International Burch university
Architecture department
Sarajevo
Course : Building Construction Technology I
Date : xx / xx / xxxx
LECTURE NO.6
INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING MATERIALS
Building Construction Technology I
Professor : Prof.dr.Nerman Rustempasic
Assistant : M.Sc. Ahmed El Sayed
GENERAL
For the different construction activities like
Brick work above 5 ft
Surface finishing works like plastering, painting, walling etc.
Renovation, repair and alteration works.
Roof and slab pouring
Some temporary nature supports and structures are required like
Formwork
(Supporting Structure)
Scaffoldings (arrangement for working plate forms)
Shoring
(supporting method for unsafe structure)
Underpinning (Method of strengthening an existing
structures footing)
FORMWORKS
Definitions
Its is an artificial support provided below and around the precast or cast insitue
concrete work
FORM WORK
Definition
Qualities of formwork
Types of formwork
Formwork detail for different structural members
Removal of formwork
Maintenance of formwork
Cost of formwork
Advantages of steel form work
DEFINITION
Its is an artificial support provided below and around the
precast or cast insitue concrete work.
Formwork is commonly made of
Steel
wood
Formwork construction & casting is of prime importance in
concrete industry. It share a significant amount of concrete
cost.
QUALITIES OF FORMWORK
It should be water tight
It should be strong
It can be reusable
Its contact surface should be uniform
It should be according to the size of member.
TYPES OF FORMWORK
Formwork are mainly of two types
Steel formwork is made of
Steel formwork
Wooden formwork
steel sheets
Angle Iron
Tee Iron
Wooden formwork consists of
Props
Planks battens
Ledgers
sheeting
FORMWORK DETAIL FOR DIFFERENT
STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
In concrete construction formwork is commonly
provided for the following structural members.
Foundations
Wall
Column
Slabs & beams
Stairs
FORMWORK FOR FOUNDATIONS
Wall foundations
It consists of
Plywood
Struts
Sheeting
FORMWORK FOR FOUNDATIONS
Column
Foundations
It consists of
Side
Supports
Side Planks
Cleats
Cleats
Side Support
Side Planks
FORMWORK FOR WALL
Vertical Posts
It consists of
Timber sheeting
Vertical posts
Horizontal members
Rackers
Stakes
Wedges
After completing one
side of formwork
reinforcement is
provided at the place
then the second side
formwork is provided.
Struts
FORMWORK FOR COLUMN
It consists of the
following
Side
& End Planks
Yoke
Nut
& Bolts
Two end & two side
planks are joined by
the yokes and bolts.
FORMWORK FOR SLABS & BEAMS
It consists of
Sole plates
Wedges
Props
Head tree
Planks
Batten
Ledgers
Beam formwork rests
on head tree
Slab form work rests
on battens and joists
If prop height are more
than 8 provide
horizontal braces.
LINTEL OR BEAM FORMWORK
FORMWORK FOR STAIRS
It consists of
Vertical
& inclined
posts
Inclined members
Wooden
Planks or
sheeting
Stringer
Riser Planks
Riser Planks
REMOVAL OF FORMWORK
Time of formwork removal depends on the
following factors
1. Type of Cement
1. Rapid hardening cements require lesser time as
compared to OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement)
2. Ratio of concrete mix
1. Rich ratio concrete gain strength earlier as
compared to weak ratio concrete.
3. Weather condition
1. Hydration process accelerates in hot weather
conditions as compared to cold and humid
weather conditions.
TIME OF REMOVAL OF FORMWORK
Sr.
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
OPC
Rapid
Hardening
Cement
Structural Member
(Ordinary Portland
Cement)
Beam sides, walls & Columns
2-3 Days
2 Days
Slab (Vertical Supports remains intact)
4 Days
3 Days
10 Days
5 Days
8 Days
5 Days
14 Days
5-8 Days
21 Days
8-10 Days
Slab (Complete Formwork removal)
Beams (Removal of Sheeting, Props
remains intact)
Beams & Arches (Complete
formwork removal) (up to 6 m span)
Beams & Arches (Complete
formwork removal) (more than 6 m span)
MAINTENANCE OF FORMWORK
Due to continuous use wooden planks & steel plates
surfaces become uneven and require maintenance.
For wooden formwork use cardboard or plastic fiber
board. Bolt hole places must also be repaired.
For steel formwork plates must be leveled by mallet
and loose corners must be welded.
COST OF FORMWORK
For normal works cost of formwork is about
30%-40% of the concrete cost.
For special works cost of formwork is about
50%-60% of the concrete cost.
Formwork cost is controlled by the following
factors
Formwork Material cost
Formwork erecting cost
Formwork removal cost
Formwork jointing cost (Nails and Cables)
Labor charges.
ADVANTAGES OF STEEL FORM WORK
It can be used for a no. of times.
It is non absorbent.
Smooth finish surface obtained.
No shrinkage of formwork occurs.
Easy to use.
Its volume is less
Its strength is more.
SCAFFOLDING
Definitions
Its a temporary structure to provide a platform at different levels of a building for
workers and Materials.
TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
Following are the types of scaffolds
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Single Scaffolds
Double Scaffolds
Ladder Scaffolds
Cantilever Scaffolds
Suspended Scaffolds
Steel or Tubular Scaffolds
DEFINITION
Scaffold
It
is the temporary support system provided for the
construction & maintenance purposes.
It consists of supports and a working platform for
workers and Materials.
Scaffolding
Method
of construction of scaffolds is called
scaffolding.
SINGLE SCAFFOLDS
It consists of
Standards (v
posts)(10 cm)
Putlogs (7.5 x 7.5)
Ledgers (
Wooden boards
Braces
Used for ordinary
buildings
1.2 m
DOUBLE SCAFFOLDS
It consists of
Two rows of standards.
15 cm, 1.5 m
Shores are provided.
Used for superior
works
LADDER SCAFFOLDS
It consists of
Brackets
for
Plate form.
CANTILEVER SCAFFOLDS
It consists of
Cantilever
Struts
Standards
Putlogs
Plate forms
It is used above
ground level
SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDS
It consists of
Ropes
Working platforms
Ropes can be raised
Manually or
mechanically
Used for light
construction and
finishing works of
multistory buildings.
STEEL OR TUBULAR SCAFFOLDS
It consists of
Steel
tubes (1-1/2 2-1/2 diameter)
Coupler or Clamps (to hold pipes in different
positions)
Prop nuts (to hold single pipes)
Bolts, Nuts & washers
Wedge & Clip
SCAFFOLD PIPES
COUPLER OR CLAMPS
SCAFFOLD FITTINGS
Double Coupler
It joins ledgers and standards.
Swivel Coupler
Composed of two single couplers and used to join two scaffolds at any
angle.
Putlog Coupler
Used to join putlogs with transom.
Base Plate
Used at the base of the standards.
Split joint Pin
Its a connection fitting used to join scaffold tubes.
Reveal Pin
It fit in to the end of a tube to form an adjustable strut.
Putlog end
A flat plate used at the end of a scaffold to convert it in to a putlog.
SCAFFOLD FITTINGS
SCAFFOLD FITTINGS
PROP NUTS, CLAMP AND FASTENERS
WEDGE & CLIP
WEB LINKS FOR SCAFFOLDING
http://www.advancescaffold.com/internationalstandard.html
SHORING
Definitions
It is the method of providing temporary support (shores) to an unsafe structure.
SHORING
Definition
It
is the method of providing temporary support
(shores) to an unsafe structure.
Types of Shoring
Horizontal
shoring or flying shoring
Vertical shoring or dead shoring
Inclined Shoring or flying shoring
HORIZONTAL SHORING
It consists of
Horizontal
beam or strut
Wall plates
Cleats
Straining
beams
Used to
support two
adjacent
buildings.
SINGLE FLYING SHORING
DOUBLE FLYING SHORING
VERTICAL SHORING
It consists of
Dead
shores
Sole plates
Needles
Props
Used for
rebuilding of
walls.
DEAD OR VERTICAL
SHORING
INCLINED SHORING
It consists of
Rackers
Needles
Cleats
Braces
Sole
plate
Used to
strengthen a
wall.
INCLINED OR RAKING SHORING
INCLINED OR RAKING SHORING
(UNSYMMETRICAL)
RAKING SHORING DETAILS
RAKING SHORING DETAILS
INCLINED
SHORING OR
RAKING SHORING
THANK YOU
