Selected Inequalities from

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PROBLEMS
7. Let a, b, c be the lengths of the sides of a triangle, prove that
a
b
c
+
+
3
b+ca c+ab a+bc

13. Let d be the difference of the maximum and the minimum from n distinct real
numbers a1 , a2 , ..., an , and X
s be the sum of n(n 1)/2 absolutes of differences of all pairs
|ai aj |. Prove that (n 1)d s n2 d/4
made from these numbers
i<j

23. For every natural number n > 1, prove that the quotient between thepproduct of

first n even
numbers with the product of first n odd numbers is greater than
less than 4n.

8n/3 and

33. For every natural number n > 1000, prove that the sum of all remainders from
division of 2n for 1, 2, .., n greater than 2n.
51. If product of three positive numbers is 3 and their sum greater than the sum of their
inverses. Prove that exist at least a number from these number greater than 1.
90. For x1 < x2 < ... < xn be natural numbers, prove that

x2 x1
x3 x2
xn xn1
1 1
1
+
+ ... +
< 1 + + + ... + 2
x2
x3
xn
2 3
n
1
S(8n)
.
S(n)
8
For which natural number k in order that exists positive number ck satisfied the inequality
S(kn)
ck for all natural number n? Find the greatest value of ck .
S(n)

105 Let S(n) be the sum of all digits of a natural number n. Prove that

121. Let a1 , a2 , ..., an be real numbers. Prove that exist a natural number k n such

ak + ... + a2 + a1
ak + ak1 ak + ak1 + ak2
,
,...,
are not greater
that all the values of ak ,
2
3
k
than arithmetic mean of a1 , a2 , ..., an .

157. The sum of n positive numbers x1 , x2 , ..., xn is 1. S is the greatest number from
x2
xn
x1
,
,...,
. Find the least value of S .
1 + x1 1 + x1 + x2
1 + x1 + ... + xn
162. Let a1 < a2 < ... < an be an increasing sequence of natural numbers such that

for every natural number m then m (an ) or have the unique form m = ak + al , where
k, l N. Prove that an n2 for all n N

182. Let a1 , a2 , ..., an be potisive numbers, prove that

a1
a2
an
n
+
+ ... +

a2 + a3 + ... + an a1 + a3 + ... + an
a1 + a2 + .... + an1
n1

208. The difference between the greatest and the least value of numbers x1 , x2 , ..., xn
equals 1. Find the greatest and the least value of

x1 + x2 + ... + xk
, where k = 1, 2, ..., n
k

218. Let x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 be positive numbers, prove that

(x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 )2 4(x1 x2 + x2 x3 + x3 x4 + x4 x5 + x5 x1 )

224. Let a1 , a2 , ..., an and b1 , b2 , ..., bn be real numbers. Prove that when one from following conditions occur:
i. If ai < aj then bi bj
ii. If ai

a1 + a2 + ... + an
< aj then bi bj
n

for all numbers i and j , then

(a1 + a2 + ... + an )(b1 + b2 + ... + bn ) n(a1 b1 + a2 b2 + ... + an bn )

257. Which value of natural number n 2 then

x21 + x22 + ... + x2n p(x1 x2 + x2 x3 + ... + xn1 xn )
where
a. p = 1

4
3
6
c. p =
5
b. p =

Due to Nguyen Cuong Qui, Vietnam - 1974

294. Let a, b, c, d, x, y, u, v be real numbers such that abcd > 0. Prove that
(ax+bu)(av+by)(cx+dv)(cu+dy) (uvx+bcuxy+advxy+bduvy)(acx+bcu+adv+bdy)

308. Let a1 cosx + a2 cos2x + ... + an cosnx 1 for every x. Prove that
a1 + a2 + ... + an n

360. Let a1 , a2 , ..., an be real numbers such that |a1 | = 1 and |ak+1 | = |ak + 1| for
k = 1, 2, ..., n 1. Find the least value of |a1 + a2 + ... + an | if
a. n = 1975.
b. n = 1976.

374. Let a, b, c be positive numbers such that a > c, b > c. Prove that
p

c(a c) +

c(b c)

ab

418. Let n be natural number, prove that

1
1
1 1
n( n n + 1 1) 1 + + + ... + 1 + n(1
).
n
2 3
n
n

423. Let x, y, z be real numbers, prove that

(x2 + y 2 z 2 )(x2 + z 2 y 2 )(y 2 + z 2 x2 ) (x + y z)2 (x + z y)2 (y + z x)2

469. Prove that if the equation xn + a1 xn1 + ... + ak1 xnk+1 + ak+1 xnk1 + ... +

an1 x + an = 0 has n distinct roots in R then ak+1 ak1 < 0.

ak1 + ak+1
, k = 1, 2, ..., 2n
2
a0 + a2 + ... + a2n

n+1

503. Let a0 , a1 , a2 , ..., a2n be real numbers such that ak

1. Prove that

a1 + a3 + ... + a2n1
n
when does the equation hold?

506. Let a, b, c, d be positive numbers, prove that

a4 + b4 + c4 + d4 + 2abcd a2 b2 + a2 c2 + a2 d2 + b2 c2 + b2 d2 + c2 d2 .

507. Let a1 < a2 < ... < an < 2n be natural numbers and n > 5. Prove that
n
min lcm[ai , aj ] 6([ ] + 1).
1i<jn
2
38n
c, where c does not depend on n.
b. max gcd(ai , aj ) >
1i<jn
147
a.

More than that, we can not replace 6 (at 507.a.) by a smaller number and can not replace
38
by a greater number (at 507.b.).
147

510. Assume that 0 < < and n is a natural number. Prove that
sin +

1
1
1
sin 2 + sin 3 + ... + sin n > 0
2
3
n

518. Let x1 , x2 , ..., xn be positive numbers in [a, b], 0 < a < b. Prove that
(x1 + x2 + ... + xn )(

1
1
1
(a + b)2 n2
+
+ ... +
)
x1 x2
xn
4ab

527. Assume that x1 , x2 , ..., xn [0, 1] and n 3. Prove that

x1 + x2 + ... + xn x1 x2 ... xn1 xn xn x1

hni

532. Assume that an = n 1 + n and bn = 4n + 2. Prove that

a. [an ] = [bn ]
b. 0 < bn an <

1
16n n

for n = 1, 2, 3...

543. Given (x, y) = p

|x y|
(1 + x2 )(1 + y 2 )

. Prove that for every real numbers a, b, c then

(a, c) (a, b) + (b, c)

559. Let a, b, c be the lengths of the sides of a triangle, prove that

a b c

+ + b c a < 1
b c a a b c

565. Let a1 , a2 , an be positive numbers, bk is arithmetic mean of all possible products of

k numbers from a1 , a2 , ..., an . Example,

a1 + a2 + ... + an
,
n
a1 a2 + a1 a3 + ... + an1 an
b2 =
, ...,
n(n 1)/2
b1 =

bn = a1 a2 ...an .
Prove that
a. b1

b2

b. b2k bk1 bk+1 , k = 2, 3, ..., n 1

c.

p
k

bk

k+1

bk+1 , k = 2, 3, ..., n 1.

571. Let x1 , x2 , ..., xn , ... be a decreasing sequence of positive numbers such that
x1 x4
x 2
+
+ ... + n 1
1
2
n
For all natural number n, prove that
xn
x1 x2
+
+ ... +
<2
1
2
n
and can not replace 2 by a smaller number.

579. Let x1 , x2 , ..., xn be real numbers in [0; 1], prove that

(x1 + x2 + ... + xn + 1)2 4(x21 + x22 + ... + x2n )

590. Let x be real number and n be natural number, prove that

| cos x| + | cos 2x| + | cos 4x| + ... + | cos 2n x|

1
1
1
+ + ... + . Prove that exists =
2
3
n
1 for every natural numbers m, n.

597. Let xn = 1 +
< xm + xn xmn

n
2
lim (xn lnn) and

620. Let x1 , x2 , ..., xn be real numbers such that x21 + x22 + ... + x2n = 1. Prove that the

sum of all 2n absolute values of terms, which have form x1 x2 ... xn (all possible
combinations of signs + and ) is not greater than 2n .

647. Let

1
2

a b, prove that

b2 a2
2

a2 + b2 a + b

.
2
2

666. Prove that the least common multiple of n natural numbers a1 < a2 < ... < an is
not less than na1 .
718. Find the greatest value of m2 + n2 , where m, n are natural numbers such that

m 1981, n 1981 and n2 mn m2 = 1.

727. Prove that a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc < 2, where a, b, c are the lengths of the sides of a

triangle which has perimeter is 2.

749. a. Let x1 , x2 , x3 be positive numbers, prove that

x1
x2
x3
3
+
+

x2 + x3 x3 + x1 x1 + x2
2
b. Let x1 , x2 , ..., xn be positive numbers, n 4. Prove that

x1
x2
xn1
xn
x3
+
+ ... +
+
+
2
xn + x2 x1 + x3
xn2 + xn xn1 + x1 x1 + x2
The equality only happens with n = 4.
c. Prove that with n > 4 then at the inequality at point b. can not replace number 2 by
a larger other.

762. Let a, b, c be positive numbers, prove that

a+b+c

a3
b3
c3
a2 + b2 b2 + c2 c2 + a2
+
+

+
+
2c
2a
2b
bc ca ab

795. Let (n) be the sum of all divisors of the natural number n. Prove that exists
infinitely natural numbers n satisfying the condition:
a. (n) > 2n
b. (n) > 3n
For every natural number n, prove the inequalities
a. (n) < log(2n + 1)
b. (n) < ln(n + 1).

812. For every natural number n, prove that

1
1
1
1
<2
+ + + ... +
2 3 2 4 3
(n + 1) n
7

835 Let a, b, c be the lengths of the sides of a triangle, prove that

1
ab bc ca
+
+
<
a+b b+c c+a
8

840. a. Let a, b, c be the lengths of the sides of a triangle, prove that

a2 b(a b) + b2 c(b c) + c2 a(c a) 0
b. Let a, b, c be positive numbers. Prove that

a3 c + b3 c + c3 a a2 bc + b2 ca + c2 ab

865. Let a0 < a1 < ... < an1 < an be natural numbers. Prove that
1
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
1 n
[a0 , a1 ] [a1 , a2 ]
[an1 , an ]
2
[a, b] is the least common multiple of natural number a, b.

915. Let a, b, c, d be positive number, prove that

a
b
c
d
+
+
+
2
b+c c+d d+a a+b
Z 3p
Z 3p
4
4
4
919. Prove that 9 <
x + 1dx +
x4 1dx < 9, 0001.
0

969. Let a, b, c be positive numbers. Prove that

a3
b3
c3
a+b+c
+
+

.
2
2
2
2
2
2
a + ab + b
b + bc + c
c + ca + a
3

986. Let a, b be positive numbers, prove that 2 a + 3 3 b 5 5 ab.

994.Find the greatest value of k, so that the equality

a4 + b4 + c4 + abc(a + b + c) k(ab + bc + ca)2
is always true for all numbers a, b, c

999.a. Let a1 , a2 , ..., an be positive number, prove that the inequality

2
n
1
+
+ ... +
<4
a1 a1 + a2
a1 + a2 + ... + an

1
1
1
+
+ ... +
a1 a2
an

a. Prove that, can replace number 4 at point a. by number 2

b. Prove that, can not replace number 2 by a smaller other.

1011. For n positive numbers a1 a2 ... an , prove that

a. a21 a22 + a23 (a1 a2 + a3 )2 .

b. a21 a22 + a23 a24 (a1 a2 + a3 a4 )2 .

c. a21 a22 + ... + (1)n2 a2n1 + (1)n1 a2n (a1 a2 + ... + (1)n2 an1 + (1)n1 an )2

1150. Let a1 , a2 , ..., an be positive numbers. Prove that

a1
(a1 + a2 + ... + an )2
a2
an1
an

+
+ ... +
+
2
2
2
a2 + a3 a3 + a4
an + a1 a1 + a2
2(a1 + a2 + ... + an )

1171. Assume that hn = 1 +

1
1
+ ... + , prove the inequality
2
n

1
1
1
1
<2
+ 2 + 2 + ... +
2
nh2n
h1 2h2 3h3

1177. Let x1 , x2 , ..., xn be positive numbers and not greater than 1. Prove that
(1 + x1 )1/x2 (1 + x2 )1/x3 (1 + x3 )1/x4 ...(1 + xn )1/x1 2n

1193. Prove that

ax + by + cz +

2
(a2 + b2 + c2 )(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) (a + b + c)(x + y + z)
3

1207. Let x, y be real numbers and m be natural number. Prove that

(x2 + y 2 )m 2m xm y m + (xm y m )2

1219. Let x1 , x2 , ..., xn be positive numbers, n > 1. Prove that

(s x1 )x1 + (s x2 )x2 + ... + (s xn )xn > n 1
where s = x1 + x2 + ... + xn .
1228. Let a, b, c be positive numbers which be not greater than 1. Prove that

a
b
c
+
+
2
bc + 1 ca + 1 ab + 1

1272. Let a1 , a2 , ..., an be positive numbers and their sum is 1. Prove that

1
1
1
1
1 ...
1 (n2 1)n
a2n
a21
a22

1277. For n positive numbers a1 , a2 , ..., an , prove that

r

a1 + a2
+
a3

a2 + a3
+ ... +
a4

an1 + an
+
a1

an + a1
n 2
a2

1323. Let x, y be positive numbers, prove that x.2y + y.2x x + y .

1328. For x1 , x2 , ..., xn [1, 1] and x31 + x32 + ... + x3n = 0, prove that
x1 + x2 + ... + xn

n
3

1336. Let m, n be natural number, prove that

1
1

+ m
>1
n
m+1
n+1

1364. Let a, b, c be non-negative numbers and a + b + c = 1. Prove that

a. 4a3 + 4b3 + 4d3 + 15abc 1.

1 1
d
b. a3 + b3 + c3 + abc min{ , + }.
4 9 27

1394. Let a1 , a2 , ..., an , b1 , ..., bn be positive numbers. Prove that the sum of all number

ak bk
AB
, 1 k n is not greater than
, where A = a1 + a2 + ... + an
ak + bk
A+B
and B = b1 + b2 + ... + bn .
which have form

1402. For 0 < x1 x2 ... xn and n > 2, prove that

xn
x2 x3
x1
x1 x2
+
+ ... +

+
+ ... +
x2 x3
x1
x1 x2
xn

1404. Let x, y, z be real numbers which satisfy x + y + z = 0 and xyz = 2. Find the
greatest value of

x2 y 2 z 2
+
+ .
y
z
x

1451. Let a, b be natural numbers in order that

Prove that

a+1 b+1
+
is also natural number.
b
a

(lcm[a, b])2 a + b

1467. For 0 < a1 < a2 < ... < am n be natural numbers in order that the sum of all

number which have form ar + as , 1 r s m is greater than n or its value is in the set
{a1 , a2 , ..., am }. Prove that
n+1
a1 + a2 + ... + am

m
2
1485. For 0 x1 x2 ... xn . Prove that the value of

xk2 (x1 x3 ) + xk3 (x2 x4 ) + ... + xk1 (xn x2 )

is non-negative if k > 1 and is non-positive if 0 < k < 1.

1492. Assume that s(n) = 11 + 22 + ... + nn , n > 3. Prove that

a. 3s(n) > (n + 1)n .

b. 2s(n) < (n + 1)n .

c.

1
1
1
1
>
+
+
....
n
n
s(n) s(n + 1) s(n + 3)

1526. Let a, b, c be positive numbers and their product is 1. Prove that

1
1
1
3
+
+

a3 (b + c) b3 (c + a) c3 (a + b)
2
10

1597. For a, b > 0 and abc = 1, prove that

1
1
1
+
+
1.
1 + 2a 1 + 2b 1 + 2c
1
1
1
b.
+
+
1.
1+a+b 1+b+c 1+c+a
a.

1619. Let x, y, z be real numbers which satisfy x2 + xy + y 2 = 3 and y 2 + yz + z 2 = 16.

Find the greatest value of xy + yz + zx.

1627. Let x1 , x2 , ..., xn be real numbers which satisfy |x1 + x2 ... + xn | = 1 and |xk |
n+1
, k = 1, 2, ..., n. Prove that exists a permutation y1 , y2 , ..., yn of x1 , x2 , ..., xn which
2
satisfy the inequality
n+1
|y1 + 2y2 + ... + nyn |
2
1692. Let a, b, c be the lengths of the sides of a triangle, prove that
a2 + 2bc b2 + 2ca c2 + 2ab
+ 2
+ 2
>3
b2 + c2
c + a2
a + b2

1699. For every natural number n, prove that

n2 1
{ 1} + { 2} + ... + { n2 }
.
2

1701. If x, y > 0 and x2 + y 3 x3 + y 4 , prove that x3 + y 3 2.

1710. Let p, q, r, x, y, z be positive numbers, such that p + q + r = 1 and xp y q z r = 1.

Prove that

p2 x2
q2y2
r2 z 2
1
+
+

qy + rz px + rz px + qy
2

1804. Let a, b, c be positive numbers, prove that

a
b
c

+
+
1
2
2
2
a + 8bc
b + 8ac
c + 8ab

1818. Let a, b, c be positive numbers, prove that

r

a
+
b+c

b
+
a+c

c
>2
a+b

1821. For every natural number n, prove that

n
n
n
n

{ } { } + { } ... + (1)n { } < 2n

1
2
3
n

1826. Let a, b, c be positive numbers such that

1 1 1
+ + a + b + c. Prove that
a b
c

a + b + c 3abc.

11

1834. Prove that

a. x6 y 6 + y 6 z 6 + z 6 x6 + 3x4 y 4 z 4 2(x3 + y 3 + z 3 )x3 y 3 z 3
b. x6 + y 6 + z 6 + 3x2 y 2 z 2 2(x3 y 3 + y 3 z 3 + z 3 x3 ).

1839. For 0 < x < 4 , then

a. (cosx)cox

2x

> (sinx)sin

4x

< (sinx)sin x .

b. (cosx)cox

2x

1846. For every natural numbers n, and k n then

1 k
n2 + nk + k 2
)
n
n2

(1 +

1849. Let p be a prime number such that p2 = 2n .3n + 1, with m, n are non-negative

integers. Prove that p < 18

1869. Let x, y be positive number such that x 6= y and xn +

are natural numbers. Prove that

r
2

x +y >

n+m

1
1
= y n + m , where m, n
m
x
y

16
9

1881. Let a, b, c be positive numbers and their sum is 1. Prove that

1
1
2
2
2
1
+
+

+
+
1a 1b 1c
1+a 1+b 1+c

1904. Let a, b, c be natural numbers such that a(b2 +c2 ) = 2b2 c. Prove that 2b c+a a.
1913. If 0 x y 1 prove that

p
2 (1 x2 )(1 y 2 ) 2(1 x)(1 y) + 1.

1917. Let a, p, q be natural numbers such that ap + 1 is a multiple of q , and aq + 1 is a

multiple of p. Prove that 2a(p + q) > pq.

1928. Let x1 , x2 , ..., xn be positive number, such that the difference between the maximum number and the minimum number is not larger than 2. Prove that

x1 + x2 + ... + xn 1 + x1 x2 + 1 + x2 x3 + ... + 1 + xn x1 x1 + ... + xn + n.

1938. Let x1 , x2 , ..., xn be real numbers, prove that
max{x1 , x2 , ..., xn , x1 x2 ... xn }

|x1 | + |x2 | + ... + |xn |

2n 1

1986. Let x1 x2 ... xn y1 y2 ... yn . Prove that

(x1 + x2 + ... + xn + y1 + y2 + ... + yn )2 4n(x1 y1 + x2 y2 + ... + xn yn ).
12

2002. Let a, b, c be positive numbers such that a + b + c = 1. Prove that

1 1 1
25
+ +
a b
c
1 + 48abc

2042. Prove that

tansin x + cotcos x 2,

13

0<x<

SOLUTION
7. Let a, b, c be the lengths of the sides of a triangle, prove that
a
b
c
+
+
3
b+ca c+ab a+bc

Proof. From the hypothesis we can set a = y + z, b = z + x, c = x + y with x, y, z > 0. The

inequality becomes

y+z z+x x+y

+
+
6
x
y
z

By the AM-GM inequality, we have

r
y
y+z z+x x+y
z
z x x y
+
+
66 =6
x
y
z
x x y y
z
z

Thus we are done. Equality holds when x = y = z or a = b = c.

13. Let d be the difference of the maximum and the minimum from n distinct real numbers

a1 , a2 , ..., an , and
Ps be the sum of n(n 1)/2 absolutes of differences of all pairs made from
these numbers i<j |ai aj |. Prove that
(n 1)d s n2 d/4

Proof. Assume that a1 < a2 < ... < an and denote dk = ak+1 ak , we have
d = an a1 = d1 + d2 + ... + dn1
|aj ai | = di + di+1 + ... + dj1
s=

|ai aj | =

i<j

n1
X

k(n k)dk

k=1

n2
Notice that k(nk) n1 and k(nk)
for k = 1, 2, ..., n1. Thus, the inequality
4
has been proved!

23. For every natural number n > 1, prove that the quotient between p
the product of first n
even
numbers
with
the
product
of
first
n
odd
numbers
is
greater
than
8n/3 and less than

4n.
Proof. Denote pn =

1..3.5...(2n1)
2.4.6...(2n) .

We have

p2n =
For k > 1, notice that

(2k1)2
(2k2)2k

(2n 1)2 1
1 32 52
...
.
2 2.4 4.6 (2n 2)2n 2n
=

(2k1)2
(2k1)2 1

14

> 1. Thus p2n

1
4n .

In another way, we also have

p2n =

3 3.5 5.7 (2n 3)(2n 1) 2n 1

. . ...
.
22 42 62
(2n 2)2
(2n)2
3
8n

Finally, the inequality p2n

is a consequence of

(2k1)(2k+1)
(2k)2

(2k)2 1
(2k)2

< 1.

1692. Let a, b, c be the lengths of the sides of a triangle, prove that

a2 + 2bc b2 + 2ca c2 + 2ab
+ 2
+ 2
>3
b2 + c2
c + a2
a + b2

Proof. Because a, b, c are the lengths of the sides of a triangle so a+bc, b+ca, c+ab > 0.
We have

LHS RHS =

X a2 (b c)2
cyc

b2 + c2

X (a b + c)(a + b c)
b2 + c2

cyc

>0

1710. Let p, q, r, x, y, z be positive numbers, such that p + q + r = 1 and xp y q z r = 1. Prove

that

p2 x2
q2y2
r2 z 2
1
+
+

qy + rz px + rz px + qy
2

Proof. By the Cauchy Schwarz inequality, we have

p2 x2
q2 y2
r2 z 2
(px + qy + rz)2
px + qy + rz
+
+

=
qy + rz px + rz px + qy
2(px + qy + zx)
2
By the Weighted AM-GM inequality,

px + qy + rz xp y q z r = 1
So the inequality is proved. Equality holds if and only if p = q = r =

1804. Let a, b, c be positive numbers, prove that

a
b
c

+
+
1
2
2
2
a + 8bc
b + 8ac
c + 8ab

1818. Let a, b, c be positive numbers, prove that

r

a
+
b+c

b
+
a+c

15

c
>2
a+b

1
and x = y = z = 1
3

1821. For every natural number n, prove that

n
n
n
n

{ } { } + { } ... + (1)n { } < 2n

1
2
3
n

1826. Let a, b, c be positive numbers such that

1 1 1
+ + a + b + c. Prove that
a b
c

a + b + c 3abc.

Proof. We will prove that

(a + b + c) 3abc
We have

3abc

1 1 1
+ +
a b
c

1 1 1
+ +
a b
c

3abc(a + b + c)

= 3(ab + bc + ca) (a + b + c)2

So we are done. Equality holds when a = b = c = 1

1834. Prove that

a. x6 y 6 + y 6 z 6 + z 6 x6 + 3x4 y 4 z 4 2(x3 + y 3 + z 3 )x3 y 3 z 3
b. x6 + y 6 + z 6 + 3x2 y 2 z 2 2(x3 y 3 + y 3 z 3 + z 3 x3 ).

Proof. We will prove part b, part a is equivalent to part b if we set xy = a, yz = b, zx = c.

By the Schur inequality we have:
x6 + y 6 + z 6 + 3x2 y 2 z 2 x2 y 2 (x2 + y 2 ) + y 2 z 2 (y 2 + z 2 ) + z 2 x2 (z 2 + x2 )
and

x2 y 2 (x2 + y 2 ) + y 2 z 2 (y 2 + z 2 ) + z 2 x2 (z 2 + x2 ) 2(x3 y 3 + y 3 z 3 + z 3 x3 ) =

x2 y 2 (x y)2 0

cyc

End this proof. Equality hold if and only if x = y = z .

1839. For 0 < x < 4 , then

a. (cos x)cos x

2x

> (sin x)sin

4x

< (sin x)sin x .

b. (cos x)cos x

Proof. We use the function f (y) = cosy x siny x for y 0 and 0 < x < 4 . We have
f (0) = 0 and f (y) > 0 for y > 0, limy f (y) = 0. Moreover,

f 0 (y) = cosy x ln(cos x) siny x ln(sin x) = cosy x(ln(cos x) tany x ln(sin x))

16

Notice that f 0 (y) only has a real root for y > 0 since g(y) = tany x is monotone function.
We also have f (2) = f (2)(cos2 x + sin2 x) = f (4). Hence f 0 (2) > 0 and f 0 (4) < 0.
The inequalities f 0 (2) > 0 and f 0 (4) < 0 have the following equivalent forms:

cos2 x ln(cos x) > sin2 x ln(sin x)

cos4 x ln(cos x) < sin4 x ln(sin x)
These complete our proof!

1846. For every natural numbers n, and k n then

1 k
n2 + nk + k 2
)
n
n2
Proof. We use induction to prove this inequality. With k = 1 then the proposition is
obvious. Now assume that the proposition is true for all values which are not greater than
k . We have

k
k2
k + 1 k2 + k k2
1 k+1
1
k + 1 (k + 1)2
1+ + 2
= 1+
+
+
1+
1+
+
<
1
+
n
n n
n
n
n2
n3
n
n2
(1 +

By the principle of induction we receive the proof.

1869. Let x, y be positive number such that x 6= y and xn +

are natural numbers. Prove that

1
1
= y n + m , where m, n
m
x
y

16
9
Proof. Assume that x = a sin t and y = a cos t, where a > 0, t (0, 4 ) ( 2 ). The condition
of our problem becomes
2

x +y >

an+m sinm t cosm t.

n+m

sinn t cosn t
= 1 ()
sinm t cosm t

Without loss of generality, suppose that t ( 4 , 2 ). In this case sink+2 t cosk+2 t

sink cosk t for k 2. Therefore, we easily realize that

3
sinn t cosn t < (sin t cos t) ()
2

sink t cosk t
sink2 t cosk2 t

for k > 2
sink t cosk t
sink2 t cosk2 t
sin2 t cos2 t
sin t cos t
and clearly
<
hence
2
2
sin t cos t
sin t cos t
sinm t cosm t
sin t cos t

( )
m
m
sin t cos t
sin t cos t
From () and ( ), we have
Besides of this,

sinm t cosm t.

sinn t cosn t
3
3
< sin t cos t <
m
m
sin t cos t
2
4

Since () and notice that x2 + y 2 = a2 , then we receive the proof.

17

1881. Let a, b, c be positive numbers and their sum is 1. Prove that

1
1
1
2
2
2
+
+

+
+
1a 1b 1c
1+a 1+b 1+c
Proof. By the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, we have:
1 1
4
+
x, y > 0
x y
x+y
So we get

1
1
4
4
+

=
1a 1b
2ab
1+c

Similarly,

1
1
4
1
1
4
+

,
+

1b 1c
1+a 1c 1a
1+b

Summing up these inequalities, we are done. Equality holds when a = b = c =

1
3

1904. Let a, b, c be natural numbers such that a(b2 + c2 ) = 2b2 c. Prove that 2b c + a a.
Proof. Denote t =
Assume that t =

c
b

or c = bt. We have a =
m
n,

2bt
1+t2

and c = bt =

a(1+t2 )
2

with gcd(m, n) = 1. Thus a(m2 +n2 ) = 2bmn and a(m2 +n2 ) = 2cn2 .

Notice that gcd(m2 + n2 , m) = 1 and gcd(m2 + n2 , n) = 1, hence a is a multiple of mn2

or a = kmn2 . Thus, we have 2b = kn(m2 + n2 ) and 2c = km(m2 + n2 ).
Therefore, by the AM-GM inequality:

2b = km.mn + kn3 km.

m2 + n 2
+ k 3/2 m3/2 n3 = c + a3/2
2

So we are done!

1913. If 0 x y 1 prove that

p
2 (1 x2 )(1 y 2 ) 2(1 x)(1 y) + 1.

First proof. Because 0 x y 1 so we can set x = sin a, y = sin b with a, b 0,

The inequality becomes

i
.
2

2 cos a cos b 2(1 sin a)(1 sin b) + 1 (cos a cos b)2 + (sin a + sin b 1)2 0
1
Which is clearly true. Equality holds when x = y =
2
Second proof. By the AM-GM inequality, we have
p
2 (1 x2 )(1 y 2 ) (1 x2 ) + (1 y 2 ) = 2 x2 y 2
So we need to prove that

2 x2 y 2 2(1 x)(1 y) + 1 (x + y 1)2 0

Q.E.D
18

1917. Let a, p, q be natural numbers such that ap + 1 is a multiple of q , and aq + 1 is a

multiple of p. Prove that 2a(p + q) > pq.

Proof. Assume that d = gcd(p, q), then d | ap + 1 and d | ap. Hence d | ap + 1 ap = 1 or

p and q are relatively prime. Therefore, number ap + aq + 1 which is multiple of p and q , is

also multiple of pq . Thus, a(p + q) pq 1. Clearly a(p + q) > 1, so 2a(p + q) > pq .

1928. Let x1 , x2 , ..., xn be positive number, such that the difference between the maximum

number and the minimum number is not larger than 2. Prove that

x1 + x2 + ... + xn 1 + x1 x2 + 1 + x2 x3 + ... + 1 + xn x1 x1 + ... + xn + n.

Proof. From the hypothesis we have |xi xj | 2 i, j {1, , n}. We will prove that
p
xi + xj 2 1 + xi xj xi + xj + 2
which is equivalent to

(xi + xj )2 4(1 + xi xj ) (xi + xj + 2)2

(xi xj )2 4 and (xi xj )2 + 4(xi + xj ) 0 which is true. Applying the above
inequality we are done.

1938. Let x1 , x2 , ..., xn be real numbers, prove that

max{x1 , x2 , ..., xn , x1 x2 ... xn }

|x1 | + |x2 | + ... + |xn |

2n 1

Proof. If all of numbers x1 , x2 , ..., xn are non-negative, the inequality is clearly true. Without loss of generality, assume that x1 , x2 , ..., xk are negative and xk+1 , ..., xn are non-negative
with 1 k n.
Denote that S = |x1 | + |x2 | + ... + |xn | = x1 x2 ... xk + xk+1 + ... + xn
Suppose that the inequality is not true, thus

S
2n1

> max{xk+1 , ..., xn } and especially

S
> x1 x2 ... xn = S 2(xk+1 + ... + xn )
2n 1
Hence,
proof.

S
S
> S 2(n k)
or S > (2k 1)S . This contradiction gives us the
2n 1
2n 1

1986. Let x1 x2 ... xn y1 y2 ... yn . Prove that

(x1 + x2 + ... + xn + y1 + y2 + ... + yn )2 4n(x1 y1 + x2 y2 + ... + xn yn ).
19

Proof. Setting Pi (t) = t2 (xi + yi )t + xi yi = (t xi )(t yi ), i = 1, 2, ..., n. Observe that

for t [xi , yi ] then Pi (t) 0.

Now, notice at the quadratic equation:

F (t) =

n
X

Pi (t) = nt2 (x1 + ... + xn + y1 + ... + yn )t + (x1 y1 + ... + xn yn ) = 0

i=1
1
As our observation, we have F (t0 ) 0, where t0 = xn +y
2 . Thus exist real roots of
F (t) = 0, hence its discriminant = (x1 + ... + xn + y1 + ... + yn )2 4n(x1 y1 + ... + xn yn )
has non-negative value.

2002. Let a, b, c be positive numbers such that a + b + c = 1. Prove that

1 1 1
25
+ +
a b
c
1 + 48abc

Proof. We shall prove the equivalent inequality

1 1 1
+ + + 48 (ab + bc + ca) 25
a b
c
1
1
1
1
W.L.O.G, we may suppose that a + b
. Indeed, if a + b >
,b+c >
,c+a >
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
then by summing these inequalities we obtain 2 >
, which is false.
3
3
Let
1 1 1
f (a, b, c) = + + + 48 (ab + bc + ca)
a b
c
We shall prove that

a+b a+b
,
, c 25
f (a, b, c) f
2
2
1
The first inequality in this chain obtains, after simplifications, the form
ab(a + b),
12
1
a+b
which is the consequence of a + b
. Denoting
= l (z = 1 2l) in the second
3
2
3
inequality of the chain, after some simplification, we obtain
144l2 168l3 + 73l2 14l + 1 0 (3l 1)2 (4l 1)2

2042. Prove that

2
Proof. Setting sin x = a, cos x = b 0 < a, b < 1. The above inequality becomes
tansin x + cotcos x 2,

a a
b

0<x<

b
b
aa+b + ba+b
+
2
2
a
ab ba

20

By the AM-GM inequality we have

q
aa+b + ba+b 2 (ab)a+b
So we need to prove that

a
If a = b then

a ab
b

ab
2

a ab
ba
b 2 1
1
b

=1

a ab
a
> 1, a b > 0 so
>1
b
b
a ab
a
If a < b then < 1, a b < 0 so
>1
b
b
If a > b then

So we are done!

21