Jaringan Telekomunikasi dan Informasi
Konsep kanal fisik dan lojik pada GSM
Susmini I. Lestariningati, M.T
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@lestariningati
GSM: Physical and Logical Channel
GSM uses a mix of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division
Multiple Access (TDMA).
FDMA parts involves the division by frequency of the 25 MHz bandwidth in to 124
carrier frequencies (Also called ARFCN) spaced 200 KHz for GSM-900. For GSM-1800
frequency spectrum of 75 MHz bandwidth is divided in to 374 carrier frequencies
spaced 200 KHz.
TDMA further divides each carrier frequencies in to 8 time slots such that each carrier
frequency is shared by 8 users.
So in GSM, the basic radio resource is a time slot with duration of 577 s. 8 Time slots
of 577 s constitutes a 4.615 ms TDMA Frame. GSM uses Gaussian Minimum Shift
Keying (GMSK) modulation scheme to transmit information (data and signalling) over
Air Interface.
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Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
Alokasi Kanal
MS Transmit Band
Uplink
890
BTS Transmit Band
915 MHz
Downlink
935
CH 1 CH 2
CH 1 CH 2
CH 124
CH 124
200 kHz
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960 MHz
200 kHz
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@lestariningati
ARFCN (Absolute Radio-Frequency Number)
In GSM cellular networks, an absolute radio-frequency channel number (ARFCN) is a
code that specifies a pair of physical radio carriers used for transmission and reception
in a land mobile radio system, one for the uplink signal and one for the downlink signal.
ARFCN Table for common GSM systems
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Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
Mencari frekuensi uplink dan downlink
https://www.cellmapper.net
In order to obtain the ARFCN/UARFCN/EARFCN, you will
need to enter "Field Test Mode" in your phone. This varies
greatly from phone to phone. In general, all involve "calling"
certain numbers to bring up the hidden options
Some common ones are:
Samsung (Android): *#*#197328640#*#* or *#0011#
iPhone (all): *3001#12345#*
HTC (Android): *#*#7262626#*#*
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Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
https://www.cellmapper.net
Teknik Telekomunikasi
Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
Contoh tentang ARFCN
Sumber: https://julitra.wordpress.com/2009/01/24/melihat-kembali-alokasi-frekuensi-operator-gsm/
Teknik Telekomunikasi
Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
Standarisasi GSM
Air interface
Air Interface
distandarkan!
Mobile
Station
Vendor bebas
mengembangkan handset
dengan keunggulan masingmasing selama bisa
berkomunikasi melalui
interface yang sudah
distandarkan
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Base
Station
Pada GSM adalah sebagaimana berikut
struktur dari TDMA memiliki 8 timeslot
per RF carrier
sebesar 0.577 ms per timeslot
Interval frame=8 timeslot = 4.615 ms
menggunakan skema modulasi GMSK,
BT = 0.3
Slow frequency Hopping (217 hops/s)
Vendor bebas
mengembangkan sub system,
misalnya ningkatkan
sensitivitas dan sebagainya
Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
Spesifikasi Air Interface
Band Frequency
: Uplink = 890 - 915 MHz
Downlink = 935 - 960 MHz
Access Method
: FDMA - TDMA
Basic Duplexing
: FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)
Duplex Spacing
: 45 MHz
Carrier Spacing
: 200 KHz
Modulation
: Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
Transmission Rate
: 270 Kbps
Speech Coder
: RPE LPC 13 Kbps
Teknik Telekomunikasi
Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
The GSM Air Interface
FDMA
174 frequencies with 200kHz spacing (GSM 900)
Separate bands for uplink and downlink
Divided between operators
TDMA
8 timeslots per frequency band (one user per timeslot)
Modulation
271 kbit/s GMSK
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@lestariningati
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Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
Struktur Air Interface
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Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
Frequency Division Duplex
Frequency division duplex (FDD) is a technique where separate frequency bands are
used at the transmitter and receiver side.
Because the FDD technique uses dierent frequency bands for send and receive
operations, the sending and receiving data signals don't interfere with each other. This
makes FDD a better choice than Time Division Duplex (TDD) for symmetric trac such
as voice applications in broadband wireless networks
Examples of FDD systems include the following:
Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) and very-high-bitrate digital subscriber
line (VDSL)
Cellular systems, including the UMTS/WCDMA Frequency Division Duplexing
mode and the CDMA2000 system
IEEE 802.16 WiMax Frequency Division Duplexing mode
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Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
GSM : Physical and Logical Channels
GSM uses number of channels to carry data over Air Interface, these channels are
broadly divided in to following two categories:
Physical Channels
Logical Channels
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Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
Physical Channels
A physical channel is determined by the carrier frequency or a number of carrier
frequencies with defined hopping sequence and the Time Slot number.
8 Time Slots (1 Time Slot = 1 Physical Channel) of 577 s constitutes a 4.615 ms TDMA
Frame. In GSM standard data on a time slot transmitted in bursts, so time slot is often
expressed in BP (Burst Period). 1 BP represents 1 TS. TDMA frame (4.615 ms of 8 TS)
further structured in to multiframes. There are two types of multiframes in the system:
26 TDMA Multiframe: Consists 26 TDMA frames with duration of 120 ms and used to
carry the Logical Channels TCH, SACCH, FACCH etc.
51 TDMA Multiframe: Consists 51 TDMA frames with duration of 234.5 ms and used to
carry the Logical Channels FCCH, SCH, BCCH, CCCH, SDCCH, SACCH etc.
These multiframes further structured in to Superframe and Hyperframe.
SUPERFRAME: Superframe consists of 51*26 TDMA frames with duration of 6.12 sec.
This is corresponding to the smallest cycle for which the organisation of all channels is
repeated.
HYPERFRAME: Hyperframe consists 2048 superframes (2048*51*26 TDMA frames)
with duration of 3 hrs, 28 min, 53 sec and 760 ms. It is in particular smallest cycle for
frequency hopping, cyphering.
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Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
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Multiframe
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51
Multiframe
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Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
Frame Hierarchy is used for Synchronization Between BTS and MS
The frame hierarchy is used for synchronization between BTS and MS.
Multiframes in GSM
3. LOGICAL CHANNELS
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Logical Channels are determined by the information carried within the physical channel. Logical channels
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Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
Struktur Frame GSM
1 multiframe for signalling
51 TDMA frame = 235.38 ms
1 multiframe for speech/data
26 TDMA frame = 120 ms
49
50
24
25
8 TS = 1 TDMA frame = 4.615 ms
1 TS
BURST = Contents of Time Slot
156.25 bit = 576.88 s
( 1 bit = 3.692 s )
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@lestariningati
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Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
Logical Channels
Logical Channels are determined by the information carried within the physical channel.
Logical channels used to carry data and signalling information. Dierent logical
channels are mapped in either direction on physical channels.
Logical channels divided in to following two categories:
Trac Channels
Signalling Channels/ Control Channel
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Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
Keluarga Kanal Logic Pada GSM
cell broadcast channel
traffic channel
TCH
Data or
Speech
CBCH
TCH/F TCH/H
BCH
FCCH
CCH
DCCH
CCCH
SCH BCCH PCH AGCH
RACH
ACCH SDCCH
Mobile transmits
Base station transmits
Both transmit
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Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
Control Channel
Kanal logik yang digunakan untuk manajemen komunikasi, manajemen mobilitas, dan
manajemen resource (koreksi frekuensi dan sinkronisasi)
CCH control channel
broadcast
common control
BCH
FCCH
FCCH
SCH
BCCH
PCH
AGCH
RACH
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SCH
dedicated control
DCCH
CCCH
BCCH
PCH
AGCH RACH
frequency correction channel
sincronization channel
broadcast control channel
paging channel
access grant channel
random access channel
ACCH
SACCH
ACCH
SACCH
FACCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
FACCH
associated control channel
slow associated control channel
fast associated control channel
stand alone control channel
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Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
Terbagi kedalam 3 kelompok besar yaitu :
1. Broadcast Channel (BCH), bersifat diarahkan ke semua MS.
2. Common Control Channel (CCH), bersifat dipergunakan bersamaan oleh MS
3. Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH), bersifat dipergunakan oleh MS yang sudah
ditentukan ( sudah ditentukan utk pelanggan tertentu )
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Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
1. Broadcast Control Channel (BCH)
Broadcast Control Channel (BCH)
Terdiri dari Broadcast ControlChannel (BCCH), FCCH ( Frequency Correction Channel),
SCH (Syncronisation Channel)
FCCH ( Frequency Correction Channel)
Arah downlink
Point to Multipoint
Sinkronisasi frekuensi MS (MS Freq Synchronization) untuk menyamakan frek MS
pada frek BTS.
Gelombang sinus
SCH (Syncronisation Channel)
Arah downlink
Point to Multipoint
TDMA frame structure ( untuk sinkronisasi frame)
Info BSIC (Base Station Identity Code)
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Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
BCCH ( Broadcast Control Channel )
Arah downlink
Point to Multipoint
Informasi LAI (Location Area Identity)
Informasi power output maksimum MS
Informasi BCCH carrier sel yang berdekatan, untuk mengetahui frek tetangga
untuk keperluan Handover
FCCH , SCH dan BCCH dipancarkan secara
terus menerus
Pembacaan FCCH, BCCH, dan SCH harus dilakukan tiap kali MS
pindah sel
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Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
2. Common Control Channel (BCH)
Broadcast Control Channel (BCH)
PCH ( Paging Channel )
Arah downlink
Point to Multipoint
Paging message ( IMSI/TMSI )
Test system ( yang mana yang ada, kalau ada IMSI menggunakan IMSI, kalau ada TMSI
menpergunakan TMSI )
RACH ( Random Access Channel )
Uplink
Point to Point ( harus tahu ID User )
MS call set up, untuk minta kanal dipergunakan utk kanal signaling dan authentikasi
AGCH ( Access Grant Channel )
Downlink
Jawaban dari RACH
Point to Point
Menyediakan kanal signalling (SDCCH)
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Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
PCH, RACH dan AGCH dipancarkan tergantung permintaan
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Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
3. Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
DCCH
U/D
- DCCH digunakan untuk signalling dan
kontrol setelah pembangunan hubungan
ACCH associated control
channel
U/D SACCH
U/D FACCH
U/D SDCCH stand alone dedicated
control channel
- untuk authentikasi
- slow access grant
channel
- fast access grant
channel
- selalu dikaitkan
dengan TCH atau
SDCCH
- digunakan untuk
handover
- digunakan untuk
membawa informasi
yang bersifat umum
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- location update
- digunakan sebelum
alokasi pada TCH
tertentu
- untuk informasi
penempatan pada TCH
- independen, tidak
dihubungkan pada TCH
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Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
SDCCH ( Stand Alone Dedicated Control Channel )
Arah downlink dan uplink
Point to Point
Call set up
Authentication
Location Updating
Kirim Short message dan Cell Broadcast (ditujukan untuk semua user yang berada pada cell tersebut)
Menyediakan TCH
SACCH ( Slow Associated Control Channel )
Downlink dan uplink
Point to Point
Uplink : MS measurement data
Trafik voice mode ( Dengan adanya Burst, sehingga ada waktu kosong yang dipergunakan oleh
SACCH )
Downlink :
MS power output
Timing advanced
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Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
FACCH ( Fast Associated Control Channel )
Downlink dan uplink
Point to Point
Digunakan pada waktu Handover,menggunakan kanal trafik yang kosong
Stealing mode ( pengganti sementara TCH, mencari 1 kanal suara digunakan untuk
permintaan handover)
Pada saat HO, TCH digantikan dengan FACCH untuk meminta HO
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Jartelinfo
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@lestariningati
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Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
Studi Kasus : Pengkanalan Pada GSM
Mapping GSM Logical Channel onto Physical Channel
Kanal logik GSM harus dipetakan ke kanal fisik, artinya : informasi pada
kanal logik harus ditempatkan pada kanal fisik dengan format burst
tertentu untuk ditransmisikan
Logical Channel Mapping Analogy...
Tipe burst pada kanal fisik dapat dianalogikan sebagai tipe gerbong
pada rangkaian kereta api. Orang makan malam berada pada gerbong
restorasi. Demikian pula pada kanal logik, penempatan kanal logika
pada gerbong burst tergantung dari fungsi kanal logik tersebut beserta
sifat-sifat fisisnya.
Dedicated
Control
Channels
Traffic
Channel
Normal Burst
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Synchronization
Channel
SCH Burst
Frequency
Correction
Channel
FCCH Burst
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Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
Analogi
Dedicated
Control
Channels
Traffic
Channel
Normal Burst
Synchronization
Channel
SCH Burst
Frequency
Correction
Channel
FCCH Burst
Kasus analogi di GSM
Kanal RF selebar 200 kHz !" Rel kereta
Kanal Logic
!" Isi gerbong kereta
Kanal Fisik ( TimeSlot) !" Gerbong kereta
Burst !" Tipe/jenis gerbong
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Jartelinfo
@lestariningati
GSM Duplexing and Multiplexing Techniques...
60 MHz
60 MHz
For GSM 1900...
FDD
299 200kHz Radio Channels
FDMA 512 513 514
808 809 810
ARFCN
Numbers
8 0.57ms Time Slots
1 Frame
TDMA
Burst - Transmission Quantum in GSM
Frame Train on
Frequency Trackan analogy
Burst
Burst
Burst
Burst
Burst
Burst
Burst
Burst
PT3163-TekJarNirKab-MODUL:06
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