Accepted Manuscript

The magmatic history of the Vetas-California mining district; Santander massif,

eastern Cordillera, Colombia
Luis C. Mantilla Figueroa, Thomas Bissig, Vctor Valencia, Craig J.R. Hart
PII:

S0895-9811(13)00043-6

DOI:

10.1016/j.jsames.2013.03.006

Reference:

SAMES 1160

To appear in:

Journal of South American Earth Sciences

Received Date: 1 August 2012

Accepted Date: 15 March 2013

Please cite this article as: Mantilla Figueroa, L.C., Bissig, T., Valencia, V., Hart, C.J.R., The magmatic
history of the Vetas-California mining district; Santander massif, eastern Cordillera, Colombia, Journal of
South American Earth Sciences (2013), doi: 10.1016/j.jsames.2013.03.006.
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*Highlights (for review)

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Highlights

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We studied the magmatic history of the Vetas-California mining district (Santander

Massif, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia
We present new U-Pb ages on intrusive Mesozoic rocks; and on detrital zircons.
The Mesozoic magmatism is related to an oblique subduction of the Panthalassa
plate beneath Pangea.

*Manuscript
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THE MAGMATIC HISTORY OF THE VETAS-CALIFORNIA MINING

DISTRICT; SANTANDER MASSIF, EASTERN CORDILLERA,
COLOMBIA

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Mantilla Figueroa, Luis C.1; Bissig, Thomas2; Valencia, Vctor3; Hart, Craig J.R.2
1

Universidad Industrial de Santander, UIS. AA. 678. Bucaramanga (Santander, Colombia).

[email protected]
2
Mineral Deposit Research Unit (MDRU), Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, The
University of British Columbia. Vancouver, Canada.
School of Earth and Environmental Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.

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ABSTRACT

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The Vetas-California Mining District (VCMD), located in the central part of The Santander
Massif (Colombian Eastern Cordillera), based on U-Pb dating of zircons, records the
following principal tectono-magmatic events: (1) the Grenville Orogenic event and high
grade metamorphism and migmatitization between ~1240 and 957 Ma; (2) early Ordovician
calc-alkalic magmatism, which was synchronous with the Caparonensis-Famatinian
Orogeny (~477 Ma); (3) middle to late Ordovician post collisional calc-alkalic magmatism
(~466 to 436 Ma); (4) late Triassic to early Jurassic magmatism between ~204 and 196Ma,
characterized by both S and I type calc-alkalic intrusions and; (5) a late Miocene shallowly
emplaced intermediate calc-alkaline intrusions (10.9 0.2 and 8.4 0.2 Ma). The presence
of even younger igneous rocks is possible, given the widespread magmatic-hydrothermal
alteration affecting all rock units in the area.
The igneous rocks from the late Triassic-early Jurassic magmatic episodes are the
volumetrically most important igneous rocks in the study area and in the Colombian Eastern
Cordillera. They can be divided into three groups based on their field relationships, whole
rock geochemistry and geochronology. These are early leucogranites herein termed
Alaskites-I (204-199 Ma), Intermediate rocks (199-198 Ma), and late leucogranites, herein
referred to as Alaskites-II (198-196 Ma). This Mesozoic magmatism is reflecting subtle
changes in the crustal stress in a setting above an oblique subduction of the Panthalassa plate
beneath Pangea.
The lower Cretaceous siliciclastic Tambor Formation has detrital zircons of the same age
populations as the metamorphic and igneous rocks present in the study area, suggesting that
the provenance is related to the erosion of these local rocks during the late Jurassic or early
Cretaceous, implying a local supply of sediments to the local depositional basins.

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Keywords: Colombia, Santander Massif, Vetas-California Mining District, Magmatic

history, U-Pb Geochronology, detrital zircons.

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1. Introduction

The northeastern Cordillera of Colombia is a key area to understand the tectonic interactions
between the South American, Caribbean and North American plates, and the accreted

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terranes in northwestern Colombia, in the context of multiple subduction and orogenic events
since the Proterozoic (e.g., Cediel et al. 2003; Restrepo et al., 2011). The igneous rocks that
are hosted in these tectonic blocks are records of these plate interactions, and unravelling the
timing and chemistry of these igneous bodies are crucial in interpreting the nature of such

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interactions.

In this paper we provide new information on the igneous evolution of the Santander Massif

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(Fig. 1), with an emphasis on the Mesozoic intrusive evolution. In particular, we evaluate the
rocks of the Vetas-California area, which is ~40 km NE of the City of Bucaramanga in the
Santander Department, Colombia. The area hosts important porphyry and epithermal style
Au and base metal mineralization, which is to a large part, hosted in the Mesozoic igneous
rocks. Therefore, an improved understanding of the intrusive history will potentially benefit
mineral exploration in the district.

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We present nine new U-Pb ages on intrusive rocks and comprehensively discuss these in the
context of the previously published age constraints (Goldsmith et al., 1971; Ward et al.,
1973; Boinet et al., 1985; Drr et al., 1995; Royero and Clavijo, 2001; Cordani et al., 2005;
Mantilla et al., 2009; Restrepo-Pace and Cediel, 2010; Leal-Mejia et al., 2011; Mantilla et al.,

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2011 and 2012). In addition, we also obtained ages on detrital zircon grains extracted from
Cretaceous sandstone deposited unconformably on the pre-Cretaceous igneous and
metamorphic basement and discuss the paleogeographic implications.

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2. Background and Geological Context

Basement evolution

The Colombian Andean Orogenic System is the result of Paleozoic to the middle Miocene
accretion of a series of allochthonous terranes (e.g., Restrepo et al., 2011). Cediel et al.,
(2003) subdivided the Andean region of Colombia into tectonic realms composed of the
Central Continental Subplate Realm, Maracaibo Subplate Realm, Western Tectonic Realm

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and the Guajira-Falcon Composite Terrane. The study area is located in the Maracaibo
Subplate Realm, in the sense of Cediel et al., (2003) and in the Chibcha Terrane, in the sense
of Restrepo et al., (2011; Fig.1). The Maracaibo Subplate Realm comprises the triangular
tectonic Maracaibo block between the major NNW striking Santa-Marta Bucaramanga fault

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(SMBF) and the NE striking Bocon fault (Taboada et al., 1999, 2000). The study area,
located in the Vetas-California Mining District (VCMD, Fig. 1 and 2), coincides with the
southern tip of the Maracaibo Block in a cornerback position (Tschanz et al., 1974, Van der
Hilst and Mann, 1994).

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The oldest rocks in the VCMD belong to the Santander Massif (Clavijo, 1994) and comprise
at least three principal metamorphic units. The main unit is the Bucaramanga Gneiss (Ward

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et al., 1973; a.k.a. as Bucaramanga Complex: Clavijo, 1994), which consists of high grade
migmatitic paragneisses of early Proterozoic age (Garca and Ros, 1999; Ordez-Cardona
et al., 2006). Peak metamorphism has been dated at 1057 28 by U-Pb SHRIMP
geochronology on zircons, which emphasizes an association with the Grenvillian Orogeny
(Cordani et al. 2005). Pressures between 5.5 and 7.2 kbar and temperatures from 660 to
750C, have been estimated for the peak metamorphism (Uruea and Zuluaga, 2011). The

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Bucaramanga Gneiss is overlain by the Silgar Formation; composed mainly of late

Proterozoic to early Paleozoic ortho-amphibolites, schists, phyllites, metasiltstones,
meta-sandstone, meta-greywackes and minor amounts of marble; and is also part of the
metamorphic basement of the Santander Massif (Ward et al., 1973, Schaefer et al., 1998;

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Garca and Ros, 1999; Ros et al., 2003). This unit is not outcropping in the VCMD but
present in the surrounding areas (Ward et al., 1973). Upper amphibolite facies metamorphic
conditions (Schfer et al., 1998) and early-middle Ordovician peak metamorphic ages; likely
related to the Caledonian or more specifically to the Caparonensis-Famantinian orogeny;

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have also been reported (Forero, 1990, Rios et al., 2003; Ordez-Cardona et al., 2006,
Clavijo et al., 2008; Restrepo-Pace and Cediel, 2010).
Meta-diorites, dated at 477 Ma by zircon U-Pb LA-ICPMS, have been documented for the
Angostura project area within the VCMD (Mantilla et al. 2012) and represent the youngest
rocks affected by the high grade metamorphism. These rocks are related to an episode of
mantle-derived magmatism in a subduction setting, possibly emplaced during the
Caparonensis-Famantinian orogeny (Mantilla et al., 2012).

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Late Paleozoic to Recent evolution

All metamorphic rocks in the study area are older than 471 Ma (Restrepo-Pace and Cediel,

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2010). Non or weakly metamorphosed igneous rocks coincident with or post-dating the
Caledonian orogeny, have been reported in the eastern Cordillera (Goldsmith et al. 1971,
Ward et al., 1973), and are recorded in detrital zircons (see below). However, igneous or
sedimentary rocks of ages between 470 and 210 Ma have not been mapped in the VCMD.
Magmatism here resumed in the late Triassic and early Jurassic. Previous workers

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(Goldsmith et al. 1971, Ward et al., 1973) documented tonalites and granodiorites at Pramo
Rico in the southeastern part of the study area, whereas leucogranites and quartz monzonites

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are recognized in the central part of the VCMD (Fig. 2). These felsic rocks have generally
been considered to be younger than the more mafic rock varieties. Limited K-Ar
geochronology on muscovite places the leucogranites at 1957 Ma (Goldsmith et al., 1971;
Ward et al., 1973), somewhat younger than the age reported for intermediate composition
rocks from Pramo Rico which was dated by conventional U-Pb on zircons at 205 to 210 Ma
(Drr et al. 1995). The latter are considered I-type granitoids by Drr et al. (1995) as they

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contain hornblende and titanite (cf., Chappel and White, 1974).

Sedimentary rocks unconformably cover the igneous and metamorphic rocks in the western
part of the study area. Directly overlying the basement are the sandstones and conglomeratic
sandstones of the lower Cretaceous Tambor Formation (Mendoza and Jaramillo, 1979). The

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siliciclastic rocks are interpreted to have been deposited in an alluvial environment in local
depocenters such as half-grabens (Ward et al. 1973, Mendoza and Jaramillo, 1979; Royero
and Clavijo, 2001; Sarmiento, 2001), while most of the Santander Massif remained emergent

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throughout the Mesozoic (Etayo-Serna et al., 1983; Fabre, 1985,1987; Sarmiento, 1989;
Cooper et al., 1995, Sarmiento, 2001).
Magmatism younger than mid Jurassic is scarce. Some published Cretaceous K-Ar ages for
granitic rocks are probably unreliable as these rocks have likely been affected by partial
resetting or alteration (e.g, Hargraves et al., 1984; Drr et al 1995) and these rocks are
considered part of the late Triassic to early Jurassic intrusive episodes. However, narrow
dikes and, locally, up to 1 km diameter intrusions of porphyritic granodiorites, have been
observed and are post-Cretaceous in age because they intrude the Cretaceous sedimentary

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rocks (Ward et al., 1973; Polania, 1980, 1983; Galvis, 1998, Cooperacin Tcnica
Colombo-Alemana, 1998, Felder et al. 2005). Recently reported geochronological data
(Mantilla et al., 2009 and 2011; Leal-Mejia et al. 2011), indicate that these lithologies overall
span the interval between 10.9 0.2 and 8.4 0.2 Ma. Magmatic hydrothermal alteration and

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mineralization overprints these late Miocene igneous rocks indicating that gold
mineralization is, contrary to previously published Re/Os age constraints (Mathur et al.
2003), not Paleocene but 10.9 Ma or less in age. This Miocene magmatism in the VCMD,
temporally coincides with reactivation and sinistral transpressional movement of the

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Bucaramanga-Santa Marta fault (BSMF), likely related to the accretion of the Choc block,
and rapid uplift of this part of the Eastern Cordillera (Dengo and Covey, 1993; Kellogg and

2001, Villagmez et al. 2011).

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Vega, 1995; Taboada et al., 1999; Villamil, 1999; Taboada et al. 2000; Pindell and Kennan,

Uplift and exhumation history of the Eastern Cordillera

A positive tendency (i.e., tendency of the earth surface to stay emergent) of the Santander
Massif (SM), during the continental and marine Mesozoic sedimentation in Colombia, was

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proposed by Juliver (1963b), on the basis of thinner continental siliciclastic Upper Jurassic
Girn Formation toward the massif and the presence of lower Cretaceous evaporitic rocks
surrounding it. This positive tendency continued during the Early Cretaceous as documented

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by Etayo-Serna et al. (1983) and Fabre (1985). There is no evidence that the SM was
emergent during the late Cretaceous (at least since the Turonian-Coniacian), as is supported
by the preservation of the marine sedimentary record on some areas of the SM for this time
period. However, the positive tendency of the SM resumed in the Tertiary (Juliver, 1963b).

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On the basis of zircon and apatite fission track ages, uplift and exhumation initiated in the
southern corner of the triangular Maracaibo block, where the study area is located, in the late
Cretaceous to Paleogene, and a major and final uplift pulse occurred in the Plio-Pleistocene
(Shagan et al., 1984; Horton et al. 2010; Nie et al. 2010; Villagmez et al. 2011).
Paleobotanical data indicate that rapid uplift of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera took place
between 5 and 2 Ma (Gregory-Wodzicki, 2000). The collision of the Panama-Choc island
arc with the northwestern margin of the South American plate between 12 and 6 Ma (Dengo
and Covey, 1993; Kellogg and Vega, 1995) has been related to the deformation in the Eastern

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Cordillera. There is a general consensus that uplift of the Western and Central Cordilleras
took place mostly in the late CretaceousPaleocene, while the uplift of the Eastern Cordillera
mostly occurred in the PliocenePleistocene (Gregory-Wodzicki, 2000; Villagmez et al.
2011). At 4 Ma the Eastern Cordillera probably had no more than 40% of its current elevation

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(Gregory-Wodzicki, 2000).

3. Analytical techniques

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U-Pb (LA) ICP-MS in Zircons

Heavy mineral concentrates of the <350 m fraction were separated using traditional

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techniques at ZirChron LLC at Washington State University. Zircons from the non-magnetic
fraction were mounted in epoxy and slightly ground and polished to expose the surface and
keep as much material as possible for laser ablation analyses.

LA-ICP-MS U-Pb analyses were conducted at Washington State University after CL

imaging using a New Wave Nd:YAG UV 213-nm laser coupled to a ThermoFinnigan
Element 2 single collector, double-focusing, magnetic sector ICP-MS. Operating procedures

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and parameters are a modification of Chang et al. (2006). Laser spot size and repetition rate
were 30 nm and 10 Hz, respectively. He and Ar carrier gases delivered the sample aerosol to
the plasma. Each analysis consisted of a short blank analysis followed by 250 sweeps
through masses 204, 206, 207, 208, 232, 235, and 238, taking approximately 30 seconds.

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Time-independent fractionation was corrected by normalizing U-Pb and Pb/Pb ratios of the
unknowns to the zircon standards (Chang et al., 2006). For this study we used two zircon
standards: Peixe, with an age of 564 Ma (Dickinson and Gehrels, 2003), and FC-1, with an

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age of 1099 Ma (Paces and Miller, 1993). Uranium-lead ages were calculated using Isoplot
(Ludwig, 2003) and includes the systematic and analytic errors (2).

U-Pb TIMS in zircons

One sample was dated by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS) procedures
following a procedure modified from Mundil et al., (2004), Mattinson, (2005) and Scoates
and Friedman, (2008). This analysis has been performed at the Pacific Center for Isotope and

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Geochemical Research (PCIGR), University of British Columbia, Canada. After rock

samples have undergone standard mineral separation procedure, zircon grains were
handpicked in alcohol, and then annealed in quartz glass crucibles at 900 C for 60 hours.
Grains were chemically abraded (leached) in ultrapure HF and HNO3 at 175C for 12 hours.

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Single grains were then dissolved in HF and nitric acids in a 10:1 ratio at 240C for 40 hours.
Each sample was spiked with a 233 235U205Pb tracer. The resulting solutions were dried
at 130C and the fluoride precipitate was dissolved in 6N HCl in high pressure Parr devices
for 12 hours at 210C. The resulting HCl solutions were mixed with 2 L of 0.5 NH3PO4 and

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dried. Samples were finally loaded onto degassed, zonerefined Re filaments in 2 L of

silicic acid emitter (Gerstenberger and Haase, 1997). Isotopic ratios were measured using a

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modified single collector VG54R or VG354S (the latter with Sector 54 electronics) thermal
ionization mass spectrometer (TIMS) equipped with an analogue Daly detector. Analytical
blanks are 0.2 pg for U and for Pb in the range of 110 pg. U fractionation was determined
directly on individual runs using the 233235U tracer, and Pb isotopic ratios were corrected
for fractionation of 0.23%/amu, based on replicate analyses for the NBS982 Pb reference
material and the values recommended by Thirwhall (2000). Data reduction employed the

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Microsoft Excel based program of Schmitz and Schoene (2007). Standard concordia
diagrams were constructed and regression intercepts weighted averages calculated with
Isoplot (Ludwig, 2003). All errors are quoted at the 2 or 95% level of confidence.

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U-Pb (LA) ICP-MS in detrital zircons

Detrital zircons from sample TB-CV-008 (Fig. 2), collected at latitude 720'58,0"and

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longitude 7256'51,1" (or local coordinates X=1.304.631; Y=1.124.764; Z= ~2020 mosl;

Bogot as origin of the reference system; Plane Gauss Krger projected coordinates), were
analyzed at PCIGR at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; using a laser
ablation (LA) ICP-MS technique, as described by Tafti et al. (2009). Instrumentation
employed for LA-ICP-MS dating of zircons at the PCIGR, comprises a New Wave UP-213
laser ablation system and a ThermoFinnigan Element2 single collector, double-focusing,
magnetic sector ICP-MS. Zircons were randomly separated from a concentrate comprising
the entire recovered populations and then were mounted in an epoxy puck along with several

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grains of the Pleovice zircon standard (Slma et al., 2007), together with zircon standard
FC-1, and brought to a very high polish. The surface of the mount was washed for 10 minutes
with dilute nitric acid and rinsed in ultraclean water prior to analysis. Portions of each grain,
free of alteration, inclusions, or possible inherited cores, were selected for analysis. Line

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scans rather than spot analyses were employed in order to minimize elemental fractionation
during the analyses. A 25 micrometer spot size was used for all analyses. Backgrounds were
measured with the laser shutter closed for ten seconds, followed by data collection with the
laser firing for approximately 35 seconds. The time-integrated signals were analysed using

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GLITTER software (Van Achterberghet et al. 2001; Griffin et al. 2008), which automatically
subtracts background measurements, propagates all analytical errors, and calculates isotopic
ratios and ages. Corrections for mass and elemental fractionation were made by bracketing

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analyses of unknown grains with replicate analyses of the Pleovice zircon standard. Final
interpretation and plotting of the analytical results was done using ISOPLOT software of
Ludwig (2003). Data are listed at the 2 sigma confidence level and plotted on standard
concordia diagrams. The best estimate for the age of these detrital zircons is given by the
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Pb/206Pb age if 1500 Ma and older or the 206Pb/238Pb age if younger than 1500 Ma; these

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age picks are used to construct a probability density plot. All data on this latter plot are less
than 5% discordant. Only one analyzed grain was more than 5% discordant and not used.
Whole rock geochemistry

Sixteen rocks samples of Mesozoic rocks were analyzed by whole rock geochemistry at the

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Acme Analytical Laboratories Ltd, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Out of these a
subset of 11 samples containing rocks unaffected or only minimally affected by
hydrothermal alteration were selected for further data analysis (Appendix B). The samples

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were analyzed by the analytical package 4A-4B by ICP-emission mass spectrometry

following a lithium metaborate/tetraborate fusion and dilute nitric acid digestion. A separate
sample split was digested in Aqua Regia and analyzed by ICP mass spectrometry for
precious and base metals. The analytical data are presented in digital appendix B. Two
additional analyses of Tonalite (sample 7-1-1-89) and granodiorite (10-1-5-89) were
compiled from Drr et al., (1995).

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4. Results
4.1. Field relationships of igneous rocks
The oldest Phanerozoic igneous rocks recognized in the study area include meta-gabbros to

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meta-granodiorites that were affected by regional deformation but locally cut an older
foliation of the Bucaramanga Gneiss (Mantilla et al. 2012). These rocks have generally been
assigned a pre-Devonian age (Boinet et al., 1985) and were emplaced synchronously with the
early Ordovician CaparonensisFamatinian orogenic event (Restrepo-Pace and Cediel,

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2010).

The most prominent and volumetrically most important intrusive units observed in the study
area are multiphase plutons and dikes ranging in composition from tonalite and diorite to

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granodiorite, quartz-monzonite and granite (Fig. 2). These are all unaffected by regional
metamorphism. These intrusive rocks can be classified into three groups on the basis of the
observed cross-cutting relationships and geochronology.

The oldest is an igneous muscovite-biotite leucogranite, herein referred to as Alaskite-I,

following earlier nomenclature (Evans, 1977). Leucogranites of the Alaskite-I unit are

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usually medium-grained and form dikes and intrusive bodies of modest size. The dikes range
in average thickness from about 30 cm to about 20 m and their strike is dominantly WNW,
dipping 80 SW (Fig. 3A), but shallowly-dipping dikes have been recognized locally at Veta
de Barro Angostura Project (ENE, dipping 30 NW). Larger igneous bodies assigned to this

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rock group can reach up to 2.5 km2 in map view (Fig. 2).
The intermediate group of rocks are tonalite, diorite and granodiorite and form large plutons
up to 9 km2 (Fig. 2). Intermediate intrusive rocks locally contain centimetre-scale mafic
subrounded and rounded blocks that may be enclaves, restites or xenoliths (Fig. 3B). The

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intermediate group of rocks cut Alaskite-I, as observed at about 1.2 km to the east of the town
of California. At La Chorrera (Fig. 2), Alaskite-I forms centimetre-scale xenoliths and
meter-scale rafts within the more mafic lithologies (Fig. 3C). The latter locally displays a
weak tectonic foliation (Fig. 3D) and in other places a magmatic flow alignment of mafic
minerals.
Fine-grained, equigranular igneous muscovite-bearing quartz-monzogranites that are
petrographically very similar to those described above, intrude and contain xenoliths of the

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intrusions of intermediate composition (Fig. 3E), indicating that there are at least two
separate episodes of muscovite-bearing granitoid emplacement separated by the intrusion of
intermediate magmas. These younger granites are herein referred to as Alaskite-II. These
rocks occur as dykes and igneous bodies (Fig. 3F) similar to those of Alaskite-I and the two

relationships with the intermediate rocks are exposed.

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4.2. U-Pb Geochronology

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alaskite units can only be distinguished with confidence in outcrop if direct cross-cutting

Nine samples from late Triassic to early Jurassic igneous rocks were collected from Alaskites

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(I and II) and intermediate igneous rocks (Fig. 2) and dated, following the methodologies
described above (see Table 1; Fig. 4-7; Appendix A).
Alaskites-I

Four Alaskite-I samples were collected from dikes and stocks from El Cuatro (along the La
Baja Creek, Sample ALR035); Violetal Hill (in the central part of the study area; sample

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GI-47-M1) and along the California-Vetas road (samples GE-20-M1 and TQB-002; Fig. 2,
Table 1).

Sample ALR035 is an illite/sericite-altered fine-grained equigranular granite dike containing

primary muscovite. Samples GI-47-M1, GE-20-M1 and TQB-002 are from alkali-feldspar

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granite but are affected by moderate quartz-sericite hydrothermal alteration and cut by
quartz-pyrite veins. Sample GE-20-M1, is an alkali-feldspar granite with biotite and
muscovite from a fractured dike of about 20 meters thickness with a west north westerly
strike and 80 dip to the Southwest. This dyke cuts the Bucaramanga Gneiss and has not been

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affected by macroscopically recognizable hydrothermal alteration. The other two samples

(GI-47-M1 and TQB-002) were collected from stocks of alkali-feldspar granites (Fig. 2).
Sample TQB-002 has been affected by macroscopically recognizable hydrothermal
alteration.
Zircons from all samples are euhedral and display concentric oscillatory zoning, indicating a
magmatic origin.
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significant inherited zircons. Three of five analyzed zircons are discordant. The two youngest
grains define a

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Pb/207Pb age of 210.63.5 Ma. A lower Concordia intercept at ~201Ma

defines a minimum age (Fig. 4).

Samples

GE-20-M1,

GI-47-M1

and

TQB-002

were

all

dated

by

zircon

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U-Pb-LA-MCICP-MS (Fig. 5A, B, C; Appendix A). The U-Pb juvenile ages for these
samples are: 204.3+2.7/-3.3 Ma for sample GE-20-M1; 202.2+5.3/-3.0 Ma for sample
GI-47-M1 and; 199.1+2.5/-2.6 Ma for sample TQB-002. All of these samples contain
significant inherited zircon populations (Fig. 8). Out of 103 analyzed points, 20 are

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considered inherited or mixed ages because they yield apparent ages ranging from
Proterozoic to Carboniferous, whereas the remaining 83 point analyses yield ages between

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245.7 and 187.2 (Appendix A).

Intermediate rocks

Three samples of intermediate rocks were dated. One was taken just outside the town of
California on the road to Bucaramanga (sample TQB-005, Fig. 6B), and two additional
samples were collected along the California-Vetas road (TPD-71 and TQB-003, Table 1;

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Fig. 6A, 6C; Appendix A). These samples are unaltered diorite-granodiorite rocks with
quartz, plagioclase, orthoclase, biotite and hornblende and no muscovite (the total estimated
content of mafic mineral is 30%).

Zircons are euhedral and display concentric oscillatory zoning, indicating a magmatic origin.

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The obtained U-Pb juvenile ages for these samples are: 199.2+2.8/-2.7 Ma for sample
TPD-71; 199.0+2.5/-2.6 Ma for sample TQB-005 and; 198.4+2.4/-2.4 Ma for sample
TQB-003 (Table 1). All of these samples also contain significant inherited zircon

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populations (Fig. 8). Out of 118 analyzed points, 14 are considered inherited (or mixed ages)
with ages ranging from Proterozoic to Carboniferous, whereas the remaining 104 point
analyses yield ages between 253.0 and 119.7 Ma (Appendix A).
Alaskites-II

Two samples from Alaskite-II rocks were dated in this study (samples TQB-004, TQB-001
Table 1, Fig. 3E and 3F). These rocks are quartz-plagioclase-K-feldspar granite with biotite

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and muscovite, very similar to Alaskite I but distinguished from those in that they contain
xenoliths of intermediate rocks. These samples were collected along the California-Vetas
road (Fig. 2).
Zircons are euhedral and display concentric oscillatory zoning, indicating again their

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magmatic origin. The U-Pb juvenile ages obtained from these samples are 198.7+2.6/-2.9Ma
for sample TQB-004 and 196.7+2.9/-2.8 Ma for sample TQB-001 (Table 1; Fig. 7A, 7B).
Both of these samples also contain inherited zircon populations, but significantly less
Grenvillian and older zircons, comparing with the Alaskite-I and Intermediate rocks (Fig. 8).

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Out of 84 analyzed points, 16 are considered inherited (or mixed ages) with ages ranging
from Proterozoic to Permian, whereas the remaining 68 point analyses yield ages between

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245.6 and 130.7 Ma (Appendix A).

4.3. Detrital zircons U-Pb Geochronology

A sample of quartz-rich sandstone of lower Cretaceous Tambor Formation was taken from
west of the town of California. This sedimentary unit unconformably overlies the

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Bucaramanga Gneiss and the igneous Mesozoic rocks. Sixty-three detrital zircons grains
were analyzed (sample TB-CV-008, Fig. 2), out of these only a single analysis was
discordant and is not further considered. The following age populations are recognized (Fig.
9A-D; Appendix A): 1) nine analysis define a early to middle Proterozoic age group from

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1810 to 1338 Ma; 2) twenty six points yielded middle Proterozoic ages of 1298 to 939 Ma; 3)
one zircon was dated at 756.6 Ma; 4) six zircons have ages between 494 and 473 Ma; 5)
twelve analyses fall between 466 and 436 Ma and; 6) nine analyses represent ages from 209

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to 195 Ma (Appendix A). The most important groups of ages are represented in the
probabilistic age peaks shown in Fig. 9B.
4.4. Geochemistry

Given that rocks in the Vetas-California district are commonly affected by hydrothermal
alteration due to proximal hydrothermal mineral deposits, the geochemical data were
evaluated using a number of standard alteration evaluation diagrams (e.g. Davies and
Whitehead, 2006; not shown here) to check for the degree of mobility of the large ion

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lithophile elements (LILE) which include mainly K, Na and Ca. The geochemical data and
petrographic observations in 5 out of 16 analyzed samples indicate hydrothermal alteration,
mainly the destruction of plagioclase and replacement by muscovite quartz assemblages,
silicification and the addition of iron from pyrite. Elevated P2O5 and TiO2 in one specimen

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was also an indication that these elements may not have been immobile during alteration in
some samples. The altered samples are not further discussed below. Widely used
classification plots readily identify the Mesozoic igneous rocks of the Santander Massif as
subalkaline (Fig. 10A) and as high-K calc-alkaline rocks. The intermediate late Triassic to

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early Jurassic rocks have dioritic compositions with SiO2 contents of 54.9 to 60.4 wt.%. The
Alaskites all plot as alkali granites and granites but no distinction between Alaskite I and II

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can be made. The immobile trace element diagrams Zr/TiO2 vs Nb/Y and SiO2 vs Zr/TiO2
(Winchester and Floyd, 1977; Fig. 10C and 10D) also identify the intermediate rocks as
subalkaline diorite whereas the alaskites plot in the monzonite/quartz-monzonite fields.
In the Aluminum saturation index diagram by Maniar and Piccoli (1989), all Alaskite rocks (I
and II) plot in the peraluminous field, whereas the five intermediate rock samples (Appendix
B) are metaluminous (Fig. 10B).

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Chondrite normalized patterns for rare earth elements (REE) for the Alaskite I and II units
(Fig. 10E), display relatively flat HREE patterns although some scatter in the degree of
HREE enrichment relative to chondrite is evident, especially in Alaskite II samples.
However all Alaskites show a pronounced negative Eu anomaly which is indicative for

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plagioclase fractionation. The late Triassic to early Jurassic diorites are more enriched in
heavy REE relative to chondrite and their negative Eu anomaly is less pronounced when
compared to the Alaskites (Fig. 10E). The Ta vs. Yb diagram (Pearce et al. 1984) reveals that
all rocks plot as a tight cluster within the volcanic arc field, although the granites have

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slightly higher Ta contents and straddle the border to the syn-collisional granite field (Fig.
10F).

5. Discussion
Juvenile U-Pb zircons ages from late Triassic-early Jurassic Igneous rocks

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The U-Pb LA-MCICP-MS zircon geochronology shows that Triassic to Jurassic magmatism
occurred over a relatively restricted time interval between ~210 and 196 Ma. The three
intrusive units

Alaskite-I,

Intermediate and

Alaskite

II can be distinguished

geochronologically, although some age overlap exists between them. Besides the significant

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inherited age component, crystallization ages of Alaskite I are between 204.3+2.7/-3.3 Ma to

199.1+2.5/-2.6 Ma. The 2103.5 Ma 206Pb/207Pb TIMS age of sample ALR035 is possibly
an inhereted component but the minimum age estimate of 201 Ma for this sample is
consistent with the age range for alaskite-I established by LA-MCICP-MS geochronology.

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The intermediate igneous rocks are slightly younger and have U-Pb zircon ages from
199.2+2.8/-2.7 Ma to 198.4+2.4/-2.4 Ma although the errors overlap with the Alaskite I and

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II units. The latter has ages of 198.7+2.6/-2.9Ma and 196.7+2.9/-2.8Ma. The late
Triassic-early Jurassic magmatism reported here for the VCMD is the volumetrically most
important igneous episode recognized in the Colombian eastern Cordillera. Rocks of this age
are present across the entire Santander Massif (SM) as batholiths, stocks and dykes (Ward et
al., 1973; Clavijo, 1994; Fig. 1). Limited age equivalent stocks, dikes, lava flows and
volcanoclastic materials have also been reported west of the BSMF in the Magdalena River

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Valley domain.

The late Triassic to early Jurassic magmatism in the SM includes both, peraluminous rocks
with a large crustal component and metaluminous intermediate-mantle derived intrusions in

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temporal and spatial proximity.

Detrital and Inhered U-Pb zircons ages

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The detrital zircons of the Tambor Formation record all previous known igneous and major
metamorphic events in the Santander massif previously documented by mapping and igneous
geochronology (Goldsmith et al., 1971; Ward et al., 1973; Drr et al., 1995; Cordani et al.,
2005; Mantilla et al., 2012). These include Proterozoic zircons, most importantly dated at
~1300 to 940 Ma, but also some older grains between ~1810 and ~1340 Ma. The younger of
these two episodes can readily be related to the Grenvillian orogeny and includes the age of
the peak metamorphism of the Bucaramanga Gneiss (Cordani et al., 2005), whereas the
oldest group of ages are probably inherited from the protolith of the Bucaramanga Gneiss

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which, on the basis of Sm-Nd model ages, has been estimated at 1760 to 1710 Ma
(Ordoez-Cardona et al., 2006). An alternate explanation for this Paleoproterozoic age
population would be that these zircons may have been derived from upper Paleozoic
sedimentary rocks, shedding off the Amazonian craton, after the Chibcha Terrane accretion

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(Restrepo et al., 2011). However, given the absence of documented upper Paleozoic
sedimentary rocks in the study area, we interpret the oldest zircon population as derived from
the Bucaramanga Gneiss. The single 756.6 Ma zircon recorded in the Tambor Formation
cannot be related to a specific mapped geologic unit in the district but is here interpreted as

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derived from the post Grenvillian Silgar formation. An early Ordovician age population of
494 to 472 Ma can readily be matched to the metamorphosed meta-diorites documented by

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Restrepo-Pace and Cediel (2010) and Mantilla et al. (2012). Magmatism of late Caledonian
age (Restrepo-Pace and Cediel, 2010) can be matched to detrital zircon ages of 466 to 436
Ma, whereas the detrital age population of 209 to 195 Ma matches the late Triassic to early
Jurassic magmatic episode documented above well. Overall, the detrital zircon data indicate
that all igneous and metamorphic units presently exposed in the study area were already
subject to erosion in the lower Cretaceous, as previously suggested by Juliver, (1963a,b);

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Fabre and Delaloye, 1983), and Sarmiento, (2001).

Inherited zircon grains from Mesozoic igneous rocks record, in broad terms, the same
pre-Mesozoic age populations as the detrital zircons of the Tambor Formation. The oldest
zircon ages from 1740 to 1334 Ma (8 analyses) recorded by studied Mesozoic igneous rocks,

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are interpreted as inherited from the host Bucaramanga Gneiss and likely correspond to its
protolith age; as was interpreted in previous studies (Cordani et al., 2005; Ordez-Cardona
et al., 2006; Mantilla et al., 2012). Inherited zircon ages of 1240 to 958 Ma (5 analyses) are
also interpreted as derived from the host Bucaramanga Gneiss, and likely corresponding to

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the Grenvillian metamorphic peak (Cordani et al., 2005; Mantilla et al., 2012). The older ages
within the age group from 920 to 500 Ma (8 analyses), may correspond to late metamorphic
events of the Grenvillian orogeny as documented by Cordani et al., (2005) and Restrepo-Pace
(1995), the latter using

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Ar/39Ar hornblende from amphibolite. The younger ages in the

range, may also be related to post Grenvillian metamorphic events, mixing ages or
alternatively (?) may be related to undated diabase (dolerite) dikes outcropping in the SM,
which have been interpreted to have intruded during the opening of the western Iapetus

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Ocean (Pisarevsky et al., 2008).

The age groups from 475 to 302 Ma (27 analyses) may be interpreted as inhered from the
early Ordovician meta-igneous rocks (ages >470 Ma) present in the study area (Mantilla et
al., 2012) and also from igneous rocks without regional metamorphism (470-370 Ma in age)

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that were emplaced in different areas of the SM, as has been documented by Restrepo-Pace
and Cediel, (2010). The latter magmatic event has not been documented but may be
represented by scarce granitic pegmatite dykes observed in the study area. Younger ages
(<370 Ma), likely represent mixed ages, but in cannot be excluded that they represent

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presently unknown rocks units.

The two Permian ages of 287 and 270 Ma reported for zircons in Alaskite-II rocks, are also

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interpreted as mixed ages although they may also represent inhered zircons from unknown
Permian igneous rocks, which, however, have not been reported from the Santander Massif.
Paleotectonic Implications

The existence of a proto-Andean Orogenic system during the Grenvillian (1.0 Ga) and

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Famatinian (0.47 Ga), have been reported for the SM (Restrepo-Pace et al.1997; Cordani et
al., 2005; Chew et al., 2007; Restrepo-Pace and Cediel, 2010). The granitoids emplaced
during the Caparonensis-Famatinian Orogeny (Restrepo-Pace and Cediel, 2010), are related
to mantle-derived magmas emplaced in a supra-subduction paleotectonic setting, are affected

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by a regional metamorphic foliation and have been dated at 4772 Ma in the study area
(Mantilla et al., 2012). The Mesozoic leucogranites of the Alaskite I and Alaskite II units are
geochemically similar to each other despite the fact that they can be distinguished by

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cross-cutting relationships and are separated in time by the intrusion of intermediate rocks.
The Alaskites are peraluminous as they contain magmatic muscovite and their subduction
signature in the trace elements is subdued. The Alaskite I unit is interpreted to have been
emplaced in a relatively continent-ward position during late Triassic eastward subduction of
the Panthalassa oceanic plate (or Paleo-Pacific; Farallon Plate) beneath Pangea (Fig. 11). A
slight tectonic change, potentially related to the initial rifting of the central Atlantic Ocean
may have provided a locally more extensional setting for the emplacement of the
intermediate rocks. The latter are not peraluminous and exhibit no geochemical evidence for

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major crustal assimilation although some inherited zircons indicate that limited crustal
contamination must have occurred. The early Jurassic intermediate rocks are followed by
peraluminous granitic rocks (Alaskite II) with similar characteristics to those which pre-date
the intermediate rocks indicating a return to a similar tectonic configuration as prior to the

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emplacement of the intermediate rocks. Magmatism probably ceased in the region after ~190
Ma, potentially due to initiation of rifting related to the opening of the Proto-Caribbean
Ocean and westward retreat of the subduction zone, as also suggested by by Bayona et al.,
(2006).

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The reported geochemical data from late Triassic-early Jurassic Magmatic rocks support
continental margin magmatism, but the sedimentary succession from this time interval

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indicates deposition in an extensional setting (Bayona et al., 2006). Restrepo et al., (2011),
supported by zircon U-Pb SHRIMP ages, obtained from Nech Gneiss (Tahami Terrane, core
of the Colombian Central Cordillera), pointed out that the metamorphism of this terrane has
likely taken place in an Andean-type orogenesis (about 226 Ma age in the late Triassic), on
the western side of Pangea (not by the collision of Laurentia and Gondwana to form Pangea).
The late Triassic-early Jurassic magmatism in the SM is consistent with an oblique supra

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subduction setting, as proposed by Aspden et al., (1987) and documented by Bayona et al.,
(2006) on the basis of paleomagnetic data. The tectonic changes required for the shift from
peraluminous to metaluminous and then again to peraluminous magmatism, reported also for
other areas affected by oblique subduction (e.g., Collins and Hobbs, 2001) is here interpreted

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as a function of crustal residency time during ongoing subduction. In this scenario,

peraluminous magmatism would be the result of a more extensive interaction between the
mantle derived magma and the metasedimentary material of the crust during episodes of
contractional tectonics and crustal thickening in the upper plate. Metaluminous granite

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magmatism, in contrast, may be explained by some degree of relaxation of the crust and the
subsequent ascent of mantle-derived magmas. These tectonic shifts are interpreted to have
taken place in the context of an oblique subduction of the Farallon Plate and episodic
reactivations of the Paleo-BSMF which controlled the basin evolution to the west of the
Santander Massif. Deformation during the emplacement of the metaluminous intermediate
rocks is also evidenced by the weak foliation and alignment of mafic minerals of some of
these igneous bodies.

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Magmatic activity in the Santander Massif resumed in the late Miocene (Mantilla et al., 2009,
2011). The late Miocene intrusions in the study area are narrow granodiorite porphyry dikes
and, locally, up to 1 km diameter intrusions. The generation of these melts was probably
related to the subduction of the Caribbean plate beneath this part of the northern Andes and

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coincided with the collision of the Baud-Panama terrane (Dengo and Covey, 1993; Kellogg
and Vega, 1995). The presence of even younger igneous rocks cannot be ruled out, since
magmatic-hydrothermal alteration, presumably related to intrusions at depth, post-dating the
late Miocene granodiorite porphyries has affected the area. Late Pliocene volcanism has been

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documented locally at the Paipa volcano some 180 km south of VCMD in the eastern

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Cordillera (Pardo et al. 2005).

6. Conclusions

The Vetas-California Mining District (VCMD) records a series of tectono-magmatic events

that took place during Proterozoic and lower Paleozoic. All pre Devonian rocks have a
regional metamorphic foliation related to the Grenvillian and Famatinian-Caparonensis

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orogenies. A limited number of age determinations on inherited zircons in the late Triassic
and early Jurassic igneous rocks, and on detrital zircons from the lower Cretaceous Tambor
Formation sandstone fall in the interval between 470 and 360 Ma. These dates suggest the
presence of subordinate igneous rocks of this age range although only limited field evidence

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for such rocks has been reported. Volumetrically important igneous activity took place in the
late Triassic to early Jurassic interval (204.3-196.7 Ma, Retiense-Pliensbachiense).
Leucogranite emplacement was separated by intrusion of dioritic to granodioritic rocks
reflecting subtle changes in the crustal stress in a setting above an oblique subduction of the

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Panthalassa plate beneath Pangea.

The detrital zircons in the lower Cretaceous Tambor Formation, suggest that their
provenance is related to the erosion of the igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Santander
Massif recognized locally in the study area. This implies that the Santander Massif was
subject to erosion and localized deposition of the siliciclastic detritus which gave rise to the
Tambor Formation during the Berriasian-Valanginian time interval. The tectonic foliation
that locally affects the intermediate rocks from late Triassic and early Jurassic igneous rocks

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is considered the result of deformation along the proto-SMBF and other crustal scale faults
that affected the study area during the middle-late Jurassic and early Cretaceous. These
structures were re-activated later in the Neogene, leading to the most recent uplift pulses in

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the northeastern Cordillera Oriental of Colombia.

Acknowledgments

We express our thanks to the Industrial University of Santander (UIS), for giving the
opportunity to pursue geological fieldwork aimed at creating new geologic knowledge on the

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Colombian Geology. We would like to thank Sara Jenkins, Arne Toma, Karie Smith,
students and colleagues at the Mineral Deposit Research Unit (MDRU), at the Earth and

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Ocean Sciences Department (University of British Columbia), for all their support and help.
To Hernando Mendoza and Humberto Len Amaya, for their support and help during the
field works. To the community of California, Vetas and surrounding areas, for their
permanent kindness and cooperation. A special thanks to all those students from the School
of Geology at the UIS, who have done their geological fieldwork practices in the VCMD. We
gratefully acknowledge our colleagues and staff from Eco-Oro Minerals Corp., CVS

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Explorations Ltd., AUX Colombia Ltda and other sponsors, for their financial contribution to
the MDRU Colombia gold and porphyry project which enabled the senior author to take a
sabbatical leave to work on the project, but also for their continuing support to the School of

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Geology (UIS), especially during its geological fieldworks activities.

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Figure captions

Fig. 1. Location of Vetas-California Mining District (Santander Massif, Colombian Eastern

Cordillera) with respect to Chibcha Terrane (Ch; in the sense of Restrepo et al. 2011) and the
triangular Maracaibo tectonic block (Maracaibo Subplate Realm, in the sense of Cediel et al.,

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2003), bordered by the major NNW striking Santa-Marta Bucaramanga fault and the NE
striking Bocon fault.

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Fig. 2. Simplified geological map of the Vetas-California Mining District (Santander Massif,
Colombia). Geology from Ward et al., (1973), Evans (1977), Polania (1980), and this study.

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Fig. 3. Outcrop photographs of Mesozoic igneous rocks of the VCMD. A. Alaskite-I dyke
cutting the Bucaramanga Gneiss (sample GE-20-M1); B. Diorite rocks containing centimetre
scale mafic subrounded and rounded mafic enclaves, C. Centimetre scale xenoliths and meter
scale rafts (composed of Alaskite-I leucogranite) within the more mafic litologies
(diorite-granodiorite rocks); D. Diorite-granodiorite rocks affected by tectonic foliation
(Sample TQB-005, close to California town); E. Leucogranite of the alaskite-II unit (dyke
covered by and Fe-Mn oxides on fracture planes) with granodiorite xenoliths; F. Road cut
along the California-Vetas road of Alaskites II leucogranite (sample TQB-004).
Fig. 4. Zircon U-Pb TIMS age from sample ALR035 (Alaskite-I from a dyke cutting La
Bodega). The two youngest grains define a 206Pb/207Pb age of 210.63.5 Ma. A lower
Concordia intercept at ~201Ma defines a minimum age for this sample.

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Fig. 5. Zircon U-Pb LA-MC-ICPMS ages for Alaskite-I rocks. Concordia and distribution
diagrams, respectively, for the samples: A. GE20M1; B. GI-47-M1 and; C. TQB-002.
Fig. 6. Zircon U-Pb LA-MC-ICPMS ages from Mesozoic intermediate igneous rocks.
Concordia and distribution diagrams, respectively, for the samples: A. TPD-71; B. TQB-005;
C. TQB-003.

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Fig. 7. Zircon U-Pb LA-MC-ICPMS ages from Alaskite-II rocks. Concordia and distribution
diagrams, respectively, for the samples: A. TQB-004 and B. TQB-001.
Fig. 8. Zircon U-Pb LA-MCICP-MS age distribution in Alaskites-I, Intermediate and
Alaskites-II rocks, from a total of 305 analyzed points (103 in Alaskites-I; 118 in
intermediate rocks and; 84 in Alaskites-II rocks). Inherited Grenvillian and older zircons are
significantly less abundant in Alaskite-II rocks, than in Alaskite-I and Intermediate rocks.

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Fig. 9. Ages of detrital zircons from the lower Cretaceous siliciclastic Tambor formation. A.
Concordia diagram. B. Probability density plot of U-Pb ages. C. Close-up of Concordia
diagram showing early Ordovician U-Pb ages of detrital zircons derived from early
Ordovician orthogneisses. D. Late Triassic-early Jurassic U-Pb age population, derived from
detrital zircons from Mesozoic igneous rocks.
Fig. 10. Geochemical Classification diagrams for Mesozoic igneous rocks of the VCMD. A.
Irvine and Baragar (1971) discrimination diagram; B. Al/(Ca+Na+K) vs. Al/(Na+K) diagram

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from Maniar and Piccoli (1989) which readily identifies the Alaskites-I and -II as
peraluminous, whereas the intermediate rocks fall into the metaluminous field; C and D.
Zr/TiO2 vs. Nb/Y and SiO2 vs. Zr/TiO2 classification diagram after Winchester and Floyd
(1977); E. Chondrite normalized REE spider diagram. Chondrite normalization values from
Sun and McDonough (1989). F. Ta vs. Yb tectonic discrimination diagrams for granitoid
rocks, after Pearce et al., (1984). Empty squares: Intermediate igneous Mesozoic rocks;
filled squares: Mesozoic Alaskite-I rocks; Filled triangles: Mesozoic Alaskite-II rocks.

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Fig. 11. A. Simplified Map of late Triassic-early Jurassic Pangea showing the approximate
location of the Colombia Territory (Modified from Lucas and Tunner, 2007). B. Simplified
geotectonic reconstruction of the study area, in which the oblique late Triassic-early Jurassic
subduction margin is shown (Modified from Bayona et al., 2006).

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Table 1. Summary of zircons U-Pb geochronology results (see Appendix A).

APPENDIX A. U-Pb analytical results from igneous and detrital zircons separated and dated by
TIMS and LA-MC-ICPMS methods, from Mesozoic igneous rocks and sedimentary Lower
Cretaceous Tambor Formation. Vetas-California Mining District (VCMD). Santander Massif,
Colombia Eastern Cordillera.

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Nasdala, L., Norberg, N., Schaltegger, U., Xchoene, B., Tubrett, M.N. and Whitehouse, M.J., 2007, Pleovice
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Thirlwall, M.F., 2000. Inter-laboratory and other errors in Pb isotope analyses investigated using a
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Figure 1

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Santander
Massif

Figure 2

7252'0"W

1310000

7254'0"W

(
(

(
(

7256'0"W

Angostura

(
(

724'0"N

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TQB-001

Mongora

1305000

(
(

( (

California

( (

720'0"N

GF-47MI

TQB-002 Violetal

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(
(
(

(
(
722'0"N

TQB-003
TQB-005
TBCV-008

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TQB-004

&

&

ALR035

TQB-71

Geologic Unit

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Tuff
Porphyry
Breccia

1130000

Faults, Veins & Contacts

&

Normal fault
Normal fault, inferred
Thrust fault
Strike-slip, dextral

Rosablanca Formation

Non conformity

Tambor Formation

Mineralized veins

Alaskite 2
Diorite to Granodiorite
Alaskite 1
Bucaramanga Gneiss

Samples
U-Pb sample (igneous rock)
U-Pb sample (detrital zircons)
Whole rock geochemistry sample

1300000

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1125000

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718'0"N

GE-20-MI

Vetas

1135000

Data Sources

1
2
3

This study and...

1: Polania, 1980
2: Ward et al. 1973
3: Evans, 1976

Figure 3

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Alaskite-I

Fig. 3. Outcrop photographs of Mesozoic igneous rocks of the VCMD. A. Alaskite-I dyke
cutting the Bucaramanga Gneiss (sample GE-20-M1); B. Diorite rocks containing
centimetre scale mafic subrounded and rounded mafic enclaves, C. Centimetre scale
xenoliths and meter scale rafts (composed of Alaskite-I leucogranite) within the more mafic
litologies (diorite-granodiorite rocks); D. Diorite-granodiorite rocks affected by tectonic
foliation (Sample TQB-005, close to California town); E. Leucogranite of the alaskite-II
unit (dyke covered by and Fe-Mn oxides on fracture planes) with granodiorite xenoliths; F.
Road cut along the California-Vetas road of Alaskites II leucogranite (sample TQB-004).

Figure 4

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Fig. 4. Zircon U-Pb TIMS age from sample ALR035 (Alaskite-I from a dyke cutting La
Bodega). The two youngest grains define a 206Pb/207Pb age of 210.63.5 Ma. A lower
Concordia intercept at ~201Ma defines a minimum age for this sample.

Figure 5

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Fig. 5. Zircon U-Pb LA-MC-ICPMS ages for Alaskite-I rocks. Concordia and distribution
diagrams, respectively, for the samples: A. GE20M1; B. GI-47-M1 and; C. TQB-002.

Figure 6

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Fig. 6. Zircon U-Pb LA-MC-ICPMS ages from Mesozoic intermediate igneous rocks.
Concordia and distribution diagrams, respectively, for the samples: A. TPD-71; B. TQB005; C. TQB-003.

Figure 7

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Fig. 7. Zircon U-Pb LA-MC-ICPMS ages from Alaskite-II rocks. Concordia and
distribution diagrams, respectively, for the samples: A. TQB-004 and B. TQB-001.

Figure 8

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Fig. 8. Zircon U-Pb LA-MCICP-MS age distribution in Alaskites-I, Intermediate and

Alaskites-II rocks, from a total of 305 analyzed points (103 in Alaskites-I; 118 in
intermediate rocks and; 84 in Alaskites-II rocks). Inherited Grenvillian and older zircons
are significantly less abundant in Alaskite-II rocks, than in Alaskite-I and Intermediate
rocks.

Figure 9

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Fig. 9. Ages of detrital zircons from the lower Cretaceous siliciclastic Tambor formation.
A. Concordia diagram. B. Probability density plot of U-Pb ages. C. Close-up of Concordia
diagram showing early Ordovician U-Pb ages of detrital zircons derived from early
Ordovician orthogneisses. D. Late Triassic-early Jurassic U-Pb age population, derived
from detrital zircons from Mesozoic igneous rocks.

Figure 10

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Fig. 10. Geochemical Classification diagrams for Mesozoic igneous rocks of the VCMD.
A. Irvine and Baragar (1971) discrimination diagram; B. Al/(Ca+Na+K) vs. Al/(Na+K)
diagram from Maniar and Piccoli (1989) which readily identifies the Alaskites-I and -II as
peraluminous, whereas the intermediate rocks fall into the metaluminous field; C and D.
Zr/TiO2 vs. Nb/Y and SiO2 vs. Zr/TiO2 classification diagram after Winchester and Floyd
(1977); E. Chondrite normalized REE spider diagram. Chondrite normalization values from
Sun and McDonough (1989). F. Ta vs. Yb tectonic discrimination diagrams for granitoid
rocks, after Pearce et al., (1984). Empty squares: Intermediate igneous Mesozoic rocks;
filled squares: Mesozoic Alaskite-I rocks; Filled triangles: Mesozoic Alaskite-II rocks.

Figure 11

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MEXICAN BLOCKS

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Subduction margin

Study area

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Magmatic Arc

FARALLON PLATE

Bucaramanga Fault
Volcano-plutonic arc
of the Santander Massif.
Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic

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Fig. 11. A. Simplified Map of late Triassic-early Jurassic Pangea showing the approximate
location of the Colombia Territory (Modified from Lucas and Tunner, 2007). B. Simplified
geotectonic reconstruction of the study area, in which the oblique late Triassic-early
Jurassic subduction margin is shown (Modified from Bayona et al., 2006).

Table 1

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1
2
3
4
5
6
Table 1. Table 1. Summary of zircons U-Pb geochronology results (see Appendix A).
7
8
Coordinates
Local Coordinates**
Geographic
Rock Type
Age
9 Sample
10
location
Latitude
Longitude
X
Y
Z (mosl)
11
7 22' 38,7"
72 54' 21,1
1307735
1129357
~2496
El Cuatro
Alaskite-I
210.63.5 Ma
12 ALR035*
(along the La
minimum lower
13
Baja Creek)
intercept age of
14
~201 Ma
15 GE-20-M1 7 19' 00,3"
72 53' 56,4"
1.301.027
1.130.134
~2704
CaliforniaAlaskite-I
204.3+2.7/-3.3Ma
16
Vetas road
17 GI-47-M1
7 21' 21,1"
72 54' 25,8"
1.305.351
1.129.222
~3113
Violetal Hill
Alaskite-I
202.2+5.3/-3.0Ma
18
7 20' 55,6"
72 56' 04,6"
1.304.559
1.126.193
~2171
CaliforniaAlaskite-I
199.1+2.5/-2.6Ma
19 TQB-002
Vetas road
20
TPD-71
7 19' 18,6"
72 54' 10,9"
1.301.589
1.129.689
~2622
CaliforniaDiorite199.2+2.8/-2.7Ma
21
Vetas road
Granodiorite
22
TQB-005
7 20' 57,1"
72 56' 49,2"
1.304.604
1.124.824
~2037
Just outside
Diorite199.0+2.5/-2.6Ma
23
the town of
Granodiorite
24
California on
25
the road to
26
Bucaramanga
27 TQB-003
7 20' 55,6"
72 56' 04,6"
1.304.559
1.126.193
~2171
CaliforniaDiorite198.4+2.5/-2.6Ma
Vetas road
Granodiorite
28
7 21' 01,7"
72 56' 16,0"
1.304.746
1.125.843
~2182
CaliforniaAlaskite-II
198.7+2.6/-2.9Ma
29 TQB-004
Vetas road
30
7 19' 55,1"
72 54' 56,8"
1.302.707
1.128.275
~2393
CaliforniaAlaskite-II
196.7+2.9/-2.8Ma
31 TQB-001
Vetas road
32
*sample dated by TIMS. All other samples were dated by LA-ICPMS.
33
34
** Bogot as origin of the reference system; Plane Gauss Krger projected coordinates.
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX A.

Sample ALR035.
(Analyzed by CA-TIMS)
Wt.
Sample

mg

Th
U

Pb
ppm

ppm

206

Pb*
x10-13
mol

mol
%

Pb*

206

Pb*

Pbc

Pbc
(pg)

206

208

204

206

Pb
Pb

Pb
Pb

207

Pb
Pb

206

207

% err

Pb
U

235

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U-Pb analytical results from igneous and detrital zircons separated and dated by TIMS and LA-MC-ICPMS methods, from Mesozoic igneous rocks and
sedimentary Lower Cretaceous Tambor Formation. Vetas-California Mining District (VCMD). Santander Massif, Colombia Eastern Cordillera.

206

% err

Pb
U

238

% err

corr.
coef.

207
206

Pb
Pb

207

Pb
U

235

206

Pb
U

238

%
disc

(b)

(c)

(d)

(c)

(e)

(e)

(e)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(g)

(h)

(g)

(h)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(h)

(i)

(h)

(i)

(h)

0,004

1106

0,181

34,0

5,1142

99,47%

52

2,24

3485

0,058

0,050334

0,223

0,219985

0,302

0,031698

0,129

0,747

210,44

5,17

201,90

0,55

201,17

0,26

4,41

0,005

821

0,102

30,3

6,0173

99,68%

85

1,59

5761

0,034

0,053961

0,260

0,290734

0,331

0,039076

0,160

0,638

369,43

5,84

259,14

0,76

247,10

0,39

33,11

0,003

1272

0,014

37,9

5,3008

99,47%

50

2,30

3520

0,004

0,050342

0,219

0,223795

0,308

0,032242

0,146

0,757

210,82

5,08

205,06

0,57

204,56

0,29

2,97

0,002

442

0,287

21,0

1,7169

98,99%

28

1,44

1833

0,093

0,053899

0,394

0,346042

0,468

0,046564

0,153

0,607

366,83

8,88

301,74

1,22

293,39

0,44

20,02

0,004

755

0,391

40,7

6,0717

99,44%

53

2,82

3298

0,127

0,054671

0,052130

0,126

0,759

398,81

4,82

336,53

0,84

327,59

0,40

17,86

Th
U
0,78
0,14
0,92
0,76
0,92
0,20
1,24
1,24
0,25
0,14
0,22
0,36
0,23
0,91
0,47
0,19
0,54
0,91
0,11
1,01
0,71
0,38
0,61
0,89
0,19
1,45
0,05
0,55
1,09
0,36
0,28
0,54
0,16
0,06

238U/
206Pb
28,8684
25,7376
32,5115
30,9690
32,5115
30,9834
3,9003
3,7640
31,3105
12,3908
31,0202
27,7050
28,6539
31,0504
31,0372
31,2512
14,9662
4,0023
16,9530
31,2438
29,7955
3,6988
30,9825
31,7966
30,2848
14,3464
31,3729
31,0972
30,4732
32,0530
31,3509
30,5404
16,6896
30,9734

1 sigma
(% error)
1,17%
0,89%
0,97%
1,02%
0,97%
0,87%
0,86%
0,89%
0,98%
1,24%
0,91%
1,27%
0,99%
1,03%
1,13%
0,86%
0,99%
0,87%
1,11%
1,13%
1,12%
1,48%
1,53%
1,32%
1,31%
1,34%
1,31%
1,62%
1,45%
1,29%
1,30%
1,49%
1,51%
1,31%

207Pb/
206Pb
0,0530
0,0522
0,0511
0,0563
0,0511
0,0506
0,0952
0,0957
0,0525
0,0646
0,0505
0,0516
0,0521
0,0543
0,0509
0,0514
0,0564
0,0956
0,0609
0,0584
0,0504
0,1142
0,0508
0,0498
0,0503
0,0562
0,0499
0,0501
0,0506
0,0507
0,0506
0,0490
0,0580
0,0502

0,215

1 sigma
(% error)
1,34%
0,76%
1,11%
1,40%
1,11%
0,75%
0,78%
0,77%
0,80%
0,89%
0,81%
0,96%
0,81%
1,20%
0,88%
0,88%
0,76%
0,69%
0,82%
1,66%
1,57%
1,05%
1,66%
1,38%
1,10%
1,27%
1,16%
2,31%
1,51%
1,21%
1,15%
1,69%
1,28%
1,13%

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U
ppm
227
2.218
462
275
462
2.812
171
151
1.309
345
1.059
627
1.131
348
838
1.031
1.568
730
1.389
170
174
605
186
472
1.454
302
1.189
92
275
791
1.122
216
301
1.365

EP

Points of
analysis
GE20MI_44
GE20MI_43
GE20MI_42
GE20MI_41
GE20MI_40
GE20MI_39
GE20MI_38
GE20MI_37
GE20MI_36
GE20MI_35
GE20MI_34
GE20MI_33
GE20MI_32
GE20MI_31
GE20MI_30
GE20MI_29
GE20MI_28
GE20MI_27
GE20MI_26
GE20MI_25
GE20MI_24
GE20MI_23
GE20MI_22
GE20MI_20
GE20MI_19
GE20MI_18
GE20MI_17
GE20MI_16
GE20MI_15
GE20MI_14
GE20MI_13
GE20MI_12
GE20MI_11
GE20MI_10

M
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Sample GE-20-M1
(Analyzed by (LA)ICP-MS).

SC

(a)

AC
C

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

0,392961

0,295

Pb206/238U
(age)
219,5
245,7
195,3
204,9
195,3
204,8
1471,4
1518,8
202,7
500,3
204,5
228,6
221,1
204,3
204,4
203,0
417,0
1437,7
369,5
203,1
212,8
1542,6
204,8
199,6
209,4
434,4
202,3
204,0
208,1
198,0
202,4
207,7
375,1
204,8

1 sigma
(abs err)
2,5
2,1
1,9
2,1
1,9
1,7
11,2
12,0
2,0
6,0
1,8
2,8
2,2
2,1
2,3
1,7
4,0
11,2
4,0
2,3
2,3
20,3
3,1
2,6
2,7
5,6
2,6
3,2
3,0
2,5
2,6
3,0
5,5
2,6

207Pb/206Pb
(age)
330,2
292,6
247,2
465,6
247,2
224,4
1531,5
1541,3
307,2
762,1
217,4
268,9
288,0
382,8
235,6
260,3
466,5
1540,8
635,7
543,6
213,8
1867,2
233,7
187,9
208,1
461,4
188,3
201,5
223,5
227,6
220,4
145,8
529,9
204,4

1 sigma
(abs err)
30,1
17,3
25,4
30,7
25,4
17,2
14,5
14,5
18,2
18,6
18,7
21,9
18,4
26,8
20,1
20,1
16,8
13,0
17,6
35,8
36,0
18,9
37,9
31,9
25,4
27,8
26,7
52,7
34,5
27,6
26,5
39,2
27,9
26,0

Best age
Ma
219,5
245,7
195,3
204,9
195,3
204,8
1531,5
1541,3
202,7
500,3
204,5
228,6
221,1
204,3
204,4
203,0
417,0
1540,8
369,5
203,1
212,8
1867,2
204,8
199,6
209,4
434,4
202,3
204,0
208,1
198,0
202,4
207,7
375,1
204,8

1 sigma
abs err Ma
2,5
2,1
1,9
2,1
1,9
1,7
14,5
14,5
2,0
6,0
1,8
2,8
2,2
2,1
2,3
1,7
4,0
13,0
4,0
2,3
2,3
18,9
3,1
2,6
2,7
5,6
2,6
3,2
3,0
2,5
2,6
3,0
5,5
2,6

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
0,45
0,07
1,14
0,76
0,12
0,07
0,44

31,5584
31,8438
30,8025
29,9328
31,6835
33,9445
31,7145

1,33%
1,27%
1,85%
1,69%
1,27%
1,75%
1,31%

0,0492
0,0506
0,0511
0,0496
0,0507
0,0514
0,0504

1,33%
1,07%
2,43%
2,04%
1,13%
1,43%
1,18%

201,1
199,3
206,0
211,8
200,3
187,2
200,1

238U/
206Pb
4,4569
28,4115
18,0462
30,3425
29,7991
31,4269
33,7930
13,6653
31,3909
31,9884
30,6855
31,6322
29,1951
31,1282
16,1792
31,2325
33,0898
13,1661
16,0384
31,5711

1 sigma
(% error)
1,07%
1,19%
1,12%
1,08%
1,07%
1,01%
1,07%
1,04%
1,44%
1,02%
1,28%
0,99%
1,19%
1,21%
1,20%
0,94%
1,09%
1,04%
1,01%
1,16%

207Pb/
206Pb
0,0851
0,0503
0,0571
0,0522
0,0515
0,0532
0,0513
0,0578
0,0498
0,0510
0,0509
0,0506
0,0519
0,0547
0,0553
0,0503
0,0497
0,0617
0,0553
0,0509

1 sigma
(% error)
0,49%
1,08%
0,65%
0,76%
0,67%
0,92%
0,80%
0,80%
1,48%
0,77%
0,64%
0,86%
0,96%
1,23%
0,76%
0,80%
1,07%
0,64%
0,74%
1,28%

Pb206/238U
(age)
1304,9
223,0
347,7
209,0
212,8
201,9
188,0
455,3
202,2
198,4
206,7
200,6
217,1
203,8
386,6
203,2
191,9
471,9
389,9
201,0

1 sigma
(abs err)
12,7
2,6
3,8
2,2
2,2
2,0
2,0
4,6
2,9
2,0
2,6
2,0
2,5
2,4
4,5
1,9
2,1
4,7
3,8
2,3

207Pb/206Pb
(age)
1317,6
208,4
495,8
293,5
262,1
337,6
254,1
523,1
184,6
241,9
235,4
222,6
278,9
399,9
426,1
209,1
182,6
665,1
425,9
238,0

1 sigma
(abs err)
9,4
24,9
14,2
17,2
15,4
20,6
18,3
17,5
34,2
17,6
14,6
19,8
21,8
27,4
16,9
18,4
24,8
13,7
16,5
29,2

Best age
Ma
1317,6
223,0
347,7
209,0
212,8
201,9
188,0
455,3
202,2
198,4
206,7
200,6
217,1
203,8
386,6
203,2
191,9
471,9
389,9
201,0

1 sigma
abs err Ma
9,4
2,6
3,8
2,2
2,2
2,0
2,0
4,6
2,9
2,0
2,6
2,0
2,5
2,4
4,5
1,9
2,1
4,7
3,8
2,3

238U/
206Pb
32,0733
27,8694
31,8821
31,7272
32,2529
37,2292
31,7931
31,5751
14,3515
20,8617
32,1327
31,9945
31,4274
31,6226
31,7486
32,0605
41,5696
32,1663
31,9367
31,5229
10,8297
11,0592

1 sigma
(% error)
1,65%
1,90%
1,57%
1,74%
2,31%
5,75%
1,64%
1,63%
1,59%
1,61%
1,53%
1,79%
1,82%
1,81%
1,58%
1,76%
5,80%
1,69%
1,67%
1,64%
1,96%
1,77%

Pb206/238U
(age)
197,9
227,3
199,1
200,0
196,8
170,9
199,6
201,0
434,2
301,8
197,6
198,4
201,9
200,7
199,9
198,0
153,2
197,4
198,8
201,3
569,4
558,0

1 sigma
(abs err)
3,2
4,2
3,1
3,4
4,5
9,7
3,2
3,2
6,7
4,8
3,0
3,5
3,6
3,6
3,1
3,4
8,8
3,3
3,3
3,3
10,7
9,5

207Pb/206Pb
(age)
180,9
564,0
170,3
201,5
260,4
277,6
186,3
171,8
476,0
389,8
198,3
189,6
202,4
212,7
171,9
203,3
216,1
196,0
167,8
170,9
587,5
592,2

1 sigma
(abs err)
24,4
23,9
23,2
23,8
23,2
25,7
35,1
25,6
24,5
23,7
33,2
26,4
34,8
26,0
22,9
30,9
25,1
30,4
22,9
26,9
38,7
35,6

Best age
Ma
197,9
227,3
199,1
200,0
196,8
170,9
199,6
201,0
434,2
301,8
197,6
198,4
201,9
200,7
199,9
198,0
153,2
197,4
198,8
201,3
569,4
558,0

1 sigma
abs err Ma
3,2
4,2
3,1
3,4
4,5
9,7
3,2
3,2
6,7
4,8
3,0
3,5
3,6
3,6
3,1
3,4
8,8
3,3
3,3
3,3
10,7
9,5

U
ppm
907
431
658
655
1.226
607
852
393
344
959
1.911
783
641
222
377
800
418
699
446
255

Th
U
0,38
0,68
0,55
0,51
0,28
1,47
1,75
0,57
0,54
0,18
0,19
0,08
0,01
1,09
0,78
0,30
0,86
0,33
0,49
0,73

Points of
analysis
TQB-002_40
TQB-002_39
TQB-002_38
TQB-002_37
TQB-002_36
TQB-002_35
TQB-002_34
TQB-002_33
TQB-002_32
TQB-002_31
TQB-002_30
TQB-002_29
TQB-002_28
TQB-002_27
TQB-002_26
TQB-002_25
TQB-002_24
TQB-002_23
TQB-002_22
TQB-002_21
TQB-002_20
TQB-002_19

U
ppm
2.303
1.475
3.410
7.576
3.453
1.442
219
2.580
306
739
366
879
237
1.188
6.168
566
1.234
380
6.531
2.666
52
61

Th
U
0,63
0,30
0,36
0,67
0,39
0,22
0,64
0,26
1,20
0,22
0,88
0,32
2,29
0,35
0,29
0,53
0,17
0,67
0,45
0,10
0,28
0,31

207Pb/
206Pb
0,0497
0,0589
0,0495
0,0501
0,0514
0,0518
0,0498
0,0495
0,0566
0,0545
0,0501
0,0499
0,0502
0,0504
0,0495
0,0502
0,0505
0,0500
0,0494
0,0495
0,0596
0,0597

EP

Sample TQB-002
(Analyzed by (LA)ICP-MS).

TE
D

Points of
analysis
GI47MI_20
GI47MI_19
GI47MI_18
GI47MI_17
GI47MI_16
GI47MI_15
GI47MI_14
GI47MI_13
GI47MI_12
GI47MI_11
GI47MI_10
GI47MI_9
GI47MI_8
GI47MI_7
GI47MI_6
GI47MI_5
GI47MI_4
GI47MI_3
GI47MI_2
GI47MI_1

M
AN
U

Sample GI-47-M1
(Analyzed by (LA)ICP-MS).

2,6
2,5
3,7
3,5
2,5
3,2
2,6

1 sigma
(% error)
1,06%
1,10%
1,00%
1,03%
1,02%
1,13%
1,52%
1,10%
1,12%
1,06%
1,45%
1,14%
1,52%
1,13%
0,99%
1,34%
1,09%
1,32%
0,99%
1,16%
1,81%
1,66%

159,6
223,3
245,5
174,1
227,3
259,4
215,5

RI
PT

507
3.269
65
104
1.794
1.475
916

SC

GE20MI_9
GE20MI_8
GE20MI_6
GE20MI_4
GE20MI_3
GE20MI_2
GE20MI_1

AC
C

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49

30,8
24,6
55,0
46,9
25,9
32,5
27,1

201,1
199,3
206,0
211,8
200,3
187,2
200,1

2,6
2,5
3,7
3,5
2,5
3,2
2,6

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

1 sigma
(% error)
2,36%
2,16%
2,13%
1,43%
1,44%
1,35%
1,29%
1,31%
1,55%
1,57%
1,43%
1,90%
1,31%
1,37%
1,54%
1,38%
1,48%
1,45%
1,35%
1,40%
1,38%
1,61%
1,32%
1,31%
1,42%
1,18%
1,29%
1,16%
1,34%
1,41%
1,42%
1,72%
1,55%
1,45%
1,60%
1,57%
1,46%
1,55%

207Pb/
206Pb
0,0625
0,0521
0,1065
0,0500
0,0501
0,0499
0,0505
0,0521
0,0502
0,0499
0,0515
0,0502
0,0511
0,0498
0,0506
0,0503
0,0509
0,0492
0,0501
0,0509
0,0499
0,0513
0,0512
0,0503
0,0503
0,0494
0,0483
0,0492
0,0505
0,0502
0,0514
0,0502
0,0515
0,0513
0,0515
0,0499
0,0521
0,0503

EP

985,2
197,1
183,9
201,6
197,0
119,7
197,2
199,3
1015,9
199,2
199,7
200,7
198,3
176,3
200,3
196,2
196,2
202,3
203,5
198,8

1 sigma
(% error)
1,71%
1,57%
1,08%
1,87%
1,88%
1,84%
1,70%
1,65%
1,94%
2,06%
1,73%
2,47%
1,82%
1,81%
2,29%
1,69%
1,78%
1,74%
2,02%
2,01%
1,81%
2,12%
1,82%
2,16%
1,97%
1,99%
2,35%
1,78%
2,00%
2,31%
2,20%
2,22%
2,01%
2,18%
1,98%
1,62%
1,88%
2,06%

15,1
3,3
9,3
3,5
3,2
14,7
4,1
3,7
17,3
3,5
3,3
3,5
3,6
15,4
3,4
3,0
3,8
3,4
3,2
3,2

1020,4
233,7
196,7
201,0
190,5
348,6
379,7
221,4
1334,4
231,3
166,2
272,0
234,0
298,2
195,2
307,7
255,4
174,7
197,9
182,2

24,1
28,7
28,1
36,4
32,0
32,4
33,5
38,0
22,6
29,0
26,6
26,3
30,5
30,4
27,7
27,6
29,4
29,0
28,8
27,0

1 sigma
(abs err)
4,6
4,3
30,9
2,8
2,8
2,6
2,5
2,6
3,0
3,1
2,8
3,7
2,6
2,7
3,0
2,6
2,9
2,9
2,6
2,7
2,7
3,1
2,7
2,6
2,8
2,4
2,5
2,3
2,7
2,8
2,8
3,4
3,0
2,8
3,1
3,1
2,9
3,1

207Pb/206Pb
(age)
691,4
288,6
1740,0
195,4
201,3
189,8
217,1
288,7
206,1
189,9
262,1
203,5
244,8
183,6
221,7
206,6
236,2
155,9
199,1
234,7
191,9
254,7
251,6
207,1
206,9
165,0
114,9
158,8
215,9
203,7
260,6
203,5
262,7
256,1
264,8
190,0
290,1
209,0

1 sigma
(abs err)
36,0
35,5
19,7
42,9
43,1
42,2
38,9
37,2
44,5
47,3
39,4
56,3
41,4
41,7
52,1
38,7
40,6
40,2
46,2
45,6
41,6
48,0
41,2
49,3
45,0
45,8
54,6
41,2
45,7
52,7
49,8
50,8
45,5
49,3
44,9
37,3
42,4
47,0

RI
PT

238U/
206Pb
32,0301
31,2527
3,4383
32,2836
31,6329
32,4919
31,6985
31,9629
32,3588
31,4281
31,8868
32,6091
31,6776
31,8258
32,3979
32,6764
32,2339
31,8650
31,9894
32,1465
31,7294
32,3444
30,9928
31,8855
31,4202
31,4126
32,1221
31,1441
31,2615
31,3700
31,8467
31,8680
31,7366
32,0022
32,0958
31,9257
31,3759
31,3744

1,20%
1,26%
1,22%
1,59%
1,39%
1,45%
1,51%
1,66%
1,18%
1,27%
1,15%
1,16%
1,34%
1,35%
1,20%
1,22%
1,29%
1,25%
1,25%
1,17%

SC

0,0732
0,0508
0,0500
0,0501
0,0499
0,0535
0,0542
0,0506
0,0858
0,0508
0,0494
0,0517
0,0508
0,0523
0,0500
0,0525
0,0513
0,0496
0,0501
0,0497

M
AN
U

1,65%
1,68%
5,15%
1,77%
1,65%
12,41%
2,09%
1,88%
1,84%
1,76%
1,69%
1,80%
1,86%
8,87%
1,73%
1,58%
1,99%
1,69%
1,60%
1,61%

TE
D

6,0559
32,2061
34,5472
31,4801
32,2207
53,3340
32,1979
31,8504
5,8585
31,8580
31,7870
31,6183
32,0081
36,0588
31,6839
32,3566
32,3543
31,3672
31,1756
31,9289

AC
C

173
0,43
1 TQB-002_18
TQB-002_17
817
0,63
2 TQB-002_16
1.222
0,39
319
0,86
3 TQB-002_15
435
0,66
4 TQB-002_14
TQB-002_13
642
0,54
5 TQB-002_12
407
0,51
194
0,47
6 TQB-002_11
TQB-002_10
343
0,32
7 TQB-002_9
1.037
0,17
6.510
0,20
8 TQB-002_8
7.519
0,14
9 TQB-002_7
TQB-002_6
423
0,86
10 TQB-002_5
476
0,84
1.746
0,27
11 TQB-002_4
TQB-002_3
1.565
0,34
12 TQB-002_2
1.534
0,37
1.358
0,50
13 TQB-002_1
1.231
0,83
14 TQB-002_0
TQB-002_1
3.232
0,38
15
16
17
18 Sample TPD71
19 (Analyzed by (LA)ICP-MS).
of
U
Th
20 Points
analysis
ppm
U
21 TPD71_45
185
1,44
191
0,93
22 TPD71_41
TPD71_40
381
0,65
23 TPD71_39
142
0,77
121
1,07
24 TPD71_38
162
0,93
25 TPD71_37
TPD71_36
163
0,93
26 TPD71_35
193
0,71
127
1,06
27 TPD71_34
TPD71_33
150
1,32
28 TPD71_32
197
0,82
93
0,86
29 TPD71_31
169
1,29
30 TPD71_30
TPD71_29
219
0,69
31 TPD71_28
104
1,14
200
0,88
32 TPD71_27
TPD71_26
168
1,15
33 TPD71_25
236
0,87
138
1,18
34 TPD71_24
165
0,92
35 TPD71_23
TPD71_22
174
0,72
36 TPD71_21
107
0,91
180
0,84
37 TPD71_20
TPD71_19
127
0,87
38 TPD71_18
134
1,01
144
1,28
39 TPD71_17
105
1,03
40 TPD71_16
TPD71_15
194
0,79
41 TPD71_14
139
0,94
83
0,92
42 TPD71_13
TPD71_12
105
1,05
43 TPD71_10
92
0,96
122
0,97
44 TPD71_9
102
0,94
45 TPD71_8
TPD71_6
139
0,81
192
0,87
46 TPD71_5
129
0,91
47 TPD71_3
TPD71_2
110
0,98
48
49

Pb206/238U
(age)
198,2
203,0
1645,8
196,7
200,6
195,4
200,2
198,6
196,2
201,9
199,1
194,7
200,4
199,4
196,0
194,3
196,9
199,2
198,4
197,5
200,0
196,3
204,7
199,1
202,0
202,0
197,6
203,7
203,0
202,3
199,3
199,2
200,0
198,4
197,8
198,8
202,3
202,3

1020,4
197,1
183,9
201,6
197,0
119,7
197,2
199,3
1334,4
199,2
199,7
200,7
198,3
176,3
200,3
196,2
196,2
202,3
203,5
198,8

Best age
Ma
198,2
203,0
1740,0
196,7
200,6
195,4
200,2
198,6
196,2
201,9
199,1
194,7
200,4
199,4
196,0
194,3
196,9
199,2
198,4
197,5
200,0
196,3
204,7
199,1
202,0
202,0
197,6
203,7
203,0
202,3
199,3
199,2
200,0
198,4
197,8
198,8
202,3
202,3

24,1
3,3
9,3
3,5
3,2
14,7
4,1
3,7
22,6
3,5
3,3
3,5
3,6
15,4
3,4
3,0
3,8
3,4
3,2
3,2

1 sigma
abs err Ma
4,6
4,3
19,7
2,8
2,8
2,6
2,5
2,6
3,0
3,1
2,8
3,7
2,6
2,7
3,0
2,6
2,9
2,9
2,6
2,7
2,7
3,1
2,7
2,6
2,8
2,4
2,5
2,3
2,7
2,8
2,8
3,4
3,0
2,8
3,1
3,1
2,9
3,1

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
TPD71_1

144

0,90

31,2614

1,47%

0,0502

1,85%

203,0

2,9

206,6

42,3

203,0

2,9

238U/
206Pb
9,2648
32,5596
32,5067
13,1858
5,9112
31,8288
31,9007
31,6127
6,9924
31,4799
32,0739
31,7847
31,7872
5,1316
14,6929
4,2266
32,3173
31,8911
31,9780
32,2175
31,5987
4,6091
14,1582
32,1922
31,7214
32,1801
32,0827
31,7902
32,3344
31,8235
32,1454
32,0847
30,4592
31,8655
32,0077
6,9974
26,1444
6,2427
31,6772

1 sigma
(% error)
2,10%
1,79%
1,73%
1,94%
1,57%
1,94%
1,73%
1,76%
1,54%
1,68%
2,25%
1,82%
1,84%
1,47%
1,57%
1,90%
1,83%
1,85%
1,75%
1,90%
1,53%
1,71%
1,54%
1,86%
2,21%
1,76%
1,45%
1,65%
1,79%
1,89%
1,78%
2,03%
1,80%
1,80%
1,75%
1,48%
6,70%
1,55%
1,78%

207Pb/
206Pb
0,0707
0,0507
0,0513
0,0567
0,0806
0,0507
0,0520
0,0511
0,0727
0,0500
0,0493
0,0491
0,0504
0,0767
0,0561
0,0931
0,0505
0,0528
0,0502
0,0505
0,0499
0,0818
0,0559
0,0522
0,0582
0,0507
0,0637
0,0520
0,0549
0,0522
0,0498
0,0519
0,0767
0,0517
0,0498
0,0716
0,0622
0,0718
0,0499

1 sigma
(% error)
0,81%
1,50%
1,75%
1,51%
0,75%
1,64%
2,05%
1,97%
0,78%
1,23%
2,33%
1,91%
1,81%
0,67%
0,82%
0,73%
2,07%
2,46%
1,65%
1,95%
1,29%
0,97%
0,71%
1,79%
1,46%
1,64%
2,56%
1,61%
2,63%
1,85%
1,40%
1,34%
1,65%
1,59%
1,93%
0,72%
1,26%
0,75%
1,64%

Pb206/238U
(age)
660,7
195,0
195,3
471,2
1007,5
199,4
199,0
200,8
861,7
201,6
197,9
199,7
199,7
1147,7
424,5
1369,0
196,4
199,0
198,5
197,0
200,8
1265,8
440,0
197,2
200,1
197,3
197,9
199,7
196,3
199,4
197,5
197,9
208,2
199,2
198,3
861,1
242,0
957,8
200,4

1 sigma
(abs err)
13,1
3,4
3,3
8,8
14,7
3,8
3,4
3,5
12,4
3,3
4,4
3,6
3,6
15,5
6,4
23,3
3,5
3,6
3,4
3,7
3,0
19,6
6,5
3,6
4,4
3,4
2,8
3,2
3,5
3,7
3,5
4,0
3,7
3,5
3,4
11,9
15,9
13,7
3,5

207Pb/206Pb
(age)
948,8
226,0
253,4
480,6
1211,6
226,0
285,4
246,1
1006,4
195,6
164,1
153,8
214,7
1113,3
458,0
1489,2
219,3
322,1
203,4
218,9
192,1
1239,6
449,7
296,3
539,1
226,4
730,3
287,3
408,9
293,1
186,5
279,3
1113,2
272,9
184,3
973,9
681,3
981,7
190,2

1 sigma
(abs err)
16,4
34,2
39,7
33,1
14,7
37,5
46,2
44,8
15,7
28,4
53,5
44,2
41,4
13,3
18,0
13,8
47,3
54,8
37,9
44,6
29,7
18,8
15,7
40,3
31,6
37,4
53,4
36,3
57,7
41,7
32,3
30,3
32,6
36,1
44,3
14,5
26,8
15,2
37,6

Best age
Ma
660,7
195,0
195,3
471,2
1007,5
199,4
199,0
200,8
861,7
201,6
197,9
199,7
199,7
1113,3
424,5
1489,2
196,4
199,0
198,5
197,0
200,8
1239,6
440,0
197,2
200,1
197,3
197,9
199,7
196,3
199,4
197,5
197,9
208,2
199,2
198,3
861,1
242,0
957,8
200,4

1 sigma
abs err Ma
13,1
3,4
3,3
8,8
14,7
3,8
3,4
3,5
12,4
3,3
4,4
3,6
3,6
13,3
6,4
13,8
3,5
3,6
3,4
3,7
3,0
18,8
6,5
3,6
4,4
3,4
2,8
3,2
3,5
3,7
3,5
4,0
3,7
3,5
3,4
11,9
15,9
13,7
3,5

1 sigma
(% error)
1,76%
1,76%
1,71%
1,49%
1,69%
1,66%
1,70%
1,90%
1,76%

Pb206/238U
(age)
198,4
198,5
197,4
197,7
204,0
201,9
197,2
199,1
202,9

1 sigma
(abs err)
3,0
3,4
2,9
3,2
3,2
2,9
3,1
3,1
3,4

207Pb/206Pb
(age)
229,8
208,9
451,6
173,3
280,0
202,3
230,9
289,8
216,9

1 sigma
(abs err)
40,1
40,2
37,5
34,4
38,2
38,0
38,8
42,8
40,3

Best age
Ma
198,4
198,5
197,4
197,7
204,0
201,9
197,2
199,1
202,9

1 sigma
abs err Ma
3,0
3,4
2,9
3,2
3,2
2,9
3,1
3,1
3,4

Sample TQB-003
(Analyzed by (LA)ICP-MS).
Points of
analysis
TQB-003_40
TQB-003_39
TQB-003_38
TQB-003_37
TQB-003_36
TQB-003_35
TQB-003_34
TQB-003_33
TQB-003_32

U
Ppm
250
406
303
675
260
333
278
169
243

Th
U
0,90
0,86
1,00
0,85
0,82
0,89
0,84
1,00
1,02

238U/
206Pb
32,0018
31,9801
32,1552
32,1155
31,1086
31,4336
32,1900
31,8821
31,2673

1 sigma
(% error)
1,52%
1,72%
1,48%
1,66%
1,58%
1,46%
1,60%
1,58%
1,71%

207Pb/
206Pb
0,0508
0,0503
0,0560
0,0495
0,0519
0,0502
0,0508
0,0521
0,0505

SC

M
AN
U

Th
U
0,49
1,15
1,05
2,53
0,43
0,60
1,16
0,78
0,42
1,43
0,67
0,79
0,61
0,34
0,72
0,67
1,04
0,95
1,14
0,76
1,76
0,34
0,55
1,49
1,24
1,13
2,14
1,16
0,95
0,93
0,59
2,05
1,34
0,76
0,74
0,12
0,86
0,53
1,12

TE
D

U
ppm
571
194
127
52
291
264
115
114
639
370
72
102
117
1.106
486
247
88
79
168
114
300
67
994
112
376
133
347
169
78
121
269
435
139
123
108
680
133
318
175

EP

Points of
analysis
TQB-005_39
TQB-005_38
TQB-005_37
TQB-005_36
TQB-005_35
TQB-005_34
TQB-005_33
TQB-005_32
TQB-005_31
TQB-005_30
TQB-005_29
TQB-005_28
TQB-005_27
TQB-005_26
TQB-005_25
TQB-005_24
TQB-005_23
TQB-005_22
TQB-005_21
TQB-005_20
TQB-005_19
TQB-005_18
TQB-005_17
TQB-005_16
TQB-005_15
TQB-005_14
TQB-005_13
TQB-005_12
TQB-005_11
TQB-005_10
TQB-005_9
TQB-005_8
TQB-005_7
TQB-005_6
TQB-005_5
TQB-005_4
TQB-005_3
TQB-005_2
TQB-005_1

RI
PT

Sample TQB-005
(Analyzed by (LA)ICP-MS).

AC
C

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

207Pb/
206Pb
0,0495
0,0493
0,0508
0,0533
0,0496
0,0556
0,0511
0,0501
0,0518
0,0500
0,0556
0,0497
0,0488
0,0532
0,0503
0,0500
0,0515
0,0495
0,0562
0,0504
0,0547
0,0496
0,0521
0,0592
0,0531
0,0558
0,0503

1 sigma
(% error)
1,10%
1,12%
1,33%
1,20%
1,10%
1,13%
1,51%
1,32%
1,44%
1,26%
1,11%
1,14%
1,38%
1,13%
1,34%
1,24%
1,43%
1,21%
1,28%
1,21%
1,34%
1,21%
1,06%
0,77%
1,46%
0,77%
0,95%

2,8
3,1
3,5
3,2
2,8
4,6
4,0
3,4
3,3
3,1
3,2
9,3
2,2
1,8
2,4
2,3
2,6
2,8
8,7
2,8
2,6
2,6
2,3
2,0
2,6
2,4
2,7
2,2
2,6
2,2
2,6

205,4
239,6
209,9
295,9
235,8
494,4
642,9
210,5
205,1
193,9
462,7
617,7
168,4
185,5
137,0
333,6
309,1
173,2
123,3
129,7
263,1
258,2
192,0
145,7
539,4
187,0
241,7
395,1
153,2
227,4
172,9

36,5
36,9
38,3
39,9
37,6
34,8
30,1
44,4
39,1
38,9
39,1
31,4
26,1
20,2
28,4
29,9
35,8
33,9
35,7
23,6
26,9
21,4
24,7
26,8
38,0
21,0
26,7
24,6
35,2
28,4
23,2

1 sigma
(abs err)
2,8
2,9
2,8
4,8
2,6
7,9
2,9
3,3
20,5
2,7
6,7
2,7
2,9
3,9
3,0
2,9
2,9
2,9
6,6
2,7
2,9
2,9
3,0
5,4
9,6
5,2
2,4

207Pb/206Pb
(age)
170,5
164,0
233,6
342,5
176,8
436,1
243,6
197,6
278,0
193,0
437,2
180,5
138,0
339,3
208,1
197,2
264,9
173,0
461,9
211,9
400,1
176,9
288,9
576,0
333,4
443,5
210,0

1 sigma
(abs err)
25,5
25,9
30,3
27,0
25,5
25,0
34,3
30,5
32,7
29,1
24,6
26,3
32,2
25,4
30,9
28,6
32,5
28,0
28,1
27,8
29,8
28,1
24,0
16,6
32,7
17,1
21,9

RI
PT

198,4
199,9
198,0
196,8
196,4
334,5
253,3
196,4
198,8
198,4
198,0
419,9
198,0
198,0
197,1
196,6
199,1
197,8
194,7
197,8
198,4
200,3
200,1
198,8
199,8
197,6
197,1
199,2
199,7
199,4
197,7

SC

1 sigma
(% error)
1,41%
1,48%
1,44%
2,23%
1,35%
1,72%
1,49%
1,61%
18,91%
1,36%
1,52%
1,37%
1,47%
1,63%
1,41%
1,47%
1,49%
1,47%
1,51%
1,38%
1,44%
1,45%
1,52%
1,25%
4,24%
1,42%
1,26%

1,59%
1,62%
1,67%
1,77%
1,65%
1,60%
1,42%
1,94%
1,70%
1,69%
1,79%
1,47%
1,12%
0,87%
1,22%
1,33%
1,59%
1,47%
1,53%
1,01%
1,18%
0,94%
1,07%
1,15%
1,76%
0,91%
1,17%
1,11%
1,52%
1,24%
1,00%

M
AN
U

238U/
206Pb
31,6619
31,6942
31,5890
28,8174
31,8873
13,0911
31,9773
30,8330
58,4176
31,6083
13,6677
31,6108
32,0492
25,7499
29,4855
31,6185
31,9074
31,7166
13,7077
31,5694
30,7097
30,9873
32,0469
13,9494
27,5479
16,6307
32,6065

0,0502
0,0510
0,0503
0,0522
0,0509
0,0571
0,0611
0,0503
0,0502
0,0500
0,0563
0,0604
0,0494
0,0498
0,0488
0,0531
0,0525
0,0495
0,0485
0,0486
0,0515
0,0514
0,0499
0,0490
0,0583
0,0498
0,0510
0,0546
0,0491
0,0507
0,0495

TE
D

1,43%
1,59%
1,80%
1,63%
1,44%
1,42%
1,61%
1,74%
1,70%
1,57%
1,66%
2,28%
1,13%
0,92%
1,25%
1,18%
1,32%
1,41%
4,52%
1,43%
1,35%
1,34%
1,16%
1,03%
1,31%
1,22%
1,39%
1,11%
1,31%
1,13%
1,32%

EP

31,9955
31,7434
32,0627
32,2600
32,3226
18,7768
24,9518
32,3199
31,9258
31,9925
32,0626
14,8564
32,0617
32,0628
32,2018
32,2941
31,8841
32,0952
32,6154
32,0892
31,9912
31,6825
31,7111
31,9275
31,7602
32,1299
32,2117
31,8603
31,7842
31,8251
32,1064

AC
C

426
0,80
1 TQB-003_31
TQB-003_30
339
0,80
2 TQB-003_29
287
1,16
244
1,10
3 TQB-003_28
301
0,87
4 TQB-003_27
TQB-003_26
1.023
0,52
5 TQB-003_25
763
0,43
163
0,87
6 TQB-003_24
TQB-003_23
507
1,09
7 TQB-003_22
285
0,79
326
0,90
8 TQB-003_21
432
0,62
9 TQB-003_20
TQB-003_19
220
1,27
10 TQB-003_18
559
0,90
176
1,05
11 TQB-003_17
TQB-003_16
397
0,78
12 TQB-003_15
229
0,49
184
0,94
13 TQB-003_14
148
1,06
14 TQB-003_13
TQB-003_12
345
0,78
15 TQB-003_11
229
0,80
379
0,87
16 TQB-003_10
TQB-003_9
291
0,88
17 TQB-003_8
297
0,81
257
0,75
18 TQB-003_7
TQB-003_6
493
0,88
19 TQB-003_5
262
0,83
20 TQB-003_4
247
0,76
165
0,97
21 TQB-003_3
TQB-003_2
217
0,85
22 TQB-003_1
281
0,79
23
24
25
Sample TQB-004
26
27 (Analyzed by (LA)ICP-MS).
Points of
U
Th
28 analysis
Ppm
U
2.405
0,62
29 TQB-004_44
1.892
0,56
30 TQB-004_43
TQB-004_42
389
0,53
31 TQB-004_41
1.260
0,19
2.422
0,45
32 TQB-004_40
TQB-004_39
1.153
0,46
33 TQB-004_38
238
1,43
405
1,11
34 TQB-004_37
632
0,43
35 TQB-004_36
TQB-004_35
667
2,19
36 TQB-004_34
858
0,18
1.409
0,13
37 TQB-004_33
TQB-004_32
353
0,62
38 TQB-004_31
1.084
0,19
634
0,80
39 TQB-004_30
848
0,30
40 TQB-004_29
TQB-004_28
383
0,69
41 TQB-004_27
1.111
0,28
355
0,86
42 TQB-004_26
TQB-004_25
1.039
0,23
43 TQB-004_24
644
0,81
830
0,75
44 TQB-004_23
486
0,22
45 TQB-004_22
TQB-004_21
475
0,77
331
1,41
46 TQB-004_20
712
0,84
47 TQB-004_19
TQB-004_18
604
1,29
48
49

Pb206/238U
(age)
200,5
200,3
200,9
219,9
199,1
474,5
198,5
205,8
109,4
200,8
455,2
200,8
198,1
245,6
215,0
200,7
198,9
200,1
453,9
201,0
206,6
204,7
198,1
446,3
229,9
376,4
194,7

198,4
199,9
198,0
196,8
196,4
334,5
253,3
196,4
198,8
198,4
198,0
419,9
198,0
198,0
197,1
196,6
199,1
197,8
194,7
197,8
198,4
200,3
200,1
198,8
199,8
197,6
197,1
199,2
199,7
199,4
197,7

2,8
3,1
3,5
3,2
2,8
4,6
4,0
3,4
3,3
3,1
3,2
9,3
2,2
1,8
2,4
2,3
2,6
2,8
8,7
2,8
2,6
2,6
2,3
2,0
2,6
2,4
2,7
2,2
2,6
2,2
2,6

Best age
Ma
200,5
200,3
200,9
219,9
199,1
474,5
198,5
205,8
109,4
200,8
455,2
200,8
198,1
245,6
215,0
200,7
198,9
200,1
453,9
201,0
206,6
204,7
198,1
446,3
229,9
376,4
194,7

1 sigma
abs err Ma
2,8
2,9
2,8
4,8
2,6
7,9
2,9
3,3
20,5
2,7
6,7
2,7
2,9
3,9
3,0
2,9
2,9
2,9
6,6
2,7
2,9
2,9
3,0
5,4
9,6
5,2
2,4

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
1,26%
1,34%
1,18%
1,31%
1,26%
2,08%
1,45%
1,41%
1,24%
11,09%
1,21%
1,32%
1,30%
1,28%
1,32%
1,36%
1,21%

0,0503
0,0518
0,0497
0,0685
0,0497
0,0544
0,0557
0,0505
0,0498
0,0527
0,0498
0,0642
0,0502
0,0497
0,0565
0,0503
0,0495

0,95%
0,78%
0,81%
0,75%
0,73%
0,86%
0,82%
1,27%
0,70%
1,26%
0,70%
1,61%
0,70%
0,95%
0,88%
1,46%
0,81%

194,7
197,2
198,3
850,7
197,6
269,2
419,1
197,2
207,6
130,7
196,2
401,1
197,6
206,9
427,3
193,6
193,1

238U/
206Pb
13,0959
54,1581
31,9291
32,0928
32,2917
32,7041
32,2716
28,5101
32,3580
31,4534
31,3338
32,2994
18,5778
30,7838
31,9675
32,1382
32,2790
32,6875
32,2927
32,2529
31,3978
32,7818
32,4213
32,8593
32,0452
31,8824
21,9491
32,4122
32,0348
39,8528
32,1081
32,3569
6,5927
14,3813
32,4403
32,3285
32,7904
33,0500
14,4095
32,1956

1 sigma
(% error)
1,95%
18,11%
1,84%
1,42%
1,42%
2,10%
1,58%
3,34%
1,46%
1,46%
5,28%
1,43%
2,39%
1,44%
1,48%
1,60%
1,74%
1,47%
1,49%
1,61%
1,56%
1,69%
1,59%
1,68%
1,62%
1,64%
2,29%
1,71%
1,64%
9,50%
1,61%
1,56%
1,90%
1,71%
1,83%
1,87%
1,72%
1,61%
1,94%
1,67%

207Pb/
206Pb
0,0655
0,0502
0,0497
0,0502
0,0502
0,0507
0,0508
0,0524
0,0499
0,0512
0,0489
0,0504
0,0555
0,0509
0,0495
0,0515
0,0515
0,0504
0,0501
0,0501
0,0496
0,0501
0,0514
0,0502
0,0501
0,0500
0,0539
0,0505
0,0502
0,0529
0,0501
0,0508
0,0725
0,0565
0,0502
0,0503
0,0503
0,0514
0,0555
0,0502

1 sigma
(% error)
0,57%
1,17%
0,79%
0,55%
0,63%
0,48%
0,79%
1,03%
0,57%
0,69%
1,08%
0,53%
0,59%
0,74%
1,19%
0,74%
0,88%
0,86%
0,58%
1,24%
1,10%
1,17%
1,22%
1,27%
1,12%
1,14%
1,37%
1,62%
1,27%
1,27%
1,29%
1,25%
1,08%
1,16%
1,32%
1,35%
1,16%
1,43%
1,15%
1,12%

Pb206/238U
(age)
474,4
117,9
198,8
197,8
196,6
194,2
196,7
222,2
196,2
201,8
202,5
196,6
338,0
206,1
198,6
197,5
196,7
194,3
196,6
196,8
202,1
193,7
195,8
193,3
198,1
199,1
287,2
195,9
198,2
159,8
197,7
196,2
910,4
433,4
195,7
196,4
193,7
192,2
432,5
197,2

210,0
278,0
179,2
883,0
181,3
386,7
441,7
217,8
186,1
314,0
185,3
747,3
205,3
179,6
470,3
208,9
170,4

21,9
17,8
18,7
15,4
16,8
19,1
18,2
29,1
16,2
28,5
16,1
33,7
16,3
21,9
19,5
33,5
18,9

1 sigma
(abs err)
8,9
21,1
3,6
2,8
2,8
4,0
3,1
7,3
2,8
2,9
10,5
2,8
7,9
2,9
2,9
3,1
3,4
2,8
2,9
3,1
3,1
3,2
3,1
3,2
3,2
3,2
6,4
3,3
3,2
15,0
3,1
3,0
16,1
7,2
3,5
3,6
3,3
3,1
8,1
3,2

207Pb/206Pb
(age)
790,6
204,1
181,8
204,1
202,5
227,3
230,0
302,1
191,7
248,0
141,4
214,2
434,4
235,9
172,4
262,0
263,3
211,2
200,9
200,2
178,5
201,5
260,2
205,6
201,4
194,0
366,3
217,1
204,0
324,6
201,2
229,8
1000,0
470,3
202,6
210,0
207,5
258,1
431,5
205,8

1 sigma
(abs err)
11,9
26,9
18,4
12,6
14,6
11,1
18,0
23,3
13,1
15,9
25,1
12,2
13,1
17,1
27,6
16,9
20,0
19,8
13,4
28,6
25,4
26,9
27,7
29,2
25,9
26,3
30,6
37,1
29,1
28,6
29,7
28,7
21,9
25,4
30,4
31,1
26,7
32,6
25,3
25,7

SC

M
AN
U

TE
D

EP

2,4
2,6
2,3
10,4
2,4
5,5
5,9
2,7
2,5
14,3
2,3
5,1
2,5
2,6
5,4
2,6
2,3

RI
PT

32,6065
32,1855
32,0068
7,0891
32,1185
23,4500
14,8879
32,1944
30,5526
48,8333
32,3636
15,5783
32,1336
30,6635
14,5925
32,7982
32,8843

AC
C

604
1,29
1 TQB-004_17
TQB-004_16
1.405
1,05
2 TQB-004_15
1.179
0,26
287
0,59
3 TQB-004_14
3.259
0,32
4 TQB-004_13
TQB-004_12
352
0,38
5 TQB-004_11
530
0,42
242
0,79
6 TQB-004_10
TQB-004_9
3.058
0,09
7 TQB-004_8
695
0,38
5.972
0,24
8 TQB-004_7
314
0,38
9 TQB-004_6
TQB-004_5
2.317
0,20
10 TQB-004_4
470
1,32
332
0,45
11 TQB-004_3
TQB-004_2
182
0,95
12 TQB-004_1
1.223
0,16
13
14
15
Sample TQB-001
16
17 (Analyzed by (LA)ICP-MS).
Points of
U
Th
18 analysis
Ppm
U
689
0,20
19 TQB-001_40
473
0,45
20 TQB-001_39
TQB-001_38
2.088
0,49
21 TQB-001_37
2.013
0,28
1.144
0,29
22 TQB-001_36
TQB-001_35
3.554
0,14
23 TQB-001_34
584
0,51
976
0,38
24 TQB-001_33
2.096
0,30
25 TQB-001_32
TQB-001_31
1.182
0,50
26 TQB-001_30
256
1,34
2.293
0,18
27 TQB-001_29
TQB-001_28
753
0,30
28 TQB-001_27
743
0,40
233
0,90
29 TQB-001_26
1.097
0,35
30 TQB-001_25
TQB-001_24
640
0,52
31 TQB-001_23
369
0,75
1.353
0,44
32 TQB-001_22
TQB-001_21
597
0,30
33 TQB-001_20
4.784
0,20
1.210
0,29
34 TQB-001_19
891
0,71
35 TQB-001_18
TQB-001_17
598
0,55
36 TQB-001_16
2.499
0,21
2.611
0,19
37 TQB-001_15
TQB-001_14
635
0,28
38 TQB-001_13
329
0,98
1.440
0,16
39 TQB-001_12
792
0,25
40 TQB-001_11
TQB-001_10
877
0,66
41 TQB-001_9
904
0,08
741
0,29
42 TQB-001_8
TQB-001_7
625
0,33
43 TQB-001_6
608
0,76
954
0,47
44 TQB-001_5
1.746
0,73
45 TQB-001_4
TQB-001_3
408
0,51
570
0,33
46 TQB-001_2
7.729
0,31
47 TQB-001_1
48
49

194,7
197,2
198,3
850,7
197,6
269,2
419,1
197,2
207,6
130,7
196,2
401,1
197,6
206,9
427,3
193,6
193,1

2,4
2,6
2,3
10,4
2,4
5,5
5,9
2,7
2,5
14,3
2,3
5,1
2,5
2,6
5,4
2,6
2,3

Best age
Ma
474,4
117,9
198,8
197,8
196,6
194,2
196,7
222,2
196,2
201,8
202,5
196,6
338,0
206,1
198,6
197,5
196,7
194,3
196,6
196,8
202,1
193,7
195,8
193,3
198,1
199,1
287,2
195,9
198,2
159,8
197,7
196,2
910,4
433,4
195,7
196,4
193,7
192,2
432,5
197,2

1 sigma
abs err Ma
8,9
21,1
3,6
2,8
2,8
4,0
3,1
7,3
2,8
2,9
10,5
2,8
7,9
2,9
2,9
3,1
3,4
2,8
2,9
3,1
3,1
3,2
3,1
3,2
3,2
3,2
6,4
3,3
3,2
15,0
3,1
3,0
16,1
7,2
3,5
3,6
3,3
3,1
8,1
3,2

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

2
sigma

Pb207
/U235

2
sigma

Pb206/
U238

2
sigma

Pb207/
Pb206

2
sigma

Disc
1,3

0,0059

203,5

23,58

200,8

7,5

68,8

284,56

0,00342

471,7

26,58

472,8

10,62

438,4

133,5

0,07226

0,00148

1027,4

18,5

1028,6

11,08

993,3

41,44

0,0952

0,0052

1499,3

76,96

1558,7

39,18

1532

100,98

0,05587

0,00146

449,8

10,92

463,9

5,72

446,7

57,12

0,07781

0,00118

1141,7

14,16

1148,3

10,68

1142

30,14

0,07818

0,0013

1153,1

16,06

1171,8

11,42

1151,4

0,0783

0,00132

1130,7

15,98

1125,7

11,04

1154,5

0,07837

0,00112

1115,7

12,82

1084,8

9,92

1156,3

0,07404

0,00204

1020,7

25,38

1001

13,26

1042,7

55,16

0,05025

0,00198

206,9

7,62

203,7

3,24

206,6

0,07257

0,00128

1009,1

15,18

1008,8

10,14

0,05666

0,00122

455,5

8,94

452,5

0,10771

0,00156

1769,4

19,78

1809,9

0,10164

0,00256

1632,9

37,78

0,05766

0,00292

485,9

22,38

0,07227

0,00126

993,4

0,05037

0,00522

205,3

0,05782

0,0024

511,7

0,07278

0,00444

911,5

0,05037

0,00232

0,07113

0,00214

Th/U

202
Hg

204
Pb

206Pb

207
Pb

208
Pb

232Th

235U

238U

3854

183

1276

50228

760

-0,2

472,8

5,31

0,198837

6250

349

1057

17064

544

85275

-0,1

1028,6

5,54

0,105732

76

26386

1917

2315

16874

1008

158584

-1,7

1532

100,98

0,43212

47

37

5274

504

1735

8734

137

20075

-3,1

463,9

2,86

0,190138

37333

2097

5635

99857

3476

521705

-0,6

1148,3

5,34

0,109109

27

60630

4742

5293

35701

2115

325091

32,62

-1,6

1171,8

5,71

0,132616

92

28

124501

9784

12767

87284

4298

653872

33,16

0,4

1125,7

5,52

0,116858

43178

3398

3843

27908

1545

237275

28,46

2,8

1084,8

4,96

0,093966

77285

6088

5649

41868

2833

442734

1,9

1001

6,63

0,146107

11

14585

1085

1772

13423

584

91287

90,02

1,5

203,7

1,62

0,269144

30

20154

1017

4269

179287

4214

661925

1002,1

35,6

0,0

1008,8

5,07

0,202455

40096

2924

6512

50923

1610

249918

477,5

47,7

0,7

452,5

2,5

0,030606

36877

2099

954

16516

3481

536153

16,52

1761

26,36

-2,3

1809,9

8,26

0,207276

10

22

68270

7389

11298

46528

1474

223000

1619,1

21,74

1654,3

46,16

2,1

1654,3

46,16

0,181881

19

38243

3905

5707

25998

920

142020

477,2

9,18

516,4

109,7

1,8

477,2

4,59

0,24849

7489

433

1373

25920

667

103643

35,36

0,0

993,8

5,01

0,096647

57613

4182

4516

35802

2383

368057

M
AN
U

TE
D

200,8

3,75

0,395253

126318

14,82

993,8

10,02

993,4

19,84

204,9

7,12

212,1

232

0,2

204,9

3,56

0,808957

35

4567

231

2883

122794

977

150816

19,26

494

8,14

522,8

90,02

3,5

494

4,07

0,247205

34

9280

539

2017

30953

780

124432

51,24

946

24,34

1007,9

121,38

-3,8

946

12,17

0,002388

26

11

6760

494

13

110

323

45736

8,68

200,1

3,28

211,9

105,1

1,4

200,1

1,64

0,298544

7482

378

1879

76478

1631

254539

26,1

955,1

13,28

961,2

60,76

1,7

955,1

6,64

0,309195

13299

950

3104

27830

566

89442

476,8

35,2

474,4

13,56

487,2

176,26

0,5

474,4

6,78

0,148673

4397

251

566

9268

401

61937

465,8

25,96

466,4

10,8

482

132,32

-0,1

466,4

5,4

0,250239

25

23

6732

383

1506

24344

632

96651

13,4

1270,1

37,42

1,1

1232,2

6,7

0,151266

67233

5606

8431

52417

2234

344287

EP

203

SC

0,0474
0,05566

Ma

RI
PT

Pb207
/Pb206

971,2

0,0569

0,00464

0,05677

0,00344

0,08304

0,00162

1245,3

20,72

1232,2

0,09307

0,00212

1465,8

29,34

1467

17,9

1489,3

42,62

-0,1

1467

8,95

0,286814

53

15

32586

3044

7079

39938

909

138338

0,07609

0,00158

1068,2

19,1

1047

11,72

1097,4

41,4

2,0

1047

5,86

0,122294

18

26073

1991

2496

19770

1034

160626

0,07063

0,00118

936

12,9

939,4

9,32

946,7

33,84

-0,4

939,4

4,66

0,129952

17

56723

4021

5634

51460

2575

393416

0,08496

0,0015

1306,2

18,96

1292,6

13,3

1314,6

34,14

1,0

1292,6

6,65

0,173597

62

60324

5144

7726

51723

1907

296041

0,07124

0,002

969,4

24,32

978,5

13,16

964,3

56,92

-0,9

978,5

6,58

0,365276

70

16638

1189

4628

40721

724

110756

0,05567

0,00158

436,6

11,26

436,5

5,62

438,8

61,5

0,0

436,5

2,81

0,289494

16913

944

3563

76989

1716

264227

0,05021

0,00338

209,2

13

203

4,38

204,8

152,64

3,0

203

2,19

0,496979

28

4138

208

1714

70906

891

141783

0,08189

0,00158

1233,8

19,94

1242

13,42

1242,8

37,66

-0,7

1242

6,71

0,092087

25

34090

2801

2480

16323

1156

176101

0,0792

0,0013

1178,8

15,5

1175

11,64

1177,2

32,5

0,3

5,82

0,127101

19

57577

4576

5771

40491

2046

316528

AC
C

1
2
3 Sample TB-CV-008 (Detrital zircons)
4
(Analyzed by (LA)ICP-MS)
5
Pb207
2
Pb206/
2
6
/U235
sigma
U238
sigma
rho
7 1 0,22192 0,02836 0,03164 0,0012 0,296780245
0,0416
8
2
0,59123
6
0,0761 0,00178
0,3319499
9
3
1,75074
0,0501
0,173 0,00202 0,408027275
10
0,27353 0,00774 0,288083227
11 4 3,37799 0,3318
0,0167
0,5574
4
0,07461 0,00096 0,428435751
12 5
13 6 2,07827 0,04294 0,19499 0,00198 0,491465209
14 7 2,11315 0,04922 0,19935 0,00212 0,456571015
15
0,0479
2,0451
4
0,19079 0,00204 0,456132564
16 8
0,0378
6
0,18327 0,00182
0,52477708
17 9 2,00067
0,0682
18 10 1,73251
8
0,16799
0,0024 0,362501701
19 11 0,22599 0,0092
0,0321 0,00052 0,397923608
0,0403
20
12
1,7015
8
0,16939 0,00184 0,457715578
21
0,0137
13
0,56611
8
0,07272 0,00084 0,474544588
22
14
4,71216
0,1113
0,32415
0,0034 0,444076463
23
0,1858
24 15 3,99372
2
0,28552 0,00434 0,326691889
25 16 0,61377 0,03556 0,07683 0,00154 0,345966296
26 17 1,66019 0,0388 0,16668 0,00182 0,467211974
0,0239
27
2
0,03229 0,00114 0,330704392
28 18 0,22406
19
0,65532
0,0314
0,07964 0,00136
0,35639486
29
0,1238
20
1,45382
2
0,15806
0,00438
0,325365853
30
0,0104
31 21 0,22126
4
0,03153 0,00052 0,349527847
32 22 1,60255 0,0669 0,15969 0,00238 0,357013556
0,0554
33
23
0,59938
4
0,07636 0,00226
0,31997905
34
0,0404
24
0,58204
4
0,07503
0,0018 0,345286218
35
0,0695
6
0,21064 0,00252 0,414329576
36 25 2,40905
0,1223
37 26 3,23579
8
0,25555 0,00348 0,360058641
38 27 1,86342 0,05388 0,17636 0,00214 0,419659297
0,0319
39
40 28 1,51387 0,06756 0,15687 0,00168 0,507284038
41 29 2,61964 0,06228 0,22203 0,00252 0,439959103
2
0,16392 0,00238 0,372857478
42 30 1,59782
43 31 0,53727 0,01706 0,07005 0,00094 0,422603684
44 32 0,22874 0,01574 0,03199 0,0007 0,317995657
45
0,0662
46 33 2,37066 0,04872 0,21248 0,00252 0,424582978
4
0,19995 0,00216
0,48601736
47 34 2,19283
48
49

1175

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
1,7203

0,0466
0,0229
4
0,0165
8
0,0397
4
0,0157
4
0,0225
2
0,0200
6
0,0189
2

0,16857

0,002

0,437993819

0,07273

0,00146

1016,1

17,4

1004,2

0,07337

0,00116

0,07178

0,00094

0,18255
0,03229

11,04

1006,3

40,48

1,2

1004,2

5,52

0,130354

71

0,381817493

0,0563

0,00208

447,6

14,98

0,435573816

0,05624

0,0015

446

10,86

456,5

6,9

463,3

81,36

-2,0

456,5

3,45

0,198785

446,9

5,62

461

58,84

-0,2

446,9

2,81

0,088484

0,00196

0,508819295

0,07531

0,00124

1075,2

0,00074

0,317784783

0,05019

0,00356

200,5

14

1080,9

10,7

1076,9

32,66

-0,5

1080,9

5,35

0,208229

37

21

13,12

204,9

4,58

203,6

160,22

-2,2

204,9

2,29

0,421544

17

0,07058

0,00116

0,390541552

0,05582

0,00208

435,2

0,03073

0,00102

0,347609304

0,04953

0,00462

193,6

14,9

439,6

6,92

445

81,08

-1,0

439,6

3,46

0,349081

16,84

195,1

6,36

172,8

210,68

0,07717

0,00102

0,42150221

0,05698

0,00156

479,4

0,15739

0,00162

0,590975764

0,07108

0,00104

939,1

11,98

479,2

6,14

490,2

60,88

10,66

942,3

959,8

29,92

36

0,554

37

0,55147

38

1,88329

39

0,21826

40

0,53513

41

0,21008

42

0,60335

43

1,52152

44

1,27354

0,0265
0,0785
8

0,12453

0,00272

0,353993658

0,07255

0,00334

834

35,1

756,6

15,6

1001,3

92,08

45

2,54507

0,0783

0,21945

0,00278

0,411762868

0,08514

0,00178

1285

22,42

1279

14,68

1318,6

40,44

46

0,53637

0,00106

0,414793906

0,0562

0,00178

436

12,76

442,3

6,36

459,3

0,59669

0,07749

0,00222

0,348014801

0,05749

0,00412

475,1

31,24

481,1

13,28

509,9

48

0,22145

0,03149

0,0006

0,37944557

0,05024

0,00244

203,1

9,24

199,9

3,8

206,3

49

1,94545

0,18428

0,00204

0,512526103

0,07768

0,00132

1096,9

14,48

1090,3

11,08

1138,8

50

2,61299

0,22302

0,00538

0,311556915

0,08301

0,0039

1304,3

56,86

1297,8

28,32

1269,4

51

1,68424

0,17006

0,00194

0,483476834

0,07252

0,00134

1002,6

15,04

1012,5

10,74

52

1,491

0,15692

0,00226

0,391570835

0,07035

0,00194

926,7

22,36

939,6

12,54

53

3,13858

0,24486

0,00322

0,393230692

0,09077

0,00198

1442,2

25,74

1411,9

16,7

1441,6

54

0,55921

0,07319

0,00094

0,452843202

0,05616

0,0014

451

10,32

455,3

5,66

458,5

55

3,48325

0,0193
0,0491
2
0,0111
2
0,0420
2
0,2023
2
0,0397
4
0,0548
4
0,1049
6
0,0158
6
0,1035
4

0,07102

47

0,2609

0,00324

0,417779779

0,09488

0,00188

1523,4

23,46

1494,5

16,56

56

2,64442

0,1728

0,22042

0,0047

0,326312383

0,08687

0,00358

1313,1

57

3,34291

0,1011

0,25782

0,00326

0,418094568

0,09423

0,0019

1491,1

58

0,55988

0,07208

0,00116

0,388374029

0,05605

0,00206

451,4

59

4,63014

60

2,66725

61

0,21897

0,0232
0,1876
4
0,0809
2
0,0204
8

62

0,56936

63

0,56331

0,0308
0,0186
6

0,357707965

0,10662

0,00248

1754,7

0,00294

0,420111011

0,08588

0,00182

1319,4

0,03233

0,0009

0,29764012

0,04931

0,00454

0,07268

0,0014

0,356081453

0,05586

0,0027

0,0709

0,00102

0,434299929

0,05632

0,00162

3246

26595

1293

202729

9582

541

1615

18672

1053

1331

28852

962

144180

25618

1886

287636

67180

5075

3686

185

10457

85410

2665

407509

1186

53719

842

126592

26

14461

809

4104

79963

1501

227566

0,279875

24

5937

294

1446

60631

1397

215239

0,0

479,2

3,07

0,157234

56

17781

1016

2319

40680

1679

257043

-0,3

942,3

4,5

0,203972

17

15

159650

11381

23799

232674

7472

1133244

9,3

756,6

7,8

0,093855

23

22048

1604

2033

18711

1260

198101

0,5

1279

7,34

0,194043

30651

2616

4381

30570

1030

156512

442,3

3,18

0,080895

61

31118

1753

1954

40104

3287

492465

154,24

-1,3

481,1

6,64

0,272315

42

8778

505

1862

34959

854

127523

110,78

1,6

199,9

1,9

0,457572

19

12382

623

4252

204140

2842

443295

33,38

0,6

1090,3

5,54

0,016076

115075

8961

1401

11409

4656

705033

90,34

0,5

1297,8

14,16

0,198775

32

26310

2189

3901

26684

848

133394

1000,6

37,1

-1,0

1012,5

5,37

0,230104

58644

4262

10132

90584

2571

391095

938,6

56,3

-1,4

939,6

6,27

0,262002

15162

1069

3200

28946

729

109751

41,4

2,1

1411,9

8,35

0,150367

25

23750

2160

2730

16697

701

110341

54,22

-1,0

455,3

2,83

0,27381

53

23505

1323

4978

100848

2416

365898
155811

M
AN
U

SC

69,98

-1,4

1525,7

36,94

1,9

1494,5

8,28

0,343924

29

35626

3387

9633

53929

994

1284,1

24,8

1357,7

78,44

2,2

1284,1

12,4

0,358603

7292

634

1946

13666

246

37863

23,64

1478,7

16,68

1512,8

37,74

2,3

1512,8

37,74

0,205221

83127

7848

11230

76343

2414

369589

15,1

448,6

6,98

454

79,84

0,6

448,6

3,49

0,363585

38

13

11456

643

3153

66780

1183

182488

33,84

1783,4

22,56

1742,5

42,44

-1,6

1783,4

11,28

0,32102

53617

5727

12546

62507

1276

193438

22,4

1338

15,44

1335,4

40,74

-1,4

1338

7,72

0,15501

33941

2920

4272

26441

1131

169445

5,64

162,5

208,22

-2,0

205,1

2,82

0,442724

2975

146

1120

47371

696

106303

TE
D

0,00462

195,1

2265

48,14

EP

0,3187
0,23067

-0,8

31044

3,18

RI
PT

35

201,1

17,06

205,1

457,6

19,94

452,3

8,4

446,5

105

1,2

452,3

4,2

0,14898

7264

406

772

17337

741

115630

453,7

12,12

441,6

6,08

464,1

63,82

2,7

441,6

3,04

0,216927

36523

2060

5179

130306

3807

596883

AC
C

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49

APPENDIX B

APPENDIX B.
Whole rock geochemical data of late Triassic-early Jurassic Igneous rocks. Vetas-California Mining District (VCMD). Santander Massif. Colombia Eastern Cordillera.

X=1.301.027
Y= 1.130.134
Z=~2704mosl
CaliforniaVetas road

X=1.302.144
Y=1.128.792
Z=~2508mosl
CaliforniaVetas road

X=1.303.537
Y=1.124.680
Z=~2081mosl
La Laguna
Creek
(southern
California
town)

75,14
13,63
1,07
0,12
0,89
2,9
5,12
0,16
0,07
0,01
0,002
0,8
99,91
365
0.6
3.3
15.8
3.3
14.4
220.6
88.1
1.5
24
4.1
15
90.1
19.6
2.4
1.9
3
28.2
56.6
6.54
21.7
4.35
0.46

70,2
14,34
2,47
0,43
1,02
1,73
7,98
0,22
0,22
0,03
0,002
1
99,64
2157
2.5
1
12.6
7.3
6.1
145.2
375.3
0.5
40
3.6
41
271.5
14.7
3.7
2.2
3
68.5
140.1
15.07
54.8
9.07
1.46

73,61
13,97
1,43
0,32
0,32
2,8
6,15
0,16
0,11
0,02
0,002
1
99,89
676
2.1
2.4
14.7
3.7
10.5
203.5
122.1
0.9
22.4
4.9
<8
98.2
15
13.1
1.7
3
31.9
67.5
7.76
27.5
6.09
0.78

Geographic
location
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
TiO2
P2O5
MnO
Cr2O3
LOI
Sum
Ba
Co
Cs
Ga
Hf
Nb
Rb
Sr
Ta
Th
U
V
Zr
Y
Pb
Ni
Sc
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu

GC-74-M1

7-1-1-89

10-1-5-89

TC-CV-006

TB-CV-054

Intermediate igneous rocks

7 19 36,6
7 18 05,2
725440,5
725429.1

7 20' 22,6"
7256' 53,9"

Drr et al., (1995)

57.0
17.8
7.45
3.17
5.50
3.33
2.92
1.01
0.32
0.12
*
1.49
100,11
*
15
*
22
*
11
107
693
*
11
*
*
235
37
12
12
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

54.9
17.0
8.21
3.56
6.36
3.05
2.40
1.12
0.33
0.13
*
0.68
97,74
*
*
*
22
*
12
101
665
*
5
*
*
196
32
11
12
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

X=1.302.137
Y=1.128.779
Z=~2480mosl
CaliforniaVetas road

X=1.299.333
Y=1.129.135
Z=~3720mosl
Pramo Rico

55.22
17.35
8.35
3.84
6.66
3.13
2.45
1.21
0.37
0.14
0.005
0.9
99.63
2157
2.5
1
12.6
7.3
6.1
145.2
375.3
0.5
40
3.6
41
271.5
14.7
3.7
2.2
3
68.5
140.1
15.07
54.8
9.07
1.46

58.67
16.96
7.04
3.15
5.45
3.07
2.9
0.99
0.31
0.13
0.005
1
99.68
1512
2.5
3.6
22.5
4.2
12.4
77.9
1020.1
0.9
16.4
2.1
66
148.4
13.1
0.8
1.8
4
44.4
84.9
8.88
31.7
4.37
1.03

TB-CV-090
72142,6
7253 53,8
X=1.306.015
Y=1.130.201
Z=~2910mosl
Mngora

GE-10-M1

GI-36-M1

GB-63-M1

7 19' 55,1"
72 54' 56,8"

7 19' 59,5"
7254' 18,6"

Alaskite-II
7 20' 31,0"
7256' 55,7"

X=1.302.707
Y=1.128.275
Z=~2393mosl
CaliforniaVetas road

X=1.302.845
Y=1.129.448
Z=~2651mosl
Mngora-La
Francia path

X=1.303.787
Y=1.124.621
Z=~2035mosl
La Laguna
Creek
(southern
California
town)

75,25
13,38
0,53
0,06
0,2
1,43
8,01
0,14
0,06
*
*
0,8
99,86
674
0.4
1.5
13.1
3.3
10.6
203.4
130.5
0.9
26.6
3.9
21
89.9
24.2
2.9
0.6
3
35.2
71.9
8.28
27.3
6.15
0.72

73,78
14,02
1,22
0,22
0,4
2,91
5,97
0,21
0,08
0,02
*
1
99,83
843
1.3
3.5
15.9
3.6
14.3
203.8
158.3
1
29.5
4.7
12
122.3
10.9
4.7
1.2
3
35
76.9
7.95
28
5.29
0.66

RI
PT

7 19 00,3
725356,4

Alaskite-I
7 19' 33,0
7254' 34,2"

SC

GG-12-M6

60.39
15.71
6.26
2.99
5.22
2.76
3.64
0.91
0.27
0.13
0.007
1.4
99.69
913
18.4
2.4
22.2
5.5
11.2
131.3
610.2
0.6
11
2.2
181
225
24.6
2.4
8.4
16
44.8
91.1
10.17
40.1
6.41
1.37

M
AN
U

Local
Coordinates**

GE-20-M1

TE
D

ROCK
Latitude
Longitude

EP

SAMPLE

AC
C

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

75,82
12,94
0,64
0,09
0,14
1,15
8,14
0,13
0,06
*
0,002
0,8
99,91
593
0.2
1.1
13.5
3.1
10.9
169.1
151
1
23.2
5.1
18
87
22.7
1.8
0.8
3
32
63.2
7.22
25.6
5.66
0.72

HAM-41-1

TB-CV-053

7 20' 06,8"
72 54' 15,3"
X=1.303.071
Y=1.129.549
Z=~2640mosl
La Plata
Creek

7 1810,1
72 5430,2
X=1.299.492
Y=1.129.100
Z=~3720mosl
Pramo Rico

75,01
13,25
1,02
0,06
0,16
1,31
7,76
0,13
0,09
*
0,004
1,1
99,89
682
0.4
1.8
13.2
2.8
14.7
194.8
120.2
1.4
23.5
3.8
22
78.7
19
2.7
2
3
30.6
65.2
7.25
26
5.11
0.59

72,65
14,36
1,77
0,3
0,88
2,72
5,74
0,19
0,08
0,04
*
1,1
99,83
685
1,5
4,8
18,2
4,1
13,6
287,7
120,3
1,4
29,4
7,1
13
129,3
22,6
6
1
4
46,3
100
10,67
39,2
6,88
0,68

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
4.69
0.77
4.13
0.76
2.2
0.34
2.25
0.31

RI
PT

5.41
0.78
4.23
0.86
2.41
0.34
2.2
0.33

SC

2.92
0.39
2.13
0.41
1.27
0.21
1.48
0.23

AC
C

EP

TE
D

M
AN
U

Gd
3.76
6.7
4.96
*
*
6.7
1
Tb
0.62
0.81
0.72
*
*
0.81
2
Dy
3.67
3.42
3.15
*
*
3.42
3
Ho
0.69
0.57
0.57
*
*
0.57
4
Er
2
1.46
1.48
*
*
1.46
5
Tm
0.31
0.23
0.22
*
*
0.23
6
Yb
1.91
1.36
1.21
*
*
1.36
Lu
0.3
0.27
0.19
*
*
0.27
7
8 *Bellow detection limit; ** Bogot as origin of the reference system; Plane Gauss Krger projected coordinates.
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49

5.29
0.85
4.58
0.85
2.4
0.37
2.21
0.34

3.71
0.52
2.5
0.42
1.16
0.18
1.09
0.16

4.24
0.69
3.85
0.73
1.98
0.28
1.76
0.26

5,37
0,8
4,1
0,75
1,96
0,27
1,92
0,26