SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
Unit II
1.
2.
3.
Define complex Fourier series expansion of continuous-time periodic signals.
What are the Dirichlet conditions?
Expand the following signals in complex Fourier series.
(i) x(t)=sin0t
(ii) x(t)=1+sin0t+2cos0t+cos[20t+(/4)]
1, |t|<T1
(iii) x(t)=
0, T1<|t|<T/2
(iv) x(t)=cos0t
(v) x(t)=cos4t+sin6t
(vi) x(t)=sin2t
(vii) x(t)= (t-kT)
k=
(viii) Expand the following periodic signals whose one periods are shown in complex
Fourier series
x(t)
A
T/2
T/2
A
Fig(a)
x(t)
A
T2
T1
Fig (b)
x(t)
A1
T/2
T/2
A2
Fig(c)
x(t)
A
4T1 2T1 T1
T1 2T1
4T1
Fig (d)
x(t)
A
Fig (e)
x(t)
A
Fig(f )
x(t)
A
T
Fig(g)
[Hint: Fig(a): x(t)=[2A/T]t, T/2<t<T/2; Fig(b): x(t)= (A/T2)t+A, T2<t<0 & (A/T1)t+A,
0<t<T1 &,; Fig(c): x(t)=[t+(T/2)]+(t)+[t(T/2)]; Fig(d): x(t)= (A/T1)t+2A, 2T1<t<T1,
A, T1<t<T1, (A/T1)t+2A, T1<t<2T1 & 0, 2T1<t<4T1; Fig(e): x(t)=(A/T)t, 0<t<T; Fig(f):
x(t)=Asint, 0<t<T; Fig(g): (2A/T)t, 0<t<T/2 & (2A/T)t+2A, T/2<t<T]
4. Define trigonometric Fourier series expansion of continuous-time periodic signals.
5. Expand the following signals in trigonometric Fourier series.
(i) x(t)=sin0t
(ii) x(t)=1+sin0t+2cos0t+cos[20t+(/4)]
1, |t|<T1
(iii) x(t)=
0, T1<|t|<T/2
(iv) x(t)=cos0t
(v) x(t)=cos4t+sin6t
(vi) x(t)=sin2t
(vii) x(t)= (t-kT)
k=
(viii) Expand the following periodic signals whose one periods are shown in
trigonometric Fourier series
x(t)
A
T/2
T/2
A
Fig (a)
x(t)
A
T2
T1
Fig(b)
x(t)
A1
T/2
T/2
A2
F ig(c)
x(t)
A
T1 2T 1
4T1 2T1 T1
4T1
Fig(d)
x(t)
A
Fig (e)
x(t)
A
Fig(f )
x(t)
A
T
Fig(g)
[Hint: Fig(a): x(t)=[2A/T]t, T/2<t<T/2; Fig(b): x(t)= (A/T2)t+A, T2<t<0 & (A/T1)t+A,
0<t<T1 &,; Fig(c): x(t)=[t+(T/2)]+(t)+[t(T/2)]; Fig(d): x(t)= (A/T1)t+2A, 2T1<t<T1,
A, T1<t<T1, (A/T1)t+2A, T1<t<2T1 & 0, 2T1<t<4T1; Fig(e): x(t)=(A/T)t, 0<t<T; Fig(f):
x(t)=Asint, 0<t<T; Fig(g): (2A/T)t, 0<t<T/2 & (2A/T)t+2A, T/2<t<T]
6. Compute the Fourier transform of the following aperiodic continuous-time signals.
(i) x(t)=eat u(t), a>0
(ii) x(t)= ea|t|, a>0
(iii) x(t)=(t)
(iv) x(t)=1, |t|<T1 & 0, |t|>T1
(v) x(t)=ej0t
(vi) x(t)=sin(bt)
(vii) x(t)=cos(bt)
(viii) x(t)=eat sin(bt)
(ix) x(t)=eat cos(bt)
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
(xiv)
(xv)
x(t)= (t-kT)
k=
x(t)=[sinWt/t]
x(t)=u(t)
x(t)=eatu(t)
1, t>0
x(t)=
1, t<0
x(t)=exp(at2), a>0
7.
Compute the inverse Fourier transform of the following aperiodic continuous-time
signals
1
(i) X()= -----------[(a+j)]
(ii) H()=j
(iii) X()=2(0)
(iv) X()=(2/T) k0
k=
1, ||<W
(v) X()=
0, ||>W
2sinT1
(vi) X()= ----------
(vii) X()=1
(viii)
X()=2()+(4)+2(+4)
(ix) X()=
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
2, 02
2, 2<0
0, ||>2
(x) Y()=[1/(a+j)(b+j)] for ba & b=a.
Verify the Linearity, Time shifting, Frequency shifting, Time scaling, Time reversal,
Duality, Differentiation in time domain, Differentiation in frequency domain,
Integration in time domain, Convolution, Multiplication & Parsevals theorem for the
CT Fourier transform.
Compute Fourier transform of x(t)=sinbt+cosbt. Use linearity property.
Compute Fourier transform of x(t)=(t)e2tu(t). Use linearity & frequency shifting
property.
Compute the spectrum of the output of the system with impulse response h(t)=eatu(t) to
the input x(t)=ebtu(t). [Hint: Find H()X()]
Compute the spectrum of the output of the system with impulse response h(t)=eatu(t) to
the input x(t)=u(t). [Hint: Find H()X()]
Compute the Laplace transforms of the following signals.
n
dn[f(t)]/dtsF(s) sni f i1(0)
i=1
n
n
(ii) (t) f(t)d [F(s)]/dsn
(iii) eatf(t)F(sa)
(iv) eatf(t)F(s+a)
(i)
(v) (t)1
(vi) dn[(t)]/dsnsn
(vii) u(t)1/s
(viii) tn/n!1/sn+1
(ix) eat1/(sa)
(x) eat1/(s+a)
(xi) sinbtb/(s2+b2)
(xii) cosbts/(s2+b2)
(xiii) sinhbtb/(s2b2)
(xiv) coshbts/(s2b2)
(xv) eatsinbtb/[(sa)2+b2]
(xvi) eatcosbt(sa)/[(sa)2+b2]
(xvii) eatsinbtb/[(s+a)2+b2]
(xviii) eatcosbt(s+a)/[(s+a)2+b2]
(xix) eat[tn/n!]1/(sa)n+1
(xx) eat[tn/n!]1/(s+a)n+1
14. Prove the Linearity, Time shifting, Frequency shifting, Time scaling, Time reversal,
Differentiation in time domain, Differentiation in frequency domain, Integration in time
domain & Convolution for the Laplace transform.
15. Compute the inverse Laplace transforms of the following functions.
(i)
X(s)=[s+1]/[s21]
(ii)
X(s)=[s31]/[s2+s+1]
(iii)
H(s)=[1/(s+2)]
(iv)
H(s)=[1/(s2+16)]
(v)
H(s)={1/[(s+0.1)2+9]}
(vi)
H(s)={(s+0.2)/[(s+0.2)2+9]}
(vii) H(s)={1/[(s+1)(s+2)]}
(viii) H(s)={1/[(s+0.5)(s2+0.5s+2)]}
(ix)
H(s)={2/[(s+1)(s+2)]}
(x)
H(s)=[ c/(s+ c)]
(xi)
H(s)=[1/(s+1)2]
(xii) H(s)={(2s2+3s+3)/[(s+1)(s2+2s+2)]}
(xiii) H(s)=[2s/(s2+0.2s+1)]
(xiv) H(s)={s3/[(s+1)(s2+s+1)]}
(xv) H(s)=[ c2/(s2+bk cs+ c2)]
(xvi) H(s)=[1/(s2+(2)1/2s+1)]
(xvii) H(s)={(3s2+4)/[(s+2)(s2+0.5s+1)]}
(xviii) X(s)=[s2+2s+5]/[s+3][s+5]2
(xix) X(s)=[s3+2s2+6]/[s2+3s]
SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
Unit III
1.
Compute the transfer function of the following LTI systems.
(i) [dy(t)/dt]+3y(t)=x(t)
(ii) RC[dy(t)/dt]+LC[d2y(t)/dt2]+y(t)=x(t)
(iii) [d2y(t)/dt2]+3[dy(t)/dt]+2y(t)= [dx(t)/dt]+3x(t)
(iv) [dy(t)/dt]+(1/RC)y(t)=(1/RC)x(t)
(v) y/(t)+2y(t)=x(t)+x/(t)
(vi) y//(t)+y/(t)2y(t)=x(t)
2. Suppose that if the input to an LTI system is x(t)=u(t), then the output is y(t)=2e3tu(t).
Compute its transfer function.
3. Suppose that if the input to an LTI system is x(t)=e3tu(t), then the output is
y(t)=[ete2t]u(t). Compute its transfer function.
4. Compute the impulse response of the following LTI system.
(i) [dy(t)/dt]+3y(t)=x(t)
(ii) RC[dy(t)/dt]+LC[d2y(t)/dt2]+y(t)=x(t)
(iii) [d2y(t)/dt2]+3[dy(t)/dt]+2y(t)= [dx(t)/dt]+3x(t)
(iv) [dy(t)/dt]+(1/RC)y(t)=(1/RC)x(t)
(v) y/(t)+2y(t)=x(t)+x/(t)
(vi) y//(t)+y/(t)2y(t)=x(t)
5. Suppose that if the input to an LTI system is x(t)=u(t), then the output is y(t)=2e3tu(t).
Compute its impulse response.
6. Suppose that if the input to an LTI system is x(t)=e3tu(t), then the output is
y(t)=[ete2t]u(t). Compute its impulse response.
7. Compute the impulse response of the following LTI system
[d3y(t)/dt3]+6[d2y(t)/dt2]+11[dy(t)/dt]+6y(t)=x(t)
8. Compute the output of the LTI system with impulse response h(t)=eatu(t) to the
following input x(t)=|t|e2|t|.
9. Compute the unit step response of the LTI system
[d2y(t)/dt2]+3[dy(t)/dt]+2y(t)= [dx(t)/dt]+3x(t).
10. Compute the convolution of the following signals.
(i) x(t)=eatu(t) & h(t)=u(t)
(ii) x(t)=e2tu(t) & h(t)=u(t3)
(iii) x(t)=t+1, 0t1, 2t, 1<t2 & 0, otherwise & h(t)=(t+2)+2(t+1)
(iv) x(t)=1, 0t1 & h(t)=x(t/a)
11. Compute the impulse response of the following LTI system [dy(t)/dt]+4y(t)=x(t) and
compute the output of the system to the input x(t)=etcos(3t)u(t) using convolution
integral.
SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
Unit IV
1.
2.
3.
Define unit sample, unit step, ramp & exponential sequences.
Express the following sequence in terms of unit sample sequence x(n)={1,1,1,11},
2 n 2.
Express the following sequence in terms of unit sample sequence
x(n)={1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}.
4.
5.
6.
Express the unit sample sequence in terms of unit step sequence.
Express the following sequence in terms of unit sample sequence x(n) = (1/2)n u(n).
Express the following sequence in terms of unit sample sequence x(n) = u(n) u(nN)
7.
8.
Define Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) of a sequence.
Compute the Fourier transforms of the following sequences.
{1,2,0,2,1}, 0 n 4
(i) x(n)=
0, otherwise
(ii) x(n)=(1/2)nu(n)
(iii) x(n)=(1/2)nu(n-5)
(iv) x(n)=(n)
1, 0 n M
(v) wr(n)=
0, otherwise
(vi) x(n)=u(n)u(n6)
(vii) x(n)=2nu(n)
(viii) x(n)={2,1,0,1,2}
9.
Find x(n) if
(i)
ej, || c <
X(e )=
0, otherwise
(ii) X(e )=1+ ej+ e2j
(iii) X(ej)={1/[1(1/2)ej]}
(iv) X(ej)={e5j/[1(1/2)ej]}
(v) X(ej)=2e2jej+ej+2e2j
10. Compute the DFT of the following sequences given.
j
(i) x(n)={1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}
(ii) x(n)={1,j,j,0,1,0,j,1}
(iii) x(n)=an, n=0,1,...,N1
(iv) x(n)=cos(an), n=0,1,...,N1
(v) x(n)=bnsin(an), n=0,1,...,N1
(vi) x(n)={1,1,1,1}
(vii) x(n)={1,2,3,4}
11. Compute the Z-transforms of all the sequences given in the Z-transform pairs and their
ROCs.
1.
x(n)X(Z)= x(n)Zn
n=
2. x(nk)ZkX(Z)
3. anx(n)X(a1Z)=X(Z/a)
4. anx(nk)ZkakX(a1Z)= ZkakX(Z/a)
5. ax1(n)+bx2(n)aX1(Z)+bX2(Z)
6. (n)1
7. (nk)Zk
8. an(n)1
9. an(nk)Zkak
10. K(n)K
11. K(nk)KZk
12. u(n)[1/(1Z1)]
13. u(nk)Zk[1/(1Z1)]
14. anu(n)[1/(1aZ1)]
15. anu(nk)Zkak[1/(1aZ1)]
16. ejnu(n)[1/(1ejZ1)]
17. cosnu(n)[(1Z1cos)/(12Z1cos+Z2)]
18. sinnu(n)[Z1sin/(12Z1cos+Z2)]
19. ancosnu(n)[(1aZ1cos)/(12aZ1cos+a2Z2)]
20. ansinnu(n)[aZ1sin/(12aZ1cos+a2Z2)]
21. nx(n)Z1[dX(Z)/d(Z1)]
10
SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
Unit V
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Define linear systems.
Define time-invariant systems.
Define causal systems.
Define stable systems.
Define LTI systems.
Check the following systems for (a) linearity, (b) time-invariance and (c) causality.
(i) y(n)=ex(n)
(ii) y(n)=ax(n)+b
(iii) y(n)=anx(n)+b
(iv) y(n)=g(n)x(n)
(v) y(n)= x(n-m)
(vi) y(n)= a[x(n)]2+bx(n)
(vii) y(n)=n[x(n)]2
(viii) y(n)=x(n2)
(ix) y(n)=xe(n), the even part of x(n)
(x) y(n)=xo(n), the odd part of x(n)
(xi) y(n)=x(n)
(xii) y(n)=cos[x(n)]
(xiii) y(n)=x(n)coson
(xiv) y(n)=x(-n+2)
(xv) y(n)=x(n)+nx(n+1)
(xvi) y(n)=x(2n)
(xvii) y(n)=x(-n)
(xviii) y(n)=x(n2)
7. Identify whether the following systems are recursive or non-recursive systems.
(i) y(n)-(1/2)y(n-1)=x(n)
(ii) y(n)-y(n-1)-y(n-2)=x(n-2)
(iii) y(n)+y(n-1)=x(n)-2x(n-1)
(iv) y(n)+4y(n-1)+4y(n-2)=x(n)+4x(n-1)+3x(n-2)
(v) y(n)=(5/6)y(n-1)-(1/6)y(n-2)+x(n)
(vi) 10y(n)-5y(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)-5x(n-1)+10x(n-2)
(vii) y(n)=x(n)+2x(n-1)+x(n-2)
(viii) y(n)=(1/2)x(n)+x(n-1)+(1/2)x(n-2)
(ix) y(n)=x(n)-2x(n-1)+x(n-2)
(x) y(n)=x(n)+2x(n-1)-x(n-2)
8. Define the impulse response of a system.
9. Determine the impulse response of the following LTI, causal systems.
(i) y(n)-(1/2)y(n-1)=x(n)
(ii) y(n)-(1/2)y(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(iii) y(n)-y(n-1)-y(n-2)=x(n-2)
(iv) y(n)+y(n-1)=x(n)-2x(n-1)
(v) y(n)-2cosy(n-1)+y(n-2)=sinx(n-1)
(vi) y(n)+y(n-1)=x(n)-x(n-1)
(vii) y(n)+3y(n-1)+2y(n-2)=x(n)
(viii) y(n)+4y(n-1)+4y(n-2)=x(n)+4x(n-1)+3x(n-2)
(ix) 3y(n)-y(n-1)=-x(n)+3x(n-1)
(x) y(n)-(1/4)y(n-1)-(3/8)y(n-2)=x(n)+x(n-1)
11
(xi) y(n)-(3/4)y(n-1)+(1/8)y(n-2)=x(n)-x(n-1)
(xii) y(n)-(5/2)y(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)-x(n-1)
(xiii) y(n)-2cosy(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)
(xiv) y(n)-2cosy(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)-cosx(n-1)
(xv) y(n)-3y(n-1)+2y(n-2)=x(n)+3x(n-1)+2x(n-2)
(xvi) y(n)-2y(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(xvii) y(n)-ay(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(xviii) y(n)=(5/6)y(n-1)-(1/6)y(n-2)+x(n)
(xix) y(n)=0.6y(n-1)-0.08y(n-2)+x(n)
(xx) y(n)=0.7y(n-1)-0.1y(n-2)+2x(n)-x(n-2)
(xxi) y(n)-3y(n-1)-4y(n-2)=x(n)+2x(n-1)
(xxii) y(n)+(1/2)y(n-1)=x(n)+2x(n-1)+x(n-2)
(xxiii) y(n)-y(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(xxiv) y(n)-y(n-1)+(1/4)y(n-2)=2x(n-1)
(xxv) y(n)-5y(n-1)+6y(n-2)=2x(n-1)
(xxvi) 10y(n)-5y(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)-5x(n-1)+10x(n-2)
(xxvii) y(n)=x(n)+2x(n-1)+x(n-2)
(xxviii)y(n)=(1/2)x(n)+x(n-1)+(1/2)x(n-2)
(xxix) y(n)=x(n)-2x(n-1)+x(n-2)
(xxx) y(n)=x(n)+2x(n-1)-x(n-2)
10. What is the output of a system with the impulse response h(n) to the input x(n)?
11. Compute the convolution of the following sequences x(n)=an u(n) & h(n)=bn u(n).
12. Find the output of the system with impulse response h(n)=(1/2)n u(n) to the input
x(n)=1, 0nN1.
13. Compute the convolution of the following sequences x(n)=an u(n) &
h(n)=bn u(n).
14. Find the output of the system with impulse response h(n)=(1/2)n u(n) to the input
x(n)=(3/4)n u(n).
15. Determine the output of the system with impulse response h(n)={1,2,3} to the input
x(n)={1,1,1,1,1}.
16. Determine the output of the system with impulse response
1, 0 n 6
h(n)=
0, otherwise
to the input
(1)n, 0 n 4
x(n)=
0, otherwise
17. Find the output of the system with impulse response h(n)={2,1,1} to the input
x(n)={1,1,1,1,1,1}.
18. Find the output of the system with impulse response h(n)={2,1,2} to the input
x(n)={1,2,1,1,1,1,1}.
19. Determine the output of the system with impulse response h(n)={1,2,3} to the input
x(n)={1,1,1,1,1}.
20. Determine the output of the system with impulse response
1, 0 n 6
h(n)=
0, otherwise
12
to the input
(1)n, 0 n 4
x(n)=
0, otherwise
21. Find the output of the system with impulse response h(n)={2,1,1} to the input
x(n)={1,1,1,1,1,1}.
22. Find the output of the system with impulse response h(n)={2,1,2} to the input
x(n)={1,2,1,1,1,1,1}.
23. What is the condition on h(n) for a system to be stable?
24. Determine the impulse response of the following LTI, causal systems & hence its
stability.
(i) y(n)-(1/2)y(n-1)=x(n)
(ii) y(n)-(1/2)y(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(iii) y(n)-y(n-1)-y(n-2)=x(n-2)
(iv) y(n)+y(n-1)=x(n)-2x(n-1)
(v) y(n)-2cosy(n-1)+y(n-2)=sinx(n-1)
(vi) y(n)+y(n-1)=x(n)-x(n-1)
(vii) y(n)+3y(n-1)+2y(n-2)=x(n)
(viii) y(n)+4y(n-1)+4y(n-2)=x(n)+4x(n-1)+3x(n-2)
(ix) 3y(n)-y(n-1)=-x(n)+3x(n-1)
(x) y(n)-(1/4)y(n-1)-(3/8)y(n-2)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(xi) y(n)-(3/4)y(n-1)+(1/8)y(n-2)=x(n)-x(n-1)
(xii) y(n)-(5/2)y(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)-x(n-1)
(xiii) y(n)-2cosy(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)
(xiv) y(n)-2cosy(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)-cosx(n-1)
(xv) y(n)-3y(n-1)+2y(n-2)=x(n)+3x(n-1)+2x(n-2)
(xvi) y(n)-2y(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(xvii) y(n)-ay(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(xviii) y(n)=(5/6)y(n-1)-(1/6)y(n-2)+x(n)
(xix) y(n)=0.6y(n-1)-0.08y(n-2)+x(n)
(xx) y(n)=0.7y(n-1)-0.1y(n-2)+2x(n)-x(n-2)
(xxi) y(n)-3y(n-1)-4y(n-2)=x(n)+2x(n-1)
(xxii) y(n)+(1/2)y(n-1)=x(n)+2x(n-1)+x(n-2)
(xxiii) y(n)-y(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(xxiv) y(n)-y(n-1)+(1/4)y(n-2)=2x(n-1)
(xxv) y(n)-5y(n-1)+6y(n-2)=2x(n-1)
(xxvi) 10y(n)-5y(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)-5x(n-1)+10x(n-2)
(xxvii) y(n)=x(n)+2x(n-1)+x(n-2)
(xxviii)y(n)=(1/2)x(n)+x(n-1)+(1/2)x(n-2)
(xxix) y(n)=x(n)-2x(n-1)+x(n-2)
(xxx) y(n)=x(n)+2x(n-1)-x(n-2)
25. Determine the frequency response of the following LTI, causal systems.
(i) y(n)-(1/2)y(n-1)=x(n)
(ii) y(n)-(1/2)y(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(iii) y(n)-y(n-1)-y(n-2)=x(n-2)
(iv) y(n)+y(n-1)=x(n)-2x(n-1)
(v) y(n)+y(n-1)=x(n)-x(n-1)
(vi) y(n)+3y(n-1)+2y(n-2)=x(n)
(vii) y(n)+4y(n-1)+4y(n-2)=x(n)+4x(n-1)+3x(n-2)
(viii) 3y(n)-y(n-1)=-x(n)+3x(n-1)
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(ix) y(n)-(1/4)y(n-1)-(3/8)y(n-2)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(x) y(n)-(3/4)y(n-1)+(1/8)y(n-2)=x(n)-x(n-1)
(xi) y(n)-(5/2)y(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)-x(n-1)
(xii) y(n)-3y(n-1)+2y(n-2)=x(n)+3x(n-1)+2x(n-2)
(xiii) y(n)-2y(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(xiv) y(n)-ay(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(xv) y(n)=(5/6)y(n-1)-(1/6)y(n-2)+x(n)
(xvi) y(n)=0.7y(n-1)-0.1y(n-2)+2x(n)-x(n-2)
(xvii) y(n)-3y(n-1)-4y(n-2)=x(n)+2x(n-1)
(xviii) y(n)-y(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(xix) y(n)-y(n-1)+(1/4)y(n-2)=2x(n-1)
(xx) y(n)-5y(n-1)+6y(n-2)=2x(n-1)
(xxi) 10y(n)-5y(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)-5x(n-1)+10x(n-2)
(xxii) y(n)=x(n)+2x(n-1)+x(n-2)
(xxiii) y(n)=(1/2)x(n)+x(n-1)+(1/2)x(n-2)
(xxiv) y(n)=x(n)-2x(n-1)+x(n-2)
(xxv) y(n)=x(n)+2x(n-1)-x(n-2)
26. Determine the transfer functions of the following LTI, casual systems.
(i) y(n)-(1/2)y(n-1)=x(n)
(ii) y(n)-(1/2)y(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(iii) y(n)-y(n-1)-y(n-2)=x(n-2)
(iv) y(n)+y(n-1)=x(n)-2x(n-1)
(v) y(n)-2cosy(n-1)+y(n-2)=sinx(n-1)
(vi) y(n)+y(n-1)=x(n)-x(n-1)
(vii) y(n)+3y(n-1)+2y(n-2)=x(n)
(viii) y(n)+4y(n-1)+4y(n-2)=x(n)+4x(n-1)+3x(n-2)
(ix) 3y(n)-y(n-1)=-x(n)+3x(n-1)
(x) y(n)-(1/4)y(n-1)-(3/8)y(n-2)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(xi) y(n)-(3/4)y(n-1)+(1/8)y(n-2)=x(n)-x(n-1)
(xii) y(n)-(5/2)y(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)-x(n-1)
(xiii) y(n)-2cosy(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)
(xiv) y(n)-2cosy(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)-cosx(n-1)
(xv) y(n)-3y(n-1)+2y(n-2)=x(n)+3x(n-1)+2x(n-2)
(xvi) y(n)-2y(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(xvii) y(n)-ay(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(xviii) y(n)=(5/6)y(n-1)-(1/6)y(n-2)+x(n)
(xix) y(n)=0.6y(n-1)-0.08y(n-2)+x(n)
(xx) y(n)=0.7y(n-1)-0.1y(n-2)+2x(n)-x(n-2)
(xxi) y(n)-3y(n-1)-4y(n-2)=x(n)+2x(n-1)
(xxii) y(n)+(1/2)y(n-1)=x(n)+2x(n-1)+x(n-2)
(xxiii) y(n)-y(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(xxiv) y(n)-y(n-1)+(1/4)y(n-2)=2x(n-1)
(xxv) y(n)-5y(n-1)+6y(n-2)=2x(n-1)
(xxvi) 10y(n)-5y(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)-5x(n-1)+10x(n-2)
(xxvii) y(n)=x(n)+2x(n-1)+x(n-2)
(xxviii)y(n)=(1/2)x(n)+x(n-1)+(1/2)x(n-2)
(xxix) y(n)=x(n)-2x(n-1)+x(n-2)
(xxx) y(n)=x(n)+2x(n-1)-x(n-2)
27. Determine the transfer functions and hence the impulse responses of the following LTI,
casual systems.
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(i) y(n)-(1/2)y(n-1)=x(n)
(ii) y(n)-(1/2)y(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(iii) y(n)-y(n-1)-y(n-2)=x(n-2)
(iv) y(n)+y(n-1)=x(n)-2x(n-1)
(v) y(n)-2cosy(n-1)+y(n-2)=sinx(n-1)
(vi) y(n)+y(n-1)=x(n)-x(n-1)
(vii) y(n)+3y(n-1)+2y(n-2)=x(n)
(viii) y(n)+4y(n-1)+4y(n-2)=x(n)+4x(n-1)+3x(n-2)
(ix) 3y(n)-y(n-1)=-x(n)+3x(n-1)
(x) y(n)-(1/4)y(n-1)-(3/8)y(n-2)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(xi) y(n)-(3/4)y(n-1)+(1/8)y(n-2)=x(n)-x(n-1)
(xii) y(n)-(5/2)y(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)-x(n-1)
(xiii) y(n)-2cosy(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)
(xiv) y(n)-2cosy(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)-cosx(n-1)
(xv) y(n)-3y(n-1)+2y(n-2)=x(n)+3x(n-1)+2x(n-2)
(xvi) y(n)-2y(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(xvii) y(n)-ay(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(xviii) y(n)=(5/6)y(n-1)-(1/6)y(n-2)+x(n)
(xix) y(n)=0.6y(n-1)-0.08y(n-2)+x(n)
(xx) y(n)=0.7y(n-1)-0.1y(n-2)+2x(n)-x(n-2)
(xxi) y(n)-3y(n-1)-4y(n-2)=x(n)+2x(n-1)
(xxii) y(n)+(1/2)y(n-1)=x(n)+2x(n-1)+x(n-2)
(xxiii) y(n)-y(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(xxiv) y(n)-y(n-1)+(1/4)y(n-2)=2x(n-1)
(xxv) y(n)-5y(n-1)+6y(n-2)=2x(n-1)
(xxvi) 10y(n)-5y(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)-5x(n-1)+10x(n-2)
(xxvii) y(n)=x(n)+2x(n-1)+x(n-2)
(xxviii)y(n)=(1/2)x(n)+x(n-1)+(1/2)x(n-2)
(xxix) y(n)=x(n)-2x(n-1)+x(n-2)
(xxx) y(n)=x(n)+2x(n-1)-x(n-2)
28. Determine the frequency response of the following LTI, causal systems using Ztransform.
(i) y(n)-(1/2)y(n-1)=x(n)
(ii) y(n)-(1/2)y(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(iii) y(n)-y(n-1)-y(n-2)=x(n-2)
(iv) y(n)+y(n-1)=x(n)-2x(n-1)
(v) y(n)+y(n-1)=x(n)-x(n-1)
(vi) y(n)+3y(n-1)+2y(n-2)=x(n)
(vii) y(n)+4y(n-1)+4y(n-2)=x(n)+4x(n-1)+3x(n-2)
(viii) 3y(n)-y(n-1)=-x(n)+3x(n-1)
(ix) y(n)-(1/4)y(n-1)-(3/8)y(n-2)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(x) y(n)-(3/4)y(n-1)+(1/8)y(n-2)=x(n)-x(n-1)
(xi) y(n)-(5/2)y(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)-x(n-1)
(xii) y(n)-3y(n-1)+2y(n-2)=x(n)+3x(n-1)+2x(n-2)
(xiii) y(n)-2y(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(xiv) y(n)-ay(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(xv) y(n)=(5/6)y(n-1)-(1/6)y(n-2)+x(n)
(xvi) y(n)=0.7y(n-1)-0.1y(n-2)+2x(n)-x(n-2)
(xvii) y(n)-3y(n-1)-4y(n-2)=x(n)+2x(n-1)
(xviii) y(n)-y(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
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(xix) y(n)-y(n-1)+(1/4)y(n-2)=2x(n-1)
(xx) y(n)-5y(n-1)+6y(n-2)=2x(n-1)
(xxi) 10y(n)-5y(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)-5x(n-1)+10x(n-2)
(xxii) y(n)=x(n)+2x(n-1)+x(n-2)
(xxiii) y(n)=(1/2)x(n)+x(n-1)+(1/2)x(n-2)
(xxiv) y(n)=x(n)-2x(n-1)+x(n-2)
(xxv) y(n)=x(n)+2x(n-1)-x(n-2)
29. Determine the forced response (output) of the following LTI, casual system to the
excitations (inputs)
y(n)+3y(n-1)+2y(n-2)=x(n)
x(n)=4
x(n)=4(1/2)nu(n)
x(n)=(-1)nu(n)
x(n)=n(1/2)nu(n)
x(n)=n(-1)nu(n)
30. Determine the response (output) of the following LTI, casual system to the excitation
(input) x(n)=n2nu(n). y(n)+4y(n-1)+4y(n-2)=x(n)+4x(n-1)+3x(n-2)
31. Determine the response (output) of the following LTI, casual system to the input
x(n)=n2nu(n). y(n)+4y(n-1)+4y(n-2)=x(n)+4x(n-1)+3x(n-2)
32. Determine the response (output) of the LTI, casual system y(n)+2y(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n) to
the input x(n)=9(2)n-8n+4.
33. Find the step responses of the following LTI, causal systems.
(i) y(n)-(1/2)y(n-1)=x(n)
(ii) y(n)-(1/2)y(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(iii) y(n)-y(n-1)-y(n-2)=x(n-2)
(iv) y(n)+y(n-1)=x(n)-2x(n-1)
(v) y(n)-2cosy(n-1)+y(n-2)=sinx(n-1)
(vi) y(n)+y(n-1)=x(n)-x(n-1)
(vii) y(n)+3y(n-1)+2y(n-2)=x(n)
(viii) y(n)+4y(n-1)+4y(n-2)=x(n)+4x(n-1)+3x(n-2)
(ix) 3y(n)-y(n-1)=-x(n)+3x(n-1)
(x) y(n)-(1/4)y(n-1)-(3/8)y(n-2)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(xi) y(n)-(3/4)y(n-1)+(1/8)y(n-2)=x(n)-x(n-1)
(xii) y(n)-(5/2)y(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)-x(n-1)
(xiii) y(n)-2cosy(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)
(xiv) y(n)-2cosy(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)-cosx(n-1)
(xv) y(n)-3y(n-1)+2y(n-2)=x(n)+3x(n-1)+2x(n-2)
(xvi) y(n)-2y(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(xvii) y(n)-ay(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(xviii) y(n)=(5/6)y(n-1)-(1/6)y(n-2)+x(n)
(xix) y(n)=0.7y(n-1)-0.1y(n-2)+2x(n)-x(n-2)
(xx) y(n)-3y(n-1)-4y(n-2)=x(n)+2x(n-1)
(xxi) y(n)+(1/2)y(n-1)=x(n)+2x(n-1)+x(n-2)
(xxii) y(n)-y(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1)
(xxiii) y(n)-5y(n-1)+6y(n-2)=2x(n-1)
(xxiv) 10y(n)-5y(n-1)+y(n-2)=x(n)-5x(n-1)+10x(n-2)
(xxv) y(n)=x(n)+2x(n-1)+x(n-2)
(xxvi) y(n)=(1/2)x(n)+x(n-1)+(1/2)x(n-2)
(xxvii) y(n)=x(n)-2x(n-1)+x(n-2)
(xxviii)y(n)=x(n)+2x(n-1)-x(n-2)
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