A variable is a quantity that changes in value.
A variable is usually represented by an alphabet,
for example x, y.
EXAMPLES
The number of participants in a competition can be
represented by n.
The output of eggs at a poultry can be represented
by x.
A constant is a quantity of a fixed value.
EXAMPLES
1 m = 100 cm
1 kg = 1000 g
The values of a variable can be expressed in the form
of integers, fractions and decimals.
EXAMPLES
31 km
50.75 g
7.2 FORMULAE
A formula is an equation that relates a few variables.
The value of a variable in a formula can be
determined if the values of other variables are
given.
Subject of a formula is a variable to be expressed in
term of other variables.
EXAMPLE
a is the subject of the formula in
terms of t, u and v.
Expressing a certain variable as the subject of the formula is
a process of rewriting a formula so that one of the variables
becomes the subject of the formula.
This often involves
- the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
- the operations of indices.
If a variable occurs at both sides of an equation, the variable
is NOT a subject.
EXAMPLE
Then, a is not the subject.
EXAMPLES
Express x as the subject of the formula for each formula below.
CHAPTER 8
SOLID GEOMETRY III
8.1 RIGHT PRISM AND RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER
A prism is a solid which has two or more parallel
and congruent polygons as faces.
A right prism is a prism where the two end-faces
are polygons that are at right angles to the other
rectangular surface.
A cylinder is a solid with two circular ends and
uniform cross section of circular shape.
A right circular cylinder with its axis perpendicular
to both its ends.
Axis of a cylinder is the line connecting the centre
of both of its ends.
Volume of a right prism.
Volume of a right circular cylinder.
8.2 RIGHT PYRAMID AND RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE
A pyramid is a solid with its base in the form of a
polygon and other surfaces in the form of triangles
with a common vertex.
A right pyramid is a pyramid with its vertex
situated vertically above the centre of the base.
A right circular cone is a solid in the form of a right
pyramid, but its base is in the form of a circle and
has only one curved surface.
Volume of a right pyramid.
Volume of a right circular cone.
8.3 SPHERE
A sphere is a solid where all the points on its
surface are the same distance from a fixed point.
The fixed point is known as the centre of the
sphere.
Hemisphere
Volume of a sphere.
Volume of a hemisphere.
8.4 COMPOSITE SOLID
Volume of a composite solid can be calculated by
identifying each solid and finding their volumes
separately.
Then, total up the volumes of all parts.
EXAMPLE
CHAPTER 9
SCALE DRAWINGS
9.1 SCALE DRAWINGS
A scale drawing is a drawing that represents a real
object with its size reduced or enlarged according
to a given ratio.
Scale of a drawing
A scale is a ratio that compares a length on a drawing
in relation to its actual length.
(i) The scale is normally in the form of 1 : n where
n = 1, 2, 3, 4 and so on.
(ii) For a scale of 1 : n,
(a) If n = 1, the size of the drawing is the same as
the size of the actual object.
(b) If n > 1, the size of the drawing is smaller than
the size of the actual object.
(c) If n < 1, the size of the drawing is bigger than
the size of the actual object.
In the diagram below, CD is the scale
drawing of AB.
EXAMPLE 1
Find the scale used.
Solution:
Scale = 4cm : 12 cm
= 4 : 12
=1:4
In the diagram, draw trapezium P, using
the scale of 1 : 2.
EXAMPLE 2
Solution:
EXAMPLE 3
Draw the above shape to the scale of
1 : 5.
Solution:
CHAPTER 10
TRANSFORMATIONS II
10.1 SIMILARITY
The word similar implies a comparison between
objects which have the same properties in common.
Similar figures have the same shape but the sizes
may be different.
Two shapes are similar if the
- corresponding angles are the same.
- pair of corresponding sides are in a constant ratio.
