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ABB Group
October 7, 2014

l Slide 1

ABB Protective Relay School Webinar Series

Disclaimer
ABB is pleased to provide you with technical information regarding protective
relays. The material included is not intended to be a complete presentation of
all potential problems and solutions related to this topic. The content is
generic and may not be applicable for circumstances or equipment at any

specific facility. By participating in ABB's web-based Protective Relay School,

you agree that ABB is providing this information to you on an informational
basis only and makes no warranties, representations or guarantees as to the
efficacy or commercial utility of the information for any specific application or

purpose, and ABB is not responsible for any action taken in reliance on the
information contained herein. ABB consultants and service representatives
are available to study specific operations and make recommendations on
improving safety, efficiency and profitability. Contact an ABB sales
representative for further information.
ABB Group
October 7, 2014

l Slide 2

ABB Protective Relay School Webinar Series

Line distance protection fundamentals

Elmo Price
October 7, 2014

Presenter
Elmo Price received his BSEE from Lamar State College of Technology in
Beaumont, Texas and his MSEE degree in Power Systems Engineering from
the University of Pittsburgh.

Elmo Price

He began his career with Westinghouse in 1970 and worked in many

engineering positions. He also worked as a district engineer located in New
Orleans providing engineering support for Westinghouse power system
products in the South-central U.S.
With the consolidation of Westinghouse into ABB in 1988, Elmo assumed
regional responsibility for product application for the Protective Relay
Division. From 1992 to 2002 he worked in various technical management
positions responsible for product management, product design, application
support and relay schools. From 2002 to 2008 Elmo was a regional
technical manager providing product sales and application support in the
southeastern U.S.
Elmo is currently senior consultant for ABB, a registered professional
engineer and a Life Senior member of the IEEE. He is a member of the IEEE
Power System Relay Committee and the Line Protection Subcommittee,
serving as a contributing member to many working groups. He has two
patents and has authored and presented numerous industry papers.

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 4

Learning objectives

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 5

Line distance measurement methods and characteristics

Apparent impedance of fault loops and differences in

phase and ground measurements

The importance of faulted phase selection

Step distance line protection

Zone acceleration schemes (non-pilot)

Basics of communications assisted schemes

(optional time permitting)

Distance and impedance relays

~

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 6

ZS
VR

IR

ZL

Uses both voltage and current to determine if a fault

is within the relays set zone of protection
Settings based on positive and zero sequence
transmission line impedance
Measures phase and ground fault loops

Distance and impedance relays

Brief History
~

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 7

ZS
VR

IR

ZL

1921 Voltage restrained time overcurrent was first

form of impedance relaying

1929 Balance beam impedance relay improved

operating speed performance, but was non-directional

1950 Induction cup phase comparator providing mho

distance characteristic

1965 Solid-state implementations

1984 Microprocessor implementations

Impedance relay
Simple balance beam
~

ZS
VR

IR

ZR

ZR
Restraint
Torque

VR

Operate
Torque

IR*ZR

Reach to balance point = VR/IR = ZR

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 8

Distance relays

Need

Fault levels are higher on high voltage transmission lines

Faults need to be cleared rapidly to avoid instability, and

extensive damage

Advantages

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 9

The impedance zone has a fixed impedance reach

Greater Instantaneous trip coverage with security
Greater sensitivity
Easier setting calculations and coordination
Fixed zone of protection that are relatively independent of system
changes
Higher independence of load

Distance relay application

ZR

ZG

ZH

ZL
Relay

Relay

ZH

Impedance
Plane

ZR

Operating
Characteristic

ZL
R
G

ZG
ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 10

Distance relay characteristics

Impedance
ZH

X
No operation region

ZR

Operate

ZL
MTA

G
32 (Directional unit)

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 11

Distance relay characteristics

Mho distance, self (fault voltage) polarized
ZH
X
No Operation Region

ZR

ZL

Operate
MTA

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 12

Distance relay characteristics

Mho distance, (healthy) voltage polarized
ZH
X

ZR

No Operation Region

Typical polarizing
Quantities

ZL

Operate

ZG

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 13

Cross

Positive Sequence

Memory

Distance relay characteristics

Offset mho distance
ZH

X
No operation region

ZR

ZL

Operate

G
Close-in faults

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 14

MTA

R
32 (Directional unit)

Distance relay characteristics

Reactance
ZH

X
No operation region

XR

ZR

Operate

ZL
MTA

- XR
ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 15

Load
supervision

R
R
32 (Directional unit)

Distance relay characteristics

Quadrilateral
X
No operation region

ZH

XR ZR
ZL

H
Good
resistance
coverage

Operate

MTA

MTA

RR
32 (Directional unit)

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 16

Distance relay characteristics

Switched zone quadrilateral
No operation region

X
Zone-3

Operate

Zone-2
Zone-1

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 17

Distance relay characteristics

Mho distance with switched reactance
X
No operation region

Zone-3
Zone-2

Zone-1
Operate

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 18

Distance relay characteristics

Lenticular

No operation region

ZH

MTA

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 19

Multi-phase
faults

Phase comparators
S1
S2

PHASE
COMPARATOR

S1
Compares the phase
angle of two phasor
quantities to determine
operation
ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 20

1/0

S2

OPERATE

RESTRAIN

Apply
operating
torque

Apply
opening
torque

Distance relay characteristics

KD-10 cylinder unit (comparator) and compensator
IA
VA

IB

CYLINDER
UNIT

ZR

S1
XZY

IC
VC
S2

VB
ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 21

FZY

Z
ZR
COMPENSATOR

Y
Phase-to-phase unit

FXY

Distance relay characteristics

KD-10 cylinder unit
Compensator
IA - I B
VAG

VXY = VAB - (IA - IB)ZR

(IA - IB)ZR
X

IC - IB

FXY
VXY

VCG

VCB

(IC - IB)ZR

VZY

Y
VBG

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 22

Cylinder unit

VZY = VCB - (IC - IB)ZR

FZY

Trips when
VXY leads VZY
XZY
sequence

Distance relay characteristics

Mho distance phase comparator principle
Generic single phase self polarized without zero sequence compensation
IX

IX

IZC IZ

IZC
IZC - IZ

IZC

IZ
IR

V
(a) Self (faulted phase) Polarized

ZC = impedance reach setting

Z = fault impedance
Vf = fault voltage at relay
I = fault current
ABB Group
| Slide 23

> 90

S2

IZ

October 7, 2014

< 90

IR

V
(b) Internal and External Fault

S1 V f IZ
S 2 IZ C V f IZ C IZ

Trip b < 90O

S1

Distance relay characteristics

Mho distance phase comparator cross polarized
IX

IZC - IZ

IZC

Generic single phase (healthy) voltage

polarized without zero sequence
compensation

IZ
V

I(Z+ZS)

IR

IZS
VS

Z+ZS = fault impedance from source

VS = source voltage
ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 24

S1 I ( Z Z S );VBC , V1 , VMem
S 2 IZ C IZ

Distance relay characteristics

Mho distance phase comparators
VOP

VPOL

Zc*IXY - VXY

jVXY

XY = AB, BC, CA
Zc = setting

Zc*IXY - VXY

VZ

XY = AB, BC, CA
Z = C, A, B
Zc = setting

VAB
(IA IB)Zc

Zc = setting
VCB
(IC IB)Zc

Three units required for phase-to-phase

and three-phase
Self Polarizing
No expansion
Requires directional unit supervision
Requires memory for zero voltage faults
VOP leads VPOL
Three units required for phase-to-phase
and three-phase
Cross Polarizing
Source Impedance expansion
Requires directional unit supervision
Requires memory for zero voltage faults
VOP leads VPOL
Single unit required for phase-to-phase
(AB, BC, CA)
Separate unit required for three-phase
faults
Source Impedance expansion
VOP leads VPOL

Positive Sequence Polarizing, VPOL == sub jVZY with VX1

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

Comments

| Slide 25

Distance relay characteristics

Mho distance phase comparators
Comments

VOP

VPOL

VXG
Zc*(IX + K0I0)

VZY

X = A, B, C
YZ = BC, CA, AB
I0 = 1/3(IA+IB+IC)
K0=(Z0 - Z1)/Z1

VXG
Zc*(IX + KNIR)

jVZY

X = A, B, C
YZ = BC, CA, AB
IR = IA+IB+IC
KN = (Z0 - Z1)/3Z1

Three units required for phase-toground (A, B, C)

zero sequence (I 0)compensation
Cross Polarizing
Source Impedance expansion
Requires directional unit
supervision
VOP leads VPOL
Three units required for phase-toground (A, B, C)
Residual ground (I r=3I0)
compensation
Cross Polarizing
Source Impedance expansion
Requires directional unit
supervision
VOP leads VPOL

Positive sequence polarizing, VPOL == sub jVZY with VX1

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 26

Quadrilateral characteristics
Reactance Lines (current polarization)
S1 = IZC - V = (XC - Z)I

S2 = VPOL = XCI

XC - Z

XC

Only the forward reach line can be defined,

therefore, it must be directionally supervised

S1

ZC

S2
q

RC

RF

-XC

Operate q < 90O

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 27

I2 used for load compensation

Quadrilateral characteristics
Resistance (current polarized)
X

S1 = IRCF - V = (RCF - Z)I

S2 = VPOL = RCFI

Z
RCF

S1

S2

RCF - Z

RCF

Z
R

Operate q < 90O

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 28

Distance relay characteristics

Reference
E. Price, T. Einarsson, Complementary Approach for
Reliable High Speed Transmission Line Protection, 62nd
Annual Georgia Tech Protective Relaying Conference,
Atlanta, Georgia, 2008.

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 29

Apparent impedance of fault loops

6 fault loops measured for
each zone

AG

BG
CG

Fault Types
Phase-to-ground
Phase-to-phase

AB

CA

Two phase-to-ground
Three phase

BC
ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 30

Apparent impedance of fault loops

Three phase
X

ZL1

ZR1
IN = 0

ZLN
MTA

R
Relay Phase Impedance
Characteristic

Apparent impedance
phase)

VA= IA ZL1
Z3P = ZL1 =VA/IA
ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 31

(per

ZL1

ZL1
Fault applied on line at ZL1
Phase reach is set in terms of
positive sequence impedance, ZL1

Apparent impedance of fault loops

Phase-to-phase
ZL1

ZL1

MTAP
R
Relay Phase-to-phase
impedance characteristic

Apparent impedance, ZPP

VAB = (IA - IB ) ZL1 = 2IA ZL1
ZPP =ZL1 = VAB/(IA - IB ) = (VA - VB )/(IA - IB )
Phase reach is set in terms of positive sequence impedance, ZL1
ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 32

ZLN
ZL1
ZL1

Apparent impedance of fault loops

Phase-to-ground
X Z
L1

ZG = ZL1 + ZLN

ZL1

MTAP

ZLN
MTAG

ZL1

Relay Phase-to-ground
impedance characteristic

Apparent impedance

(no load IA = 3I0 )

VA = IA ZL1 + 3I0ZLN = IA (ZL1 + ZLN)

ZG = VA /IA = (ZL1 + ZLN)

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 33

MTAG = Argument ( ZL1 + ZLN )

ZL1

Apparent impedance of fault loops

Phase-to-ground
Apparent impedance

X Z
L1

MTAP

Arg(1+KN)

ZG = (ZL1 + ZLN)
ZLN = (ZL0 - ZL1) / 3

ZG = (2ZL1 + ZL0) / 3 (ground loop)

MTAG

Relay Phase-to-ground
impedance characteristic

ZL1 with residual 3I0 compensation

ZG = ZL1 ( 2 + ZL0 / ZL1) / 3
ZG = ZL1 ( 2 + 1 + ZL0 / ZL1 - 1 ) / 3

ZG = ZL1(1 + KN); KN = (ZL0 - ZL1)/3ZL1

MTAG = Arg( ZG)

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 34

Apparent impedance of fault loops

Phase-to-ground
Two Factors used by different relays and manufacturers
Residual [neutral] current compensation

KN compensates for 3I0

VA Z
KN

K0 compensates for I0
Ground reach is set in terms of ZL1 and KN:

ABB Group

October 7, 2014

| Slide 35

K0

ZL0 - ZL1
I 3I

3ZL1

ZL0 - ZL1
3ZL1

VA Z

Zero sequence current compensation

L1 A

L1 A

ZL0

I I
- 1

ZL1

ZL0
-1
ZL1

ZG = ZL1(1 + KN)

Faulted phase selection

Release or identify correct
impedance loop
A-B
A-G

B-C
B-G

C-A
C-G

6 fault loops measured in each

zone
ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 36

Single pole trip

Event recording

Fault location

Faulted phase selection

Issues
Multiple impedance loop operations
for a fault event
A-B
A-G

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 37

B-C
B-G

C-A
C-G

Common phases of a fault loop

Magnitude of fault quantities

Load

Fault resistance

Faulted phase selection

Issues
The FF unit may operate for close-in reverse FF, FFG, or
FG faults
The FF unit may operate for close-in forward FG faults
The FG units may operate for close-in reverse FG faults
The FF unit of a non-faulted loop may operate for FFG
faults with high fault resistance

e.g. CA unit for a BCG fault

The CA operation will occur with the expected BC operation
giving the appearance of a three phase fault.

These issues are resolved with directional and/or sequence current supervision.

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 38

Faulted phase selection

Issues

The FG unit of the leading phase will overreach for

forward external FFG faults with any measurable fault
resistance

e.g. BG unit for a BCG fault

The FG unit of the lagging phase will underreach for

forward internal FFG faults near the reach setting with any
measurable fault resistance

e.g. CG unit for a BCG fault

This is generally of no consequence

These issues are the result of FFG faults and must be resolved by accurate phase
selection.

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 39

Faulted phase selection

Response of BG, CG and BC units to BCG fault
5
2

Fault Location in PU of Zone Reach Setting, Zc

SIRz

1.5

Error Zone of FG
units for FFG faults

BG is operated
1
0.5
Overreaching BG Units
1

BC Unit
Underreaching CG Units

Operates f or all
parameters at 1.0

0.5

0.5

CG is operated
3
5
0
0
October 7, 2014

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

Per Unit Fault Resistance, Rg

ABB Group
| Slide 40

0.08

0.09

0.1

Faulted phase selection

Reference
E. Price, T. Einarsson, The Performance of Faulted phase
Selectors used in Transmission Line Applications, 62nd
Annual Georgia Tech Protective Relaying Conference,
Atlanta, Georgia, 2008.

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 41

Application
Location of cts and vts

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 42

Reach of a distance relay is measured from the

location of the voltage transformer

Directional sensing occurs from the location of the

current transformer

In most applications vts and cts are usually at same

location (no measurable impedance between them)

Their location should always be considered

especially for applications with transmission lines
terminated with transformers

Application
Step distance protection
T3
T2
T1

Z3
Z2
Z1

H
Z1

Z3

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 43

Z2

T1
T2
T3

Zone 1 set for 80 - 90 % of line impedance

Zone 2 set for 100% of line plus 25 - 50% of shortest adjacent
line from remote bus
Zone 3 set for 100% of both lines plus 25% of adjacent line
off remote bus

Step distance protection

Zone 1

T3
T2
T1

Z3
Z2
Z1

H
Z1

Z3

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

Z2

T1
T2
T3

Do not want Zone 1 to reach beyond remote bus

10 to 20% is safety factor
Inaccuracies
Relays
Current and potential transformers
Line impedances

| Slide 44

Step distance protection

Zone 2
T3
T2
T1

Z3
Z2
Z1

H
Z1

Z3

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 45

Z2

T1
T2
T3

H
Z1

Operates through a timer (T2)

Timer set for Coordination Time Interval (CTI) that allows
remote relay zone 1 [Z1] and breaker [at H] to operate with
margin before zone 2 [Z2] relay
Z2 at G must overreach the remote bus H, but should not
overreach the closest far bus at R
Z2 at G is remote backup to Z1 at H

Step distance protection

Zone 3
T3
T2
T1

Z3
Z2

H
Z1

Z3

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 46

Z2

Z1

Z1
Z2

T1
T2
T3

Operates through a timer (T3)

Timer set for Coordination Time Interval (CTI) that allows
remote relay zone 2 [Z2] and breakers [at H and R] to
operate with margin before the zone 3 [Z3] relay
Z3 at G is also remote backup to Z1 and Z2 at H

Step distance protection

Zone 3
T2
T3

Z3

T1
Z1

Z2
Z1

H
Z1

Z2

ABB Group
| Slide 47

T1
T2

Zone 3 relay [Z3] may be applied looking reverse for pilot

system logic with no timer
Zone 3 relay [Z3] may be applied looking reverse for reverse
[backup] bus protection

October 7, 2014

T3

Timer set to allows reverse zone 1 [Z1] relay and breaker [at G]
to operate with margin before zone 3 [Z3] relay

Step distance protection

Operating time profile
Z3

Z2
Z1

T3

T2

21/67 (Impedance controlled directional TOC)

Z2

Z2
Z1

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 48

Z1

Step distance protection

Infeed [from remote bus]
Z2
Z1

IG
IIN

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 49

Reduces the apparent reach measured by distance relays

Depends on the ratio between current going through relay
(IG) and current from infeed (IIN)
Usually not a factor on Zone 1 [Z1] relay unless tapped line
[or appreciable fault resistance for ground faults]
Zone 2 may underreach remote bus

Step distance protection

Infeed [from remote bus]
Z2

VG
ZG

IG
IIN

ZH

IG+ IIN
H

With Zero voltage fault and Z2 = ZG + ZH

VG = IGZG + ( IG + IIN ) ZH
ZA (Apparent) = VG / IG
ZA = ZG + (1 + IIN/IG) ZH
ZA = ZG + ZH + (IIN/IG)ZH (Increase in Apparent Impedance)

Z2 must be set to overreach bus H for infeed at bus H

and not overreach bus K for no infeed at bus H
ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 50

Step distance protection

Outfeed

Z1 = 2.5 W

1W

2W

2a

1a

1W

1a

1W

1a

Usually associated with three terminal line applications and paralleling of line segment
Example:
VG = 2(1) + 2(1 ) = 4
ZG (Apparent) = VG / IG
ZG = 4/2 = 2 W
Z1 will overreach and see the fault
ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 51

Step distance protection

Tapped transformers and loads
m
mZL
G

IG

ZT

(1-m)ZL

IH
IG + IH

VG = IGmZL + ( IG + IH ) ZT
ZG (Apparent) = VG / IG
ZG = mZL + (1 + IH/IG) ZT

ZG = mZL + ZT + IH/IGZT (Increase in apparent impedance)

Apparent impedance will always be larger than impedance to fault
ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 52

Step distance protection

Lines terminated into transformers
ZT
IL

ZL
IH

VL

VH

IH and VH preferred to provide line protection

Use of VL and/or IL affects measured impedance and requires
ct and/or vt ratio adjustment
Transformer should always be protected separately

Reference
E. Price, R. Hedding, Protecting Transmission Lines Terminated into
Transformers, 63nd Annual Georgia Tech Protective Relaying
Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, 2009.
ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 53

Source impedance ratio

Ratio of source impedance to the line impedance

SIR to the relay is the ratio of source impedance to
the zone impedance setting
The higher the SIR the more complex the line
protection with zone 1
Measurement errors are more pronounced

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 54

Current and or voltage transformer error

CVT transients

Zone-1 may not be recommended in many

applications
Current differential protection preferred

Source impedance ratio

Recommended applications

Short Line

Current Differential

Phase Comparison

Pilot (POTT, DCB)

Medium Line

Above

Step Distance

Long Line

SIR > 4.0

4.0 > SIR > 0.5

0.5 > SIR

Above
Step Distance
IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to
Transmission Lines - IEEE Std C37.113-1999

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 55

Non-pilot applications
Zone 1 extension
Z1
Z1

Z1

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 56

Z1

F
D

Z1 reach is initially set to overreach remote bus

Circuit breakers controlled by relays A, C, & D trip for a fault
at F
Z1 reach is reduced to not overreach remote bus
High-speed reclose

Non-pilot applications
Zone 1 extension
Z2
Z1

Z1

Z1
Z1

ABB Group
| Slide 57

F
D

After high-speed reclose

October 7, 2014

Circuit breaker controlled by relay C trips instantaneously

Circuit breaker controlled by relay D trips time-delayed
Circuit breaker controlled by relay A does not trip

Non-pilot applications
Load loss trip
Z2

Z2
Z1
Z1
A

ABB Group
| Slide 58

Unbalanced fault occurs at F

Breaker controlled by relay B trips instantaneously by Z1
Balanced load current, IL, is interrupted
LLT Logic at A

October 7, 2014

IL

Detects loss of balanced (load) current and bypasses Z2

timer to trip
Does not operate for three-phase fault

Switch onto fault logic

ZSOTF

CLOSING

Breaker position
Dead line logic

When breaker controlled by relay A closes SOTF asserts

when:

I and Not V, and/or

ZSOTF operates

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 59

Logic determines breaker has been open awhile and sets

SOTF logic (aka: CIFT, SOFT)

OPEN

Set ZSOTF offset, overreaching line and below minimum load impedance

Stub bus protection logic

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 60

Pilot relaying schemes

Communication assisted schemes
Goal - High speed simultaneous tripping of all line
terminals for internal line faults
STATION C

STATION D

B
P&C
STATION E

P&C
C

P&C

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 61

Pilot relaying schemes

Communication assisted schemes
Goal - High speed simultaneous tripping of all line
terminals for internal line faults
STATION C

STATION D

B
P&C
STATION E

P&C
C
COMMUNICATIONS

P&C

Requires reliable high-speed communications

between line terminals.
ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 62

Pilot Communications
Power Line Carrier (PLC)

The communication signal is coupled to the transmission line being protected

requiring additional substation equipment

Line traps

Line tuners

Coupling capacitors

On/Off Keying, Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Generally more available and economical than other forms of pilot

communications

Communication issues tend to occur when reliable communications is need

most during the fault

DCB (On/Off) and DCUB (FSK) developed specifically for PLC

63

Pilot Communications
Non Power Line Carrier

64

The communication signal is routed separately from

the transmission line conductor

Audio tone FSK over voice (telephone, microwave)

Digital most reliable, particularly with fiber optics,

direct connected or multiplexed

Directional Comparison
Directional Comparison relaying determines the fault direction at each line
terminal and compares the results to determine the fault to be internal or
external to the protected line.
FWD Element (FP-A)

INTERNAL
FAULT

FINT

FWD Element (FP-B)

STATION C

FWD Element (FP-A)

EXTERNAL
FAULT

STATION C

65

STATION D

STATION D

FEXT

REV Element (RP-B)

Distance Protection
Directional Comparison Schemes

Non PLC Channels

DUTT* Direct-underreaching transfer trip

POTT permissive-overreaching transfer trip

PUTT permissive-underreaching transfer trip

PLC

DCB directional comparison blocking

DCUB directional comparison unblocking

* Although there is no directional comparison between terminals this scheme is

usually considered with directional comparison schemes.
66

DUTT Direct-underreaching Transfer Trip

STATION D

STATION C

B
FINT

21-1
21-1
Must
Overlap
Comm

Tx
Rx

Rx [f1 from B]

21-1 (A)

TRIP A
OR

Tx [f1 to TRIP B]

Also known as an Intertrip scheme

67

Tx
Rx

f1

Comm

Rx [f1 from A]

21-1 (B)

Underreaching
Distance Relay

OR

TRIP B

Tx [f1 to TRIP A]

DUTT Direct-underreaching Transfer Trip

Advantages

Fast method for clearing end zone faults

Single communications channel

Disadvantages

68

Cannot protect full line if one terminal is open or has

weak infeed
Requires ground distance relays for accurate reach on
ground faults (no overcurrent)
Subject to 21-1 overreaching issues (e.g. ccvt
transients)
Spurious communication channel noise may cause
undesired trip (secure channel desired FSK, digital)

PUTT Permissive-underreaching Transfer Trip

STATION D

STATION C

B
Must
Overlap

21-1

FINT

21-1
Overreaching
Distance Relay

Underreaching
Distance Relay

21-2
21-2

Comm

Tx
Rx

Rx [f1 from B]

21-2 (A)
21-1 (A)

AND

Tx
Rx

f1

TRIP A

Tx [to B]

Comm

Rx [f1 from A]

21-2 (B)
21-1 (B)

Rx signal should have a minimum receive time to allow operation of 21-2.

69

TRIP B
AND

Tx [f1 to A]

PUTT Permissive-underreaching Transfer Trip

Advantages

More secure than DUTT requiring a 21-2 operation for

permission to trip

Single communications channel

Disadvantages

70

Cannot protect full line if one terminal is open or has

weak infeed

Requires ground distance relays for accurate reach on

ground faults (no overcurrent)

POTT Permissive-overreaching Transfer Trip

STATION D

STATION C

B
FINT

FP-A
Overreaching Distance

FP-B and OC Relays:

21-2, 21N-2, 67N

Comm

Tx
Rx

Rx [f2 from B]

FP-A

AND

f1

TRIP A

f2

Tx
Rx

Comm

Rx [f1 from A]

FP-B

AND

Tx [f1 to B]
Rx signal should have a minimum receive time to allow operation of 21-2.

71

TRIP B

Tx [f2 to A]

POTT Permissive-overreaching Transfer Trip

Advantages

More dependable than PUTT because it sees all line

faults.

Open terminal and weak-end infeed logic can be applied.

Forward and reverse ground directional overcurrent

relays may be applied for greater sensitivity to high
resistance ground faults

Disadvantages

Requires a duplex communications channel (separate

frequency/signal for each direction)

Will not trip for internal fault with loss of channel (but

usually applied with a zone-1/2 step-distance

relay)
72

Directional Comparison
Blocking (DCB) and Unblocking (DCUB)
DCB and DCUB schemes are specifically intended to be used with systems where
communications is less secure (likely to be lost) during line fault conditions

Power-line carrier signal

communications is on same
conductor that you are protecting
STATION C

STATION D

Transmission Line

Power Line
Carrier
Channel
Relay

73

Relay

The PLC Channel

Station A Bus

Signal:
30 to 500 kHz
1 to 100 Watts
(7 to 70 V rms)

Line Trap

Fault
2

Signal Path
Switchyard
Control
House

Protective
Relay
System

Relay PT
inputs

Coaxial Cable

Coupling Capacitor
Voltage
Transformer (ccvt)

H
R

Drain
Coil
Line
Tuner

DCUB Directional Comparison Unblocking

fB1 and fB2 are continuous block signals until a fault is detected and
the frequency is shifted to the unblock (trip) f1 and/or f2.
75

DCUB Directional Comparison Unblocking

Advantages

Very secure at it requires receipt of Unblock signal for

tripping.

Has logic to handle loss of channel during faults.

Open terminal and weak-end infeed logic can be applied.

Forward and reverse ground directional overcurrent

relays may be applied for greater sensitivity to high
resistance ground faults

Security logic for loss of channel (carrier holes) only

delays trip during loss of channel

Disadvantages

76

Requires a duplex communications channel (separate trip

and guard frequencies for each direction)

DCB Directional Comparison Blocking

77

DCB Directional Comparison Blocking

Advantages

Very dependable does not depend on channel for tripping for internal
faults

Open terminal and weak-end infeed are handled by scheme

Forward and reverse ground directional overcurrent relays may be applied

for greater sensitivity to high resistance ground faults

Low cost communications channel single frequency channel On/Off PLC

Disadvantages

Not as secure tends to overtrip for slow channel or loss of channel

Security logic for carrier holes may be required slows tripping.

Channel is normally off so periodic checking is required

78

References

ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 79

1.

IEEE Guide for protective Relay Applications to

Transmission Lines, IEEE Std. C37-113, 1999.

2.

W. A. Elmore, Protective Relaying: Theory and

Application, Marcel Decker, Inc., New York,1994.

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This webinar brought to you by:

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Thank you for your participation

Shortly, you will receive a link to an archive of this presentation.
To view a schedule of remaining webinars in this series, or for more
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ABB Group
October 7, 2014

| Slide 82