Laurent Series
RUDY DIKAIRONO
AEM CHAPTER 16
Todays Outline
Laurent Series
Residue Integration Method
Wrap up
A Sequence is a set of things (usually numbers) that
are in order. (z1,z2,z3,z4..zn)
A series is a sum of a sequence of terms.
(s1=z1,s2=z1+z2,s3=z1+z2+z3, , sn)
A convergent sequence is one that has a limit c.
A convergent series is one whose sequence of
partial sums converges.
Wrap up
Taylor series:
or by (1), Sec 14.4
Wrap up
A Maclaurin series is a Taylor series expansion of a
function about zero.
Wrap up
Importance special Taylors series (Sec. 15.4)
Geometric series
Exponential function
Wrap up
Importance special Taylors series (Sec. 15.4)
Trigonometric and hyperbolic function
Wrap up
Importance special Taylors series (Sec. 15.4)
Logarithmic
Lauren Series
Deret Laurent adalah generalisasi dari deret Taylor.
Pada deret Laurent terdapat pangkat negatif yang
tidak dimiliki pada deret Taylor.
Laurents theorem
Let f(z) be analytic in a domain containing two concentric
circles C1 and C2 with center Zo and the annulus between
them . Then f(z) can be represented by the Laurent series
Laurents theorem
Semua koefisien dapat disajikan menjadi satu
bentuk integral
Example 1
Example 1:
Find the Laurent series of z-5sin z with center 0.
Solution.
menggunakan (14) Sec.15.4 kita dapatkan.
Substitution
Example 2
Find the Laurent series of
with center 0.
Solution
From (12) Sec. 15.4 with z replaced by 1/z we obtain
Laurent series whose principal part is an infinite
series.
Development of 1/(1-z)
Example 3
Develop 1/(1-z)
(a) in nonnegative powers of z
(b) in negative powers of z
Solution.
Laurent Expantion in Different Concentric Annuli
Example 4
Find all Laurent series of 1/(z3 z4) with center 0.
Solution.
Multiplying by 1/z3, we get from Example 3.
Use of Partial Fraction
Example 5
Find all Taylor and Laurent series of
with center 0.
Solution.
In terms of partial fractions,
For first fraction
For second fraction,
Regions of convergence in Example 5
Residue Integration Method
The purpose of Cauchy's residue integration method
is the evaluation of integrals
taken around a simple close path C.
If f (z) is analytic everywhere on C and inside C,
such an integral is zero by Cauchy's integral
theorem (Sec. 14.2), and we are done.
If f(z) has a singularity at a point z = zo inside C, but
is otherwise analytic on C and inside C, then f(z) has
a Laurent series
that converges for all points near z = zo (except at z =
zo itself) , in some domain of the form 0<|z zo|<R.
The coefficient b1 of the first negative power 1/(z - zo)
of this Laurent series is given by the integral
formula (2) in Sec. 16.1 with n = 1, namely,
The coefficient b1 is called the residue of f(z) at
z=zo and we denote it by
Evaluation of an Integral by Means of a Residue
Example 1
Integrate the function f(z) = z-4 sin z counterclockwise
around the unit circle C.
Solution.
From (14) in Sec. 15.4 we obtain the Laurent series
which converges for |z|>0 (that is, for all z |=0). This
series shows that f(z) has a pole of third order at z = 0
and the residue b1= 1/3!. From (l) we thus obtain the
answer
Use the Right Laurent series
Example 2
Integrate f(z) = 1/(z3 - z4) clockwise around the
circle C: |z| = 1/2.
Solution.
z3 - z4 = z3(1 - z) shows that f(z) is singular at z = 0
and z = 1. Now z = 1 lies outside C. Hence it is of no
interest here. So we need the residue of f(z) at 0. We
find it from the Laurent series that converges for
0<|z|<1. This is series (I) in Example 4, Sec. 16.1,
we see from it that this residue is 1. Clockwise
integration this yields
Formula for Residue
Simple Poles. Two formulas for the residue of f(z)
at a simple pole at zo are
and, assuming that f(z) = p(z)/q(z), p(zo) 0, and
q(z) has a simple zero at zo (so that f(z) has at Zo a
simple pole, by Theorem 4 in Sec. 16.2),
Residue at a Simple pole
Example 3
f(z) = (9z + i)/(z3 + z)
has a simple pole at i because z2 + 1 = (z + i )(z - i),
and (3) gives the residue
By (4) with p(i) = 9i + i and q' (z) = 3z2 + 1 we
confirm the result,
Formula for Residue
Poles of Any Order. The residue of f(z) at an mth-
order pole at zo is
In particular, for a second-order pole (m = 2),
Residue at a Pole of Higher Order
Example 4
f (z) = 50z/(z3 + 2z2- 7z + 4)
has a pole of second order at z = 1 because the
denominator equals (z+4)(z - 1)2.
From (5*) we obtain the residue
Several Singularities Inside the Contour
Residue integration can be extended from the case of
a single singularity to the case of several singularities
within the contour C.
Residue Theorem
Let f(z) be analytic inside a simple closed path C and
on C, except for finitely many singular points z1 , z2,
... , zk inside C. Then the integral of f(z) taken
counterclockwise around C equals 2i times the sum
of the residues of f(z) at z1, ... , zk:
Integration by the Residue Theorem. Several Contour
Example 5
Evaluate the following integral counterclockwise
around any simple closed path such that (a) 0 and 1
are inside C, (b) 0 is inside, 1 outside, (c) 1 is inside,
0 outside, (d) 0 and I are outside.
Solution
The integrand has simple poles at 0 and 1, with
residues [by (3)]
Tugas
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