Scribd
Upload
52 views

Receiving Properties of Antennas

1) The document discusses various properties of receiving antennas including the open-circuit voltage of short dipole antennas in the quasistatic limit and the equivalent circuit model for short dipole antennas. 2) It also covers topics such as the available power from a short dipole antenna, the effective area of antennas, and proofs that the effective area is equal to the antenna's gain multiplied by the wavelength squared over 4π for all reciprocal antennas. 3) Additional concepts summarized include scattering from single and multi-element antennas like Yagi antennas, using parasitic elements to control directivity, phase control in isolated wires, and types of antennas like helical and log-periodic antennas.

Uploaded by

Atiqur Rahman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
52 views

Receiving Properties of Antennas

1) The document discusses various properties of receiving antennas including the open-circuit voltage of short dipole antennas in the quasistatic limit and the equivalent circuit model for short dipole antennas. 2) It also covers topics such as the available power from a short dipole antenna, the effective area of antennas, and proofs that the effective area is equal to the antenna's gain multiplied by the wavelength squared over 4π for all reciprocal antennas. 3) Additional concepts summarized include scattering from single and multi-element antennas like Yagi antennas, using parasitic elements to control directivity, phase control in isolated wires, and types of antennas like helical and log-periodic antennas.

Uploaded by

Atiqur Rahman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

Receiving Properties of Antennas

Open-circuit voltage of short dipole antennas


For d << , quasistatic limit
Note that equipotentials (a) and (b) intercept the dipole at the
midpoints for rwire 0, and are perpendicular.
-

z
-

deff

+ +
(a)

vo.c.
+
(b)

plane
wave

+
-

E
+
+ +
-

v o.c. = E z deff = E sin deff


open circuit

+
+

equivalent charges
at infinity
L1

Equivalent circuit for short dipole antennas

-jX

+
v Th
2

Rr

jX =

1
here
jCeq

Rr

+
v Th = v o.c. = E sin deff
matched load for
maximum power received

antenna Thevenin
equivalent

L2

Available power from a short dipole antenna


V Th
Prec =

2Rr =

2 2
E deff

8Rr

deff = deff ,
r
t
sin2

2 3 2
sin
=

2o 4 2
E

S(Wm-2)
incident

thin wire,
short - dipole limit
-jX

jX
Rr

Rr
-

A e (, ) =
G(, )
4
effective
area (m2)

short
dipole

vTh

Rr = (2o 3 )(deff )2
V Th = Edeff sin

L3

Proof that A = G2/4 for all reciprocal antennas


I2

+
I1

v1 -

N-port

v2
V = ZI , where Z S

I
-+ n

Impedance matrix for imbedded N-port

vn

If reciprocity applies : Z = Z , S = S (scattering matrix)


(Reference: Electromagnetic Waves, Staelin, Morgenthaler, and Kong, p. 459)

Reciprocity applies if u = u , = , =
[Excludes ferrites, magnetized plasmas, etc.]
(Reference: Op. Cit., p.454)
L4

Proof that A = G2/4 for all reciprocal antennas


2

V1 -

1
antenna

(,)

I1 +
Rr

+
-

A1,G1

I1

A2,G2
I2
V2

Z=Z

+
V Th = Z12I2
1
-

Z21I1 = V Th
2

+
-

I2

Rr

Power received by antennas 1 and 2:


Pr = Z12 I2
1

Pr = Z 21I1
2

8Rr = Pt
1
2
8Rr = Pt
2
1

G2
2

A1

A2

4r
G1
4r

L5

Proof that A = G2/4 for all reciprocal antennas


Power received by antennas 1 and 2:
G2
2
Pr = Z12 I2 8Rr = Pt
A1
2
1
1
2 4 r
G1
2
A2
Pr = Z 21I1 8Rr = Pt
2
2
2
1 4 r
G1A 2Pt
A1 A 2 Pt1 Pr1
1
Thus Pr Pr =
Therefore
=

2
1
G2 A1Pt
G1 G2 Pt Pr
2
2
2
But

Pr

Pr

A1
Therefore
=
G1

Z12 I2 Rr
2
2

Z 21I1 Rr
1

Pt

Pt

if Z12 = Z 21

A 2 2
t
t
for
all
antennas
if

=
=
G2 4
L6

Example: Aeff for short dipole


2

2 32 ~
= f (deff )

A =G
4 8 3
3/2

/3

max
if matched

/3

e.g. = 300 m @ 1 MHz, yet d 1 m on car


e.g. cell phone @ 900 MHz 30 cm, d 15 cm
Note: Aeff can be much larger than physical antenna when
the load is roughly impedance matched, but this match
may provide excessively narrow bandwidth 1 Rr Ceq
Rr
Ceq
+

VTh

L7

Multi-conductor wire antennas

Short dipoles scatter.


How much?

Rr

d <<
2

Short ~
VT
circuit

Short
circuit

N1

Multi-conductor wire antennas


Rr
+

d <<
2

Short ~
VT
circuit

Short
circuit

Recall:

E 2 d2

2
eff sin2
Prec = V Th 8Rr Sinc A matched =

8Rr

2
2
Pscat = V Th 2Rr Sinc A scat
Sinc = E 2o Wm 2

Therefore A scat 4 A matched 32 2 (for short dipoles )


~0.7

d <<

Ascat

~0.7
N2

Scattering from a half-wave dipole


Rr 73, G 1.64, X 0 because We Wm
Most EM energy (WT = We + Wm 2Wm) is stored
within a few wire radii
2
o WT
Resonance Q =
= 10
Pd
where o = 2c , Pd Pr
Sinc

Orbiting /2 needles
for passive satellite
communications link
(artificial ionosphere)

N3

Scattering from parasitic antenna elements


image current

/2
~
/4

/2

~/2, resonant

/4
/4
z

/4

reflector

radiator

pattern

N4

Phase control in isolated wires


i(t)
+

V = IZ = I(R + Ls + 1 Cs ) = I Z e j z

f Hz
s = j here

o = 1 LC

Z R + jXo ( o ) for o

z
/2

~100

o
Q=

-/2

Control phase in wire by:


reducing o 0 < < 90 (lengthen wire)
increasing o -90 < < 0 (shortening wire)
Increase Q and / by increasing WT (thinning the wire)
N5

Directivity of parasitic wire antennas


I1

I2
short circuit /4 away, so I2 I1 and radiated fields cancel

/2

<< /2
open circuit

Reflectors:
PB
back

I1

PF (forward power)
I2 = I1

~reality

I2

forward
PF Wm 2

0 /4 /2

reflector is parasitic resonant dipole


/2 long (note: reflects at all D)

D
PB (D = 4 ) 0

Directors:
I1
I1
PB

d
D

If d /2, then 0
If D, PB 0 and PF 0, then parasitic element is director
PF
N6

Multiple parasitic wires, Yagi antenna


Choice of di, Di, (i = 1, N) originally was an art. Now
computers can optimize chosen specifications (e.g.
bandwidth, reactance, directivity)
driven element /2
i=N
di

Di
main beam
directors
(length < /2)
reflectors
(length > /2)

pattern

P1

Half-wave folded dipole antenna


IA

Io

IB
Zin for 4

+
-

Therefore ITEM 0 at all z,


and IA IB

TEM parallel-wire line

Equivalent to:
D0

I(z )
+
V (z )

TEM line
I(z )
0

/2

V (z )
z

Pt = Io2Rro 2 (single dipole )


Pt = (2Io )2 Rro 2 = 2Io2Rr (folded dipole )

Io
IB
IB IA

Therefore Rr = 4Rro 300

IA

Half-wave folded dipole

Half - wave dipole Rro 73


P2

Half-wave folded dipole antenna


Cross-section of TEM twin lead line:
TEM mode
Common mode
5o (say )
(E sees less )
E

Cu wire

c TEM < c common mode and v 1 , so common > TEM


Therefore
/2 for common mode
to radiate

/2 for TEM mode


to force IA = IB

P3

A Balun couples balanced to unbalanced systems


e.g., this is okay

Suppose we want:

mirror
solder joint

mirror
C

Io
coax

/4

Solution:

/4

But current will flow down the


outside of C instead of into B

mirror
D

A
B

Conductors C and D form /4 TEM line shorted at the mirror,


yielding an open circuit at coax end, forcing current into B
P4

Helical antenna
L

e.g.
coax

D=2R
d
mirror
center conductor

If L >> D, standing wave at end is


small because of radiation losses.
Assume ~ TEM propagation

Waves add in phase in


the forward direction if

(2r )2 + d2 d = n

(If r = d, d = n

one 360
turn of wire

hypotenuse

42 + 1 1

2 r
circumference

d
P5

Helical antenna
L

e.g.
coax

D=2R
d
mirror
center conductor

f-Hz dipole
rotation

I(t)
+ +

+
-

I(t)

I(t)
I( t )

Long helices have weaker standing waves (less current at end)


P6

Log-periodic antennas
resonant at fo
active part of antenna at fo(d /2)
(moves with frequency)
fo input
long elements
not excited,
due to
radiation
losses

Too short to matter, has


a reactive effect.
Pattern, impedance
f(f) (approximately)

Log spiral, radiates


circular polarization

B
P7

You might also like