Unit%11:%Basic%Thermochemistry,%

Equilibrium,%and%Organic%Chemistry%
Pre>AP%Chemistry%%%
Mr.%Patel%
SWHS%

Topic&Outline&

&

MUST&have&a&scien1c&calculator&(not&graphing)!!%
Energy&and&Enthalpy&(17.1,&17.2)&
Thermochemical&Equa1ons&(17.2)&
Calorimetry&(17.2)&
Hesss&Law&(17.4)&
Enthalpy&of&State&Change&(17.3)&
Collision&Theory/Reac1on&Rate&(18.1)&
Chemical&Equilibrium&(18.2)&
Law&of&Mass&Ac1on&(18.2)&
Organic&Chemistry&(22.1,&22.2,&22.4)&

PART%I:%
THERMOCHEMISTRY%

Energy&
Thermochemistry&&study&of&energy&changes&in&
chemical&reac1ons&and&changes&of&state&
Energy&is&not&maRer&
Poten1al&Energy&in&bonds&

Energy&changes&are&a&result&of&heat&transfer&
and/or&work&
Heat&&energy&&symbolizes&as&q"

Energy&
Law&of&Conserva1on&of&Energy&
Energy&is&neither&created&nor&destroyed;&only&transferred&&

Reference&points&
System&&focused&reac1on&
Surrounding&&everything&other&than&the&system&
Universe&=&System&+&Surrounding&

Heat&Transfer&

Heat&ow&is&in&terms&of&
the&system&in&chemistry&
Endothermic&&system&
absorbs&heat&
Posi1ve&q"

Exothermic&&system&
releases&heat&
Nega1ve&q"

Heat&ows&from&warmer&
to&cooler&objects&

Heat&Flow&
Units:&calorie&(cal)&or&joule&(J)&&
1000&calories&=&1&Calorie&(food)&
10g&sugar&has&41&Calories&
When&10g&of&sugar&consumed,&41000&calories&of&heat&
produced&

SI&unit&of&energy&is&joule&&
This&is&the&unit&that&will&be&used&in&class&

The&more&heat&an&object&gains,&the&hoRer&it&gets&
All&substances&change&temp&when&heated&but&the&
magnitude&of&the&temp&change&depends&on&the&
substance&

Heat&Capacity&(C)&
The&amount&of&energy&needed&to&raise&the&
temperature&of&an&object&by&1.00oC&
This&quan1ty&depends&on&mass&
Extensive&property&
The&greater&the&mass,&the&greater&the&heat&
capacity"

Units:&J/oC&
Equa1on:"""""""q&=&C&x&T&&&&&&&&=&change&(nal&&ini1al)"

Specic&Heat&(c&or&S)&
The&amount&of&energy&needed&to&raise&the&
temperature&of&1.00%g%of&an&object&by&1.00oC&
This&quan1ty&does&not&depend&on&mass&
Intensive&property&
The&greater&the&specic&heat,&the&greater&the&heat&
required&to&raise&the&temperature&
If&it&takes&a&lot&of&heat&to&raise&the&temperature,&it&will&
release&a&lot&of&heat&as&is&cools&&
Memorize&specic&heat&of&water:&4.184&J/goC&

Units:&J/(goC)&&
Equa1on:"""""""""""""q&=&m&x&S&x&T&&&&&&&&=&change&(nal&&ini1al)"

Ex:&The&temperature&of&a&3.40g&of&a&substance&
increases&from&21oC&to&85oC.&How&much&heat&
is&absorbed&if&the&specic&heat&is&2.00&J/(goC)?&

Ex:&How&many&kilojoules&of&heat&does&32.0g&of&water&
absorb&when&it&is&heated&from&25.0oC&to&80.0oC.&
Water&has&a&very&high&specic&heat:&4.184&J/(goC).&

Ex:&Calculate&the&specic&heat&of&25.0g&of&copper&if&
it&takes&487.5&J&to&heat&it&from&25.0oC&to&75.0oC.&

Enthalpy&(H)&
The&heat&content&of&a&system&at&constant"
pressure&is&called&enthalpy&(symbol:&H)&
Typically&we&do&not&focus&on&the&actual&enthalpy&
Focus&more&on&the&change&in&enthalpy&H&
Heat&and&enthalpy&change&used&interchangeably&
q&=&H&

Enthalpy&is&a&state&func1on&&path&does&not&
maRer;&only&ini1al&and&nal&states&

State&Func1on&

Thermochemical&Equa1ons&
A&chemical&equa1on&can&convey&informa1on&about&heat&transfer&
(enthalpy&change)&&treat&heat&as&reactant&or&product&
Important&to&indicate&the&physical&state&of&the&chemicals&
The&reverse&of&a&reac1on&has&the&same&magnitude&of&H&but&opposite&sign&

Endothermic&reac1on&(+H)&
&2&NaHCO3&&!&&Na2CO3&+&&H2O&&+&CO2&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&H&=&129&kJ&
&2&NaHCO3&&+&&129%kJ%%!&&Na2CO3&+&&H2O&&+&CO2&
&

Exothermic&reac1on&(H)&
CaO&+&H2O&!&Ca(OH)2&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&H&=&&65.2&kJ&
CaO&+&H2O&!&Ca(OH)2&&+&&65.2%kJ%%

The&enthalpy&change&can&be&treated&as&part&of&the&mole&ra1o&
(stoichiometry!!!)&

Ex:&The&synthesis&of&carbon&disulde&is&an&endothermic&
process&absorbing&89.3&kJ&of&heat.&Calculate&the&amount&
of&heat&(kJ)&absorbed&when&5.66g&of&CS2&is&formed.&

C&&+&&2S&&!&&CS2&

Ex:&The&combus1on&of&ethanol&(C2H5OH)&is&an&exothermic&process&
releasing&1368&kJ&of&heat.&(a)&Provide&the&thermochemical&
equa1on&for&this&reac1on.&(b)&How&much&heat&is&released&when&
12.5g&of&ethanol&combusts?&

&

First&Law&of&Thermodynamics&
Total&energy&of&the&universe&is&constant&
There&is&no&change&in&the&heat&in&the&universe&
qsys""+""qsurr"=&0&
"qsys""=&&qsurr"&

If&system&releases&heat,&surrounding&absorbs&
heat&and&vice&versa&
If&sys&becomes&cooler,&surr&becomes&warmer&

Ex:&A&container&holding&150.0g&of&water&is&at&80.0oC.&What&volume&of&
water&(22oC)&must&be&added&to&the&container&to&achieve&a&nal&
temperature&of&55.0oC&given&SH2O&=&4.184&J/(goC)?&&

&

Ex:&A&50.0g&block&of&iron&is&placed&into&475&g&of&water&at&45.0oC.&At&
thermal&equilibrium,&the&temperature&was&62.5oC.&Determine&the&
ini1al&temperature&of&the&iron&block&given&SH2O&=&4.184&J/(goC)&and&
SFe&=&0.4495&J/(goC).&&&

Calorimetry&
Enthalpy&change&can&be&measured&experimentally&
at&constant&pressure&
Calorimetry&&measurement&of&heat&ow&in&
chemical&and&physical&processes&
Measured&by&a&device&called&a&calorimeter&
Heat&absorbed&by&system&is&equal&in&magnitude&to&the&
heat&released&by&the&surrounding&
Two&Types:&Constant&Pressure&and&Constant&Volume&

ConstantmPressure&Calorimetry&
For&many&reac1ons&that&occur&in&solu1on,&it&is&
easy&to&control&the&pressureeasy&to&nd&H&
heat&at&constant&pressure&is&H&

A&simple&constantmP&calorimeter&can&be&made&
using&foam&cups&&liRle&heat&loss&
Called&coee&cup&calorimeter&
Not&sealed&so&remains&at&constant&pressure&

CoeemCup&Calorimeter&

ConstantmPressure&Calorimetry&
Reactants&dissolved&in&water;&reac1on&occurs&in&
aqueous&solu1on&

Reactant/Products&&reac1on&=&system&
Solvent&=&surrounding&
No&physical&separa1on&between&system&and&
surrounding&&
Heat&produced&by&the&reac1on&(system)&is&absorbed&
by&the&solvent&(surrounding)&
qsys&=&qsurr&&&&&&&&&&&&&&or&&&&&&&&&&&&qrxn%=%qsoln%%
To&determine&the&H&of&the&reac1on,&you&need&to&
know&the&temperature&change&of&the&solu1on,&mass&of&
solu1on&(density),&and&the&specic&heat&
+qrxn&=&endothermic&&&&&&&&&&&&&qrxn&=&exothermic&&

Ex:&Calculate&H&(kJ)&when&50.00&mL&of&AgNO3&and&50.00&mL&of&HCl&
are&mixed&in&a&coeemcup&calorimeter.&The&temperature&of&the&
mixture&increases&from&22.30oC&to&23.11oC.&The&solu1on&has&a&
specic&heat&of&4.184&J/(goC)&and&density&of&1.00&g/mL.&&

&

Ex:&A&sample&of&aluminum&at&100oC&is&placed&in&250.0&mL&of&water&at&
22oC:&constantmpressure&calorimetry.&At&thermal&equilibrium,&the&
temperature&is&25.2oC.&What&is&the&mass&of&the&Al&given&&
SH2O&=&4.184&J/(goC)&and&Sal&=&0.90&J/(goC)?&&

&

ConstantmVolume&Calorimetry&
Combus1on&reac1ons&are&studied&using&constantmvolume&
calorimetry&
Called&Bomb&Calorimetry&
Substance&placed&in&a&sealed,&pressurized&(O2)&vessel&called&a&
bomb&
Bomb&is&immersed&in&water&in&a&calorimeter&

Combus1on&releases&heat&

Causes&a&temperature&change&in&water&
Causes&temperature&change&in&calorimeter&(can&not&be&ignored)&
Reactant/Products&&reac1on&=&system&
Solvent&+&calorimeter&=&surrounding&
qsys&=&qsurr&&&&&&&&&&&&&&or&&&&&&&&&&&&qrxn%=%%(qwater%+%qcalorimeter)%
Note:&water&has&specic&heat;&calorimeter&has&heat&capacity&&

Bomb&Calorimeter&

Ex:&A&hydrocarbon&(80.00g)&is&combusted&in&a&bomb&calorimeter.&The&
bomb&is&immersed&in&1.00&kg&water.&The&temperature&of&the&
calorimetry&and&its&contents&increased&from&25.0oC&to&46.3oC.&&
(a)&Calculate&H&for&the&system&given&SH2O&=&4.184&J/(goC)&and&&
Ccal&=&2.00&J/oC.&(b)&If&the&molar&mass&of&the&compound&is&40.00g/
mol,&what&is&the&enthalpy&change&in&kJ/mol?&

&