;
13.}
14.}
NameComparator.java

This class provides comparison logic based on the name. In such case, we are using the
compareTo() method of String class, which internally provides the comparison logic.
1. import java.util.*;

2. class NameComparator implements Comparator{

3. public int Compare(Object o1,Object o2){
4. Student s1=(Student)o1;
5. Student s2=(Student)o2;
6.
7. return s1.name.compareTo(s2.name);
8. }
9. }
Simple.java

In this class, we are printing the objects values by sorting on the basis of name and age.
1. import java.util.*;
2. import java.io.*;
3.
4. class Simple{
5. public static void main(String args[]){
6.
7. ArrayList al=new ArrayList();
8. al.add(new Student(101,"Vijay",23));
9. al.add(new Student(106,"Ajay",27));
10.al.add(new Student(105,"Jai",21));
11.
12.System.out.println("Sorting by Name...");
13.
14.Collections.sort(al,new NameComparator());
15.Iterator itr=al.iterator();

16.while(itr.hasNext()){
17.Student st=(Student)itr.next();
18.System.out.println(st.rollno+" "+st.name+" "+st.age);
19.}
20.
21.System.out.println("sorting by age...");
22.
23.Collections.sort(al,new AgeComparator());
24.Iterator itr2=al.iterator();
25.while(itr2.hasNext()){
26.Student st=(Student)itr2.next();
27.System.out.println(st.rollno+" "+st.name+" "+st.age);
28.}
29.
30.
31.}
32.}
Output:Sorting by Name...
106 Ajay 27
105 Jai 21
101 Vijay 23
Sorting by age...
105 Jai 21
101 Vijay 23
106 Ajay 27

Next Topicproperties Class In Java

<<prev
next>>

Properties class in Java

The properties object contains key and value pair both as a string. It is the subclass of
Hashtable.
It can be used to get property value based on the property key. The Properties class provides
methods to get data from properties file and store data into properties file. Moreover, it can be
used to get properties of system.
Advantage of properties file

Easy Maintenance: If any information is changed from the properties file, you don't need to
recompile the java class. It is mainly used to contain variable information i.e. to be changed.
Methods of Properties class

The commonly used methods of Properties class are given below.

Method

Description

public void load(Reader r)

loads data from the Reader object.

public void load(InputStream is)

loads data from the InputStream object

public String getProperty(String key)

returns value based on the key.

public void setProperty(String

key,String value)

sets the property in the properties object.

public void store(Writer w, String

comment)

writers the properties in the writer object.

public void store(OutputStream os,

String comment)

writes the properties in the OutputStream

object.

storeToXML(OutputStream os, String

comment)

writers the properties in the writer object for

generating xml document.

public void storeToXML(Writer w,

String comment, String encoding)

writers the properties in the writer object for

generating xml document with specified
encoding.

Example of Properties class to get information from properties file

To get information from the properties file, create the properties file first.
db.properties

1. user=system
2. password=oracle

Now, lets create the java class to read the data from the properties file.
Test.java
1. import java.util.*;
2. import java.io.*;
3. public class Test {
4. public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception{
5.

FileReader reader=new FileReader("db.properties");

6.
7.

Properties p=new Properties();

8.

p.load(reader);

9.
10.

System.out.println(p.getProperty("user"));

11.

System.out.println(p.getProperty("password"));

12.}
13.}
Output:system
oracle

Now if you change the value of the properties file, you don't need to compile the java class again.
That means no maintenance problem.

Example of Properties class to get all the system properties

By System.getProperties() method we can get all the properties of system. Let's create the class
that gets information from the system properties.
Test.java

1. import java.util.*;
2. import java.io.*;
3. public class Test {
4. public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception{
5.
6. Properties p=System.getProperties();
7. Set set=p.entrySet();
8.
9. Iterator itr=set.iterator();
10.while(itr.hasNext()){
11.Map.Entry entry=(Map.Entry)itr.next();
12.System.out.println(entry.getKey()+" = "+entry.getValue());
13.}
14.
15.}
16.}
Output:
java.runtime.name = Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment
sun.boot.library.path = C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.7.0_01\jre\bin
java.vm.version = 21.1-b02
java.vm.vendor = Oracle Corporation
java.vendor.url = http://java.oracle.com/
path.separator = ;
java.vm.name = Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM
file.encoding.pkg = sun.io
user.country = US
user.script =
sun.java.launcher = SUN_STANDARD
...........

Example of Properties class to create properties file

Now lets write the code to create the properties file.

Test.java
1. import java.util.*;
2. import java.io.*;
3. public class Test {
4. public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception{
5.
6. Properties p=new Properties();
7. p.setProperty("name","Sonoo Jaiswal");
8. p.setProperty("email","sonoojaiswal@javatpoint.com");
9.
10.p.store(new FileWriter("info.properties"),"Javatpoint Properties Example");
11.
12.}
13.}

Let's see the generated properties file.

info.properties
1. #Javatpoint Properties Example
2. #Thu Oct 03 22:35:53 IST 2013
3. email=sonoojaiswal@javatpoint.com
4. name=Sonoo Jaiswal

ERROR
JDBC Tutorial
1. JDBC
2. Why use JDBC?

3. What is API?
This JDBC tutorial covers all the topics of JDBC with the simple examples. JDBC is a
Java API that is used to connect and execute query to the database. JDBC API uses
jdbc drivers to connects to the database.

Why use JDBC?

Before JDBC, ODBC API was used to connect and execute query to the database. But
ODBC API uses ODBC driver that is written in C language which is plateform
dependent and unsecured. That is why Sun Microsystem has defined its own API
(JDBC API) that uses JDBC driver written in Java language.

Do You Know ?

How to connect Java application with Oracle and Mysql database using JDBC?

What is the difference between Statement and PreparedStatement interface?

How to print total numbers of tables and views of a database using JDBC ?

How to store and retrieve images from Oracle database using JDBC?

How to store and retrieve files from Oracle database using JDBC?

What is API?
API (Application programming interface) is a document that contains description of

all the features of a product or software. It represents classes and interfaces that
software programs can follow to communicate with each other. An API can be
created for applications, libraries, operating systems, etc

Upcoming topics in JDBC Tutorial

2) JDBC Drivers
In this JDBC tutorial, we will learn 4 types of JDBC drivers, their advantages and
disadvantages.

3) 5 Steps to connect to the database

In this JDBC tutorial, we will see the 5 steps to connect to the database in java using
JDBC.

4) Connectivity with Oracle using JDBC

In this JDBC tutorial, we will connect a simple java program with the oracle
database.

5) Connectivity with MySQL using JDBC

In this JDBC tutorial, we will connect a simple java program with the mysql
database.

6) Connectivity with Access without DSN

Let's connect java application with access database with and without DSN.

7) DriverManager class
In this JDBC tutorial, we will learn what does the DriverManager class and what are
its methods.

8) Connection interface
In this JDBC tutorial, we will learn what is Connection interface and what are its

methods.

9) Statement interface
In this JDBC tutorial, we will learn what is Statement interface and what are its
methods.

10) ResultSet interface

In this JDBC tutorial, we will learn what is ResultSet interface and what are its
methods. Moreover, we will learn how we can make the ResultSet scrollable.

11) PreparedStatement Interface

In this JDBC tutorial, we will learn what is benefit of PreparedStatement over
Statement interface. We will see examples to insert, update or delete records using
the PreparedStatement interface.

12) ResultSetMetaData interface

In this JDBC tutorial, we will learn how we can get the metadata of a table.

13) DatabaseMetaData interface

In this JDBC tutorial, we will learn how we can get the metadata of a database.

14) Storing image in Oracle

Let's learn how to store image in the oracle database using JDBC.

15) Retrieving image from Oracle

Let's see the simple example to retrieve image from the oracle database using
JDBC.

16) Storing file in Oracle

Let's see the simple example to store file in the oracle database using JDBC.

17) Retrieving file from Oracle

Let's see the simple example to retrive file from the oracle database using JDBC.
Next TopicJdbc Driver
<<prev
JDBC Driver
1. JDBC Drivers
1. JDBC-ODBC bridge driver
2. Native-API driver
3. Network Protocol driver
4. Thin driver
JDBC Driver is a software component that enables java application to interact with
the database.There are 4 types of JDBC drivers:
1. JDBC-ODBC bridge driver
2. Native-API driver (partially java driver)
3. Network Protocol driver (fully java driver)
4. Thin driver (fully java driver)
1) JDBC-ODBC bridge driver
The JDBC-ODBC bridge driver uses ODBC driver to connect to the database. The
JDBC-ODBC bridge driver converts JDBC method calls into the ODBC function calls.
This is now discouraged because of thin driver.

Advantages:

easy to use.

can be easily connected to any database.

Disadvantages:

Performance degraded because JDBC method call is converted into the ODBC
funcion calls.

The ODBC driver needs to be installed on the client machine.

2) Native-API driver
The Native API driver uses the client-side libraries of the database. The driver
converts JDBC method calls into native calls of the database API. It is not written
entirely in java.

Advantage:

performance upgraded than JDBC-ODBC bridge driver.

Disadvantage:

The Native driver needs to be installed on the each client machine.

The Vendor client library needs to be installed on client machine.

3) Network Protocol driver

The Network Protocol driver uses middleware (application server) that converts
JDBC calls directly or indirectly into the vendor-specific database protocol. It is fully
written in java.

Advantage:

No client side library is required because of application server that can

perform many tasks like auditing, load balancing, logging etc.

Disadvantages:

Network support is required on client machine.

Requires database-specific coding to be done in the middle tier.

Maintenance of Network Protocol driver becomes costly because it requires

database-specific coding to be done in the middle tier.

4) Thin driver
The thin driver converts JDBC calls directly into the vendor-specific database
protocol. That is why it is known as thin driver. It is fully written in Java language.

Advantage:

Better performance than all other drivers.

No software is required at client side or server side.

Disadvantage:

Drivers depends on the Database.

Next TopicSteps To Connect To The Database In Java

<<prev
next>>

5 Steps to connect to the database in java

1. 5 Steps to connect to the database in java
1. Register the driver class

2. Create the connection object

3. Create the Statement object
4. Execute the query
5. Close the connection object
There are 5 steps to connect any java application with the database in java using
JDBC. They are as follows:

Register the driver class

Creating connection

Creating statement

Executing queries

Closing connection

1) Register the driver class

The forName() method of Class class is used to register the driver class. This
method is used to dynamically load the driver class.
Syntax of forName() method
1. public static void forName(String className)throws ClassNotFoundException
Example to register the OracleDriver class
1. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");

2) Create the connection object

The getConnection() method of DriverManager class is used to establish connection
with the database.
Syntax of getConnection() method
1. 1) public static Connection getConnection(String url)throws SQLException

2. 2) public static Connection getConnection(String url,String name,String passw

ord)
3. throws SQLException
Example to establish connection with the Oracle database
1. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
2. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","password");

3) Create the Statement object

The createStatement() method of Connection interface is used to create statement.
The object of statement is responsible to execute queries with the database.
Syntax of createStatement() method
1. public Statement createStatement()throws SQLException
Example to create the statement object
1. Statement stmt=con.createStatement();

4) Execute the query

The executeQuery() method of Statement interface is used to execute queries to
the database. This method returns the object of ResultSet that can be used to get
all the rocords of a table.
Syntax of executeQuery() method
1. public ResultSet executeQuery(String sql)throws SQLException
Example to execute query
1. ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp");
2.
3. while(rs.next()){
4. System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+" "+rs.getString(2));

5. }

5) Close the connection object

By closing connection object statment and ResultSet will be closed automatically.
The close() method of Connection interface is used to close the connection.
Syntax of close() method
1. public void close()throws SQLException
Example to close connection
1. con.close();
Next TopicExample To Connect To The Oracle Database
Example to connect to the Oracle database
For connecting java application with the oracle database, you need to follow 5 steps
to perform database connectivity. In this example we are using Oracle10g as the
database. So we need to know following informations for the oracle database:
1. Driver class: The driver class for the oracle database is
oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver.
2. Connection URL: The connection URL for the oracle10G database is
jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe where jdbc is the API, oracle is the
database, thin is the driver, localhost is the server name on which oracle is
running, we may also use IP address, 1521 is the port number and XE is the
Oracle service name. You may get all these informations from the
tnsnames.ora file.
3. Username: The default username for the oracle database is system.
4. Password: Password is given by the user at the time of installing the oracle
database.

Let's first create a table in oracle database.

1. create table emp(id number(10),name varchar2(40),age number(3));

Example to Connect Java Application with Oracle database

In this example, system is the username and oracle is the password of the Oracle
database.
1. import java.sql.*;
2. class OracleCon{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{
5. //step1 load the driver class
6. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
7.
8. //step2 create the connection object
9. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
10."jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
11.
12.//step3 create the statement object
13.Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
14.
15.//step4 execute query
16.ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp");
17.while(rs.next())
18.System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+" "+rs.getString(2)+" "+rs.getString(3));
19.
20.//step5 close the connection object
21.con.close();
22.

23.}catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}

24.
25.}
26.}
download this example
The above example will fetch all the records of emp table.

To connect java application with the Oracle database ojdbc14.jar file is required to
be loaded.
download the jar file ojdbc14.jar
Two ways to load the jar file:
1. paste the ojdbc14.jar file in jre/lib/ext folder
2. set classpath
1) paste the ojdbc14.jar file in JRE/lib/ext folder:
Firstly, search the ojdbc14.jar file then go to JRE/lib/ext folder and paste the jar file
here.
2) set classpath:
There are two ways to set the classpath:

temporary

permament

How to set the temporary classpath:

Firstly, search the ojdbc14.jar file then open comman prompt and write:
1. C:>set classpath=c:\folder\ojdbc14.jar;.;
How to set the permanent classpath:
Go to environment variable then click on new tab. In variable name write
classpath and in variable value paste the path to ojdbc14.jar by appending
ojdbc14.jar;.; as C:\oraclexe\app\oracle\product\10.2.0\server\jdbc\lib\ojdbc14.jar;.;

To see the slides of seting parmanent path click here

Example to connect to the mysql database
For connecting java application with the mysql database, you need to follow 5 steps
to perform database connectivity.

In this example we are using MySql as the database. So we need to know following informations
for the mysql database:
1. Driver class: The driver class for the mysql database is
com.mysql.jdbc.Driver.
2. Connection URL: The connection URL for the mysql database is
jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/sonoo where jdbc is the API, mysql is the
database, localhost is the server name on which mysql is running, we may
also use IP address, 3306 is the port number and sonoo is the database
name. We may use any database, in such case, you need to replace the
sonoo with your database name.
3. Username: The default username for the mysql database is root.
4. Password: Password is given by the user at the time of installing the mysql
database. In this example, we are going to use root as the password.

Let's first create a table in the mysql database, but before creating table, we need to create
database first.
1. create database sonoo;
2. use sonoo;
3. create table emp(id int(10),name varchar(40),age int(3));

Example to Connect Java Application with mysql database

In this example, sonoo is the database name, root is the username and password.
1. import java.sql.*;
2. class MysqlCon{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{

5. Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
6.
7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
8. "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/sonoo","root","root");
9.
10.//here sonoo is database name, root is username and password
11.
12.Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
13.
14.ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp");
15.
16.while(rs.next())
17.System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+" "+rs.getString(2)+" "+rs.getString(3));
18.
19.con.close();
20.
21.}catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}
22.
23.}
24.}
download this example
The above example will fetch all the records of emp table.

To connect java application with the mysql database mysqlconnector.jar file is

required to be loaded.

download the jar file mysql-connector.jar

Two ways to load the jar file:
1. paste the mysqlconnector.jar file in jre/lib/ext folder
2. set classpath
1) paste the mysqlconnector.jar file in JRE/lib/ext folder:
Download the mysqlconnector.jar file. Go to jre/lib/ext folder and paste the jar file
here.
2) set classpath:
There are two ways to set the classpath:

temporary

permament

How to set the temporary classpath

open comman prompt and write:
1. C:>set classpath=c:\folder\mysql-connector-java-5.0.8-bin.jar;.;
How to set the permanent classpath
Go to environment variable then click on new tab. In variable name write
classpath and in variable value paste the path to the mysqlconnector.jar file by
appending mysqlconnector.jar;.; as C:\folder\mysql-connector-java-5.0.8-bin.jar;.;
Next TopicConnectivity With Access Without Dsn
Connectivity with Access without DSN

There are two ways to connect java application with the access database.
1. Without DSN (Data Source Name)
2. With DSN
Java is mostly used with Oracle, mysql, or DB2 database. So you can learn this topic
only for knowledge.

Example to Connect Java Application with access without DSN

In this example, we are going to connect the java program with the access
database. In such case, we have created the login table in the access database.
There is only one column in the table named name. Let's get all the name of the
login table.
1. import java.sql.*;
2. class Test{
3. public static void main(String ar[]){
4.
5.

try{
String database="student.mdb";//Here database exists in the current direct
ory

6.
7.

String url="jdbc:odbc:Driver={Microsoft Access Driver (*.mdb)};

8.

DBQ=" + database + ";DriverID=22;READONLY=true";

9.
10.

Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");

11.

Connection c=DriverManager.getConnection(url);

12.

Statement st=c.createStatement();

13.

ResultSet rs=st.executeQuery("select * from login");

14.
15.
16.
17.

while(rs.next()){
System.out.println(rs.getString(1));
}

18.
19.}catch(Exception ee){System.out.println(ee);}
20.

21.}}
download this example
Example to Connect Java Application with access with DSN
Connectivity with type1 driver is not considered good. To connect java application
with type1 driver, create DSN first, here we are assuming your dsn name is mydsn.
1. import java.sql.*;
2. class Test{
3. public static void main(String ar[]){
4.

try{

5.

String url="jdbc:odbc:mydsn";

6.

Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");

7.

Connection c=DriverManager.getConnection(url);

8.

Statement st=c.createStatement();

9.

ResultSet rs=st.executeQuery("select * from login");

10.
11.

while(rs.next()){

12.
13.

System.out.println(rs.getString(1));
}

14.
15.}catch(Exception ee){System.out.println(ee);}
16.
17.}}
Next TopicDriverManager Class
DriverManager class:
The DriverManager class acts as an interface between user and drivers. It keeps
track of the drivers that are available and handles establishing a connection

between a database and the appropriate driver. The DriverManager class maintains
a list of Driver classes that have registered themselves by calling the method
DriverManager.registerDriver().
Commonly used methods of DriverManager class:
1) public static void registerDriver(Driver
driver):

is used to register the given driver

with DriverManager.

2) public static void

deregisterDriver(Driver driver):

is used to deregister the given driver

(drop the driver from the list) with
DriverManager.

3) public static Connection

getConnection(String url):

is used to establish the connection

with the specified url.

4) public static Connection

getConnection(String url,String
userName,String password):

is used to establish the connection

with the specified url, username and
password.

Next TopicConnection Interface

Connection interface:
A Connection is the session between java application and database. The Connection
interface is a factory of Statement, PreparedStatement, and DatabaseMetaData i.e.
object of Connection can be used to get the object of Statement and
DatabaseMetaData. The Connection interface provide many methods for
transaction management like commit(),rollback() etc.
By default, connection commits the changes after executing queries.
Commonly used methods of Connection interface:
1) public Statement createStatement(): creates a statement object that can
be used to execute SQL queries.
2) public Statement createStatement(int resultSetType,int
resultSetConcurrency): Creates a Statement object that will generate ResultSet
objects with the given type and concurrency.
3) public void setAutoCommit(boolean status): is used to set the commit
status.By default it is true.
4) public void commit(): saves the changes made since the previous

commit/rollback permanent.
5) public void rollback(): Drops all changes made since the previous
commit/rollback.
6) public void close(): closes the connection and Releases a JDBC resources
immediately.
Next TopicStatement Interface
Statement interface

The Statement interface provides methods to execute queries with the database. The statement
interface is a factory of ResultSet i.e. it provides factory method to get the object of ResultSet.
Commonly used methods of Statement interface:

The important methods of Statement interface are as follows:

1) public ResultSet executeQuery(String sql): is used to execute SELECT
query. It returns the object of ResultSet.
2) public int executeUpdate(String sql): is used to execute specified query, it
may be create, drop, insert, update, delete etc.
3) public boolean execute(String sql): is used to execute queries that may
return multiple results.
4) public int[] executeBatch(): is used to execute batch of commands.
Example of Statement interface

Lets see the simple example of Statement interface to insert, update and delete the record.
1. import java.sql.*;
2. class FetchRecord{
3. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
4.
5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
6. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1
521:xe","system","oracle");

7. Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
8.
9. //stmt.executeUpdate("insert into emp765 values(33,'Irfan',50000)");
10.//int result=stmt.executeUpdate("update emp765 set name='Vimal',salary=1
0000 where id=33");
11.int result=stmt.executeUpdate("delete from emp765 where id=33");
12.
13.System.out.println(result+" records affected");
14.con.close();
15.}}
Next TopicResultSet Interface
ResultSet interface
The object of ResultSet maintains a cursor pointing to a particular row of data.
Initially, cursor points to before the first row.
By default, ResultSet object can be moved forward only and it is not updatable.
But we can make this object to move forward and backward direction by
passing either TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE or TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE in
createStatement(int,int) method as well as we can make this object as
updatable by:
1. Statement stmt = con.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE,
2.

ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);

Commonly used methods of ResultSet interface

is used to move the cursor to the one row next from
1) public boolean next():
the current position.
2) public boolean
previous():

is used to move the cursor to the one row previous

from the current position.

3) public boolean first():

is used to move the cursor to the first row in result set

object.

4) public boolean last():

is used to move the cursor to the last row in result set

object.
5) public boolean
absolute(int row):

is used to move the cursor to the specified row

number in the ResultSet object.

6) public boolean
relative(int row):

is used to move the cursor to the relative row number

in the ResultSet object, it may be positive or negative.

7) public int getInt(int

columnIndex):

is used to return the data of specified column index of

the current row as int.

8) public int getInt(String is used to return the data of specified column name of
columnName):
the current row as int.
9) public String
getString(int
columnIndex):

is used to return the data of specified column index of

the current row as String.

10) public String

getString(String
columnName):

is used to return the data of specified column name of

the current row as String.

Example of Scrollable ResultSet

Lets see the simple example of ResultSet interface to retrieve the data of 3rd row.
1. import java.sql.*;
2. class FetchRecord{
3. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
4.
5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
6. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1
521:xe","system","oracle");
7. Statement stmt=con.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE,Re
sultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);
8. ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp765");
9.
10.//getting the record of 3rd row

11.rs.absolute(3);
12.System.out.println(rs.getString(1)+" "+rs.getString(2)+" "+rs.getString(3));
13.
14.con.close();
15.}}
<<prev
Next TopicPreparedStatement Interface
PreparedStatement:
The PreparedStatement interface is a subinterface of Statement. It is used to
exeucte parameterized query.
Why use PreparedStatement?
The performance of the application will be faster if you use PreparedStatement
interface because query is compiled only once.

The prepareStatement() method of Connection interface is used to return the object

of PreparedStatement.Syntax:
1. public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String query)throws SQLExcepti
on{}
1. create table emp(id number(10),name varchar2(50));
Example of PreparedStatement interface that inserts the record:
1. import java.sql.*;
2. class InsertPrepared{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{
5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
6.

7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
8. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
9.
10.PreparedStatement stmt=con.prepareStatement("insert into Emp values(?,?)"
);
11.stmt.setInt(1,101);//1 specifies the first parameter in the query
12.stmt.setInt(2,"Ratan");
13.
14.int i=stmt.executeUpdate();
15.System.out.println(i+" records inserted");
16.
17.con.close();
18.
19.}catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}
20.
21.}
22.}
download this example
Example of PreparedStatement interface that updates the record:
1. import java.sql.*;
2. class UpdatePrepared{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{
5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");

6.
7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
8. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
9.
10.PreparedStatement stmt=con.prepareStatement("update emp set name=? w
here id=?");
11.stmt.setString(1,"Sonoo");//1 specifies the first parameter in the query i.e. na
me
12.stmt.setInt(2,101);
13.
14.int i=stmt.executeUpdate();
15.System.out.println(i+" records updated");
16.
17.con.close();
18.
19.}catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}
20.
21.}
22.}
download this example
Example of PreparedStatement interface that deletes the record:
1. import java.sql.*;
2. class DeletePrepared{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{

5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
6.
7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
8. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
9.
10.PreparedStatement stmt=con.prepareStatement("delete from emp where id=
?");
11.stmt.setInt(1,101);
12.
13.int i=stmt.executeUpdate();
14.System.out.println(i+" records deleted");
15.
16.con.close();
17.
18.}catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}
19.
20.}
21.}
download this example
Example of PreparedStatement interface that retrieve the records of a
table:
1. import java.sql.*;
2. class RetrievePrepared{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{

5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
6.
7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
8. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
9.
10.PreparedStatement stmt=con.prepareStatement("select * from emp");
11.ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery();
12.while(rs.next()){
13.System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+" "+rs.getString(2));
14.}
15.
16.con.close();
17.
18.}catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}
19.
20.}
21.}
download this example
Next TopicResultSetMetaData Interface

<<prev
next>>

DatabaseMetaData interface:
DatabaseMetaData interface provides methods to get meta data of a database such
as database product name, database product version, driver name, name of total
number of tables, name of total number of views etc.
Commonly used methods of DatabaseMetaData interface

public String getDriverName()throws SQLException: it returns the

name of the JDBC driver.

public String getDriverVersion()throws SQLException: it returns the

version number of the JDBC driver.

public String getUserName()throws SQLException: it returns the

username of the database.

public String getDatabaseProductName()throws SQLException: it

returns the product name of the database.

public String getDatabaseProductVersion()throws SQLException: it

returns the product version of the database.

public ResultSet getTables(String catalog, String schemaPattern,

String tableNamePattern, String[] types)throws SQLException: it
returns the description of the tables of the specified catalog. The table type
can be TABLE, VIEW, ALIAS, SYSTEM TABLE, SYNONYM etc.

How to get the object of DatabaseMetaData:

The getMetaData() method of Connection interface returns the object of
DatabaseMetaData. Syntax:
1. public DatabaseMetaData getMetaData()throws SQLException

Simple Example of DatabaseMetaData interface :

1. import java.sql.*;
2. class Dbmd{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{

5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
6.
7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
8. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
9.
10.DatabaseMetaData dbmd=con.getMetaData();
11.
12.System.out.println("Driver Name: "+dbmd.getDriverName());
13.System.out.println("Driver Version: "+dbmd.getDriverVersion());
14.System.out.println("UserName: "+dbmd.getUserName());
15.System.out.println("Database Product Name: "+dbmd.getDatabaseProductNa
me());
16.System.out.println("Database Product Version: "+dbmd.getDatabaseProductV
ersion());
17.
18.con.close();
19.
20.}catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}
21.
22.}
23.}
Output:Driver Name: Oracle JDBC Driver
Driver Version: 10.2.0.1.0XE
Database Product Name: Oracle
Database Product Version: Oracle Database 10g Express Edition
Release 10.2.0.1.0 -Production

download this example

Example of DatabaseMetaData interface that prints total number of tables

:
1. import java.sql.*;
2. class Dbmd2{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{
5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
6.
7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
8. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
9.
10.DatabaseMetaData dbmd=con.getMetaData();
11.String table[]={"TABLE"};
12.ResultSet rs=dbmd.getTables(null,null,null,table);
13.
14.while(rs.next()){
15.System.out.println(rs.getString(3));
16.}
17.
18.con.close();
19.
20.}catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}
21.
22.}
23.}

download this example

Example of DatabaseMetaData interface that prints total number of
views :
1. import java.sql.*;
2. class Dbmd3{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{
5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
6.
7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
8. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
9.
10.DatabaseMetaData dbmd=con.getMetaData();
11.String table[]={"VIEW"};
12.ResultSet rs=dbmd.getTables(null,null,null,table);
13.
14.while(rs.next()){
15.System.out.println(rs.getString(3));
16.}
17.
18.con.close();
19.
20.}catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}
21.

22.}
23.}
download this example
Next TopicStoring Image In Oracle Database
Example to store image in Oracle database

You can store images in the database in java by the help of PreparedStatement interface.
The setBinaryStream() method of PreparedStatement is used to set Binary information into the
parameterIndex.
Signature of setBinaryStream method

The syntax of setBinaryStream() method is given below:

1. 1) public void setBinaryStream(int paramIndex,InputStream stream)
2. throws SQLException
3. 2) public void setBinaryStream(int paramIndex,InputStream stream,long lengt
h)
4. throws SQLException

For storing image into the database, BLOB (Binary Large Object) datatype is used in the table.
For example:
1. CREATE TABLE "IMGTABLE"
2.
3.
4.

"NAME" VARCHAR2(4000),

"PHOTO" BLOB
)

5. /

Let's write the jdbc code to store the image in the database. Here we are using d:\\d.jpg for the
location of image. You can change it according to the image location.
1. import java.sql.*;
2. import java.io.*;

3. public class InsertImage {

4. public static void main(String[] args) {
5. try{
6. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
8. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
9.
10.PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement("insert into imgtable values(?,
?)");
11.ps.setString(1,"sonoo");
12.
13.FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream("d:\\g.jpg");
14.ps.setBinaryStream(2,fin,fin.available());
15.int i=ps.executeUpdate();
16.System.out.println(i+" records affected");
17.
18.con.close();
19.}catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}
20.}
21.}

If you see the table, record is stored in the database but image will not be shown. To do so, you
need to retrieve the image from the database which we are covering in the next page.
download this example
Next TopicRetrieving image From Oracle Database
Example to retrieve image from Oracle database

By the help of PreparedStatement we can retrieve and store the image in the database.
The getBlob() method of PreparedStatement is used to get Binary information, it returns the
instance of Blob. After calling the getBytes() method on the blob object, we can get the array of
binary information that can be written into the image file.
Signature of getBlob() method of PreparedStatement
1. public Blob getBlob()throws SQLException
Signature of getBytes() method of Blob interface
1. public byte[] getBytes(long pos, int length)throws SQLException

We are assuming that image is stored in the imgtable.

1. CREATE TABLE "IMGTABLE"
2.
3.
4.

"NAME" VARCHAR2(4000),

"PHOTO" BLOB
)

5. /

Now let's write the code to retrieve the image from the database and write it into the directory so
that it can be displayed.
In AWT, it can be displayed by the Toolkit class. In servlet, jsp, or html it can be displayed by the
img tag.
1. import java.sql.*;
2. import java.io.*;
3. public class RetrieveImage {
4. public static void main(String[] args) {
5. try{
6. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(

8. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
9.
10.PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement("select * from imgtable");
11.ResultSet rs=ps.executeQuery();
12.if(rs.next()){//now on 1st row
13.
14.Blob b=rs.getBlob(2);//2 means 2nd column data
15.byte barr[]=b.getBytes(1,(int)b.length());//1 means first image
16.
17.FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("d:\\sonoo.jpg");
18.fout.write(barr);
19.
20.fout.close();
21.}//end of if
22.System.out.println("ok");
23.
24.con.close();
25.}catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace(); }
26.}
27.}

Now if you see the d drive, sonoo.jpg image is created.

download this example
Next TopicStoring file in the database using java
Example to store file in Oracle database:

The setCharacterStream() method of PreparedStatement is used to set character

information into the parameterIndex.
Syntax:
1) public void setBinaryStream(int paramIndex,InputStream stream)throws
SQLException
2) public void setBinaryStream(int paramIndex,InputStream stream,long
length)throws SQLException
For storing file into the database, CLOB (Character Large Object) datatype is used in
the table. For example:
1. CREATE TABLE "FILETABLE"
2.
3.
4.

"ID" NUMBER,

"NAME" CLOB
)

5. /
1. import java.io.*;
2. import java.sql.*;
3.
4. public class StoreFile {
5. public static void main(String[] args) {
6. try{
7. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
8. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
9. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
10.
11.PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement(
12."insert into filetable values(?,?)");

13.
14.File f=new File("d:\\myfile.txt");
15.FileReader fr=new FileReader(f);
16.
17.ps.setInt(1,101);
18.ps.setCharacterStream(2,fr,(int)f.length());
19.int i=ps.executeUpdate();
20.System.out.println(i+" records affected");
21.
22.con.close();
23.
24.}catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}
25.}
26.}
download this example
Next TopicRetrieving File From Oracle Database
Example to retrieve file from Oracle database:
The getClob() method of PreparedStatement is used to get file information from the
database.
Syntax of getClob method
1. public Clob getClob(int columnIndex){}

Let's see the table structure of this example to retrieve the file.
1. CREATE TABLE "FILETABLE"
2.
3.

"ID" NUMBER,

"NAME" CLOB

4.

5. /

The example to retrieve the file from the Oracle database is given below.
1. import java.io.*;
2. import java.sql.*;
3.
4. public class RetrieveFile {
5. public static void main(String[] args) {
6. try{
7. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
8. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
9. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
10.
11.PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement("select * from filetable");
12.ResultSet rs=ps.executeQuery();
13.rs.next();//now on 1st row
14.
15.Clob c=rs.getClob(2);
16.Reader r=c.getCharacterStream();
17.
18.FileWriter fw=new FileWriter("d:\\retrivefile.txt");
19.
20.int i;
21.while((i=r.read())!=-1)

22.fw.write((char)i);
23.
24.fw.close();
25.con.close();
26.
27.System.out.println("success");
28.}catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace(); }
29.}
30.}
download this example
Next TopicCallableStatement Interface
CallableStatement Interface

To call the stored procedures and functions, CallableStatement interface is used.

We can have business logic on the database by the use of stored procedures and functions that
will make the performance better because these are precompiled.
Suppose you need the get the age of the employee based on the date of birth, you may create a
function that receives date as the input and returns age of the employee as the output.

What is the difference between stored procedures and functions.

The differences between stored procedures and functions are given below:
Stored Procedure

Function

is used to perform business logic.

is used to perform calculation.

must not have the return type.

must have the return type.

may return 0 or more values.

may return only one values.

We can call functions from the procedure. Procedure cannot be called from function.

Procedure supports input and output

parameters.

Function supports only input parameter.

Exception handling using try/catch block

can be used in stored procedures.

Exception handling using try/catch can't

be used in user defined functions.

How to get the instance of CallableStatement?

The prepareCall() method of Connection interface returns the instance of CallableStatement.

Syntax is given below:
1. public CallableStatement prepareCall("{ call procedurename(?,?...?)}");

The example to get the instance of CallableStatement is given below:

1. CallableStatement stmt=con.prepareCall("{call myprocedure(?,?)}");

It calls the procedure myprocedure that receives 2 arguments.

Full example to call the stored procedure using JDBC

To call the stored procedure, you need to create it in the database. Here, we are assuming that
stored procedure looks like this.
1. create or replace procedure "INSERTR"
2. (id IN NUMBER,
3. name IN VARCHAR2)
4. is
5. begin
6. insert into user420 values(id,name);
7. end;
8. /

The table structure is given below:

1. create table user420(id number(10), name varchar2(200));

In this example, we are going to call the stored procedure INSERTR that receives id and name as
the parameter and inserts it into the table user420. Note that you need to create the user420 table
as well to run this application.
1. import java.sql.*;
2. public class Proc {
3. public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
4.
5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
6. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
7. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
8.
9. CallableStatement stmt=con.prepareCall("{call insertR(?,?)}");
10.stmt.setInt(1,1011);
11.stmt.setString(2,"Amit");
12.stmt.execute();
13.
14.System.out.println("success");
15.}
16.}

Now check the table in the database, value is inserted in the user420 table.

Example to call the function using JDBC

In this example, we are calling the sum4 function that receives two input and returns the sum of
the given number. Here, we have used the registerOutParameter method of CallableStatement
interface, that registers the output parameter with its corresponding type. It provides information
to the CallableStatement about the type of result being displayed.

The Types class defines many constants such as INTEGER, VARCHAR, FLOAT, DOUBLE,
BLOB, CLOB etc.
Let's create the simple function in the database first.
1. create or replace function sum4
2. (n1 in number,n2 in number)
3. return number
4. is
5. temp number(8);
6. begin
7. temp :=n1+n2;
8. return temp;
9. end;
10./

Now, let's write the simple program to call the function.

1. import java.sql.*;
2.
3. public class FuncSum {
4. public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
5.
6. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
8. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
9.
10.CallableStatement stmt=con.prepareCall("{?= call sum4(?,?)}");

11.stmt.setInt(2,10);
12.stmt.setInt(3,43);
13.stmt.registerOutParameter(1,Types.INTEGER);
14.stmt.execute();
15.
16.System.out.println(stmt.getInt(1));
17.
18.}
19.}
1. Output: 53
Next TopicTransaction Management in JDBC
Transaction Management in JDBC

Transaction represents a single unit of work.

The ACID properties describes the transaction management well. ACID stands for Atomicity,
Consistency, isolation and durability.
Atomicity means either all successful or none.
Consistency ensures bringing the database from one consistent state to another consistent state.
Isolation ensures that transaction is isolated from other transaction.
Durability means once a transaction has been committed, it will remain so, even in the event of
errors, power loss etc.

Advantage of Transaction Mangaement

fast performance It makes the performance fast because database is hit at the time of commit.

In JDBC, Connection interface provides methods to manage transaction.

Method

Description

void setAutoCommit(boolean It is true bydefault means each transaction is

status)
committed bydefault.
void commit()

commits the transaction.

void rollback()

cancels the transaction.

Simple example of transaction management in jdbc using Statement

Let's see the simple example of transaction mangement using Statement.

1. import java.sql.*;
2. class FetchRecords{
3. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
4. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
5. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1
521:xe","system","oracle");
6. con.setAutoCommit(false);
7.

8. Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
9. stmt.executeUpdate("insert into user420 values(190,'abhi',40000)");
10.stmt.executeUpdate("insert into user420 values(191,'umesh',50000)");
11.
12.con.commit();
13.con.close();
14.}}

If you see the table emp400, you will see that 2 records has been added.
Example of transaction management in jdbc using PreparedStatement

Let's see the simple example of transaction mangement using PreparedStatement.

1. import java.sql.*;
2. import java.io.*;
3. class TM{
4. public static void main(String args[]){
5. try{
6.
7. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
8. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1
521:xe","system","oracle");
9. con.setAutoCommit(false);
10.
11.PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement("insert into user420 values(?,?
,?)");
12.
13.BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

14.while(true){
15.
16.System.out.println("enter id");
17.String s1=br.readLine();
18.int id=Integer.parseInt(s1);
19.
20.System.out.println("enter name");
21.String name=br.readLine();
22.
23.System.out.println("enter salary");
24.String s3=br.readLine();
25.int salary=Integer.parseInt(s3);
26.
27.ps.setInt(1,id);
28.ps.setString(2,name);
29.ps.setInt(3,salary);
30.ps.executeUpdate();
31.
32.System.out.println("commit/rollback");
33.String answer=br.readLine();
34.if(answer.equals("commit")){
35.con.commit();
36.}
37.if(answer.equals("rollback")){

38.con.rollback();
39.}
40.
41.
42.System.out.println("Want to add more records y/n");
43.String ans=br.readLine();
44.if(ans.equals("n")){
45.break;
46.}
47.
48.}
49.con.commit();
50.System.out.println("record successfully saved");
51.
52.con.close();//before closing connection commit() is called
53.}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
54.
55.}}

It will ask to add more records until you press n. If you press n, transaction is commited.

Next TopicBatch Processing in JDBC

Batch Processing in JDBC

Instead of executing a single query, we can execute a batch (group) of queries. It makes the
performance fast.

The java.sql.Statement and java.sql.PreparedStatement interfaces provide methods for batch

processing.
Advantage of Batch Processing

Fast Performance

Methods of Statement interface

The required methods for batch processing are given below:

Method

Description

void addBatch(String query)

It adds query into batch.

int[] executeBatch()

It executes the batch of queries.

Example of batch processing in jdbc

Let's see the simple example of batch processing in jdbc. It follows following steps:

Load the driver class

Create Connection

Create Statement

Add query in the batch

Execute Batch

Close Connection

1. import java.sql.*;
2. class FetchRecords{
3. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
4. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
5. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1
521:xe","system","oracle");
6. con.setAutoCommit(false);

7.
8. Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
9. stmt.addBatch("insert into user420 values(190,'abhi',40000)");
10.stmt.addBatch("insert into user420 values(191,'umesh',50000)");
11.
12.stmt.executeBatch();//executing the batch
13.
14.con.commit();
15.con.close();
16.}}

If you see the table user420, two records has been added.
Example of batch processing using PreparedStatement
1. import java.sql.*;
2. import java.io.*;
3. class BP{
4. public static void main(String args[]){
5. try{
6.
7. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
8. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1
521:xe","system","oracle");
9.
10.PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement("insert into user420 values(?,?
,?)");
11.

12.BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

13.while(true){
14.
15.System.out.println("enter id");
16.String s1=br.readLine();
17.int id=Integer.parseInt(s1);
18.
19.System.out.println("enter name");
20.String name=br.readLine();
21.
22.System.out.println("enter salary");
23.String s3=br.readLine();
24.int salary=Integer.parseInt(s3);
25.
26.ps.setInt(1,id);
27.ps.setString(2,name);
28.ps.setInt(3,salary);
29.
30.ps.addBatch();
31.System.out.println("Want to add more records y/n");
32.String ans=br.readLine();
33.if(ans.equals("n")){
34.break;
35.}

36.
37.}
38.ps.executeBatch();
39.
40.System.out.println("record successfully saved");
41.
42.con.close();
43.}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
44.
45.}}

It will add the queries into the batch until user press n. Finally it executes the batch. Thus all the
added queries will be fired.
Next TopicJDBC RowSet
JDBC RowSet

The instance of RowSet is the java bean component because it has properties and java bean
notification mechanism. It is introduced since JDK 5.
It is the wrapper of ResultSet. It holds tabular data like ResultSet but it is easy and flexible to
use.
The implementation classes of RowSet interface are as follows:

JdbcRowSet

CachedRowSet

WebRowSet

JoinRowSet

FilteredRowSet

Let's see how to create and execute RowSet.

1. JdbcRowSet rowSet = RowSetProvider.newFactory().createJdbcRowSet();

2. rowSet.setUrl("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe");
3. rowSet.setUsername("system");
4. rowSet.setPassword("oracle");
5.
6. rowSet.setCommand("select * from emp400");
7. rowSet.execute();
It is the new way to get the instance of JdbcRowSet since JDK 7.
Advantage of RowSet

The advantages of using RowSet are given below:

1. It is easy and flexible to use
2. It is Scrollable and Updatable bydefault

Simple example of JdbcRowSet

Let's see the simple example of JdbcRowSet without event handling code.
1. import java.sql.Connection;
2. import java.sql.DriverManager;
3. import java.sql.ResultSet;
4. import java.sql.Statement;
5. import javax.sql.RowSetEvent;
6. import javax.sql.RowSetListener;
7. import javax.sql.rowset.JdbcRowSet;
8. import javax.sql.rowset.RowSetProvider;
9.
10.public class RowSetExample {

11.

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

12.

Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");

13.
14.

//Creating and Executing RowSet

15.

JdbcRowSet rowSet = RowSetProvider.newFactory().createJdbcRowSet();

16.

rowSet.setUrl("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe");

17.

rowSet.setUsername("system");

18.

rowSet.setPassword("oracle");

19.
20.

rowSet.setCommand("select * from emp400");

21.

rowSet.execute();

22.
23.

while (rowSet.next()) {

24.

// Generating cursor Moved event

25.

System.out.println("Id: " + rowSet.getString(1));

26.

System.out.println("Name: " + rowSet.getString(2));

27.

System.out.println("Salary: " + rowSet.getString(3));

28.

29.
30.

31.}

The output is given below:

1. Id: 55
2. Name: Om Bhim

3. Salary: 70000
4. Id: 190
5. Name: abhi
6. Salary: 40000
7. Id: 191
8. Name: umesh
9. Salary: 50000

Full example of Jdbc RowSet with event handling

To perform event handling with JdbcRowSet, you need to add the instance of RowSetListener
in the addRowSetListener method of JdbcRowSet.
The RowSetListener interface provides 3 method that must be implemented. They are as follows:
1. 1) public void cursorMoved(RowSetEvent event);
2. 2) public void rowChanged(RowSetEvent event);
3. 3) public void rowSetChanged(RowSetEvent event);

Let's write the code to retrieve the data and perform some additional tasks while cursor is moved,
cursor is changed or rowset is changed. The event handling operation can't be performed using
ResultSet so it is preferred now.
1. import java.sql.Connection;
2. import java.sql.DriverManager;
3. import java.sql.ResultSet;
4. import java.sql.Statement;
5. import javax.sql.RowSetEvent;
6. import javax.sql.RowSetListener;
7. import javax.sql.rowset.JdbcRowSet;
8. import javax.sql.rowset.RowSetProvider;

9.
10.public class RowSetExample {
11.
12.

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");

13.
14.

//Creating and Executing RowSet

15.

JdbcRowSet rowSet = RowSetProvider.newFactory().createJdbcRowSet();

16.

rowSet.setUrl("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe");

17.

rowSet.setUsername("system");

18.

rowSet.setPassword("oracle");

19.
20.

rowSet.setCommand("select * from emp400");

21.

rowSet.execute();

22.
23.

//Adding Listener and moving RowSet

24.

rowSet.addRowSetListener(new MyListener());

25.
26.

while (rowSet.next()) {

27.

// Generating cursor Moved event

28.

System.out.println("Id: " + rowSet.getString(1));

29.

System.out.println("Name: " + rowSet.getString(2));

30.

System.out.println("Salary: " + rowSet.getString(3));

31.
32.

33.

34.}
35.
36.class MyListener implements RowSetListener {
37.

public void cursorMoved(RowSetEvent event) {

38.
39.

System.out.println("Cursor Moved...");
}

40.

public void rowChanged(RowSetEvent event) {

41.

System.out.println("Cursor Changed...");

42.

43.

public void rowSetChanged(RowSetEvent event) {

44.
45.

System.out.println("RowSet changed...");
}

46.}

The output is as follows:

1. Cursor Moved...
2. Id: 55
3. Name: Om Bhim
4. Salary: 70000
5. Cursor Moved...
6. Id: 190
7. Name: abhi
8. Salary: 40000
9. Cursor Moved...

10.Id: 191
11.Name: umesh
12.Salary: 50000
13.Cursor Moved...
Next TopicJDBC New Features
Jdbc New Features

The latest version of JDBC is 4.0 currently. Java has updated jdbc api to ease and simplify the
coding ot database interactivity.
Here, we are going to see the features included in Jdbc 3.0 and Jdbc 4.0.

Jdbc 3.0 Features

The important features of JDBC API 3.0 are as follows:

Jdbc RowSet We have done the great discussion on JdbcRowSet in the

previous page.

Savepoint in transaction management Now you are able to create,

rollback and release the savepoint by Connection.setSavepoint(),
Connection.rollback(Savepoint svpt) and
Connection.releaseSavepoint(Savepoint svpt) methods.

Statement and ResultSet Caching for Connection Pooling Now you are
able to reuse the statement and result set because jdbc 3 provides you the
facility of statement caching and result set caching.

Switching between Global and Local Transactions

Retrieval of auto generated keys Now you are able to get the auto
generated keys by the method getGeneratedKeys().

Jdbc 4.0 Features

The important features of JDBC API 4.0 are given below:

Automatic Loading of Driver class You don't need to write

Class.forName() now because it is loaded bydefault since jdbc4.

Subclasses of SQLException Jdbc 4 provides new subclasses of

SQLException class for better readability and handling.

New methods There are many new methods introduced in Connection,

PreparedStatement, CallableStatement, ResultSet etc.

Improved DataSource Now data source implemenation is improved.

Event Handling support in Statement for Connection Pooling Now

Connection Pooling can listen statement error and statement closing events.

Next TopicJava 5, 6 and 7 Features

New Features in Java

There are many new features that have been added in java. There are major enhancement made
in Java5, Java6 and Java7 like auto-boxing, generics, var-args, java annotations, enum,
premain method etc.
Most of the interviewers ask questions from this chapter.

Do You Know ?
1. How to create generic class and generic method in java ?
2. What is annotation and how to create custom annotation ?
3. What is the advantage of assertion and where we should not use it ?
4. What is variable argument and what rules are defined for variable
argument ?
5. What is the difference between import and static import ?
6. How autoboxing is applied in method overloading. Which concept beats
autoboxing ?
7. What is enum type and how to specify specific value to the enum constants ?
J2SE 4 Features

The important feature of J2SE 4 is assertions. It is used for testing.

Assertion (Java 4)

J2SE 5 Features

The important features of J2SE 5 are generics and assertions. Others are auto-boxing, enum, varargs, static import, for-each loop (enhanced for loop etc.

For-each loop (Java 5)

Varargs (Java 5)

Static Import (Java 5)

Autoboxing and Unboxing (Java 5)

Enum (Java 5)

Covariant Return Type (Java 5)

Annotation (Java 5)

Generics (Java 5)

JavaSE 6 Features

The important feature of JavaSE 6 is premain method (also known as instrumentation).

Instrumentation (premain method) (Java 6)

JavaSE 7 Features

The important features of JavaSE 7 are try with resource, catching multiple exceptions etc.

String in switch statement (Java 7)

Binary Literals (Java 7)

The try-with-resources (Java 7)

Caching Multiple Exceptions by single catch (Java 7)

Underscores in Numeric Literals (Java 7)

Next TopicAssertion In Java

Assertion:
Assertion is a statement in java. It can be used to test your assumptions about the
program.
While executing assertion, it is believed to be true. If it fails, JVM will throw an error
named AssertionError. It is mainly used for testing purpose.
Advantage of Assertion:
It provides an effective way to detect and correct programming errors.

Syntax of using Assertion:

There are two ways to use assertion. First way is:
1. assert expression;
and second way is:
1. assert expression1 : expression2;

Simple Example of Assertion in java:

1. import java.util.Scanner;
2.
3. class AssertionExample{
4.

public static void main( String args[] ){

5.
6.

Scanner scanner = new Scanner( System.in );

7.

System.out.print("Enter ur age ");

8.
9.

int value = scanner.nextInt();

10. assert value>=18:" Not valid";

11.
12. System.out.println("value is "+value);
13. }
14.}
15.
16.
download this example
If you use assertion, It will not run simply because assertion is disabled by default.
To enable the assertion, -ea or -enableassertions switch of java must be used.
Compile it by: javac AssertionExample.java
Run it by: java -ea AssertionExample
Output: Enter ur age 11
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.AssertionError: Not valid

Where not to use Assertion:

There are some situations where assertion should be avoid to use. They are:
1. According to Sun Specification, assertion should not be used to check
arguments in the public methods because it should result in appropriate
runtime exception e.g. IllegalArgumentException, NullPointerException etc.
2. Do not use assertion, if you don't want any error in any situation.
Next TopicFor Each Loop
<<prev
next>>

For-each loop (Advanced or Enhanced For loop):

The for-each loop introduced in Java5. It is mainly used to traverse array or
collection elements. The advantage of for-each loop is that it eliminates the
possibility of bugs and makes the code more readable.

Advantage of for-each loop:

It makes the code more readable.

It elimnates the possibility of programming errors.

Syntax of for-each loop:

1. for(data_type variable : array | collection){}

Simple Example of for-each loop for traversing the array elements:

1.
2. class ForEachExample1{
3.

public static void main(String args[]){

4.

int arr[]={12,13,14,44};

5.
6.

for(int i:arr){

7.
8.

System.out.println(i);
}

9.
10. }
11.}
12.
Output:12
13
14
44

Simple Example of for-each loop for traversing the collection elements:

1. import java.util.*;
2. class ForEachExample2{
3.

public static void main(String args[]){

4.

ArrayList<string> list=new ArrayList<string>();

5.

list.add("vimal");

6.

list.add("sonoo");

7.

list.add("ratan");

8.
9.

for(String s:list){

10.
11.

System.out.println(s);
}

12.
13. }
14.}
15.
16.</string></string>
Output:vimal
sonoo
ratan

download this example

Next TopicVarargs
Variable Argument (Varargs):
The varrags allows the method to accept zero or muliple arguments. Before varargs
either we use overloaded method or take an array as the method parameter but it
was not considered good because it leads to the maintenance problem. If we don't
know how many argument we will have to pass in the method, varargs is the better

approach.
Advantage of Varargs:
We don't have to provide overloaded methods so less code.

Syntax of varargs:
The varargs uses ellipsis i.e. three dots after the data type. Syntax is as follows:
1. return_type method_name(data_type... variableName){}

Simple Example of Varargs in java:

1.
2. class VarargsExample1{
3.
4.

static void display(String... values){

5.
6.

System.out.println("display method invoked ");

}

7.
8.

public static void main(String args[]){

9.
10. display();//zero argument
11. display("my","name","is","varargs");//four arguments
12. }
13.}
14.
Output:display method invoked
display method invoked

Another Program of Varargs in java:

1.
2. class VarargsExample{
3.
4.

static void display(String... values){

5.

System.out.println("display method invoked ");

6.

for(String s:values){

7.

System.out.println(s);

8.
9.

}
}

10.
11. public static void main(String args[]){
12.
13. display();//zero argument
14. display("hello");//one argument
15. display("my","name","is","varargs");//four arguments
16. }
17.}
18.
Output:display method invoked
display method invoked
hello
display method invoked
my
name
is
varargs

download this example

Rules for varargs:

While using the varargs, you must follow some rules otherwise program code won't
compile. The rules are as follows:

There can be only one variable argument in the method.

Variable argument (varargs) must be the last argument.

Examples of varargs that fails to compile:

1.
2. void method(String... a, int... b){}//Compile time error
3.
4. void method(int... a, String b){}//Compile time error
5.
Example of Varargs that is the last argument in the method:
1.
2. class VarargsExample3{
3.
4.

static void display(int num, String... values){

5.

System.out.println("number is "+num);

6.

for(String s:values){

7.
8.
9.

System.out.println(s);
}
}

10.
11. public static void main(String args[]){

12.
13. display(500,"hello");//one argument
14. display(1000,"my","name","is","varargs");//four arguments
15. }
16.}
17.
Output:number is 500
hello
number is 1000
my
name
is
varargs

download this example

Next Topicstatic-import-in-java
<<prev
Static Import:
The static import feature of Java 5 facilitate the java programmer to access any
static member of a class directly. There is no need to qualify it by the class name.
Advantage of static import:

Less coding is required if you have access any static member of a class
oftenly.

Disadvantage of static import:

If you overuse the static import feature, it makes the program unreadable
and unmaintainable.

Simple Example of static import

1. import static java.lang.System.*;
2. class StaticImportExample{

3.

public static void main(String args[]){

4.
5.

out.println("Hello");//Now no need of System.out

6.

out.println("Java");

7.
8.

9. }
10.
Output:Hello
Java

What is the difference between import and static import?

The import allows the java programmer to access classes of a package without
package qualification whereas the static import feature allows to access the static
members of a class without the class qualification. The import provides accessibility
to classes and interface whereas static import provides accessibility to static
members of the class.
Next TopicAutoboxing And Unboxing
<<prev
next>>

Autoboxing and Unboxing:

The automatic conversion of primitive data types into its equivalent Wrapper type is
known as boxing and opposite operation is known as unboxing. This is the new
feature of Java5. So java programmer doesn't need to write the conversion code.
Advantage of Autoboxing and Unboxing:
No need of conversion between primitives and Wrappers manually so less coding is
required.

Simple Example of Autoboxing in java:

1.
2. class BoxingExample1{
3.

public static void main(String args[]){

4.

int a=50;

5.

Integer a2=new Integer(a);//Boxing

6.
7.

Integer a3=5;//Boxing

8.
9.

System.out.println(a2+" "+a3);

10. }
11.}
12.
Output:50 5

download this example

Simple Example of Unboxing in java:

The automatic conversion of wrapper class type into corresponding primitive type,
is known as Unboxing. Let's see the example of unboxing:
1.
2. class UnboxingExample1{
3.
4.
5.
6.

public static void main(String args[]){

Integer i=new Integer(50);
int a=i;

7.
8.

System.out.println(a);
}

9. }
10.
Output:50

Autoboxing and Unboxing with comparison operators

Autoboxing can be performed with comparison operators. Let's see the example of
boxing with comparison operator:
1.
2. class UnboxingExample1{
3.

public static void main(String args[]){

4.

Integer i=new Integer(50);

5.
6.

if(i<100){

7.

System.out.println(i);

8.

9.

//unboxing internally

10.}
11.
Output:50

Autoboxing and Unboxing with method overloading

In method overloading, boxing and unboxing can be performed. There are some
rules for method overloading with boxing:

Widening beats boxing

Widening beats varargs

Boxing beats varargs

1) Example of Autoboxing where widening beats boxing

If there is possibility of widening and boxing, widening beats boxing.
1.
2. class Boxing1{
3.

static void m(int i){System.out.println("int");}

4.

static void m(Integer i){System.out.println("Integer");}

5.
6.

public static void main(String args[]){

7.

short s=30;

8.

m(s);

9.

10.}
11.
Output:int

2) Example of Autoboxing where widening beats varargs

If there is possibility of widening and varargs, widening beats var-args.
1.
2. class Boxing2{
3.

static void m(int i, int i2){System.out.println("int int");}

4.

static void m(Integer... i){System.out.println("Integer...");}

5.

6.

public static void main(String args[]){

7.

short s1=30,s2=40;

8.

m(s1,s2);

9.

10.}
11.
Output:int int

3) Example of Autoboxing where boxing beats varargs

Let's see the program where boxing beats variable argument:
1.
2. class Boxing3{
3.

static void m(Integer i){System.out.println("Integer");}

4.

static void m(Integer... i){System.out.println("Integer...");}

5.
6.

public static void main(String args[]){

7.

int a=30;

8.

m(a);

9.

10.}
11.
Output:Integer

Method overloading with Widening and Boxing

Widening and Boxing can't be performed as given below:
1.

2. class Boxing3{
3.

static void m(Long l){System.out.println("Long");}

4.
5.

public static void main(String args[]){

6.

int a=30;

7.

m(a);

8.

9. }
10.
Output:Compile Time Error

Next TopicEnum In Java

Enum

An enum is a data type which contains fixed set of constants. It can be used for
days of the week (SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY
and SATURDAY) , directions (NORTH, SOUTH, EAST and WEST) etc. The enum
constants are static and final implicitely. It is available from Java 5. Enums can be
thought of as classes that have fixed set of constants.
Points to remember for Enum:
1. enum improves type safety
2. enum can be easily used in switch
3. enum can be traversed
4. enum can have fields, constructors and methods
5. enum may implement many interfaces but cannot extend any class because
it internally extends Enum class

Simple Example of enum in java:

1.

2. class EnumExample1{
3.
4. public enum Season { WINTER, SPRING, SUMMER, FALL }
5.
6. public static void main(String[] args) {
7. for (Season s : Season.values())
8. System.out.println(s);
9.
10.}}
11.
Output:WINTER
SPRING
SUMMER
FALL

download this enum example

What is the purpose of values() method in enum?
The java compiler internally adds the values() method when it creates an enum.
The values() method returns an array containing all the values of the enum.

Internal code generated by the compiler for the above example of enum
type
The java compiler internally creates a static and final class that extends the Enum
class as shown in the below example:
1. public static final class EnumExample1$Season extends Enum
2. {
3.
4.

private EnumExample1$Season(String s, int i)

{

5.
6.

super(s, i);
}

7.
8.

public static EnumExample1$Season[] values()

9.

10.

return (EnumExample1$Season[])$VALUES.clone();

11.

12.
13.

public static EnumExample1$Season valueOf(String s)

14.

15.

return (EnumExample1$Season)Enum.valueOf(EnumExample1$Season,
s);

16.

17.
18.

public static final EnumExample1$Season WINTER;

19.

public static final EnumExample1$Season SPRING;

20.

public static final EnumExample1$Season SUMMER;

21.

public static final EnumExample1$Season FALL;

22.

private static final EnumExample1$Season $VALUES[];

23.
24.

static

25.

26.

WINTER = new EnumExample1$Season("WINTER", 0);

27.

SPRING = new EnumExample1$Season("SPRING", 1);

28.

SUMMER = new EnumExample1$Season("SUMMER", 2);

29.

FALL = new EnumExample1$Season("FALL", 3);

30.

$VALUES = (new EnumExample1$Season[] {

31.

WINTER, SPRING, SUMMER, FALL

32.
33.

});
}

34.
35.}

Defining enum:
The enum can be defined within or outside the class because it is similar to a class.
Example of enum that is defined outside the class:
1.
2. enum Season { WINTER, SPRING, SUMMER, FALL }
3.
4. class EnumExample2{
5. public static void main(String[] args) {
6.
7. Season s=Season.WINTER;
8. System.out.println(s);
9.
10.}}
11.
Output:WINTER

Example of enum that is defined within the class:

1. class EnumExample2{
2. enum Season { WINTER, SPRING, SUMMER, FALL; }//semicolon(;) is optional h
ere

3.
4. public static void main(String[] args) {
5. Season s=Season.WINTER;//enum type is required to access WINTER
6. System.out.println(s);
7.
8. }}
9.
Output:WINTER

Initializing specific value to the enum constants:

The enum constants have initial value that starts from 0, 1, 2, 3 and so on. But we
can initialize the specific value to the enum constants by defining fields and
constructors. As specified earlier, Enum can have fields, constructors and methods.
Example of specifying initial value to the enum constants
1. class EnumExample4{
2. enum Season{
3. WINTER(5), SPRING(10), SUMMER(15), FALL(20);
4.
5. private int value;
6. private Season(int value){
7. this.value=value;
8. }
9. }
10.public static void main(String args[]){
11.for (Season s : Season.values())
12.System.out.println(s+" "+s.value);

13.
14.}}
15.
download this enum example
Output:WINTER 5
SPRING 10
SUMMER 15
FALL 20

Constructor of enum type is private if you don't declare private compiler internally
have private constructor
1. enum Season{
2. WINTER(10),SUMMER(20);
3. private int value;
4. Season(int value){
5. this.value=value;
6. }
7. }
8.
Internal code generated by the compiler for the above example of enum
type
1. final class Season extends Enum
2. {
3.
4.

public static Season[] values()

5.

6.
7.

return (Season[])$VALUES.clone();
}

8.
9.

public static Season valueOf(String s)

10.

11.
12.

return (Season)Enum.valueOf(Season, s);

}

13.
14.

private Season(String s, int i, int j)

15.

16.

super(s, i);

17.

value = j;

18.

19.
20.

public static final Season WINTER;

21.

public static final Season SUMMER;

22.

private int value;

23.

private static final Season $VALUES[];

24.
25.

static

26.

27.

WINTER = new Season("WINTER", 0, 10);

28.

SUMMER = new Season("SUMMER", 1, 20);

29.

$VALUES = (new Season[] {

30.
31.

WINTER, SUMMER
});

32.

33.}

Can we create the instance of enum by new keyword?

No, because it contains private constructors only.

Can we have abstract method in enum?

Yes, ofcourse! we can have abstract methods and can provide the implementation
of these methods.

Applying enum on switch statement

We can apply enum on switch statement as in the given example:
Example of applying enum on switch statement
1. class EnumExample5{
2. enum Day{ SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY, S
ATURDAY}
3.
4. public static void main(String args[]){
5.
6. Day day=Day.MONDAY;
7.
8. switch(day){
9. case SUNDAY:
10. System.out.println("sunday");
11. break;
12.case MONDAY:
13. System.out.println("monday");

14. break;
15.default:
16.System.out.println("other day");
17.}
18.
19.}}
20.
download this enum example
Output:monday

Next TopicJava Annotation

Java Annotation

Annotation is a tag that represents the metadata. It is attached with class, interface, methods or
fields to indicate some additional information that can be used by java compiler and JVM.

Built-In Annotations

There are several built-in annoations. Some annotations are applied to java code and some to
other annotations.
Built-In Annotations that are applied to java code

@Override

@SuppressWarnings

@Deprecated

Built-In Annotations that are applied to other annotations

@Target

@Retention

@Inherited

@Documented

Understanding Built-In Annotations that are applied to java code

Let's understand the built-in annotations first.

@Override

@Override annotation assures that the subclass method is overriding the parent class method. If
it is not so, compile time error occurs.
Sometimes, we does the silly mistake such as spelling mistakes etc. So, it is better to mark
@Override annotation that provides assurity that method is overridden.
1. class Animal{
2. void eatSomething(){System.out.println("eating something");}
3. }
4.
5. class Dog extends Animal{
6. @Override
7. void eatsomething(){System.out.println("eating foods");}//should be eatSome
thing
8. }
9.
10.class Test{
11.public static void main(String args[]){
12.Animal a=new Dog();
13.a.eatSomething();
14.}}
Output: Comple Time Error

@SuppressWarnings

@SuppressWarnings annotation: is used to suppress warnings issued by the compiler.

1. import java.util.*;
2. class Test{
3. @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
4. public static void main(String args[]){
5.
6. ArrayList list=new ArrayList();
7. list.add("sonoo");
8. list.add("vimal");
9. list.add("ratan");
10.
11.for(Object obj:list)
12.System.out.println(obj);
13.
14.}}
Now no warning at compile time.

If you remove the @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") annotation, it will show warning at

compile time because we are using non-generic collection.

@Deprecated

@Deprecated annoation marks that this method is deprecated so compiler prints warning. It
informs user that it may be removed in the future versions. So, it is better not to use such
methods.
1. class A{
2. void m(){System.out.println("hello m");}

3.
4. @Deprecated
5. void n(){System.out.println("hello n");}
6. }
7.
8. class Test{
9. public static void main(String args[]){
10.
11.A a=new A();
12.a.n();
13.}}
At Compile Time:
Note: Test.java uses or overrides a deprecated API.
Note: Recompile with -Xlint:deprecation for details.
At Runtime:
hello n
Custom Annotation
Creating, Applying and Accessing Custom Annotation
Next TopicCustom Annotation

<<prev
next>>

Custom Annotation

We can create the user-defined annotations also. The @interface element is used to declare an
annotation. For example:

1. @interface MyAnnotation{}
Points to remember for annotation signature

There are few points that should be remembered by the programmer.

1. Method should not have any throws clauses
2. Method should return one of the following: primitive data types, String, Class,
enum or array of these data types.
3. Method should not have any parameter.
4. We should attach @ just before interface keyword to define annotation.
5. It may assign a default value to the method.

Types of Annotation

There are three types of annotations.

1. Marker Annotation
2. Single-Value Annotation
3. Multi-Value Annotation
1) Marker Annotation

An annotation that has no method, is called marker annotation. For example:

1. @interface MyAnnotation{}

The @Override and @Deprecated are marker annotations.

2) Single-Value Annotation

An annotation that has one method, is called Single-Value annotation. For example:
1. @interface MyAnnotation{
2. int value();
3. }

We can provide the default value also. For example:

1. @interface MyAnnotation{
2. int value() default 0;
3. }
How to apply Single-Value Annotation

Let's see the code to apply the single value annotation.

1. @MyAnnotation(value=10)

The value can be anything.

3) Mulit-Value Annotation

An annotation that has more than one method, is called Multi-Value annotation. For example:
1. @interface MyAnnotation{
2. int value1();
3. String value2();
4. String value3();
5. }
6. }

We can provide the default value also. For example:

1. @interface MyAnnotation{
2. int value1() default 1;
3. String value2() default "";
4. String value3() default "xyz";
5. }
How to apply Multi-Value Annotation

Let's see the code to apply the multi-value annotation.

1. @MyAnnotation(value1=10,value2="Arun Kumar",value3="Ghaziabad")

Built-in Annotations applied to other annotations (custom annotations)

@Target

@Retention

@Inherited

@Documented

@Target

@Target tag is used to specify at which type, the annotation is used.

The java.lang.annotation.ElementType enum declares many constants to specify the type of
element where annotation is to be applied such as TYPE, METHOD, FIELD etc. Let's see the
constants of ElementType enum:
Element Types

Where the annotation can be applied

TYPE

class, interface or enumeration

FIELD

fields

METHOD

methods

CONSTRUCTOR

constructors

LOCAL_VARIABLE

local variables

ANNOTATION_TYPE

annotation type

PARAMETER

parameter

Example to specify annoation for a class

1. @Target(ElementType.TYPE)

2. @interface MyAnnotation{
3. int value1();
4. String value2();
5. }
Example to specify annoation for a class, methods or fields
1. @Target({ElementType.TYPE, ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.METHOD})
2. @interface MyAnnotation{
3. int value1();
4. String value2();
5. }
@Retention

@Retention annotation is used to specify to what level annotation will be available.

RetentionPolicy

Availability

RetentionPolicy.SOU
RCE

refers to the source code, discarded during

compilation. It will not be available in the compiled
class.

RetentionPolicy.CLA
SS

refers to the .class file, available to java compiler

but not to JVM . It is included in the class file.

RetentionPolicy.RUN
TIME

refers to the runtime, available to java compiler

and JVM .

Example to specify the RetentionPolicy

1. @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
2. @Target(ElementType.TYPE)
3. @interface MyAnnotation{
4. int value1();

5. String value2();
6. }

Example of custom annotation: creating, applying and accessing annotation

Let's see the simple example of creating, applying and accessing annotation.
1. //Creating annotation
2. import java.lang.annotation.*;
3. import java.lang.reflect.*;
4.
5. @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
6. @Target(ElementType.METHOD)
7. @interface MyAnnotation{
8. int value();
9. }
10.
11.//Applying annotation
12.class Hello{
13.@MyAnnotation(value=10)
14.public void sayHello(){System.out.println("hello annotation");}
15.}
16.
17.//Accessing annotation
18.class Test{
19.public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
20.

21.Hello h=new Hello();

22.Method m=h.getClass().getMethod("sayHello");
23.
24.MyAnnotation manno=m.getAnnotation(MyAnnotation.class);
25.System.out.println("value is: "+manno.value());
26.}}
Output: value is: 10
download this example

How built-in annotaions are used in real scenario?

In real scenario, java programmer only need to apply annotation. He/She doesn't need to create
and access annotation. Creating and Accessing annotation is performed by the implementation
provider. On behalf of the annotation, java compiler or JVM performs some additional
operations.
@Inherited

By default, annotations are not inherited to subclasses. The @Inherited annotation marks the
annotation to be inherited to subclasses.
1. @Inherited
2. @interface ForEveryone { }//Now it will be available to subclass also
3.
4. @interface ForEveryone { }
5. class Superclass{}
6.
7. class Subclass extends Superclass{}
@Documented

The @Documented Marks the annotation for inclusion in the documentation.

Next TopicGenerics In Java
Generics in Java

The Java Generics programming is introduced in J2SE 5 to deal with type-safe objects.
Before generics, we can store any type of objects in collection i.e. non-generic. Now generics,
forces the java programmer to store specific type of objects.
Advantage of Java Generics

There are mainly 3 advantages of generics. They are as follows:

1) Type-safety : We can hold only a single type of objects in generics. It doesnt allow to store
other objects.
2) Type casting is not required: There is no need to typecast the object.
Before Generics, we need to type cast.
1. List list = new ArrayList();
2. list.add("hello");
3. String s = (String) list.get(0);//typecasting

After Generics, we don't need to typecast the object.

1. List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
2. list.add("hello");
3. String s = list.get(0);

3) Compile-Time Checking: It is checked at compile time so problem will not occur at runtime.
The good programming strategy says it is far better to handle the problem at compile time than
runtime.
1. List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
2. list.add("hello");
3. list.add(32);//Compile Time Error

Syntax to use generic collection

1. ClassOrInterface<Type>
Simple example to use Generics
1. ArrayList<String>

Full Example of Java Generics

Here, we are using the ArrayList class, but you can use any collection class such as ArrayList,
LinkedList, HashSet, TreeSet, HashMap, Comparator etc.
1. import java.util.*;
2. class Simple{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. ArrayList<String> list=new ArrayList<String>();
5. list.add("rahul");
6. list.add("jai");
7. //list.add(32);//compile time error
8.
9. String s=list.get(1);//type casting is not required
10.System.out.println("element is: "+s);
11.
12.Iterator<String> itr=list.iterator();
13.while(itr.hasNext()){
14.System.out.println(itr.next());
15.}
16.}

17.}
Output:element is: jai
rahul
jai

Example of Java Generics using Map

Now we are going to use map elements using generics. Here, we need to pass key and value. Let
us understand it by a simple example:
1. import java.util.*;
2. class Test{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. Map<Integer,String> map=new HashMap<Integer,String>();
5. map.put(1,"vijay");
6. map.put(4,"umesh");
7. map.put(2,"ankit");
8.
9. //Now use Map.Entry for Set and Iterator
10.Set<Map.Entry<Integer,String>> set=map.entrySet();
11.
12.Iterator<Map.Entry<Integer,String>> itr=set.iterator();
13.while(itr.hasNext()){
14.Map.Entry e=itr.next();//no need to typecast
15.System.out.println(e.getKey()+" "+e.getValue());
16.}
17.
18.}}
Output:1 vijay

2 ankit
4 umesh

Generic class

A class that can refer to any type is known as generic class. Here, we are using T type parameter
to create the generic class of specific type.
Lets see the simple example to create and use the generic class.
Creating generic class:
1. class MyGen<T>{
2. T obj;
3. void add(T obj){this.obj=obj;}
4. T get(){return obj;}
5. }

The T type indicates that it can refer to any type (like String, Integer, Employee etc.). The type
you specify for the class, will be used to store and retrieve the data.
Using generic class:

Lets see the code to use the generic class.

1. class UseGen{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. MyGen<Integer> m=new MyGen<Integer>();
4. m.add(2);
5. //m.add("vivek");//Compile time error
6. System.out.println(m.get());
7. }}
Output:2

Understanding Type Parameters

The type parameters naming conventions are important to learn generics thoroughly. The
commonly type parameters are as follows:
1. T - Type
2. E - Element
3. K - Key
4. N - Number
5. V - Value
6. S,U,V etc. - 2nd, 3rd, 4th types

Generic Method

Like generic class, we can create generic method that can accept any type of argument.
Lets see a simple example of java generic method to print array elements. We are using here E
to denote the element.
1. public class GenericMethodDemo{
2.
3.

public static < E > void printArray(E[] elements) {

4.

for ( E element : elements){

5.

System.out.println(element );

6.

7.

System.out.println();

8.

9.

public static void main( String args[] ) {

10.

Integer[] intArray = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 };

11.

Character[] charArray = { 'J', 'A', 'V', 'A', 'T','P','O','I','N','T' };

12.

13.

System.out.println( "Printing Integer Array" );

14.

printArray( intArray );

15.
16.

System.out.println( "Printing Character Array" );

17.
18.

printArray( charArray );
}

19.}
Output:Printing Integer Array
10
20
30
40
50
Printing Character Array
J
A
V
A
T
P
O
I
N
T

Next TopicRMI

Remote Method Invocation (RMI)

1. Remote Method Invocation (RMI)
2. Understanding stub and skeleton
1. stub
2. skeleton
3. Understanding requirements for the distributed applications
4. Steps to write the RMI program
5. Example of creating simple RMI application
1. Create the remote interface

2. Provide the implementation of the remote interface

3. create the stub and skeleton objects using the rmic tool
4. Start the registry service by rmiregistry tool
5. Create and start the remote application
6. Create and start the client application
The Remote Method Invocation (RMI) is an API that provides a mechanism to create
distributed application in java. The RMI allows an object to invoke methods on an
object running in another JVM.
The RMI provides remote communication between the applications using two
objects stub and skeleton.
Understanding stub and skeleton
RMI uses stub and skeleton object for communication with the remote object. A
remote object is an object whose method can be invoked from another JVM. Let's
understand the stub and skeleton objects:
stub
The stub is an object, acts as a gateway for the client side. All the outgoing requests
are routed through it. It resides at the client side and represents the remote object.
When the caller invokes method on the stub object, it does the following tasks:
1. It initiates a connection with remote Virtual Machine (JVM),
2. It writes and transmits (marshals) the parameters to the remote Virtual
Machine (JVM),
3. It waits for the result
4. It reads (unmarshals) the return value or exception, and
5. It finally, returns the value to the caller.
skeleton
The skeleton is an object, acts as a gateway for the server side object. All the
incoming requests are routed through it. When the skeleton receives the incoming
request, it does the following tasks:
1. It reads the parameter for the remote method

2. It invokes the method on the actual remote object, and

3. It writes and transmits (marshals) the result to the caller.
In the Java 2 SDK, an stub protocol was introduced that eliminates the need for
skeletons.

Understanding requirements for the distributed applications

If any application performs these tasks, it can be distributed application.
1. The application need to locate the remote method
2. It need to provide the communication with the remote objects, and
3. The application need to load the class definitions for the objects.
The RMI application have all these features, so it is called the distributed
application.
Steps to write the RMI program
The is given the 6 steps to write the RMI program.
1. Create the remote interface

2. Provide the implementation of the remote interface

3. Compile the implementation class and create the stub and skeleton objects
using the rmic tool
4. Start the registry service by rmiregistry tool
5. Create and start the remote application
6. Create and start the client application

Example of creating simple RMI application

In this example, we have followed all the 6 steps to create and run the rmi
application. The client application need only two files, remote interface and client
application. In the rmi application, both client and server interacts with the remote
interface. The client application invokes methods on the proxy object, RMI sends the
request to the remote JVM. The return value is sent back to the proxy object and
then to the client application.

1) create the remote interface

For creating the remote interface, extend the Remote interface and declare the
RemoteException with all the methods of the remote interface. Here, we are

creating a remote interface that extends the Remote interface. There is only one
method named add() and it declares RemoteException.
1. import java.rmi.*;
2. public interface Adder extends Remote{
3.
4. public int add(int x,int y)throws RemoteException;
5. }

2) Provide the implementation of the remote interface

Now provide the implementation of the remote interface. For providing the
implementation of the Remote interface, we need to

Either extend the UnicastRemoteObject class,

or use the exportObject() method of the UnicastRemoteObject class

In case, you extend the UnicastRemoteObject class, you must define a constructor
that declares RemoteException.
1. import java.rmi.*;
2. import java.rmi.server.*;
3.
4. public class AdderRemote extends UnicastRemoteObject implements Adder{
5.
6. AdderRemote()throws RemoteException{
7. super();
8. }
9.
10.public int add(int x,int y){return x+y;}
11.

12.}

3) create the stub and skeleton objects using the rmic tool.
Next step is to create stub and skeleton objects using the rmi compiler. The rmic
tool invokes the RMI compiler and creates stub and skeleton objects.
1. rmic AdderRemote

4) Start the registry service by the rmiregistry tool

Now start the registry service by using the rmiregistry tool. If you don't specify the
port number, it uses a default port number. In this example, we are using the port
number 5000.
1. rmiregistry 5000

5) Create and run the server application

Now rmi services need to be hosted in a server process. The Naming class provides
methods to get and store the remote object. The Naming class provides 5 methods.
1. public static java.rmi.Remote lookup(java.lang.String) throws
java.rmi.NotBoundException, java.net.MalformedURLException,
java.rmi.RemoteException; it returns the reference of the remote object.
2. public static void bind(java.lang.String, java.rmi.Remote) throws
java.rmi.AlreadyBoundException, java.net.MalformedURLException,
java.rmi.RemoteException; it binds the remote object with the given
name.
3. public static void unbind(java.lang.String) throws
java.rmi.RemoteException, java.rmi.NotBoundException,
java.net.MalformedURLException; it destroys the remote object which is
bound with the given name.
4. public static void rebind(java.lang.String, java.rmi.Remote) throws
java.rmi.RemoteException, java.net.MalformedURLException; it binds
the remote object to the new name.
5. public static java.lang.String[] list(java.lang.String) throws
java.rmi.RemoteException, java.net.MalformedURLException; it
returns an array of the names of the remote objects bound in the registry.

In this example, we are binding the remote object by the name sonoo.
1. import java.rmi.*;
2. import java.rmi.registry.*;
3.
4. public class MyServer{
5.
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. try{
8.
9. Adder stub=new AdderRemote();
10.Naming.rebind("rmi://localhost:5000/sonoo",stub);
11.
12.}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
13.}
14.
15.}

6) Create and run the client application

At the client we are getting the stub object by the lookup() method of the Naming
class and invoking the method on this object. In this example, we are running the
server and client applications, in the same machine so we are using localhost. If you
want to access the remote object from another machine, change the localhost to
the host name (or IP address) where the remote object is located.
1. import java.rmi.*;
2.
3. public class MyClient{

4.
5. public static void main(String args[]){
6. try{
7.
8. Adder stub=(Adder)Naming.lookup("rmi://localhost:5000/sonoo");
9. System.out.println(stub.add(34,4));
10.
11.}catch(Exception e){}
12.}
13.
14.}

download this example of rmi

1. For running this rmi example,

2.
3. 1) compile all the java files
4.
5. javac *.java
6.
7. 2)create stub and skeleton object by rmic tool
8.
9. rmic AdderRemote
10.
11.3)start rmi registry in one command prompt

12.
13.rmiregistry 5000
14.
15.4)start the server in another command prompt
16.
17.java MyServer
18.
19.5)start the client application in another command prompt
20.
21.java MyClient

Output of this RMI example

ERROR
Internationalization and Localization in Java
1. Internationalization and Localization
2. Understanding the culturally dependent data
3. Locale class
4. Example of Local class that prints the informations of the default locale
5. Example of Local class that prints english in different languages
6. Example of Local class that print display language of many locales

Internationalization is also abbreviated as I18N because there are total 18 characters between
the first letter 'I' and the last letter 'N'.
Internationalization is a mechanism to create such an application that can be adapted to different
languages and regions.
Internationalization is one of the powerful concept of java if you are developing an application
and want to display messages, currencies, date, time etc. according to the specific region or
language.

Localization is also abbreviated as I10N because there are total 10 characters between the first
letter 'L' and last letter 'N'. Localization is the mechanism to create such an application that can
be adapted to a specific language and region by adding locale-specific text and component.

Do You Know ?

What is the use of Locale class ?

How can we globalize the messages (or) What is the use of ResourceBundle
class?

How can we internationalize the date, time, number, currency and

measurements?

Understanding the culturally dependent data before starting internationalization

Before starting the internationalization, Let's first understand what are the
informations that differ from one region to another. There is the list of culturally
dependent data:

Messages

Dates

Times

Numbers

Currencies

Measurements

Phone Numbers

Postal Addresses

Labels on GUI components etc.

Importance of Locale class in Internationalization

An object of Locale class represents a geographical or cultural region. This object

can be used to get the locale specific information such as country name, language,
variant etc.
Fields of Locale class
There are fields of Locale class:
1. public static final Locale ENGLISH
2. public static final Locale FRENCH
3. public static final Locale GERMAN
4. public static final Locale ITALIAN
5. public static final Locale JAPANESE
6. public static final Locale KOREAN
7. public static final Locale CHINESE
8. public static final Locale SIMPLIFIED_CHINESE
9. public static final Locale TRADITIONAL_CHINESE
10.public static final Locale FRANCE
11.public static final Locale GERMANY
12.public static final Locale ITALY
13.public static final Locale JAPAN
14.public static final Locale KOREA
15.public static final Locale CHINA
16.public static final Locale PRC
17.public static final Locale TAIWAN
18.public static final Locale UK
19.public static final Locale US
20.public static final Locale CANADA

21.public static final Locale CANADA_FRENCH

22.public static final Locale ROOT
Constructors of Locale class
There are three constructors of Locale class.They are as follows:
1. Locale(String language)
2. Locale(String language, String country)
3. Locale(String language, String country, String variant)
Commonly used methods of Locale class
There are given commonly used methods of Locale class.
1. public static Locale getDefault() it returns the instance of current Locale
2. public static Locale[] getAvailableLocales() it returns an array of
available locales.
3. public String getDisplayCountry() it returns the country name of this
locale object.
4. public String getDisplayLanguage() it returns the language name of this
locale object.
5. public String getDisplayVariant() it returns the variant code for this locale
object.
6. public String getISO3Country() it returns the three letter abbreviation for
the current locale's country.
7. public String getISO3Language() it returns the three letter abbreviation
for the current locale's language.

Example of Local class that prints the informations of the default locale
In this example, we are displaying the informations of the default locale. If you want
to get the informations about any specific locale, comment the first line statement
and uncomment the second line statement in the main method.
1. import java.util.*;

2. public class LocaleExample {

3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. Locale locale=Locale.getDefault();
5. //Locale locale=new Locale("fr","fr");//for the specific locale
6.
7. System.out.println(locale.getDisplayCountry());
8. System.out.println(locale.getDisplayLanguage());
9. System.out.println(locale.getDisplayName());
10.System.out.println(locale.getISO3Country());
11.System.out.println(locale.getISO3Language());
12.System.out.println(locale.getLanguage());
13.System.out.println(locale.getCountry());
14.
15.}
16.}
download this example
Output:United States
English
English (United States)
USA
eng
en
US

Example of Local class that prints english in different languages

In this example, we are displaying english language in different language. Let's see
how english is written in french and spanish languages.
1. import java.util.*;
2. public class LocaleExample2 {

3.

public static void main(String[] args) {

4.

Locale enLocale = new Locale("en", "US");

5.

Locale frLocale = new Locale("fr", "FR");

6.

Locale esLocale = new Locale("es", "ES");

7.

System.out.println("English language name (default): " +

8.

enLocale.getDisplayLanguage());

9.
10.

System.out.println("English language name in French: " +

11.

enLocale.getDisplayLanguage(frLocale));

12.

System.out.println("English language name in spanish: " +

13.

enLocale.getDisplayLanguage(esLocale));

14.

15.
16.}
Output:English language name (default): English
English language name in French: anglais
English language name in spanish: ingl???s

Example of Local class that print display language of many locales

In this example, we are displaying the display lanuage of many locales.
1. import java.util.*;
2. public class LocaleEx {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. Locale[] locales = { new Locale("en", "US"),
5.
6.

new Locale("es", "ES"), new Locale("it", "IT") };

7. for (int i=0; i< locales.length; i++) {

8.

String displayLanguage = locales[i].getDisplayLanguage(locales[i]);

9.

System.out.println(locales[i].toString() + ": " + displayLanguage);

10.}
11.}
12.
13.}
Output:en_US: English
es_ES: espa???ol
it_IT: italiano

What we will learn in Internationalization Tutorial ?

ResourceBundle class

I18N with Date

I18N with Time

I18N with Number

I18N with Currency

I18N with Measurements

<<prev
Next TopicResourceBundle Class
ResourceBundle class in Java
1. ResourceBundle class
2. Commonly used methods of ResourceBundle class
3. Example of ResourceBundle class

The ResourceBundle class is used to internationalize the messages. In other words, we can say
that it provides a mechanism to globalize the messages.

The hardcoded message is not considered good in terms of programming, because it differs from
one country to another. So we use the ResourceBundle class to globalize the massages. The
ResourceBundle class loads these informations from the properties file that contains the
messages.
Conventionally, the name of the properties file should be filename_languagecode_country code
for example MyMessage_en_US.properties.

Commonly used methods of ResourceBundle class

There are many methods in the ResourceBundle class. Let's see the commonly used
methods of the ResourceBundle class.

public static ResourceBundle getBundle(String basename) returns the

instance of the ResourceBundle class for the default locale.

public static ResourceBundle getBundle(String basename, Locale

locale) returns the instance of the ResourceBundle class for the specified
locale.

public String getString(String key) returns the value for the

corresponding key from this resource bundle.

Example of ResourceBundle class

Let's see the simple example of ResourceBundle class. In this example, we are
creating three files:

MessageBundle_en_US.properties file contains the localize message for

US country.

MessageBundle_in_ID.properties file contains the localize message for

Indonaisa country.

InternationalizationDemo.java file that loads these properties file in a

bundle and prints the messages.

MessageBundle_en_US.properties
greeting=Hello, how are you?

MessageBundle_in_ID.properties

greeting=Halo, apa kabar?

InternationalizationDemo.java
1. import java.util.Locale;
2. import java.util.ResourceBundle;
3. public class InternationalizationDemo {
4.

public static void main(String[] args) {

5.
6.

ResourceBundle bundle = ResourceBundle.getBundle("MessageBundle", Loc

ale.US);

7.

System.out.println("Message in "+Locale.US +":"+bundle.getString("greetin

g"));

8.
9.

//changing the default locale to indonasian

10. Locale.setDefault(new Locale("in", "ID"));

11. bundle = ResourceBundle.getBundle("MessageBundle");
12. System.out.println("Message in "+Locale.getDefault()
+":"+bundle.getString("greeting"));
13.
14. }
15.}
Output:Message in en_US : Hello, how r u?
Message in in_ID : halo, apa kabar?

download this example of ResourceBundle class

Next TopicInternationalizing Date

<<prev
next>>

<<prev
Internationalizing Date (I18N with Date)
1. Internationalizing Date
2. Commonly used methods of the DateFormat class
3. Example of Inernationalizing Date

The format of the dates differ from one region to another that is why we internationalize the
dates.
We can internationalize the date by using the getDateInstance() method of the DateFormat
class. It receives the locale object as a parameter and returns the instance of the DateFormat
class.

Commonly used methods of DateFormat class for internationalizing date

There are many methods of the DateFormat class. Let's see the two methods of the
DateFormat class for internationalizing the dates.

public static DateFormat getDateInstance(int style, Locale locale)

returns the instance of the DateFormat class for the specified style and
locale. The style can be DEFAULT, SHORT, LONG etc.

public String format(Date date) returns the formatted and localized date
as a string.

Example of Internationalizing Date

In this example, we are displaying the date according to the different locale such as
UK, US, FRANCE etc. For this purpose we have created the printDate() method that
receives Locale object as an instance. The format() method of the DateFormat class
receives the Date object and returns the formatted and localized date as a string.
1. import java.text.DateFormat;
2. import java.util.*;

3. public class InternationalizationDate {

4.
5. static void printDate(Locale locale){
6. DateFormat formatter=DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.DEFAULT,loc
ale);
7. Date currentDate=new Date();
8. String date=formatter.format(currentDate);
9. System.out.println(date+" "+locale);
10.}
11.
12.public static void main(String[] args) {
13.

printDate(Locale.UK);

14.

printDate(Locale.US);

15.

printDate(Locale.FRANCE);

16.}
17.}
download this example
Output:01-Mar-2012 en_GB
Mar 1, 2012 en_US
1 mars 2012 fr_FR

Next TopicInternationalizing Time

<<prev
next>>

Internationalizing Time (I18N with Time)

1. Internationalizing Time
2. Example of Internationalizing Time

The display format of the time differs from one region to another, so we need to internationalize
the time.
For internationalizing the time, the DateFormat class provides some useful methods.
The getTimeInstance() method of the DateFormat class returns the instance of the DateFormat
class for the specified style and locale.
Syntax of the getTimeInstance() method is given below:
public static DateFormat getTimeInstance(int style, Locale locale)

Example of Internationalizing Time

In this example, we are displaying the current time for the specified locale. The
format() method of the DateFormat class receives date object and returns the
formatted and localized time as a string. Notice that the object of Date class prints
date and time both.
1. import java.text.DateFormat;
2. import java.util.*;
3.
4. public class InternationalizingTime {
5.
6. static void printTime(Locale locale){
7. DateFormat formatter=DateFormat.getTimeInstance(DateFormat.DEFAULT,loc
ale);
8. Date currentDate=new Date();
9. String time=formatter.format(currentDate);
10.System.out.println(time+" in locale "+locale);

11.}
12.
13.public static void main(String[] args) {
14.printTime(Locale.UK);
15.printTime(Locale.US);
16.printTime(Locale.FRANCE);
17.}
18.}
download this example
Output:16:22:49 in locale en_GB
4:22:49 PM in locale en_US
16:22:49 in locale fr_FR

Next TopicInternationalizing Number

Internationalizing Number (I18N with Number)
1. Internationalizing Number
2. Example of Internationalizing Number

The representation of the numbers differ from one locale to another. Internationalizing the
numbers is good approach for the application that displays the informations according to the
locales.
The NumberFormat class is used to format the number according to the specific locale. To get
the instance of the NumberFormat class, we need to call either getInstance() or
getNumberInstance() methods.
Syntax of these methods is given below:
1. public static NumberFormat getNumberInstance(Locale locale)
2. public static NumberFormat getInstance(Locale locale)//same as above

Example of Internationalizing Number

In this example, we are internationalizing the number. The format method of the NumberFormat
class formats the double value into the locale specific number.
1. import java.text.NumberFormat;
2. import java.util.*;
3.
4. public class InternalizationNumber {
5.
6. static void printNumber(Locale locale){
7.

double dbl=105000.3245;

8.

NumberFormat formatter=NumberFormat.getNumberInstance(locale);

9.

String number=formatter.format(dbl);

10. System.out.println(number+" for the locale "+locale);

11.}
12.
13.public static void main(String[] args) {
14.

printNumber(Locale.UK);

15.

printNumber(Locale.US);

16.

printNumber(Locale.FRANCE);

17.

printNumber(Locale.JAPAN);

18.
19.}
20.}
download this example
Output:105,500.324 for the locale en_GB
105,000.324 for the locale en_US
105,a000,324 for the locale fr_FR

105,000.324 for the locale ja_JP

Next TopicInternationalizing Currency

Internationalizing Currency (I18N with Currency)
1. Internationalizing Currency
2. Example of Internationalizing Currency

As we have internationalize the date, time and numbers, we can internationalize the currency
also. The currency differs from one country to another so we need to internationalize the
currency.
The NumberFormat class provides methods to format the currency according to the locale. The
getCurrencyInstance() method of the NumberFormat class returns the instance of the
NumberFormat class.
The syntax of the getCurrencyInstance() method is given below:
1. public static NumberFormat getCurrencyInstance(Locale locale)
Example of Internationalizing Currency
In this example, we are internationalizing the currency. The format method of the
NumberFormat class formats the double value into the locale specific currency.
1. import java.text.NumberFormat;
2. import java.util.*;
3. public class InternalizationCurrency {
4.
5. static void printCurrency(Locale locale){
6.

double dbl=10500.3245;

7.

NumberFormat formatter=NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(locale);

8.

String currency=formatter.format(dbl);

9.

System.out.println(currency+" for the locale "+locale);

10.}

11.
12.public static void main(String[] args) {
13.

printCurrency(Locale.UK);

14.

printCurrency(Locale.US);

15.

printCurrency(Locale.FRANCE);

16.}
17.}
download this example
Output:?10,500.32 for the locale en_GB
$10,500.32 for the locale en_US
10 500,32 ? for the locale fr_FR

Next TopicInternationalizing Measurements

Internationalizing Measurements (I18N with Measurements)

This page is under processing...