Preparation # 22 Peppermint Spirit

Formula:
OA
Peppermint oil
100 mL
Peppermint leaves 10 g
Alcohol qs ad
1000 mL

o
o
c)

Procedures:
1. Macerate the peppermint leaves in 7.5
mL of dH2O. Agitate for 1 hour.
2. Strain through filter paper.
3. Discard aqueous solution. Collect
leaves.
4. Macerate leaves in 13.5 mL alcohol.
Stand for 6 hours.
5. Filter. Collect the filtrate.
6. Mix peppermint oil.
7. qs ad alcohol to make 15 mL.

Process D hot H2O as

menstruum
Process E longer/narrower
percolation

Extract

2 to 6x more potent than crude

drug

Types:
o
Semi liquid syrupy; 20 mL
solvent left
o
Pilular solid extract, plastic
masses, all solvent has
been evaporated
o
Dry powder powdered
extract;
starchy
drugs;
examples: cassava, radish

Preparation # 23 Aromatic Ammonia Spirit

Formula:
OA
Ammonium carbonate
34 g
Strong ammonia soln.
36 mL
Lemon oil
10 mL
Lavender oil
1 mL
Nutmeg oil
1 mL
Alcohol
700 mL
pH2O qs ad
1000 mL

Preparation # 24 Iodine tincture

Uses: local antiseptic, germicide,

fungicide

NaI solubilizing agent; prevents

formation of ethyl iodide

NaI + I2 -> NaI3 (once formed, I2 will

not react with alcohol to form
acetaldehyde and HI causing pain
when solution is applied)

Procedures:
1. Dissolve ammonium carbonate and
strong ammonia solution in 6 mL H2O.
(1)
2. Stand for 24 hours.
3. Dissolve lemon oil, nutmeg oil and
lavender oil in 21 mL alcohol. (2)
4. Mix the two solutions.
5. Stand for 24 hours.
6. Filter if turbid.
7. qs ad H2O to make 30 mL.

Formula: OA
Iodine crystal
Sodium iodide
Alcohol
pH2O qs ad

Extractives:
products
prepared
extraction of drug with suitable solvent

by

Process:

Percolation

Digestion with the aid of gentle heat

Infusion blanching; addition of hot

H2O

Decoction boiling for 15 minutes

Maceration submerging the solute

Types:
a) Tincture

Alcoholic/hydroalcoholic solution
prepared from vegetable or
animal drug or from chemical
substances

10-20% potency (10-20 g / 100

mL)

50% alcohol content

Preparation:
o
Simple solution Iodine
tincture
o
Percolation Belladonna
tincture
o
Maceration Sweet orange
peel tincture
b) Fluidextract

1 g / 1 mL, 100% tincture

Alcohol as solvent, potent, too

bitter tasting

Preparation:
o
Percolation
o
Process A extract is ready
for assay

20 g
24 g
500 mL
1000 mL

Procedures:
1. Dissolve NaI in alcohol.
2. Add Iodine crystals.
3. Add enough pH2O to make 30 mL.
Liniments: solution or mixture of various
substances in oil, alcoholic solution of soap
or
emulsion
intended
for
external
application; also called as embrocation
(rubbing/friction)
Types:
1. Alcoholic

Intended generally for their

rubefacient, counterirritant, mild
astringent and penetration effects

Penetrates the skin readily than

the oil base
2. Oily

Milder in action but are more

useful when massage is desired

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

In a separate container, dissolve soap

in 9 mL of pH2O.
Add #1 and #2.
Set it aside for 24 hours, in a cool
place.
Filter.
qs ad H2O to complete the volume.

Glycerites

Solution or mixture of medicinal

substances in nlt 50% by weight of
glycerin

Most glycerites are viscous while

some are jelly-like

Used to prepare aqueous and

alcoholic dilutions of subtances which
are not readily soluble in H2O or
alcohol

Protectant, emollient, pill, excipient,

substitute for fatty ointment

Hygroscopic
Glycerin

Reducing agent

Should not be triturated with strong

oxidizing agent like KMnO4, chromium
trioxide or KClO3

It produces coloration with phenol,

salicylates, tannin, etc. due to
contamination with iron

Strong HNO3 / H2SO4 converts

glycerin into an explosive nitroglycerin

Contains 3-OH group

Soluble in H2O Hygroscopic

Preparation # 26 Starch glycerite
Formula:
OA
Starch
100 g
Benzoic acid
2g
pH2O
200 g -> 200 mL
Glycerin (1.25 g/mL)700 g -> ? mL
1000 g
Procedures:
1. Triturate starch and benzoic acid in a
mortar and rub in H2O, until a smooth
mixture is formed (pasty).
2. Add glycerin, triturate.
3. Transfer to final container.
4. Heat mixture in a sand bath (140144C)
with
gentle,
occasional
agitation until a translucent, jelly-like
mass is obtained.

General use: protectant coating depending

on the ingredient in the preparation
* Should not be applied on bruises and
broken skin

Mixtures: aqueous liquid preparation which

contain
suspended
(suspensoids),
insoluble, solid substance
Uses suitable suspending or
thickening agents

Preparation # 25 Camphor & Soap Liniment

Uses: local anesthetic for sprain and

rheumatism

Soaps
from
animals
cause
gelatinization

Insoluble substances
Very finely divided state
Uniformly distributed
Accomplished by colloid mill, special
method, suspending agents

Formula:
Camphor
Soap
Rosemary oil
Alcohol
Water qs ad

1.
-

OA
45 g
60 g
10 mL
700 mL
1000 mL

CA
1.35 g
1.8 g
0.3 mL
21 mL
30 mL

Procedures:
1. Dissolve camphor and rosemary oil in
21 mL of alcohol.

2.
3.

Very finely divided

More active as adsorbents and
protectives when in contact with
inflamed area
Suspended readily and settle slowly
To increase palatability of the
preparation with the use of colloidal
suspending agents
Easily dispersed
Uniformly dispersed/distributed

Does not settle easily

1.
2.
3.

Lotion: colloidal dispersion 1um 0.5 um

Magmas & gels: fine dispersion 0.5-10 um
Mixtures: fine dispersion
> 0.5 um
Preparation # 27 Chalk mixture
Formula:
OA
CA
Prepared chalk (CaCO3) 60 g
0.9 g
Glycerin
100 mL 1.5 mL
(viscosity modifier)
Cinnamon water
400 mL
6 mL
(flavorant)
PH2O qs ad
1000 mL 15 mL
Procedures:
1. Triturate chalk in 5 mL water.
2. Add glycerin and triturate to form a
smooth paste.
3. Add cinnamon water and triturate.
4. Transfer mixture in a graduated
cylinder.
5. Wash mortar with pH2O and add
rinsing to mixture in the graduated
cylinder
6. qs ad H2O
Emulsion: two phase system in which one
liquid is dispersed in the form of small
globules throughout another liquid in which
it is immiscible
Components:
1. Dispersed
liquid/Internal/Discontinuous
2. Dispersion
medium/External/Continuous
3. Intermediate
agent/Emulsifying
agent/Dispersing of solubilizing agent
Types of emulsifying agent:
1. Natural
a. Animal egg yolks, gelatin,
casein, wool fat, cholesterol
b. Vegetables acacia, tragacanth,
pectin, chondrus, carageenan
2. Synthetic
a. Finely divided solid Al(OH)3,
Mg(OH)2, Mg trisilicate
b. Colloid

colloidal
clays,
bentonite magma, kaolin
c. Anionic sodium lauryl sulfate
d. Cationic benzalkonium chloride,
cetylpyridinium chloride
e. Non-ionic sorbitan esters and
polysorbates, PEG 400, spans
and tweens
f.
Amphoteric lecithin (used in IV;
fat emulsions)

Anionic, Cationic, Non-ionic Wetting

agents
Types of emulsion:
1. Simple: o/w or w/o
2. Multiple: w/o/w, o/w/o
3. Microemulsion: 100 A 1000 A
10 millimicrons 100 millimicrons
1 A = 0.1 nm
Method of preparation:

Wet or English 4:2:1

Dry or Continental same proportion,
different order of mixing
Bottle or Forbes volatile oils or low
viscosity oleaginous substances

Problems:
Creaming
Cracked/Broken
Phase inversion (w/o -> o/w)
Method of identification of emulsion:
1. Drop dilution method
2. Dye solubility test
a. Sudan red oil
b. Amaranth green water
3. Electric conductivity test
4. Fluorescence test
Preparation # 28 Mineral oil emulsion
Cathartic
o/w
Formula:
Mineral oil (internal)
Acacia (emulsifying agent)
Syrup (sweetening agent)
Vanillin (flavorant)
Alcohol (preservative)
pH2O qs ad (external)

OA
500 mL
125 g
100 mL
40 mg
60 mL
1000 mL

Procedures:
a) Dry gum
1. Triturate mineral oil.
2. Add acacia in portion and
triturate.
3. Add H2O and triturate.
4. Add syrup in portion with
trituration.
5. Dissolve vanillin in alcohol then
and portion with trituration.
6. Add enough water to make 30
mL.
b) Wet gum
1. Triturate acacia.
2. Add H2O and continue triturating.
3. Add oil in portion.
4. Add syrup in portion.
5. Dissolve vanillin in alcohol, then
and portion with trituration.
6. Add enough H2O to make 30 mL.
Gels
Suspension in a water medium of
insoluble drugs in hydrated from
wherein, the particle size approaches
or attain colloidal dimension
Thixotropy
Have very fine particle size to achieve
large
surface
thus
maximum
absorption capacity
May contain peppermint oil, glycerin,
sorbitol, sucrose, saccharin or other
suitable flavor and preservative in a
total amount of not exceeding 0.5%
Preparation # 29 Aluminum hydroxide gel
Formula
OA
CA
Ammonium alum 800 g
12 g
Sodium carbonate 1000 g
15 g
Peppermint oil
0.01%
0.01% - 1 gtt
Sodium benzoate 0.1%
0.1%
pH2O
2000 mL 30 mL

Procedures:
1. Dissolve sodium carbonate in 60 mL
hot H2O.
2. Dissolve alum in 30 mL hot H2O.
3. Filter the alum solution in the
carbonate solution.
4. Add 60 mL hot H2O with stirring to
allow gas to escape (5 mins).
5. Dilute to 1200 mL with cold water.
STAND. DECANT.
6. Suspend residue in 30 mL purified
water flavored with peppermint oil and
preserve with sodium benzoate.
7. Homogenize the resulting gel.
Lotion
Liquid suspension or dispersion
intended for external application to the
body applied without friction
Insoluble matter are finely divided as
particles
approaching
colloidal
dimensions are more soothing to
inflamed areas and are more effective
in contact with infected surface
Method of preparation:
1. Triturating ingredients to a smooth
paste and then cautiously adding the
remaining liquid phase (high speed
mixers, homogenizers) Calamine
lotion
2. By chemical interaction in the liquid
White lotion (freshly prepared and
does not contain suspending agent)
-

ZnSO4 + K2S3 -> ZnS + 2S + K2SO4

K2S3 sulfurated potash
ZnS white sulfide

3.

Clear solution which the active

ingredient
is
H2O-soluble

Demethisoquin HCl lotion

Lotions are preferred over semi-solid

preparation because of nongreasy
character and high spreadability over
large areas of skin.

Preparation # 30 Calamine lotion

Antipruritic
Formula:
Calamine
Zinc oxide
Glycerin
Bentonite magma
Ca(OH)2 top.
soln. qs ad

OA
80 g
80 g
20 mL
250 mL
1000 mL

CA
2.4 g
2.4 g
0.6 mL
7.5 mL
30 mL

Procedures:
1. Dilute bentonite magma with an equal
volume of Ca(OH)2 topical solution.
2. Mix calamine and ZnO alternately with
glycerin to form a smooth paste.
3. Add 7.5 mL of diluted magma.
4. Triturate and add the remaining
magma.
5. Add enough Ca(OH)2 topical solution
to complete the volume.
DissoTri