The Robot Operating System

A 5-day ROS crash course

Murilo Fernandes Martins, PhD

Department of Electrical Engineering
FEI University Centre

28 January 2013

Meet the teachers

Learning ROS

Part : Meet the teachers

Meet the teachers
J. Angelo Gurzoni Jr., MSc
Ph.D. candidate in Robotics
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, USP

Luiz A. Celiberto Jr., PhD

Research Fellow in Robotics
Dept. of Electrical Engineering, FEI

Murilo Fernandes Martins, PhD

Research Fellow in Robotics
Dept. of Electrical Engineering, FEI

Meet the teachers

Learning ROS

ROS and the learning process

The task of learning ROS can be partitioned into. . .

Learning HOW to use ROS and its tools
Core concepts of the framework
Command line tools
Graphical tools

Learning HOW to make use of ROS to facilitate R & D

Object recognition
Mapping, localisation, navigation
Object manipulation

Part I: Course programme for the 5 days

Day 1 An Introduction to ROS

Day 2 Diving into ROS with practical examples

Tutorial I: Getting familiar with basic command line tools
Tutorial II: Programming ROS nodes and services in C++

Day 3: Case Study 1 Mobile robots, SLAM and navigation

Day 4: Case Study 2 Computer Vision using the Kinect sensor

Day 5: Hackathon! Group project

Day 1 Intro

Day 1

Day 2 Practising

Presenter: Murilo F. M.

An Introduction to ROS
1

What is ROS?

Getting started

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

Case Study 1

Case Study 2

Hackathon

Day 1 Intro

Day 2 Practising

Case Study 1

Tutorial I: Getting familiar with basic command line tools

Tutorial I

Presenter: Luiz A. Celiberto Jr.

Getting familiar with basic command line tools

rosrun
rostopic
rxplot
rxgraph
rosnode
using ROS with multiple machines

Case Study 2

Hackathon

Day 1 Intro

Day 2 Practising

Case Study 1

Case Study 2

Tutorial II: Programming ROS nodes and services in C++

Tutorial II

Presenter: J. A. Gurzoni Jr.

Programming ROS nodes and services in c++

Programming a publisher node
Coding a subscriber node
Writing a node which provides a service
Calling a service from within a node
Discussion: difference between Topics and Services

Hackathon

Day 1 Intro

Day 2 Practising

Day 3: Case Study 1

Case Study 1

Case Study 2

Hackathon

Presenter: Murilo F. M.

Using ROS with mobile robots to perform SLAM and navigation

Preparing the testbed: the Gazebo simulator and the PR2 robot
Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping (SLAM) using Gmapping
Probabilistic robot localisation using the AMCL algorithm
PR2 Navigation stack: path planning using the DWA approach
Also covering key concepts of ROS, featuring
rviz: 3D visualisation environment for robots using ROS
rosbag: tools for recording from and playing back to ROS Topics
ROS launch files

Day 1 Intro

Day 2 Practising

Day 4: Case Study 2

Case Study 1

Case Study 2

Hackathon

Presenters: J. A. Gurzoni Jr. and Luiz A. Celiberto Jr.

Computer Vision using the Kinect sensor

Using depth information from RGB-D sensors with ROS
Controlling a real robot
Implementing a Kinect-powered person-follower robot
ROS + OpenCV for face recognition
Further exploring the power of OpenCV with ROS

Day 1 Intro

Day 2 Practising

Case Study 1

Day 5: Hackathon!

Group project
We need ideas. . . Have you got any?

Case Study 2

Hackathon

Part II: Day 1 An Introduction to ROS

1

What is ROS?

Getting started
Supported operating systems
Supported hardware
Installation

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

Nodes
Master
Parameter server
Messages
Topics
Services
Messages, Topics and Services
Revisiting the filesystem

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

What is ROS?

What is ROS?

ROS is an open-source meta-operating system

Groovy Galapagos
31 December 2012

Fuerte Turtle
23 April 2012

Electric Emys
30 August 2011

Diamondback
02 March 2011

C Turtle
02 August 2010

Box Turtle
02 March 2010

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

What is ROS?

ROS key features

Features resembling a real operating system

hardware abstraction and low-level device control
programming language independence
implementation of a wide range of commonly used algorithms
message passing between processes (OS-independent)
standardised package management
useful set of shell commands and utilities with tab completion

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

What is ROS?

ROS key features

ROS is inherently distributed

Structured as a peer-to-peer network of processes (Nodes) and loosely
coupled at runtime, which may share messages using:
synchronous RPC-style communication (over Services)
asynchronous data streaming communication (over Topics)
storage of data (on a Parameter Server)

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

ROS concepts and components

ROS concepts and components

ROS client libraries

Main client libraries:

Experimental client libraries:

Python

Java (with Android support)

c++

Lua

Lisp

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

Supported operating systems

Supported operating systems

Supported operating system
Ubuntu (12.04 LTS + ROS Fuerte)

Experimental
Arch

Mac OS X

Debian

OpenSuse

Fedora

Windows

Gentoo

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

The end

Supported hardware

Supported robots

Nao

Willowgarage PR2

Baxter

Care-o-Bot

Toyota Helper

Gostai Jazz

Robonaut

Peoplebot

Kuka YouBot

Guardian

Husky A200

Summit

Turtlebot

Erratic

Qbo

AR.Drone

Miabot

AscTec

Lego NXT

Pioneer

SIA 10D

A lot more on http://www.ros.org/wiki/Robots

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

Supported hardware

Videos ROS Overview

Video: Celebrating 3 years of ROS1

1 Video

available at http://youtu.be/7cslPMzklVo

ROS graph concepts

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

Supported hardware

Videos ROS Overview

Video: Celebrating 5 years of ROS2

2 Video

available at http://youtu.be/PGaXiLZD2KQ

ROS graph concepts

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

Supported hardware

Sensors

1D/2D/3D range finders

Sharp IR range finder
Hokuyo laser scanners
Sick lasers
Microsoft Kinect
Asus Xtion

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

Supported hardware

Sensors

1D/2D/3D range finders

Cameras
monocular and stereo
USB (uvc) and firewire
video streaming (gstreamer)

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

Supported hardware

Sensors
1D/2D/3D range finders
Cameras
Force/torque/touch sensors
Motion capture systems
Pose estimation (IMU/GPS)
Audio/Speech recognition
RFID
Sensor/actuator interfaces
Dynamixel
Phidgets
Arduino
Arbotix
Lego NXT

And many more. . .

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

Supported hardware

Simulators

Stage

Stage is a 2D simulator for multiple (large scale) mobile robots

Models for sensors (e.g., laser, sonar) and actuators (e.g., gripper)
Models of simple objects for (limited) manipulation
No physics model at all (e.g., friction, collision, and so forth)
Open source project

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

Supported hardware

Simulators

Gazebo

Gazebo is a 3D simulator of multiple robots in realistic environments

Realistic simulation of rigid body physics/dynamics
Models for complex robots, actuators and sensors (cameras, IMU)
Support provided in part by Open Source Robotics Foundation
Chosen as the simulator for DARPAs Robot Challenge
Open source project

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

Supported hardware

Simulators

Webots

Development environment used to program and simulate robots

Complex and realistic 3D simulation of physics/dynamics
Large collection of robot, sensor and actuator models
Library of indoor and outdoor objects
Cross-platform, but proprietary

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

Installation

Installation

ROS (Fuerte) on Ubuntu 12.04 (Precise)

Configure Ubuntu repositories

Allow restricted, universe and multiverse to be used

Setup sources.list
sudo sh -c echo deb http://packages.ros.org/ros/ubuntu precise main > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ros-latest.list

Setup keys
wget http://packages.ros.org/ros.key -O - | sudo apt-key add -

Install ROS Desktop-Full, and standalone tools

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install ros-fuerte-desktop-full
sudo apt-get install python-rosinstall python-rosdep

Setup environment (shell)

echo source /opt/ros/fuerte/setup.bash >> /.bashrc
. /.bashrc

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

Setting up Virtual Machine

Configuring the Virtual Machine

Loading the VM and logging on to Ubuntu

1

Locate the VM (inside C:\temp folder)

Open the VM with VMPlayer (there should be a desktop shortcut)

Wait until it loads. . . and switch to full screen mode

Log in with username roscourse and password 123456

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

Creating a new user

Creating a new user within the VM

Open System Settings

Open User Accounts

Unlock dialog window

Add a new user

Set a password!

ROS graph concepts

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

Setting up ROS

Setting up ROS environment for the new user

Open up a terminal
Press windows key, then type terminal, then press Enter

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

Setting up ROS

Setting up ROS environment for the new user

Type in the following commands

Remember that spaces are necessary, and linux is case sensitive!
1
2

echo s o u r c e / o p t / r o s / f u e r t e / s e t u p . bash
source
/. bashrc

>>

/. bashrc

3
4
5

mkdir
rosws

/ f u e r t e w o r k s p a c e
init
/ f u e r t e w o r k s p a c e

/ opt / r o s / f u e r t e

6
7
8

echo s o u r c e / f u e r t e w o r k s p a c e / s e t u p . bash
s o u r c e / f u e r t e w o r k s p a c e / s e t u p . b a s h

9
10
11
12

m k d i r / f u e r t e w o r k s p a c e / s a n d b o x
rosws
s e t / f u e r t e w o r k s p a c e / s a n d b o x
s o u r c e / f u e r t e w o r k s p a c e / s e t u p . b a s h

13
14

echo

$ROS PACKAGE PATH

>>

/. bashrc

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

Setting up ROS

Setting up ROS environment for the new user

Understanding the commands (line by line)

1

Add the command (in double quotes) to the end of the file /.bashrc

Re-set the settings in /.bashrc for the current terminal

3
4

Create a new directory called /.bashrc

Initialise a ROS overlay pointing at /fuerte workspace

6
7

Same effect as line 1

Same effect as line 2

9
10

Create a new directory called sandbox inside fuerte workspace

11

Set sandbox as the workspace

12

Same effect as lines 2 and 8

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What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

ROS filesystem

ROS filesystem

Overview

Package
Lowest level of ROS software organisation
Dedicated to a single functionality (e.g., data acquisition from a
laser scanner)
Manifest: description (metadata) of a package, which main role is to
define dependencies between packages (manifest.xml)
Stack
Collection of packages forming a higher level library
Stack Manifest: same as in packages, but for stacks (stack.xml)
Stacks do not exist in Groovy anymore (fear not, now there are
meta-packages!)

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS filesystem

Example

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

ROS filesystem

ROS filesystem

Package structure

Hypothetical package myPkg/

CmakeLists.txt: CMake build settings for package myPkg
manifest.xml: metadata and dependencies required by package
mainpage.dox: doc information of package myPkg
include/myPkg: c++ header files
src/: source code directory
bin/: compiled binaries directory
launch/: where launch files are stored (if needed)
msg/: message (.msg) types
srv/: service (.srv) types
scripts/: executable scripts

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

Exploring the ROS filesystem

rosbash

ROS command line tools

Open up a terminal
Press windows key, then type terminal, then press Enter

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

Exploring the ROS filesystem

rosbash

ROS command line tools

rospack: ROS package management tool

1
2
3
4

rospack
rospack
rospack
rospack

list
find
turtlesim
depends
turtlesim
profile

roscd: change directory command for ROS

1
2
3

roscd
roscd
turtlesim
ls
( standard linux

s h e l l command )

rosls: allows you to list the contents of a ROS package

1
2

roscd
rosls

( return to workspace d i r e c t o r y )
turtlesim

ROS graph concepts

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

Creating a ROS package

Creating a new ROS package

rosed: allows you to quickly see/edit a file from a given package

1
2
3

echo $EDITOR ( i f b l a n k , d e f a u l t
e x p o r t EDITOR=g e d i t
rosed
turtlesim
m a n i f e s t . xml

is

vi )

Change directory to your sandbox and create a new ROS package

1
2
3

roscd
cd s a n d b o x
r o s c r e a t e pkg

myPkg

std msgs

rospy

roscpp

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

Creating a ROS package

Creating a new ROS package

Locating and examining the newly created package

1
2
3
4

rospack
f i n d myPkg
r o s c d myPkg
rospack
d e p e n d s 1 myPkg
r o s e d myPkg m a n i f e s t . xml

Building the package using rosmake

1

rosmake

myPkg

Now examine the output!

ROS graph concepts

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

Nodes

Nodes

Nodes are processes which perform specific computations:

control robot wheel motors
acquire data from laser scanner
acquire images from camera
perform localisation
perform path planning
provide graphical visualisation of the system

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

Master

Master

Master is the core node of ROS, called roscore

Acts as a nameservice for the Computation Graph (DNS-like server)
Stores topics and services registration information for ROS nodes
Nodes then establish connections as appropriate
Also makes callbacks to nodes when registration information changes
Allows nodes to dynamically create connections as new nodes are run

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

Parameter server

Parameter server
Shared, multi-variate dictionary which is acessible via network APIs
Currently runs inside ROS Master
Nodes use this server to store and retrieve parameters at runtime
Not designed for high performance, and hence. . .
Better suited for configuration parameters
Follows ROS naming convention, having a hierarchy meant to
protect parameters from conflicting (namespaces)

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

Parameter server

Parameter server
Open up a terminal, then run ROS Master node
1

roscore

In another terminal, explore the parameter server

1
2
3

rosparam
rosparam
rosparam

list
get / r o s d i s t r o
get / r o s v e r s i o n

It should look like this

ROS graph concepts

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

Messages

Messages

Messages are simply a data structure, consisting of typed fields

Standard primitive types (and nested arrays) are supported:
int{8, 16, 32, 64}
float{32, 64}
string
time
duration
array[]

Nodes communicate with each other by passing messages

Routed via a transport system with publish/subscribe semantics
When used with topics: *.msg (n:n non-blocking)
When used with services: *.srv (1:1 blocking request + response)

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

Topics

Topics

A node sends out a message by publishing it to a given Topic

The Topic type is defined by the message type publish on it
A node requiring a certain type of data must subscribe to the
appropriate Topic
Multiple publishers/subscribers to the same Topic are allowed
A single node may publish and/or subscribe to multiple Topics
Publishers and subscribers are generally unaware of each others
existence
Publish/subscribe model is a flexible paradigm (many-to-many,
one-way transport)
There is no order of execution required

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

Topics

Topics diagrammatic representation

ROS graph concepts

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

Services

Services

Publish/subscribe paradigm not appropriate for services

Services implement the request/reply functionality
Pair of message structures: one for request and one for reply
A node provider offers a service under a specific name
A client node uses the service by sending the request message and
awaits for the reply
From the programmer perspective, works as a remote procedure call

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

Services

Services diagrammatic representation

ROS graph concepts

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

Messages, Topics and Services

Messages more ROS command line goodies

Messages over Topics
1
2
3

rosmsg
rosmsg
rosmsg

list
show g e o m e t r y m s g s / V e c t o r 3
show g e o m e t r y m s g s / T w i s t

Vector3.msg and Twist.msg, from package geometry msgs

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What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

Messages, Topics and Services

Messages more ROS command line goodies

Messages over Services

1
2

rossrv
rossrv

list
show

t u r t l e s i m /Spawn

Spawn.srv, from package turtlesim

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What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

Revisiting the filesystem

ROS filesystem

Package structure revisited

Hypothetical package myPkg/

CmakeLists.txt: CMake build settings for package myPkg
manifest.xml: metadata and dependencies required by package
mainpage.dox: doc information of package myPkg
include/myPkg: c++ header files
src/: source code directory
bin/: compiled binaries directory
launch/: where launch files are stored (if needed)
msg/: message (.msg) types
srv/: service (.srv) types
scripts/: executable scripts

The end

What is ROS?

Getting started

Setting up VM

ROS filesystem

ROS graph concepts

Thats all for today, folks!

Today we have learnt

How awesome (and complex) ROS is
Why we should surrender to Ubuntu
How easy it is to install (on Ubuntu)
The power of rosbash
The ROS filesystem concepts
The ROS Graph concepts (most important lesson of today!)
Question time
Thank you very much!
Questions?

The end