14.
528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
DRILLED SHAFT CONSTRUCTION
Concrete Mix Design
Considerations
Dry Construction Method
Wet Construction Method
Casing Construction
Method
Equipment
Inspection and Testing
West Tower Arthur Ravenel Jr.
Bridge
Photograph courtesy of Marvin Tallent, Palmetto Bridge Constructors
Revised 9/2012
Slide 1 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
SCDOT 712.03 - Class 4000DS (see SCDOT 701)
Aggregate
Type
Min. Cement
Content
(lbs/CY)
Min.
28 day
f'c
(psi)
% Fine to
Coarse
Aggregate
Ratio
Crushed
625
4000
40:60
0.44
Stone
625
4000
39:61
0.43
Max.
W/C
Ratio
Type G or Type D w/ Type F Admixture Required
Slump: 7-9 inches
Nominal Coarse Aggregate: inch
Revised 9/2012
Slide 2 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
MassDOT LRFD Design Manual (2009)
Section 3.2.3.2
6. The minimum clearance between reinforcing bars shall be 178 and is equal to 5 times the maximum coarse aggregate
size (38) for both, the longitudinal bars as well as the spiral
confinement reinforcement, to allow for better concrete
consolidation during placement. Concrete mix design and
workability shall be consistent for tremie or pump placement.
In particular, the concrete slump should be 8 inches 1 inch
for tremie or slurry construction and 7 inches 1 inch for all
other conditions.
Revised 9/2012
Slide 3 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Figure 1. Concrete Flow Under
Tremie Placement (Brown and
Schindler, 2007).
Revised 9/2012
Figure 3. Restriction of Lateral Flow
(Brown and Schindler, 2007).
Slide 4 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Figure 5. Effects of Loss of
Workability during Concrete
Placement (Brown and
Schindler, 2007).
Revised 9/2012
Figure 9-1. Free Fall Concrete Placement
in a Dry Excavation (FHWA NHI-10-016).
Slide 5 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Self Consolidating Concrete (SSC) Project for SCDOT
(S&ME 2005).
Revised 9/2012
Slide 6 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
DRY METHOD (SCDOT 712.07)
Less than 6 inches of water per
hour
Sides and Bottom Remain Stable
(Engineer can order 4 hours wait period)
Loose material & water can be
satisfactorily removed
Temporary casing can be used
Photograph courtesy of GPE Inc.
Revised 9/2012
Slide 7 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
STABLE vs. UNSTABLE SOILS
Unstable
Caving
Soils
Cohesive
Soils
Stable
Non-Caving
Soils
Cohesive
Soils
Water table
Unstable caving soils
prevent maintaining
hole stability
Stable non-caving
soils maintain
hole stability
Figures courtesy of FHWA NHI-132070 Drilled Shaft Foundation Inspection Course
Revised 9/2012
Slide 8 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
WATER TABLE AT OR BELOW
THE SHAFT TIP ELEVATION
Stable
Water table Non-Caving
Soils
Cohesive
Soils
Water table
Generally, soils cave at the
water table preventing
hole stability
Water table below
shaft tip does not
impact hole stability
Figures courtesy of FHWA NHI-132070 Drilled Shaft Foundation Inspection Course
Revised 9/2012
Slide 9 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
DRY METHOD CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Drill the shaft excavation
Clean shaft by removing the cuttings & seepage water
Position the reinforcing cage
Place the concrete
Clean &
Position
Inspect
Drill
Place
Competent,
Non-Caving
Soils
Figures courtesy of FHWA NHI-132070 Drilled Shaft Foundation Inspection Course
Revised 9/2012
Slide 10 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
DRY METHOD CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Continuous Operation. No
delays > 12 hrs.
No entering non-cased
excavations.
DRILL
(SCDOT 712.10)
Revised 9/2012
Photographs courtesy of WPC Inc.
Slide 11 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
DRY METHOD CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
CLEAN
& INSPECT
Photographs courtesy of WPC Inc.
Revised 9/2012
Slide 12 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
DRY METHOD CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
INSPECTION OF EXCAVATION (SCDOT 712.14)
Need SCDOT Qualified Inspectors
EXCAVATION CLEANLINESS
(SCDOT 712.14D)
50% of Base has < inch of sediment
AND
Maximum depth of sediment < 1 inches
Revised 9/2012
Slide 13 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
DRY METHOD CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
POSITION
(SCDOT 712.16)
Spacers needed for 5 inch min.
annulus.
Spacer interval < 10 ft.
Revised 9/2012
Photographs courtesy of WPC Inc.
Slide 14 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
DRY METHOD CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
PLACE (SCDOT 712.17)
ASAP after reinforcement placement.
Must be completed in 2 hours (unless
approved).
Tremie preferred. Tremie ID > 6 x Max.
Aggregate Size AND > 10 inches.
Tremie Embedment > 10 ft.
Concrete flow: Positive pressure and
continuous.
Photograph courtesy of WPC Inc.
Revised 9/2012
Slide 15 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
DRY METHOD CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
PLACE (SCDOT 712.17)
Freefall > 75 ft not
permitted.
Freefall Max.
Aggregate Size
inch, 7-9 inch slump.
Freefall still needs
chute. Must have
tremie onsite.
SCDOT can always
order tremie.
Photograph courtesy of WPC Inc.
Revised 9/2012
Slide 16 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
WET METHOD CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
USE WHEN A DRY EXCAVATION CANNOT BE MAINTAINED
SCDOT 712.08
More than 6in
in one hour
= Wet
Less than 6in
in one hour
= Dry
Figure courtesy of FHWA NHI-132070 Drilled Shaft Foundation Inspection Course
Revised 9/2012
Slide 17 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
WET METHOD CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Revised 9/2012
WHEN THE SIDES AND BOTTOM
OF THE HOLE CANNOT REMAIN
STABLE
WHEN LOOSE MATERIAL AND
WATER CANNOT BE
SATISFACTORILY REMOVED
Figures courtesy of FHWA NHI-132070 Drilled Shaft Foundation Inspection Course
Slide 18 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
WET METHOD CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Drill the shaft excavation
Stabilize the hole (Plain water, slurry)
Clean shaft by removing the cuttings & seepage water
Position the reinforcing cage
Place the concrete
Drill
Stabilize
Clean
Position
Place
Figures courtesy of FHWA NHI-132070 Drilled Shaft Foundation Inspection Course
Revised 9/2012
Slide 19 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
WET METHOD CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
There are two forms of
wet shaft construction:
Static Process
Circulation Process
Revised 9/2012
Slide 20 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
WET METHOD: STATIC PROCESS
Drill down to the
piezometric level
Hole
drilled
to
Hole
cleaned
completion
Drill
down
to &
of
slurry
depth
with
Piezometric
Slurry
added
cuttings
slurry
tolevel
hole
Slurry introduced
Drilling Completed
Cuttings are lifted
from the hole
Temporary surface
casing installed
(optional)
Slurry
Slurry
Slurry
Figures courtesy of FHWA NHI-132070
Drilled Shaft Foundation Inspection Course
Revised 9/2012
Piezometric level
Piezometric
level
Piezometric
level
Piezometric level
Slide 21 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
WET METHOD: CIRCULATION PROCESS
Hole is drilled
Slurry, with sand
drilled
&Hole
cuttings
is to
completion for
re-circulated
depth withand
processing
slurry level into
reintroduced
maintained at
hole.
Hole
cleaned
ground
level
Slurry level
maintained at the
ground surface
Cuttings and
sand, is circulated
to the surface,
where it is cleaned
and reintroduced
down the hole.
Figures courtesy of FHWA NHI-132070 Drilled
Shaft Foundation Inspection Course
Revised 9/2012
Temporary surface
casing install (optional)
Slurry
Slurry
Slurry
Processor
Processor
Processor
Piezometric level
Piezometric
Piezometriclevel
level
Slide 22 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
WET METHOD CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
SLURRY
(SCDOT 712.12)
Photographs courtesy of FHWA NHI-132070 Drilled Shaft Foundation Inspection Course
Revised 9/2012
Slide 23 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
WET METHOD CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
TYPES OF SLURRY
Natural mineral clays
Bentonite, attapulgite and sepiolite
Bentonite is the most common
Attapulgite and sepiolite are typically used in
saltwater environments
Revised 9/2012
Must be hydrated
Slide 24 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
WET METHOD CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
SLURRY COMPARISONS
Mineral
Polymer
Cohesionless
Cohesive &
Argillaceous Rock
Mixability
Difficult - Must be
Hydrated
Easy
Mix Water Sensitivity
Saltwater
Sensitive
Yes/No
"Caking" Ability
Best
OK
Suspension Ability
Best
OK
Best Application
Revised 9/2012
Slide 25 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
WET METHOD CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
CONTROLLING SLURRY
Control tests are used to maintain proper slurry
condition. Tests are conducted for:
Density- the slurry weight
Viscosity- flow: consistency
pH- acidity: alkalinity
Sand Content
Revised 9/2012
Slide 26 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
WET METHOD CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
CONTROLLING SLURRY
SCDOT 712.12 MINERAL SLURRY ACCEPTABLE RANGES
Value
Value
Property
Range @
Range @
Test Method
(Units)
Introduction
Concreting
Density (pcf)
64.3 69.1*
64.3 75.0
Density
Balance
Viscosity
(sec/qt)
28-45
28-45
Marsh Cone
8-11
pH paper
pH meter
pH
Revised 9/2012
8-11
* Add 2 pcf in saltwater ** Sand
Slide 27 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
WET METHOD CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
CONTROLLING SLURRY FOR BOREHOLE STABILITY
Proper Dosage and Solids Content for Proper
Flowability and Cake Properties
Thorough Mixing / Adequate Time for Hydration
(Bentonite / Polymers)
Maintenance of Head in Borehole
Maintenance of pH, Hardness, Salts
Minimize Pressures from Tools
Revised 9/2012
Slide 28 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
WET METHOD CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
IMPROPER SLURRY CONTROL
Fails to properly suspend and facilitate the
removal of sediments and cuttings
Does not control caving
Does not control swelling of soils
Hinders slurry displacement during concrete
placement
Leads to a dirty hole
Revised 9/2012
Slide 29 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
WET METHOD CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
DIRTY HOLE
Figures courtesy of FHWA IF-99-025 Drilled Shafts: Construction Procedures and Design Methods.
Revised 9/2012
Slide 30 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
WET METHOD CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
SLURRY EXAMPLES
Poor Slurry Job
Revised 9/2012
Excellent Slurry Job
Photographs courtesy of FHWA NHI-132070 Drilled Shaft Foundation Inspection Course
Slide 31 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
CASING CONSTRUCTION METHOD
SCDOT 712.09 & 712.11
Where an open hole
cannot be maintained.
Where soil or rock
deformation will occur.
Where constructing shafts
below the water table or
caving overburden.
SCDOT Types:
Construction (712.11B) &
Temporary (712.11C)
Photograph courtesy of FHWA NHI-132070 Drilled Shaft Foundation Inspection Course
Revised 9/2012
Slide 32 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
CASING CONSTRUCTION METHOD
SCDOT 712.11
Smooth, clean,
watertight, w/ample
strength
Oversized must be
approved by SCDOT.
Temporary: Fresh concrete
> 5 ft above hydrostatic
pressure.
Construction: Installed as
one continuous unit.
Welds are only approved
connection.
Photograph courtesy of WPC Inc.
Revised 9/2012
Slide 33 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
CASING CONSTRUCTION METHOD
MassDOT LRFD Design Manual (2009)
Section 3.2.3.2
1. The Designer shall consider the intended method
of construction (temporary or permanent casing,
slurry drilling, etc.) and the resulting impact on the
stiffness and resistance of the shaft.
4. When a drilled shaft is constructed with a
permanent casing, the skin friction along the
permanently cased portion of the shaft should be
neglected.
Revised 9/2012
Slide 34 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
CASING CONSTRUCTION METHOD
TELESCOPING CASING
Not Permitted
by SCDOT
(see 712.11C)
Photograph courtesy of FHWA NHI-132070 Drilled Shaft Foundation Inspection Course
Revised 9/2012
Slide 35 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
CASING METHOD: CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Drill the shaft excavation
Install casing through caving soils and seal
Clean shaft by removing the cuttings & seepage water
Position the reinforcing cage
Drill
Case
Clean
Position
Place
Caving Soils
Figures courtesy of FHWA NHI-132070 Drilled Shaft Foundation Inspection Course
Revised 9/2012
Slide 36 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
CASING CONSTRUCTION METHOD
CONSTRUCTION (a.k.a. PERMANENT) CASING EXAMPLES
Figures courtesy of FHWA IF-99-025 Drilled Shafts: Construction Procedures and Design Methods.
Revised 9/2012
Slide 37 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
CASING CONSTRUCTION METHOD
CONSTRUCTION (a.k.a. PERMANENT) CASING EXAMPLES
Figures courtesy of FHWA IF-99-025 Drilled Shafts: Construction Procedures and Design Methods.
Revised 9/2012
Slide 38 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
FULL-DEPTH
CASING PROCESS
Vibratory
Driver
Installation of
Casing
Vibratory
Driver
Casing
Drilling ahead of
casing
Water Table
Casing
Competent Soil
Remove casing
Figures courtesy of FHWA NHI-132070 Drilled
Shaft Foundation Inspection Course
Figure 1. Concrete Flow Under
Tremie Placement.
Revised 9/2012
WaterTable
Table
Water
CompetentSoil
Soil
Competent
Caving Soil
CavingSoil
Soil
Caving
Competent Soil
CompetentSoil
Soil
Competent
Installation
of Casing
Remove
Drillingcasing
ahead
of casing
Slide 39 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
CASING CONSTRUCTION METHOD
TEMPORARY CASING REMOVAL
(a)
Prior to lifting casing
(b) As Casing is Lifted.
Figure 9-4. Concrete Pressure Head Requirement during Casing Extraction
(FHWA NHI-10-016).
Revised 9/2012
Slide 40 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
DRILLED SHAFT EQUIPMENT TERMINOLOGY
Kelly
Power Unit
Table
Crane
Tool
Photograph courtesy of FHWA NHI-132070 Drilled Shaft Foundation Inspection Course
Revised 9/2012
Slide 41 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
DRILLED SHAFT EQUIPMENT
EARTH AUGERS
Single Flight
Double Flight
Double Cut
Triple Cut
Revised 9/2012
Earth augers are generally
used in sands and cohesive
materials.
Photographs courtesy of FHWA NHI-132070 Drilled Shaft
Foundation Inspection Course
Slide 42 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
DRILLED SHAFT EQUIPMENT
ROCK AUGERS
Rock augers are
generally used in soft to
hard rock formations.
Tapered
Geometry
Conical (Bullet)
Carbide Teeth
Revised 9/2012
Photograph courtesy of FHWA NHI-132070 Drilled Shaft Foundation Inspection Course
Slide 43 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
DRILLED SHAFT EQUIPMENT
ROCK BITS
This is typical of rock bits
designed for drilling in
hard to very hard rock.
Circulating bit
Replaceable
Roller Bits
Revised 9/2012
Photograph courtesy of FHWA NHI-132070 Drilled Shaft Foundation Inspection Course
Slide 44 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
DRILLED SHAFT EQUIPMENT
DRILLING BUCKET
Side
Cutting
Teeth
Gouging
Teeth
Ripping
Teeth
Revised 9/2012
Photograph courtesy of FHWA NHI-132070 Drilled Shaft Foundation Inspection Course
Slide 45 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
DRILLED SHAFT EQUIPMENT
CLEANOUT (MUCK) BUCKET
This is typical of a
cleanout (muck)
bucket used to
cleanout the cuttings
and sediments from
the bottom of the
shaft.
6-51
Revised 9/2012
Photograph courtesy of FHWA NHI-132070 Drilled Shaft Foundation Inspection Course
Slide 46 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
DEEP FOUNDATION DESIGN
GEOMATERIAL PROPERTIES NEEDED
Table 13-1. Geomaterial Properties Required for Drained and Undrained Axial
Resistances (FHWA NHI-10-016).
Revised 9/2012
Slide 47 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
DEEP FOUNDATION DESIGN
AXIAL CAPACITY
Qtotal = Qskin + Qtip
Where:
Qtotal = Ultimate Pile Capacity
Qskin = Skin Friction (i.e. Side) Capacity
Qtip = Tip (i.e. Toe) Capacity
Revised 9/2012
Slide 48 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
DEEP FOUNDATION DESIGN
AXIAL CAPACITY
Qskin = fsAskin
Where:
fs = Unit Skin Friction
Askin = Pile Skin Area
Revised 9/2012
Qtoe = qpAtoe
Where:
qp = Unit End Bearing
Atoe = Pile Toe (i.e. Tip) Area
Slide 49 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
DEEP FOUNDATION DESIGN
GENERALIZED LOAD TRANSFER BEHAVIOR
Qskin = Rs
Qtoe = Rb
Revised 9/2012
Figure 13-1
(FHWA NHI-10-016).
Slide 50 of 51
14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Drilled Shafts Design and Construction
REFERENCES
SCDOT Standard Specifications for Highway
Construction (2000).
SCDOT Foundation Certification Program Notes.
FHWA IF-99-025 Drilled Shafts: Construction
Procedures and Design Methods.
FHWA NHI-10-016 Drilled Shafts: Construction
Procedures and LRFD Design Methods
NHI Course 132070 - Drilled Shaft Foundation
Inspection.
Revised 9/2012
Slide 51 of 51
