Number 18
Managing for wildlife involves the
maintenance and enhancement of
the food, water, and cover
components necessary for healthy
populations.
The smaller habitats that abound
on private lands and in many
backyards can be enhanced using
a variety of improvement options.
Wildlife improvements can be
simple, inexpensive and fun for the
whole family.
This publication discusses selected
low-cost habitat improvements that
will enhance food and cover for
wildlife on private lands.
Protect Key Areas
Distributed in furtherance
of the acts of Congress of
May 8 and June 30, 1914.
Employment and program
opportunities are offered to
all people regardless of
race, color, national origin,
sex, age, or disability.
North Carolina State
University, North Carolina
A & T State University, US
Department of Agriculture,
and local governments
Not all habitat components are
created equal. Within habitats,
there are a few special areas that
are important for their ability to
provide unique benefits necessary
for wildlife. The availability of these
areas may often be a limiting factor
for wildlife species. The protection
of key habitat areas is the easiest
and least expensive way to
enhance wildlife populations.
Identify and maintain these important
areas:
Key Habitat Areas
Old orchards
Spring seeps
Old house sites
Fencelines and
hedgerows
Savannas and
natural forest
openings
Groves of mature
hard and softmast producing
trees
Natural mineral
licks
Snags and fallen
logs
Bottomland and Rock outcrops
streamside areas
and caves
After key wildlife areas are protected,
improve and enhance food and cover
components by using the following
low cost techniques:
Improving Wildlife Food
Promote tree, shrub, vine, and
flower species that are beneficial
to wildlife (see table at top of
page 2).
Broadcast
fertilizer
on
honeysuckle during the growing
season; burn or severely prune
old, unproductive patches.
North Carolina
Cooperative Extension Service
North Carolina State University
College of Agriculture & Life Sciences
College of Forest Resources
Page 2
Native Plants for Wildlife
Trees
Shrubs
Vines
Flowers
Oak
Dogwood
Black cherry
Hickory
Pine
Pecan
Black walnut
Red bud
Maple
Beech
Holly
Persimmon
Blackberry
Waxmyrtle
Elderberry
Pokeberry
Sassafrass
Smooth sumac
Strawberry bush
Blueberry
Wild plum
Lespedeza
Trumpet creeper Virginia creeper
Honeysuckle
Wild grape
Greenbriar
Smartweeds
Clovers
Black-eyed
Susan
Ragweed
Sunflowers
Wild
strawberries
Thistle
Beggarweed
Broadcast Japanese millet in damp areas
prone to flooding (see WWW #23
"Managing Beaver Ponds").
Transplant useful aquatic plants such as
duckweed, bullrushes, smartweed, sago
and panic grass in wetland areas where they
are scarce or absent.
Manage for herbaceous vegetation by
disking, mowing, or a controlled burning
where practical.
Always check local
regulations before burning (see WWW #24
"Managing
for
Herbaceous
Vegetation").
Providing Protective Cover
Animals depend on dense cover
throughout the year for concealment,
protection from predators and severe
weather, and for resting and loafing.
Construct brush piles on your land to
provide cover for ground-nesting birds,
rabbits, and other small mammals.
Heres how:
BUILDING A BRUSH PILE
Stack layers of 6" diameter logs at
right angles to each other to make a
base for the pile. Space logs within
each layer 6-10 inches apart.
Place tree tops, old Christmas trees,
limbs, stones, or stumps on top of
the base to complete the pile.
Ideal piles are 4 to 8 feet tall and
from 10 to 20 feet in diameter. Wellconstructed
brush
piles
can
supplement natural cover for 10-15
years.
Construct up to four piles per acre.
On woods edges, one brushpile
every 200 to 300 feet will provide
adequate cover and travel lanes
between food sources.
"Daylight" or remove trees shading access
roads and logging decks to provide
important browse, nesting, and brooding
areas.
N.C. Cooperative Extension Service
Working With Wildlife # 18 - Low-Cost Habitat Improvements
Page 3
Place piles along forest edges and in
openings, field corners, or along streams
and marshes.
Situate brush piles in close proximity to
food sources and other natural cover.
Isolated piles will receive little use and
may be detrimental to some wildlife
species.
In addition to constructing brush piles, take
the following steps to improve and create
wildlife habitat:
Thin unwanted trees and/or control burn
to restart woody vegetation in fencelines
and hedgerows. Periodic renewal
maintains optimal wildlife cover .
Construct and properly place artificial
nest stuctures for birds, bats, and small
mammals (see WWW #16, #17, #21,
and #22).
Manage for new snags by mechanically
girdling or injecting selected trees with
herbicide (see WWW #15 Snag
Management).
Create temporary pools for breeding frogs
and salamanders, songbirds, and other
wildlife by digging out springs and
potholes or by placing logs in low areas to
pond flowing water. (WWW #19 - Pools
for Amphibians).
Open dense forest canopies with annual
firewood cuttings or daylight logging and
access roads.
LIVING BRUSH PILES
Choose wide-crowned trees that are 6 to 8
feet tall; red cedar and holly provide
excellent cover.
In the spring of the year, make a cut in the
trunk with a hand or chainsaw 3-4 feet
above the ground opposite the intended
location of the pile.
Cut deep enough so that you can push the
top over, leaving a connecting strip of bark
and wood (hinge) to nourish the tree. Use
a stake or stone to tie the top of the tree to
the ground.
Rework old piles every 5 or 6 years.
Select trees with grape or honeysuckle
vines nearby that will grow and cover the
pile.
Living Brush Pile
Prepared by:
Mark A. Megalos, Forestry Extension Specialist,
Edwin J. Jones, Department Extension Leader,
J. Chris Turner, Extension Associate
Page 4
Further Reading:
Practical Wildlife Management. Burger, G.V. Winchester Press 1973.
Wildlife and Forest Stewardship. 1994. N.C. Cooperative Extension Service,
E.J. Jones, P.T.Bromley, M.A. Megalos, R.A. Hamilton, Woodland Owner Note # 27. 8p.
Other Wildlife Notes Available:
No. 1 - Endangered Species
No. 14 - Snags and Downed Logs
No. 2 - Eastern Gray Squirrel
No. 15 - Managing Edges for Wildlife
No. 3 - White-tailed Deer
No. 16 - Building Songbird Boxes
No. 4 - Songbirds
No. 17 - Woodland Wildlife Nest Boxes
No. 5 - Wild Turkey
No. 18 - Low Cost Habitat Improvements
No. 6 - Wood Duck
No. 19 - Pools for Amphibians
No. 7 - Cottontail Rabbit
No. 20 - Hummingbirds and Butterflies
No. 8 - Bobwhite Quail
No. 21 - Bats
No. 9 - Ruffed Grouse
No. 22 - Owls
No. 10 - Black Bear
No. 23 - Managing Beaver Ponds
No. 11 - Raccoon
No. 24 - Herbaceous Plants for Wildlife
No. 12 - Mourning Dove
No. 25 - SIP Wildlife Opportunities
No. 13 - Wildlife Terms
FOREST STEWARDSHIP
a cooperative program for
improving and maintaining all of the
resources on private forestland
10-94-4M-WWW-18
